


pi 












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.''*;'' ■ 



ililfe: 



m 



AGRICULTURE. 

Cattle Feeding — Diseases of Aitimals — GtAedening, Etc. 



A MANUAL OP CATTLE FEEDING.. 

ijRMSBT. Containing the Laws of Animal Nutrition ; the Feeding 
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Chemist of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. 
With plates 12mo, cloth, $2 5( 

"It is one of the best volumes that has come into this office for a long 
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FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES OP AMERICA. 

DOWNING. Or tlie Culture, Propagatiou, and Management in the Garden 
and Orchard of Fruit Trees generally. With descriptions of 
all the finest varieties of Fruit, native and foreign, cultivated 
in this country. By A. J. Downing. Second revision and 
correction, with large additions. By Charles Downing. Over 
1100 pages, with several hundred outline engravings, includ- 
ing Supplements 8vo, cloth, 5W 

It contains the names and synonyms of over 10,000 varieties. 

"As a work of reference it has no equal in this countrj', and deserres 
a place in the library of every pomologist in America." — Marshall P. 
Wilder. 

SELECTED FRUITS. 

DOWNING. From Downing's Fruits and Fruit Trees of America, With 

some new varieties, including their Culture, Propagation, and 
Management in the Garden and Orchard, with a Guide to the 
selection of Fruits, with reference to the Time of Ripening. 
By Charles Downing. Illustrated with upwards of 400 out- 
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None but Choice and Test Fruit are named, and with 
synonyms amount to over 3,500 varieties. 

COTTAGE RESIDENCES. 

DOWNING. A Series of Designs for Rural Cottages and Cottage Villas, 
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HARNEY. a revised list of Trees, Shrubs, and Plants, and the most 
recent and best selected Fruit, with some account of the newer 
style of Gardens. By Henry Winthrop Sargent and Charles 
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By George Harney, Architect. A new and beautiful edition at 
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A TREATISE ON THE DISEASES OP THE OX. 

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PUBLISHED AND FOR SALE BY 

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\y 



THE 



FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES 



AMERICA; 



OB, 



THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE 
GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES GENERALLY ; 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE 
AJSTD FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY. 



By a. J. DOWNING, 

w 

OOBRKSPONDINO UEMBEB OF THE KOTAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OP LONDOK; AND OP THK HOBTICTTV 

TUBAL SOCIETIES OP BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTKIES, MASSACHUSETTS, 

PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC. 



Second Mevision and Correction^ icitli large Additions, including tJie Appendices of 
1873 tolSSl, and containing many New Varieties. 

By CHAHLES DOWNING. 



With nearly 400 Outline Illustrations of Fruit. 



NEW YOEK: 



JOHN WILEY & SONS, 15 ASTOR PLACE, 
1889. 



Sb35 5^ 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 187:2, by 

JOHN WILEY & SON, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



aV traB^rer /rota 



Press of J. J. Little & Co., 
Nos. 10 to 20 Astor Place, New York. 



I 



TO 

MARSHALL P. WILDER, Esq., 

PSKSIDKNT OP THB 

MABSACHUSETrS HOETICULTUEAL SOCIETY, 
THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED, 

BY HIS FEIEND, 

THE AUTHOR 






J^ NOTE 



FRUITS OF CALIFORNIA 



Since the publication of the recent edition of this book, 
the author has visited California, and his observations in that 
newly developed region have elicited the facts that fruit trees 
grow much faster there, and come into bearing much earlier 
than with us, and it may be fairly inferred, therefore, that 
they will not be as long-lived. 

The same varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Apri- 
cots, Cherries, &c., are grown as with us ; but all kinds of fruitj 
especially some kinds of Apples, do not succeed equally well 
as in the Eastern States. The following sorts were considered 
most profitable: Williams' Favorite, Early Strawberry, Eed: 
Astrachan, Early Harvest, Winesap, Kawles' Janet, Newtown. 
Pippin, White Winter Pearmain, Smith's Cider, Yellow Belflower;, 
jXewtown Pippin best and most profitable. The Is'orthern; Spy 
and Baldwin had failed. 

The finiit is rather larger, fairer, and handsomer, and the 
quality equally good, except Strawberries and Blackberries, 
which were not quite as Iiigh flavored. Grapes are grown exten- 
sively in many localities, and succeed admirably. They are 
chiefly of the foreign varieties, and are grown in the open air, 
without protection, requiring but little labor, compared with ouj 
Bystera of cultivation. 



They are grown in the tree form on stems or stumps frouj 
two to three feet high, and those from ten to fifteen years old 
are from five to six inches in diameter. The vines are planted 
from seven to eight feet apart, each way. They are pruned, 
annually, back to the stems, and when the new shoots have 
grown five or six inches, all are thinned out, except ten or 
twelve of the strongest, and in most vineyards they have no 
further care till gathering time, except to keep the ground 
clean. 

In some orchards that had been neglected, the trees were 
failing, and I was told that if the ground was not cultivated 
and the trees cared for, they soon died. 

We found Figs abundant and of fine quality in nearly 
every locality we visited. English Walnuts, or Madeira Nuts, 
Almonds, and Olives are grown f,uccessfully in most places. 

The climate and soil are favorable for fruit-growing. In 
the latter, clay predominates. The characteristics of fruit am 
about the same as with us. 



CONTENTS. 



PABB 

Preface. , . is 

Preface to the Second Revision xiii 

Abbreviations and Books Quoted . , , xvxi 



CHAPTER I. 

The Production op New Varieties op Fruit 1 

The Van Mons Theory 5 

Cross-Breedinsf. 7 



CHAPTER 11. 
Remarks on the Duration op the Varieties op Fruit-Trees 10 

CHAPTER III. 

Propagation op Varieties, Grafting, Budding, Cuttings, Lateks, 

AND Suckers. , 16 

CHAPTER IV. 
Pruning 33 

CHAPTER Y. 
Training S8 

CHAPTER VI. 
Transplanting ,..,. 45 

CHAPTER VII. 
The Position op Fruit-Trees — Sou, astd Aspect 51 

CHAPTER VIII. 
Okneral Resiarks ON Insects.......... ......... . 54 



na CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER IX. 

FASH 

The Apple 58 

Uses 59 

Propagation 60 

Soil and Situation 61 

Preparing-, Planting, and Cultivation of Orchards 62 

Pruning 63 

Insects 63 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 67 

Cider 69 

Varieties, Classification, and Terms used in Describing Apples 70 

Descriptive List of Varieties 72 

Siberian Crabs and Improved Siberian Apples, with Descriptive List 421 

Select List of Varieties for Table Use, Cooking, and Keeping, &c 427 

Alphabetical Lidex to Descriptive Lists 437 

CHAPTER X. 

The Almond , 430 

Uses and Cultivation 430 

Descriptive List of Varieties 431 

Ornamental Varieties 432 

Alphabetical Lidex to Descriptive List 437 

CHAPTER XI. 

The Apricot 432 

Uses, Cultivation, Diseases 433 

Descriptive List of Varieties 433 

Curious or Ornamental Varieties 442 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1013 

CHAPTER XII. 

The Berberry 442 

Culture 443 

The Blackberry 4:'13 

Descriptive List of Varieties 443 

Ornamental Varieties 446 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1015 

CHAPTER XIIL 

The Cherry 447 

Uses 447 

Soil and Situation 448 

Propagation and Cultivation 449 

Training and Gathering the Fruit 450 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I. — Bigarreau and Heart Cherries 450 

Class II.— Duke and Morello Cherries 476 

Ornamental Varieties 486 

Selections of Choice Cherries for Family Use 487 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1015 



CONTENTS. IX 

CHAPTER XIV. 

PAOB 

Ita; Currant 487 

Uses, Propagation and Culture, Insects and Diseases 488 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I. — Red and White Currants 489 

Class II.— Black Currants. ; 493 

Ornamental Varieties 493 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List J 020 

CHAPTER XY. 

The Cranberry 493 

Alphabetical Index 1019 

CHAPTER XVI. 

The Fig 494 

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 495 

Descriptive List of Varieties : 

Class I. — Red, Brown, or Purple 496 

Class II.— White, Green, or Yellow 498 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1020 

CHAPTER XVII. 

The Gooseberry 499 

Uses, Propagation, and Cultivation 500 

Descriptive List of Varieties 501 

American Varieties 503 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List. 1021 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

The Grape 504 

Uses, Soil 505 

Propagation 506 

1 . Culture of the Foreign Grape 506 

Renewal Training 507 

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat 508 

Culture under Glass with Fire Heat ' 51 

Construction of the Vinery. 511 

Insects and Diseases 513 

Deecr'ptive List of. Foreign Grajjes 513 

2. American Grapes 535 

Vineyard Culture 526 

Diseases and Insects, Grafting, Keeping 537 

Descriptive List of American Grapes 528 

Selection of Varieties 558 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive Lists of Foreign and American 

Grapes 1022 



X CONTEXTS, 

CHAPTER XIX. 

PAaB 

The Melon . 559 

Culture 559 

Descriptive List of Varieties 560 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1020 



CHAPTER XX. 

The Water -Melon 561 

Descriptive List of Varieties 50.3 

Alphabetical Lidex to Descriptive List 1037 



CHAPTER XXL 

The Mulberry 564 

Description of Varieties 564 

Alphabetical Index 1027 



CHAPTER XXn. 

The Nectarine 565 

Culture , 565 

Descriptive List of Varieties 566 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1027 



CHAPTER XXm. 

Nuts 572 

Descriptive List of Varieties 57S 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1028 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

The Olive 575 

Uses and Value 575 

Propagation and Culture 575 

Varieties 570 

Index to Varieties 1029 



CHAPTER XXV. 

The OrjVNGE Family 576 

Soil and Culture 577 

Varieties . 578 

Lemons 579 

The Lime 579 

The Citron 579 

The Shaddock 579 

Index to Varieties 1029 



CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

The Peach 

Uses. 



I'AQH 

580 

581 



Propagation, Soil, and Situation 582 



Pruning 

Insects and Diseases . 
The Yellows . 



583 
586 

587 



Remedy for the Yellows 591 

Raising Peaches in Pots 594 

Descriptive List of Varieties 596 

Curious or Ornamental "Varieties 638 

Selection of Varieties ^^^ 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1029 

CHAPTER XXVn. 

Tile Pear ^^^ 

General Description "^^ 

Gathering and Keeping the Fruit 641 

Propagation - "^ 

Soil, Situation, and Culture 643 

Diseases and Insects "'** 

The Insect Blight 645 

The Frozen-sap Blight 646 

Varieties ^^J^ 

Descriptive List of Varieties • 651 

Select List for Table Use, Marketing, and Cooking 887 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1033 

CHAPTER XXVni. 

The Plum ^^^ 

Uses 889 

Propagation and Culture °^0 

Soil ; Insects and Diseases °91 

Varieties ^^^ 

Descriptive List of Varieties ^^5 

Ornamental Varieties ^5o 

Selection of Varieties for Table, Marketing, and Cooking 955 

Alphabetical Index to Descriptive List 1056 

CHAPTER XXIX. 

QKft 

The Pomegranate ^''^ 

Propagation and Culture ^^ ' 

Varieties ^^J 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties - "& 

CHAPTER XXX. 

The Quince ^^ ' 

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture « 958 

Varieties ' * • 

Ornamental Varieties 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties ■ 106S 



XU CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XXXL 

PAGB 

Thb Raspberry 960 

Uses, Propagation, Soil, and Culture 962 

Varieties 963 

Alphabetical Index to Varieties 1063 

CHAPTER XXXH. 

The Strawbekry 974 

Propagation, Soil, and Culture 975 

Varieties 977 

Alpine and Wood StrawbeiTies 1005 

Hautbois Strawberries 1007 

Chili Strawberries 1007 

Green Strawberries 1008 

Selection of Varieties 1008 

Alphabr^ioal Index to Varieties 1064 

Index to the Different Fruits 1013 

General Index 1069 



AITENDIXES. 



PREFACE. 



A MAN bom on the banks of one of the noblest and most fruitful 
rivers in America, and whose best days have been spent in gardens and 
ordiards, may perhaps be pardoned for talking about fruit-trees. 

Indeed the subject deserves not a few, but many words. " Fine 
fruit is the flower of commodities." It is the most perfect union of the 
useful and the beautiful that the earth knows. Trees full of soft 
foliage ; blossoms fresh with sj)ring beauty ; and, finally, — fruit, rich, 
bloom-dusted, melting, and luscious, — ^such are the treasures of the 
orchard and the garden, temptingly offered to every landholder in this 
bright and sunny, though temperate climate. 

" If a man," says an acute (^ssayist, " should send for me to come a 
hundred miles to visit him, and should set before me a basket of fine 
summer fruit, I should think there was some proportion between the 
labor and the reward." 

I must add a counterpart to this. He who owns a rood of proper 
land in this country, and, in the face of all the pomonal riches of the 
day, only raises crabs and choke-pears, deserves to lose the respect of all 
^sensible !men. The classical antiquarian must pardon one for doubting 
if, amid all the wonderful beauty of the golden age, there was anything 
to equal our delicious modern fruits — our honeyed Seckels, and Beurres, 
our melting Rareripes. At any rate, the science of modern horticulture 
has restored almost everything that can be desired to give a paradisi 
acal richness to our fruit-gardens. Yet there are many in utter igno- 
rance of most of these fruits, who seem to live under some ban of expul- 
sion from all the fair and goodly productions of the garden. 

Happily, the number is every day lessening. America is a young 
orchard, but when the planting of fruit-trees in one of the newest States 
numbers nearly a quarter of a million in a single year ; when there are 
more peaches exposed in the markets of New York, annually, than are 
raised in all France ; when American apples, in large quantities, com- 
mand double prices in European markets ; there is little need for enter- 
ing into any praises of this soil and climate generally, regarding the cul- 
ture of fruit. In one pai-t or another of the Union every man may, 
literally, sit under his own vine and fig-tree. 



XIV PREFACE. 

It is fortunate for an author, in tnis practical age, when Ms suhjeci 
requires no explanation to show its downright and direct usefuhiess. 
Wlien I say I heartily desire that every man should cultivate an or- 
chard, or at least a tree, of good fruit, it is not necessary that I should 
point 01 it how much both himself and the public will be; in every sense, 
the gainers. Otherwise I might be obliged to repeat the advice of Dr. 
Johnson to one of his friends. " If possible," said he, " have a good 
orchard. I know a clergyman of small income who brought \ip a family 
very reputably, which he chiefly fed on apple dumplings."(!) 

The first object, then, of this work is to increase the taste for the 
planting and cultivaticm of fruit-trees. The second one is to furnish a 
manual for those who, already more or less informed upon the subject, 
desire some work of reference to guide them in the operations of cul- 
ture, and in the selection of varieties. 

If it were only necessary for me to present for the acceptance of my 
readers a choice garland of fruit, comprising the few sorts that I esteem 
of the most priceless value, the space and time to be occupied would be 
very brief. 

But this vfoiild only imperfectly answer the demand that is at pres- 
ent made by out cultivators. The country abounds with collections of 
all the finest foreign vai'ieties ; our own soil has produced many native 
sorts of the highest merit ; and from all these, kinds juay be selected 
which are highly valuable for every part of the country. But opinions 
differ much as to the merits of some sorts. Those which succeed per- 
fectly in one section, are sometimes ill-adapted to another. And, 
finally, one needs some accurate description to know, when a variety 
comes into bearing, if its fruit is genuine, or even to identify an indiffer- 
ent kind, in order to avoid procuring it again. Hence the number of 
varieties of fruit that are admitted here. Little by little I have sum- 
moned them into my pleasant and quiet court, tested them as far as 
possible, and endeavored to j)ass the most imj^artial jiidgment iijDon 
them. The verdicts will be found in the following pages. 

From t]iis great accumulation of names, Pomology has become an 
embarrassing study, and those of our readers who are large collectors 
will best understand the difficulty — nay, the impossibility of making a 
work like this perfect. 

Towards settling this chaos in nomenclature, the exertions of the 
Horticultural Society of London have been steadily directed for the last 
twenty years. That greatest of experimental gardens contains, or has 
contained, nearly all the varieties of fruit, from all parts of the world, 
possessing the least celebrity. The vast confusion of names, dozens 
sometimes meaning the same variety, has been by careful comparison 
reduced to something like real order. The relative merit of the kinds 
has been proved and published. In short, the hortic\iltui'al world owes 



PREFACE. sy 

this Society a heavy debt of gratitude for these labors, and to the 
science and accuracy of Mr, Robert Thompson, the head of its fruit 
department, horticulturists here will gladly join me in bearing the fullest 
testimony. 

To give additional value to these results, I have adopted in nearlj 
all cases, for fruits known abroad, the nomenclature of the London 
Horticultural Society, By this means I hope to render universal on 
this side of the Atlantic the same standard names, so that the difficulty 
and confusion which have always more or less surrounded this part oi 
the subject may be hereafter avoided. 

These foreign fruits have now been nearly all proved in this country, 
and remarks on their value in this climate, deduced from actual experi- 
ence, are here given to the ptiblic. To our native and local fruits espe- 
■jial care has also been devoted. Not only have most of the noted sorta 
been proved in the gardens here, but I have had specimens before me 
for comparison, the growth of no less than fourteen of the different 
States. There are still many sorts, nominally fine, which remain to be 
collected, compared, and proved ; some of which will undoubtedly 
deserve a place in future editions. To the kindness of pomoiogists in 
various sections of the country I must trust for the detection of errors in 
the present volume, and for information of really valuable new varieties.* 

Of the descriptions of fruit, some explanation may be necessary. 
First, is given the standard name in capitals. Below this are placed, iiu. 
smaller type, the various synonymes, or local names, by which the same 
fruit is known in various countries or parts of the country. Thus, on 
page 761, is the following : 

Flemish Beauty. 



Belle de Flandres. 
Bosch ISTouvelle. 
Bosch. 
Bosc She. 



Poixe Davy, 
Imperatrice de Franco. 
Fondant du Bois. 
Boschpeer. 



Beurre Spence {erroneously). 

By this is signified, first, that Flemish Beauty is the standard name 
of the pear ; secondly, that the others — synonymes— SiVQ various local 
names by which the Flemish Beauty is also known in various places j 
and, lastly, that by the latter name — Beurre Spence — it is incorrectly 
known in some collections, this name belonging to another distinct pear. 

It is at once apparent that one of the chief points of value of a 
book like this, lies in the accuracy with which these synonymous names 

* It is well to remark that many of the so-called new varieties, especially from 
the West, prove to be old and well-known kinds, slightly altered in appearance bj 
new soil and different climate. A new variety must possess very superior qualities 
to entitle it to regard, now that we hav? so many fine fruits ia our collections. 



XVI PEEFA(E. 

are given — since a person might, in looking over different catalogues 
issued here and abroad, suppose that all ten of the above are different 
varieties — when they are really all different names for a single pear. In 
this record of synonymes, I have therefore availed myself of the valu- 
able experience of the London Horticultural Society, and added all the 
additional information in my own possession. 

Many of the more important varieties of fruit are shown in outline. 
I have chosen this method as likely to give the most correct idea of the 
form of a fruit, and because I believe that the mere outline of a fruit, 
like a profile of the human face, will often be found more characteristic 
than a highly finished portrait in color. The outlines have been nearl;^ 
all traced directly from fruits grown here. Tlte.y are from, Sjyecimenh 
mostly below the average size. It has been the custom to choose the 
largest and finest fruits for illustration — a practice very likely to mis- 
lead. I believe the general character is better expressed by specimens 
of medium size, or rather below it. 

It only remains for me to present my acknowledgments to the nu- 
merous gentlemen, in various parts of the country, who have kindly fur- 
nished information necessaiy to the completion of the work. The names 
of many are given in the body of the volume. But to the following I 
must especially tender my thanks, for notes of their experience, or for 
specimens of fruits to solve existing doubts. 

In Massachusetts, to Messrs. M. P. Wilder, S. G. Perkins, J. P. 
Gushing, B. V. French, S. Downer, and C. M. Hovey, of Boston; John 
G. Lee, J. M. Ives, the late Robert Manning, and his son, P. Manning, 
of Salem ; and Otis Johnson, of Lynn. 

In Connecticut, to Dr. E. W. Bull, of Hartford ; Mr, S. Lyman, of 
Manchester ; and the Bev. H. S. Ramsdell, of Thompson. 

In New York, to Messrs. David Thomas, of Aurora ; J. J. Thomas, 
of Macedon ; Luther Tucker and Isaac Denniston, of Albany ; Alexan- 
der Walsh, of Lansiagburgh ; T. H. Hyatt, of Rochester ; B. L. Pell, 
of Pelham ; G. Downing, of Newburgh ; and Wm. H. Aspinwall, of 
Staten Island. 

In Ohio, to Professor Kirtland, of Cleveland ; Dr. Hildreth, of 
Marietta ; and Messrs. N. Longworth, C. W. Elliott, and A. H. Ernst, 
of Cincinnati. 

In Indiana, to the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indianapolis. In ISTew 
Jersey, to Messrs. Thomas Hancock, of Burlington, and J. W. Hayes, 
of Newark. In Pennsylvania, to Mr. Frederick Brown and Col. Carr, 
of Philadelphia. In Maryland, to Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Baltimore, 
In Georgia, to James Camak, Esq., of Athens. 

A, J. D. 

HlGHLA]ST> GABDENS, 

Nmburgh, N. F., May, 1845. 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 



The second revision of the Fruits and Feuit-Trees of America, 
originally written by my lamented brother, in 1845, has been under- 
taken with very great hesitancy ; but the extended increased interest in 
fruit-culture, and demand for this work, have seemed to require of me 
such aid in its construction, commeiisurate with the progress of the age, 
as I could command. 

I have therefore, by the assistance of numerous friends in all parts of 
the States and the Canadas, gathered together material, and embodied, 
enlarged, and revised the work, trusting that the desire to assist, aid, and 
continue the advancement of fruit-culture may be taken as the incentive 
which has guided my labors ; and that imperfections will not be too 
"reely commented upon, without careful thought of the time and obser- 
vation, etc, requisite in deciding many points in Pomology. The cor- 
recting or deciding relative to the various names under which one fruit 
is known in different sections, was originally a feature of great diffi- 
culty, even when they were brought together and gTown in one garden, 
as by the London Horticultural Society; but when this has to be done 
with the varieties spread over such a wide territoi'y, and with so many 
varied climates and soils as ours, the task is one of no light character. 
At the first writing of this book the accumulation of names was such 
as to then cause the study of Pomology to be counted as an embarrass- 
ing one. What; then shall we say of it now, when the list of naroes has 
been mor4 than trebled? New varieties have sprung into existence 
with the magic rapidity belonging to everything of our country; but, 
unfortunately, regard has not always been had to the qualifications 
which should have been by them possessed ere their introduction to 
our lists; and at this day I may safely say that not perhaps one in 
thirty of the recent introductions, for the past twenty years, will bear 
the (!riticism of a first-class fruit. 

In my revision I have endeavored to keep as near as possible the 
simple arrangement of the original, omitting tho arrangement of classes 
and periods of ripening, and placing the whole alphabetically in order, 
trusting to the text description to give the information sought by the 
reader. The nomenclature of the London Horticultural Society in the 
original edition has been retained, and, so far as known, I have con- 
tinued the original name by which each fruit was first described, as ite 
true name, appending all others as synonyms. 

In the first edition of this work the names of authors who had 



j^^viii PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION. 

befoj-e given descriptions of the fi-uits were appended to each dtscrip 
fcion, but owing to the great number of names such a record would 
now make, and jo its little practical benefit, I have omitted it. 

In the labor of ascertaining synonyms and identifying disputed varie- 
ties, much credit is due to the American Pomological, Massachu 
setts, Western New York, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and othfji 
kindred Societies, by their gathering and comparing great numbers of 
specimens from various sources, and in the accumulation of knowledge 
and opinions here reported as the result of long-continued exarainationH 
of private individuals. But the confusion of names yet exists to a large 
extent, and while much has been done toward correction, order and accu- 
racy can only be arrived at when the different varieties are well grown 
in the same soil and locality, a result only to be realized in an experi- 
mental garden on a large scale. 

The place of origin of each variety has been attached whenever it 
could be truly traced or known; but many are noted only as having 
been received from certain States or sections, their origin being possibly 
in another State. The period of maturity has been given as its period 
when fruited here ; but it is well known locations South or North cause 
great changes in this respect, as well as in quality, and many good long- 
keeping winter apples of this section, when gro^vn in our Southern 
States, become early autumn and inferior sorts. Again, nearly all varie- 
ties of our early summer fruits, although ripened at an earKer period, 
are equal, if not improved, in size and quality when grown at the South. 

In the revision of a former edition, as well as in aid of revision of 
the present, I have received valuable notes, specimens of fruits, &c., 
from a large number of gentlemen, and in here making my grateful ac- 
knowledgments, I desire to record all names as a simple tribute, al- 
though some have passed from this land of chaotic terrestrial fruit 
to that where oi-der and system ever reigns. 

In Massachusetts — to John Milton Earl, Samuel Colton, George A. 
Chamberlain, and George Jacques, Worcester ; J. C. Stone, Shrewsbury ; 
F. Burr, Hingham ; Asa Clement, Lowell ; Willis P. Sargent, West 
Amesbury ; O. V. Hills, Leominster ; Dr. L. W. Puffer, Noi-th Bridge- 
water ; Joseph Merrill, James D. Black, and N. Page, Danversport ; Asar 
hel Foote, Williamstown ; Col. E. Stone, Dedliam ; Simon Brown, Con- 
cord; J. W. Manning, Reading; Marshall P. Wilder, Dorchester; C. 
M. Hovey, Boston ; J. F. C. Hyde, Newton Centre ; N. P. Morrison, 
North Cambridge ; M. Ordway, West Newbury ; J. W. Clark, Fram 
ingham; J. W. Foster, Dorchester; Sumner C^ss, Millbury; Jona- 
than Ames, W^est Bridgewater ; Robert Manning, Salem ; Joel Kuapp, 
Wilkinson ville ; S. W. Cole, Chelsea. 

In Connecticut — to S. D. Pardee and Prof. Eli Ives, Nev Haven ; 
Sheldon Moore, Kensington ; George Seymour, Norwalk ; G. W. Gager, 
Sharon ; P. S. Beers, Southville ; D. S. Dewey and Dr. G. W. Russell, 



PREFACE TO THE SECOND E.EVISION. xis 

Hartford; S. Lyman, Mancliester ; Major J. McLolla.i:. ^Voodstock ; 
Dr. D. W. Coit, Norwicli ; E. ISTewbury, Brooklyn. 

In Canada West — to Charles Arnold, Paris ; D. W. Beadle, St. Ca 
thaiine's ; Wm. H. Reed, Port Dalhousie. 

In Vermont — to Chauncey Goodricli and Rev. John Wheeler, Bni-ling 
ton; J. M. Ketclmm, Brandon; G. W. Harman, Bennington ; Bnel Lan- 
don, Grand Isle ; Albert Bresee, Hubbardton; Solon Burroughs, Waltham, 
In New York — to Wm. S. Ferris, Williamsbridge ; T. M. Younglove 
and S. B. Fairchild, Hammondsport ; Jacob G. Sickles, Stuyvesant; Chas 
G. Benedict, Perry ; Wm, Brocksbank, Hudson ; E. Moody and L. 
C. Hoag, Lockport ; Wm. S. Carpenter, Rye ; Dr. James Fountain, 
Jeflerson Valley ; S. P. Carpenter, New Rochelle ; William R. Prince, 
Flushing ; Dr. C. W. Grant, Dr. T. B. Shelton, James H. Rieketts, and 
A. Saul, Newburgh ; Elisha Dorr and Prof. James Hall, Albany ; J. W. 
Bailey, Plattsburgh ; J. Battey, Keeseville ; J. C. Hastings, Clinton ; 
Matthew Maekie, Clyde; Isaac Hildreth, Watkins; T. C. Maxwell 
Brothers, and W. T. & E. Smith, Geneva; Ellwanger and Berry .^ 
H. E. Hooker, A. Frost & Co., and James H. Watts, Rochester ; J. B. 
Eaton, Buffalo ; Stephen Underhill, Croton Point ; Wm. Collins, 
vSrayrna; M. J. Parrish, Hillsdale; N. T. Arms, Albany; Geo. S. Con- 
over, West Fayette ; H. N. Longwortliy, Rochester ; Reagles & Son, 
Schenectady; James Vick, Rochester; John R. Comstock, Hart's Vil- 
lage ; James M. Matteson, Jacksonville ; Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons ; 
E. G. Studley, Claverick ; Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick ; Isaac Hicks, 
Old Westbury ; W. Brown Smith, Syracuse ; J. H. Case, New Hart- 
ford ; Harvey Green, Jefferson Valley. 

In New Jersey — to Louis E. Berckmanns, Plainfield ; William Reid, 
Elizabethtown ; James McLean, Roadstown ; William Parry, Cinna- 
nimson; A. G. Baldwin, Newark; Chas. Davis, jr., Philipsburgh ; 
David Pettit, Salem ; John Needles, Mt. Laurel ; E. Williams, Mont- 
clair ; A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood ; Peter B. Mead, Tenafly. 

In Pennsylvania — to Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Chas. Harmer, and Dr. J. 
S. Hougbton, Philadelphia ; Chas. Kessler and Daniel B. Lorah, Read- 
ing ; Dr. J. K. Eshleman and Jonathan Baldwin, Downington ; Thomas 
Harvey, West Grove; David Miller, jr., Carlisle; D. H. Wakefield, 
Rostraver ; Josiah Hoopes, Westchester; S. W. Noble, Jenkintown; 
J. A. Nelson & Sons, Indian Run ; Edward J. Evans, York ; O. T. 
Hobbs, Randolph ; B. L. Ryder, Loudon ; Mahlon Moon, Morrisville ; 
Daniel Engle and Engle Brothers, Marietta ; Caspar Hiller. Cones- 
toga Centre ; Luckens Peirce, Coatesville ; Wm. G. Waring, Tyrone ; 
Samuel Miller, Lebanon ; Jolin Hamilton, Jersey Shore ; Wilson Den 
nis, Applebackville ; W. L. Nesbit, Lewisburg ; E. H. Cockliuj 
Shepherdstown ; Josiah G. Youngken, Richland Town. 

In Ohio — to Robert Buchanan and A. H. Ernst, Cincinnati ; D. 0. 
Ricbmond, Sandusky ; A. Thompson, Delaware ; M. B. Batcham, 



JCX PREFACE TO THE SECOND REVISION". 

Painesville ; N. L. Wood, Smithfield ; Isaac Dillen, Zanes" ilk ; Samuel 
Myers, Salem; H. N. Gillett, Quaker Bottom; J, N. Shepherd, 
Marion ; Rev. J, H. Creighton, Chillicothe ; Geo. W. Campbell, Dela- 
ware ; A. & R. G. Hanford, Columbus ; Chas. Carpenter, Kelley Island ; 
S. S. Jackson, Cincinnati ; L. S. Mote, West Milton ; Prof. J. P. Elirt- 
land, F. R. Elliott, Dr. E. Taylor, and S. B. Marshall, Cleveland ; R. J. 
Black, Bremen ; Geo. Hapgood, Warren ; W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory ; A. L. Benedict, Ashley ; H. P, McMaster, Leonardsburgh. 

In Illinois — to Dr. J. A. Kennicott, West Northfield ; F. K. Phoenix 
and C. R. Overman, Bloomington ; Arthur Bryant, Princeton ; Tyler 
McWhorter, Pomeroy ; A. M. Lawver, South Pass ; J. W. Stewart, 
Quincy ; E. H. Skinner, Marengo ; Dr. L. S. Pennington, Sterling ; J. S. 
Shearman, Rockford ; J. A. Grain, Undulation. 

In Kentucky — to H. P. Byram, Louisville ; F. Pound, Shortsville ; 
J. S. Downer, Fairview ; D. L. Adair, Hawesville ; Dr. S. J. Leavell, 
Trenton ; Geo. C. Curtiss, Maysville ; Thos, Kennedy, Louisville ; A. 
L. Woodson, WoodsonAolle. 

In Iowa — to James C. Smith, Des Moines ; Finley & Dwyre, Daven- 
port ; Henry Avery, Burlington. 

In Indiana — to Reuben Regan, Nicholsonville ; John C. Teas, Rays- 
ville ; Wm. H. Loomis and E. Y. Teas, Richmond ; J. D. G. Nelson^ 
Fort Wayne. 

In Maine — to S. L. Goodall, Saco. 

In New Hampshire — to Robert Wilson, Keane ; Nathan Norton, 
Greenland, and Charles H. Sanborn, Hampton Yalley. 

In Michigan — to T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. D. K. Underwood, 
Adrian. 

In Delaware — to Edward Tatnall, Wilmington. 

In Virginia — to H. R. Roby, Fredexicks burgh. 

In Missouri — to George Husmann, Hermann. 

In Washington — to John Saul. 

In Georgia — to William N. White and Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens , 
Richard C. Peters and Wm. H. Thurmond, Atlanta ; J. Van Beuren, 
Clarksville, and P. J. Berckmans, Augusta. 

In North Carolina — to G. W. Johnson, Milton ; Westbrooke & Co., 
Greensboro ; R. L. Steele, Rockingham. 

In South Carolina — to Wm. H. Sumner, Pomona; A. P. Wylie, 
Chester. 

In Alabama — to R. R. Hunley, Harpersville ; TV. S. Owen, Tus- 
oaloosa. 

In Tennessee — to J, W. Dodge, Pomona. 

In Nova Scotia — to C. C. Hamilton, CornwaUis. 

CHARLES DOWNING. 



ABBEEYIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 



d^boretum Bntannicttm ; or, The Trees and Shrubs of Britaia, pictoriaUy and 

botanically delineated, and scientifically and popularly described. By J. 

C. Loudon. London, 1845, 8 vols. 8vo. 
Annales de la Soeute d'JIo7'tioulture de Paris. — Paris, In monthly Nos. 8vo. 

1837 to 1845. 
Annales de Vlnstitut de Fromont. Par le Chevalier Soulange Bodin. Paris, 8vo, 

1829 to 1834, 6 vols. 
Adlum. A Memoir on the Cultivation of the Vine in America, and the best mode 

of making Wine. By John Adlum. 12mo. Washington, 1828. 
Bon Jard. Le Bon Jardinier, pour I'Annee 1844. Contenant des principes ge- 

ueraux de culture, etc. Par A. Poiteau and M. VUmorin, Paris. 12mo, — 

yearly volume. 
Busiy. A Visit to the principal Vineyards of France and Spain. By Jas. Busby 

New York, 12mo, 1835. 
Biidgeman. The Young Gardener's Assistant. Bv Thomas Bridgeman. Tenth 

ed. New York, 1844, 8vo. 
BaumannUs Cat. Catalogue des Vegetaux en tout genre disponible dans I'Etab- 

lissement des Freres Baumann, a Bolwiller, 1843. 
Goxe. A View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees in the United States, and of 

the Management of Orchards and Cider. By WUliam Coxe. Philadelphia, 

8vo, 1817. 
Ghaptal. Chemistry applied to Agriculture. By John Anthony Chaptal. Amer- 
ican ed. , 12mo, Boston, 1835. 
Cobbett. The American Gardener. By Wm. Cobbett. London, 1821. 12mo. 
Coleman. Reports on the Agriculture of Massachusetts. By Henry Coleman. 

Boston, 8vo, 1840-41. 
Bom. Oard. The Domestic Gardener's Manual. By John Towers. London, 

1839, 8vo.^ 
Buliamel. Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, par M. Duhamel Dumonceau. Paris, 

1768, 2 vols. 4to. 
Cultivator. The Cultivator, a monthly Journal of Agriculture, &c. Edited by 

Luther Tucker. Albany, continued to the present time, 8vo. 
Biel. Versuch einer Systematischen Beschreibung in Deutschland vorhandener 

Kernobstsorten. Von Dr. Aug. Freidr. Ad. Diel. 12mo. 24 vols., 1799 — 

1825. 
Be CandoUe. Physiologie Vegetale, on Exposition des Forces et des Fonctiona 

vitales des Vegetaux. Par A. P. De CandoUe. Paris, 1832, 3 vols. 8vo. 
-. Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Vegetabilis. Paris, 1818—1830, 

4 vols. 8vo. 
B''Albret. Cours Theorique et Pratique de la Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par 

D'Albret. Paris, 1840, 8vo. 
WoTsytJi. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees. By Wil- 
liam Forsyth. 7th ed., London, 1824, 8vo. 
Wloy. Lindley's Guide to the Orchard. American ed., with additions by 

Michael Floy. New York, 1833, 13mo. 
Vessenden. New American Gardener, containingpractical Directions for the Cul- 

tiu-e of Fruits and Vegetables. By Thos. E. Fessenden. Boston, 1828, 

13mo. 
Oard Mag. The Gardener's Magazine, conducted by J, C Loudon. InmontHj 

Nos. Svo 19 vols, to 1844, London. 



XXU ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 

Gard. Cliron. The Gardener's rhronicle and A^icnltural Gf-^ette, edited bj 
Professor Lindley. A weekly journal, 4to, 5 vols., 1844 to the present time 

Hoare. A Practical Treatise on the Cultivation of the Grape Vine on open waUs. 
By Clement Hoare. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Hart. Roc. Cat. See Thompson. 

Hort. Trans. Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London. Lond«>n 
4to, 181o, and at intervals to the present time. 

Hooker. Pomona Londonensis. By William Hooker. London, 1813, 4to. 

Hayward. The Science of Horticulture. By Joseph Hayward. London, 
1824, 8vo. 

Harris. A Report on the Insects of Massachusetts injurious to Vegetation. B> 
Dr. T. W. Harris. Cambridge, 1841, 8vo. 

Hov. Mag. or H. M. The Magazine of Horticulture, Botany, and Rural Affairs. 
Conducted by C. M. Hovey. Boston, 8vo, monthly J\os. 1834 to the pre- 
sent time. 

Johnston. Lectures on Agricultural Chemistry and Geology. By Jas. W. 1'. 
Johnston. American ed. , New York, 12mo, 2 voLs. , 1842. 

Jard. Fruit. Le Jardin Fruitier. Par Louis Noisette. 2 ed. Paris, 1839, 
2 vols. 8vo. 

Knight. Various Articles in the London Horticultural Transactions. By Thomae 
Andrew Knight, its late President. 

Knoop. Pomologie ; ou, Description des Arbres Fruitiers. Par Joh. Herm. 
Knoop. .Amsterdam, 1771, Fol. 

Ken. The New American Orchardist. By William Kenrick. Boston, 1844. 

Kollar. A Treatise on Insects injurious to Gardeners, Foresters, and Farmers. 
By Vincent Kollar, Notes by Westwood. London, 1840, 12mo. 

Langley. Pomona ; or, The Fruit Garden Illustrated. By Batty Langley. Lon- 
don, 1729, Folio. 

Loudon. An Encyclopedia of Gardening. By J. C. Loudon. London, 1835, 
1 thick vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Plants. By the same. London, 1836, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

An Encyclopedia of Agriculture. By the same. London, 1831, 1 thick 

vol. 8vo. 

Hortas Britannicus. A Catalogue of all the Plants in Britain. By the 

same. London, 8vo. 

The Suburban Horticulturist. By the same. London, 1842, 8vo. 

The Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion. By the same. London, 

1838, 1842, 8vo. 

Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum. By the same. 8 vols., London, 

1838, 8vo. 

Liebig. Organic Chemistry in its Applications to Agriculture and Physiology. 

By Justus Liebig. American ed. , Cambridge, 1844, 12mo. 
Ldnd. A Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden ; or, an Account of the Fruits 

and Vegetables cultivated in Great Britain. By George Lindley. Lon 

don, 1831, 8vo. 
Lindley. An Introduction to Botany. By John Lindley. London, 1832, 

8vo. 
. An Introduction to the Natural System of Botanj-. By John Lindley. 

London, 1835, 2d ed. , 8vo. 

. British Fruits. See Pomological Magazine— it is the same work. 

• . The Theory of Horticulture ; or. An Attempt to explain the Operation 

of Gardening upon Physiological Principles. By John Lindley. London, 

8vo, 1840. 
. The same work, with Notes by A. Gray and A. J. Downing. New York, 

1841, 12mo. 
L. or Limi^eus. Species Plantarum, 5th ed. Berlin, 1810. 5 vols. 8vo. 
I/dieur. La Pomone Francaise ; ou, Traite de la Culture Francaise. et de la 

Taille des Arbres Fruitiers. Par le Comte Lelieur. Paris. 1811, 8vo. 
Man The New England Fruit Book. By R. Manning. 2d ed., enlarged by 

John M. Ives, Salem, 1844, 12mo. 
Man. in H. M. Manning's Articles in Hovey's Magazine. 
ATtfl, The Gardener's and Botanist's Dictionary. By PhUip Miller. Revised bj 

Professor Martyn. London, 1819, 2 vols. 8vo. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. Xxiii 

Michaux. The North American Sylva ; or, Description of the Forest Trcea 
of the United States, Canada, &c. By A. F. Michaux. Paris, 1819, 
3 vols. 8vo. 

Wlntoiih. The Orchard and Fmit Garden. By Charles Mcintosh. London, 
1819, 12mo. 

i\' Dull. (The New Duhamel) Traite des Arbres Fruitiers de Duhamel. Nou- 
veUe edition augmentee, etc. Par MM. Poiteau et Turpin, Paris. 5 vols, 
folio, 1808, et seq. 

Nok. See Jardin Fruitier. 

New England Fan-mer. A weekly periodical, devoted to Agriculture, Horticul- 
ture, &c. Boston, 4to, continued to the present time. 

0. Duh. See Duhamel. 

Pom. Mag. or P. M. The Pomological Magazine ; or, Figures and Descriptions of 
the most important varieties of Fruit cultivated in Great Britain. Lon- 
don, 1828, 3 vols. 8vo. 

Pom. Man. The Pomological Manual. By WLlliam R. Prince. New York, 
1831, 2 vols. 8vo. 

Prince. A Treatise on the Vine. By William R. Prince. New York, 1830, 
8vo. 

Prince. A Short Treatise on Horticulture. By William Prince. New York, 
1828, 12mo. 

PMHips . Pomarium Biitannicum ; an Historical and Botanical Account of 
the Fruits known in Great Britain. By Henry Phillips. London. 1820, 
8vo. 

Poit. or Poiteau. Pomologie Francaise. Recueil des plus beaux Fruits cul- 
tives en France. Par Poiteau. Paris, 1838, and continued in 4to num- 
bers. 

Hivers. A Descriptive Catalogue of Pears, cultivated by T. Rivers. Sawbridge- 
worth, 1843-68, pamphlet, 8vo. 

Bon. or Ronalds. Pyrus Makis Brentfordienses ; or, A Concise Description of 
Selected Apples, with a figure of each sort. By Hugh Ronalds. London, 
1831, 4to. 

Bay. Historia Plantarum, a John Ray, M.D. London, 3 vols., folio, 1636 — 
1704. 

Bevue S&iticole. Journal "des Jardiuiers et Amateurs. Audot, Editeur. Paris. 
1844, et chaque mois, 12mo. 

Switzer. The Practical Fruit Gardener. By Stephen Switzer, 1724, 8vo. 

Torrey & Gray. A Flora of North America, containing abridged Descriptions of 
aU the known Plants growing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By John 
Torrey, M.D., and Asa Gray, M.D. New York, vol. 1st, 8vo. New York, 
1840, and still in progress. 

TJwmp. A Catalogue of the Fruits Cultivated in the Garden of the Horticul- 
tural Society of London. 3d ed. , London, 1842. [Prepared with great 
care by Robert Thompson, the Head of the Fruit Department.] 

Thacher. The American Orchardist. By James Thacher, M.D. Boston, 1822, 
8vo. 

Van Mons. Arbres Fruitiers ; on, Pom(Jiogie Beige Experimentale et Raisonnee. 
Par J. R. Van Mons. Louvain, 1835—1636, 2 vols. 12mo. 

. Catalogue des Arbres Fruitiers, Descriptif , Abrege. Par J. B. Van 

Mons. Louvain, 1823. 

Wilder M8.8. Manuscript Notes on Fruits. By M. P. WUder, Esq., President of 
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

Al. Pom. Album de Pomologie ; in which the fruits of Belgium are figured and 
described. 

An. Pom. Annals of Pomology ; a periodioal published by royal v,ommission, in 
which choice fruits are figured and described. 

C. H. A. Cornice of Horticulture ol Angers. 

Hort. The Horticulturist of Rural Aft and Rural Taste. 22 vols. 

Cole. American Fruit Book. By S. W. Cole, Boston, Mass. 

Tlwrnas. American Fruit Culturist. By John J, Thomas, Union Springs, Nei* 
York. 

Barry. The Fmit Garden. By P. Bany, Rochester, New York. 

Waring. The Fruit-Grower't; Hand-Book. By Wm. G. Waring, Boalsburg, Pa 

Eaiott. American Fruit-Grower's Guide. By F. R. Elliott, Cleveland, 0. 



Sxiv ABBREVIATIONS AND BOOKS QUOTED. 

White's Oa/rd. Gardening for the Soutli. By Wm. N. White, Athens, Ga 

Bov. Mag. The Magazine of Horticulture. By C. M. Hovey, Boston, MaM 
33 vols. 

N. Y. Hort. Rev. New York Horticultural Review. By C. Reagles, New York, 

Ad. Int. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 

Oa. Pom. 8. Rep. Ad Interim Reports of the Georgia Pomological Society. 

Me. Pom. 8. Rep. Annual Report of the Maine Pomological Society. 

A. Pom. 8. Transactions of the American Pomological Society. 

L. E. Berckman's M8. Manuscript Notes by Louis E. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 

W. I). BrincMe^s M8. Manuscript Notes by W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 

R. Mannincfs M8. Manuscript Notes by Robert Manning, Salem. Mass. 

A. H. Ernst MS. Manuscript Notes by A. H. Ernst. Cincinnati, Ohio. 

R. Buchanan M8. Manuscript Notes by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Wm. N. White MS. Manuscript Notes by Wm. N. \Vhite, Athens, Ga. 

J. Van BeurerCs MS. Manuscript Notes by J. Van Beuren. Clarksville, Ga 

H R. Robey MS. Manuscript Notes by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburg, Va. 

Samuel Miller, Jr. , MS. Manuscript Notes by Samuel Miller, Jr. , Cumberland, 
Pa. 

T. 8. Downer MS. Mamiscript Notes by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. 

Wa/rder. American Pomology. By J. A. Warder. 

0. P. 8. Ohio Pomological Society Reports. 

M. 8. H. 8. Missouri State Horticultural Society Reports. 

Verg. The Verger. By M. Mas, Paris, France. 

Hogg. British Pomology and Hogg's Fruit Manual. By Robert Hogg, London, 
England. 

Pa. Rep. Report of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 

Mead. American Grape Culture and Wine-making. By Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, 
N. J. 

Gar. Man. Gardener's Monthly. Edited by Thomas Meahan, Philadelphia, Pa. 
10 vols. 

K. Hort. Soc. Transactions of the Kentucky Horticultural Society. 

J. of H. Journal of Horticulture, Boston, Mass. 

Husmann. The Cultivation of the American Grape, and Manufacture of Ameri- 
can Wines, by George Husmann, Hermann, Mo. 

8. V. M. Reports of the Society Van Mons, Brussels. 

Strong. Cultivation of the Grape. By W. C. Strong, Brighton, Mass. 

Trans. St. L. H. Soc. Transactions of the St. Louis Horticultural Society. 

-.4???-. Hort. An. American Horticultural Annual. Orange Judd &, Co. , N. Y. 

Count. Gent. Country Gentleman. Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y. 32 vola 

Jar. V. M. Fruits of the Jardin Van Mons. By A. Bivort. Bruxelles. 

Mits. Museum of the Jardin of Fruits. By J. Decaisne. 

Liegel. Survey of Plums, by G. Liegel, Braunau, Austria. 

F. <&. P. Florist and Pomologist, London, England. 

Leroy. Dictionary of Pomology. By Andre Leroy, Angers, France, 

Fuller. Small Fruit Cultmist. By A. S. Fuller 

FxiUer. The Grape Culturist. By A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, N. J. 

P. J. B. MS. Manuscript Notes of P. J. Berckman, Augusta, Ga. 

J. H. Creighton. Manuscript Notes by J. H. Creighton, ChUlicothe, O. 

Tat. MS. Manuscript Notes by Edward Tatnall, Wilmington, DeL 

T. W. Bailey. Manuscript Notes by J. W. Bailey. Plattsburg, N.T. 

Arnold. Manuscript Notes by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W. 

R B Hunley, MS. Manuscript Notes by R. R. Hunley, Harperaville, Ala, 



FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES. 



CHAPTER I. 

* THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 

In our survey of tlie culture of fruits let us begin at the begirjoing. 
Gradual amelioration, and the skilful practice of the cultivator, have so 
filled our orchards and gardens with good fruits, that it is necessaiy now 
to cast a look back at the types from which these delicious products have 
sprung. 

In the tropical zone, amid the surprising luxuriance of vegetation of 
that great natural hot-house, nature offers to man, almost without care, the 
most refreshing, the most delicious, and the most nutritive fruits. The 
Plantain and Banana, excellent either raw or cooked, bearing all the 
year, and producing upon a rood of ground the sustenance of a family ; 
the refresliing Guava and Sapodilla ; the nutritious Bread-fruit ; such 
are the natural fruit-trees of those glowing climates. Indolently seated 
under their shade, and finding a refreshing coolness both from their ever- 
verdant canopy of leaves, and their juicy fruits, it is not here that we 
must look for the patient and skilful cultivator. 

' But, in the temperate climates, natvire wears a harsher and sterner 
aspect. Plains bounded by rocky hills, visited not only by genial warmth 
and sunshine, but by cold winds and seasons of ice and snow ; these are 
accompanied by sturdy forests, whose outskirts are sprinkled with crabs 
and wild cherries, and festooned with the clambering branches of the 
wild grape. These native fruits, which at first ofier so little to the eye 
or the palate, are nevertheless the types of our garden varieties. Des- 
tined in these climates to a perpetual struggle with nature, it is here 
that we find man ameliorating and transforming her. 

Transplanted into a warmer aspect, stimulated by a richer soil, reared 
from selected seeds, carefully pruned, sheltered, and watched, by slow 
degrees the sour and bitter crab expands into a Golden Pippin, the wild 
pear loses its thorns and becomes a Bergamotte or a Beurre, the Almond 
is deprived of its bitterness, and the dry and flavorless Peach is at length 
a tempting and delicious fruit. It is thus only, in the face of obstacles, 
in a climate where nature is not prodigal of perfections, and in the midst 
of thorns and sloes, that man, the gardener, arises and forces nature to 
yield to his art. 

These improved sorts of fruit, which man everywhere causes to share 
his civilization, bear, almost eqiially with himself, the impress of an exist- 

1 



2 THE PRODUCTION OP NEW VARIETIES OP PRUIT. 

ence removed from the natural state. When reared from ^ecds they 
always show a tendency to I'etum to a Avilder form, and it seems only 
chance when a new seedling is equal to, or surpasses its parent. Removed 
from their natural form, these artificially created sorts are also much 
mor« Kable to diseases ajid to decay. From these facts arises the fruit- 
garden, with its various processes of grafting, budding, and other mean? 
of continuing the sort ; with also its sheltered aspects, warm borders, 
deeper soils, and all its vai'ious refinements of art and culture. 

In the whole i-ange of cares and pleasures belonging to the garden, 
there is nothing more trulyinteresting than the j^roduction of new varie- 
ties of fruit. It is not, indeed, by sowing the seeds that the lover of 
good fruit usually undertakes to stock his garden and orchard with fine 
fruit-trees. Raising new varieties is always a slow, and, as generally 
understood, a most uncertain mode of bringing about tliis result. The 
novice plants and carefully watches his hundred seedling pippins, to find 
at last, perhaps, ninety-nine worthless or indifferent apples. It appears 
to him a lottery, in wliich there are too many blanks to the prizes. He 
therefore wisely resorts to the more certain mode of grafting from well- 
known and esteemed sorts. 

Notwithstanding this, every year, under the influences of garden cul- 
ture, and often without our design, we find our fruit-trees reproducing 
themselves ; and occasionally there springs up a new and delicious sort, 
whose merits tempt \is to fresh trials after perfection. 

To a man who is curious in fruit, — the pomologist, — who views with a 
more than common eye the crimson cheek of a peach, the delicate bloom 
of a plum, or understands the epithets, rich, melting, buttery, as applied 
to a pear, nothing in the circle of culture can give more lively and un- 
mixed pleasure than thus to produce and to create — for it is a sort of 
creation — an entirely new sort, which he believes will prove handsomer 
and better than anything that has gone before. And still more : as 
varieties which originate in a certain soil and climate are found best 
adapted to that locality, the production of new sorts of fniit of high 
merit may be looked on as a most valuable as well as interesting result. 

Besides this, all the fine new fruits which of late figure so consjjicu- 
ously in the catalogues of the nurseries and fruit-gardens, liave not 
been originated at random and by chance eftbrts. Some of the most dis- 
tinguished j)omologists have devoted years to the subject of the improve- 
ment of fmit-trees by seeds, and have attained, if not certain results, at 
least some general laws, which greatly assist us in this process of amelio- 
ration. Let us therefore examine the subject a little more in detail. 

In the wild state, every genus of trees consists of one or more sjyecies 
or strongly marked individual sorts ; as, for example, the white bircL 
and the black birch ; or, to confine ourselves more strictly to the mat- 
ter in hand, the different species of cherry, — the Tvold or bii-d cherry, the 
sour cherry, the mazard cherry, &c. These sjJecies, in tieir natural 
state, exactly reproduce themselves ; to tise a common j)hrase, they 
" come the same " from seed. This they have done for centuries, and 
loubtlesb will do forever, so long as they exist under natui'al circiim- 
gtances only. 

On the other hand, suppose we select one of these S2)ecies of fruit- *:reea 
and adopt it into our gardens. So long as we cultivate that indi- 
\ddual tree, or any part of it, in the shape of sucker, graft, or bud, its 
nature will not be materially altered. It may, indeed, through cu^ivar 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VAEIETIES OP FRUIT. 3 

tion, bi3 stimulated into a more luxuriant growth ; it will probably pro* 
duce larger leaves and fruit ; but we shall neither alter its fruit in tex- 
ture, color, or taste. It will always be identically the same. 

The process of amelioration begins with a new generation, and hy 
sowing the seeds. Some species of tree, indeed, seem to refuse to yield 
their wild nature, never producing any valuation by seed ; but all fruit- 
trees, and many others, are easily domesticated, and more readily take 
the impress of culture. 

If we sow a quantity of seed in garden soil of the common black 
mazard cherry ( Gerasus aviuin), we shall find that, in the leaves and 
habit of growth, many of the seedlings do not entirely resemble the 
original species. When they come into bearing, it is probable we shall 
also find as great a diversity in the size, color, and flavor of the fruit. 
Each of these individual plants differing from the original type (the 
mazard) constitutes a new variety j though only a few, perhaps only 
one, may be superior to the original species. 

It is worthy of remark, that exactly in proportion as this reproduc- 
tion is frequently repeated, is the change to a great variety of forms or 
new sorts increased. It is likely, indeed, that to gather the seeds from 
a wild mazard in the woods, the instances of departure from the form 
of the original species would be very few ; while if gathered from a gar- 
den tree, itself some time cultivated, or several removes from a wild state, 
though still a mazard, the seedlings will show great variety of character. 

Once in the possession of a variety which has moved out of the nat- 
ural into a more domesticated form, we have in our hands the best ma- 
terial for the improving process. The fixed original habit of the species 
is broken in upon, and this variety which we have created has always 
aftei'wai'ds some tendency to make further departures from the original 
form. It is tru.e that all or most of its seedlings will still retain a like- 
ness to the parent, but a few will differ in some respects, and it is by 
seizing upon those which show symptoms of variation that the impro- 
ver of vegetable races founds his hopes. 

We have said that it is a part of the character of a species to produce 
the same from seed. This characteristic is retained even wbere the 
sport (as gardeners term it) into numberless varieties is greatest. Thus, 
to return to cherries : the Kentish or common pie-cherry is one species, 
and the small black mazard another, and although a great number of 
varieties of each of these species have been produced, yet there is always 
the likeness of the species retained. From the first we may have the 
large and rich Mayduke, and from the last the sweet and luscious Black- 
Hearts ; but a. glance will show us that the duke cherries retain the dis- 
tinct dark foliage, and, in the fruit, something of the same flavor, shape, 
and color of the original species ; and the heart cherries the broad leavea 
and lofty growth of the mazard. So too the currant and gooseberry are 
different species of the same genus ; but though the English gooseberry- 
growers have raised thousands of new varieties of this fruit, and shown 
them as large as hens' eggs, and of every variety of form and color, yet 
their efforts with the goosebei-ry have not produced anything resembling 
the common currant. 

Why do not varieties produce the same from seed ? Why, if we plant 
the stone of a Green Gage plum, will it not always produce a Green 
Gage ? This is often a puzzlmg question to the practical gardener, while 
his every-day experience forces him to assent to the fact. 



4 THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES 0/ FRUIT. 

We are not sure that the vegetable physiologists ■will undertake tc 
answer tliis query fully. But in the mean time we can throw some light 
on the subject. 

It will be remembered that our garden varieties of fruits arc not 
natural forms. They are the artificial productions of our culture. They 
have always a tendency to improve^ but they have also another and a 
sirongei tendency to return to a natural or wild state. "There can be 
no doubt," says Dr. Lindley, " that if the arts of cultivation wei-e 
abandoned for only a few years, all the annual varieties of plants in our 
gardens would disappear and be replaced by a few original wild forms." 
Between these two tendencies, therefore, the one derived from nature, 
and the other impressed by culture, it is easily seen how little likely is 
the progeny of varieties always to reappear in the same form. 

Again, our American farmers, who raise a number of kinds of Indian 
com, very well know that, if they ^vish to keep the sorts distinct, they 
must gi-ow them in different fields. Without this precaution they find, 
on planting the seeds pi'oduced on the yellow-corn plants, that they have 
the next season a progeny not of yellow corn alone, but composed of 
every color and size, yellow, white, and black, large and small, upon the 
farm. Now many of the varieties of fruit-trees have a similar power of 
intermixing with each other while in blossom by the dust or pollen of 
their flowers, carried through the air by the action of bees and other 
causes. It will readily occur to the reader, in considering this fact, what 
an influence our custom of planting the different varieties of plum or of 
cherry together in a ga rden or orchard must have upon the constancy of 
habit in the seedlings of such fniits. 

But there is still another reason for this habit, so perplexing to the 
novice, who, having tasted a luscious fruit, plants, watches, and rears its 
seedling, to find it, perhaps, wholly different in most respects. This is 
the infli;ence of grafting. Among the great number of seedling fruits 
produced in the United States, there is found occasionally a variety, per- 
haps a plum or a peach, which will nearly always reproduce itself from 
seed. From some fortunate circumstances in its origin, iinknown to us, 
this sort, in becoming improved, still retains strongly this habit of the 
natural or wild form, and its seeds produce the same. We can call to 
mind several examples of this; fine fruit-ti'ees whose seeds have estab- 
lished the reputation in the neighborhood of fidelity to the sort. But 
when a graft is taken from one of these trees, and placed upon another 
stock, this grafted tree is found to lose its singular power of producing 
the same by seed, and becomes like all other worked trees. The stock 
exercises some, as yet, unexplained power ia dissolving the strong natu- 
ral habit of the vaiiety, and becomes, like its fellows, subject to the laws 
of its artificial life.* 

When we desire to raise new varieties of fruit, the common practice 

* The doctrine here advanced has perhaps no foundation in fact, nor has theie 
been any test made that, to our knowledge, would controvert' it. Observation 
of many y^ears, however, leads to the belief that the mere engrafting' a variety 
upon anocher stock in no way affects its habit or capacity for reproducing itself 
just the same as it would if retained upon its parent root. The great vitality 
possessed by some varieties, their strong character, &c., prevent them, as it 
were, from receiving impregnation while in flower from any less vigorous sorb, 
and hence, as a strong variety is oftener than otherwise surrounded by those of 
less vitality, it mainly fertilizes itself frcim its own blossoms and thus repro luces 
its leading qualities. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT. 5 

is to collect the seeds of the finest table fruits — those sorts who^e merits 
are everywhere acknowledged to be the highest. In proceeding thus, 
we are all pretty well aware that the chances are generally a hundred to 
one against our obtaining any new ^-ariety of great excellence. Before 
we ofl'er any advice on reaiing seedlings, let us examine biiefly the prac- 
tice and views of two distinguished hoi-ticulturists abroad, who have 
paid more attention to this subject than any other persons whatever; 
Dr. Van Mons, of Belgium, and Thos. Andrew Knight, Esq., the lati' 
President of the Horticultural Society of London. 

The Van Mons Theory. 

Dr. Van Mons, Professor at Louvain, devoted the greater part of his 
life to the amelioration of fruits. His nurseries contained, in 1823, no 
less than two thousand seedlings of merit. His perseverance was inde- 
fatigable, and, experimenting mainly on Pears, he succeeded in raising an 
immense number of new varieties of high excellence. The Beurre Diel, 
De Louvain, Frederic of Wurtemberg, &c., are a few of the many well- 
known sorts which are the resvilt of liis unwearied labors. 

The Van Mons theory may be briefly stated as follows : 

All fine fruits are artificial products ; the aim of nature, in a wild 
is "ate, being only a healthy, vigorous state of the tree, and 2^&'>'f^ci seeds 
for continuing the species. It is the object of culture, therefore, to sub- 
due or enfeeble this excess of vegetation ; to lessen the coarseness of the 
tree ; to diminish the size of the seeds ; and to refine the quality and in- 
crease the size of the flesh or pulp. 

There is always a tendency in our varieties of fruit-trees to return 
by their seeds towards a wild state. 

This tendency is most strongly shown in the seeds borne b/ old fruit- 
trees. And " the older the tree is of any cultivated variety of Pear," 
says Dr. Van Mons, "the nearer will the seedlings raised from it 
approach a wild state, without however ever being able to return to that 
state." 

On the other hand, the seeds of a young fruit-tree of a good sort, be- 
ing itself in the state of amelioration, have the least tendency to retro- 
grade, and are the most likely to produce improved sorts. 

Again, there is a certain limit to perfection in fruits. When this 
point is reached, as in the finest varieties, the next generation will more 
probably produce bad fruit, than if reared from seeds of an indifl'erent 
sort in the course of amelioration. While, in other words, the seeds of 
the oldest varieties of good fruit mostly yield inferior sorts, seeds taken 
from recent varieties of bad fruit, and reproduced uninterruptedly for 
several generations, will certainly produce good fruit. * 

With these premises. Dr. Van Mons begins by gathering his seeds 
from a young seedling tree, without paying much regard to its quality, 
except that it must be in a state of variation / that is to say, a garden 
variety, and not a wild sort. These he sows in a seed-bed or nursery, 
where he leaves the seedlings until they attain sufficient size to enable 
him to judge of their character. He then selects those which appear 
the most promising, plants them a few feet distant in the nursery, and 

* Experience of American growers does not bear out the supposition here 
taken. The Seckel, one of the finest and most perfect pears, has perhaps giver 
more valuable seedlings than any other one kind. 



6 THE PKODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OP FRUIT. 

awaits their fruit. Not discouraged at finding most of thorn nudiocre 
in quality, though differing from the parent, he gathers the first seeds of 
the most promising and sows them again. The next generation comes 
more rapidly into bearing than the first, and shows a greater numbe^ of 
promising traits. Gathering immediately, and sowing the seeds of this 
generation, lie produces a third, then a fourth, and even a fifth genera- 
tion, unintei-ruptedly, from the original sort. Each generation he finds 
to come more quickly into bearing than the pre\'ious ones (the fifth sow- 
ing of pears fruiting at three years), and to produce a greater number of 
valuable varieties ; until in the fifth generation the seedlings are nearly 
all of great excellence. 

Dr. Van Mons found the pear to require the longest time to attain 
perfection, and he carried his process with this fruit through fi^-e gener- 
ations. Apples he found needed but four races, and peaches, chenies, 
plums, and other stone fruits were brought to perfection in three succes- 
sive reproductions from the seed. 

It will be remembered that it is a leading feature in this theoi-y that, 
in order to improve the fruit, we must subdue or enfeeble the oiiginal 
coarse hixuiiance of the tree. Keeping this in mind. Dr. Van Mons 
always gathers his fi'uit before fully ripe, and allows them to rot before 
planting the seeds, in order to refine or render less wild and harsh the 
next generation. In transplanting the young seedlings into quarters to 
bear he cuts off the tap root, and he annually shortens the leading and 
side branches, besides planting them only a few feet apart. All this les- 
sens the vigor of the trees, and produces an imjoression upon the nature 
of the seeds which will be produced by their first fruit ; and, in order to 
continue in full foice the progressive variation, he allows his seedlings to 
bear on thgir own roots.* 

Such is Dr. Van Mons' theory and method for obtaining new varieties 
of fruit. It has never obtained much favor in England, and from the 
length of time necessary to bring about its results, it is scarcsly likely to 
come into very general use here. At the same time it is not to be de- 
nied that in his hands it has proved a very successful mode of obtaining 
new varieties. 

It is also undoubtedly true that it is a mode closely founded on natural 
laws, and that the great bulk of our fine varieties have originated by 
chance. 

The first colonists here, who brought with them many seeds gath- 
ered from the best old varieties of fruits, were surprised to find their 
seedlings producing only very inferior fi'uits. These seedlings had re- 
turned, by their inherent tendency, almost to a wild state. ~ By rearing 
from them, however, seedlings of many repeated generations, we havp 
arrived at a great number of the finest apples, pears, peaches, and plums. 
According to Dr. Van Mons, had this process been conliaued tininter- 
itiptedly, from one generation to the next, a much shorter time woidd 
have been necessary for the production of first-rate varieties. 

To show how the practice of chance sowing works in the other hemis- 

* " I have found this art to consist in regenerating in a direct line of descent, 
and as rapidly as possible, an improving variety, taking care that there be no in- 
terval between the generations. To sow, to re-sow, to sow again, to sow peijiet- 
nally, in short, to do nothing but sow, is the practice to be pursued, and which 
cannot be departed from ; and in short this is the whole secret of the art I have 
employed."— Van Mons' Arhres Fruitiers, 1. p. 22, 223. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OP FRUIT. 7 

phere, it is stated by one of the most celebrated of the old writers on 
fruits, Duhamel of France, that he had been in the habit of planting 
seeds of the finest table pears for fifty years without ever having pro- 
duced a good variety. These seeds were from trees of old varieties of 
fruit. 

The American gardener will easily perceive, from what we have stated, 
a great advantage placed in his hands at the present time for the •timeli- 
oration of fruits by this system. He will see that, as most of our Amer- 
ican varieties of fruit are the result of repeated sowings, more or less 
constantly repeated, he has before him almost every day a part of the 
ameliorating process in progi'ess ; to which Dr. Van Mons, beginning de 
novo, was obliged to devote his whole Kfe. Nearly all that it is necessary 
for him to do in attempting to raise a new variety of excellence by this 
simple mode, is to gather his seeds (before they are fully ripe) from a 
seedling sort of promising quality, though not yet arrived at perfection. 
The seedling must be quite young — must be on its own root (not graft- 
ed) ; and it must be a healthy tree, in order to secure a healthy gener- 
ation of seedlings. Our own experience leads us to believe that he will 
scarcely have to go beyond one or two generations to obtain fine fruit. 
These remai'ks apply to most of our table fruits commonly cultivated. 

In order to be most successful in raising new varieties by successive 
reproduction, let us bear in mind that we must avoid — 1st, the seeds of 
old fruit-trees ; 2d, those of grafted fruit-trees ; and 3d, that we have 
the best grounds for good results when we gather our seeds from a 
young seedling tree, which is itself rather a perfecting than a perfect 
fruit. 

It is not to be denied that, in the face of Dr. Van Mons' theory, in 
this country new varieties of rare excellence are sometimes pbtained at 
once by planting the seeds of old grafted varieties ; thus the Lawrence's 
Favorite and the Columbia plums were raised from seeds of the Green 
Gage, one of the oldest European varieties. 

Such are the means of originating new fruits by the Belgian mode. Let 
us now examine another more direct, more interesting, and more scientific 
process — cross-breeding ; a mode almost universally pursued now by skil- 
ful cultivators in producing new and finer varieties of plants ; and which 
Mr. Knight, the most distinguished horticulturist of the age, so success- 
fully practised on fruit-trees. 

Cross-hreeding, 

In the blossoms of fruit-trees, and of most other plants, the seed is the 
offspring of the stamens and jyistil, which may be considered the male and 
female parents, growing in the same flower. Cross-breeding is, then, 
nothing more than removing out of the blossom of a fruit-tree the 
stamens, or male parents, and bringing those of another and different 
variety of fruit, and dusting the pistil or female parent with them, — a 
process sutficiently simple, but which has the most marked effect on the 
seeds produced. It is only within about fifty years that cross-breeding 
has been practised ; but Lord Bacon, whose great mind seems to have 
had glimpses into every dark corner of human knowledge, finely fore- 
shadowed it. " The compounding or mixture of plants is not found out. 
which, if it were, is more at command than that of living creatures ; where- 
fore, it were one of the most notable disco \'oi'ies touching plants to find 




8 THE I'RODUCTION OF NEW VARIETIES OF FRUIT, 

it out, for so you may have great varieties of fruits aud flowers yet un 
known." 

In Figure 1 is shown the blossom of the Clierry. The central por- 
tion, a, connected directly with the yonng fruit, ia 
^•\ 6 the 2yifstiL The numerous sun-oiniding threads, 6, ai-e 

the stamens. The summit of the stamen is called the 
a/Uher, and secretes the powdery substance called jjol- 
len. The 2^istil has at its base the embryo fi-uit, and at 
its summit the stigma. The lise of the stamens is to 
fertilize the young seed contained at the base of the 
pistil ; and if we fertilize the pistil of one variety of 
'"'■ ■ fruit by the pollen of another we shall obtain a new 

variety, partaking intermediately of the qualities of both parents. Thus, 
among fruits owing their origin directly to cross-breeding, Coe's Golden 
Drop Plum was raised from the Green Gage, impregnated by the IMagnum 
Bonum or Egg Plum ; and the Elton cherry from the Bigarrieu, impreg- 
nated by the White Heart.* Mr. Knight was of opinion that the habits 
of the new variety would always be found to partake most strongly of the 
constitution and habits of the female parent. Subsequent expeiience 
does not fully confirm this, and it would apj^ear that the parent whose 
character is most permanent^ impresses its form most forcibly on the 
oflspring. 

The process of obtaining cross-breed seeds of fruit-trees is very easily 
performed. It is only necessary, when the tree blooms which we intend 
to be the mother of the improved race, to select a blossom or blossoms 
growing upon it not yet fully expanded. With a pair of scissors w^e cut 
out and remove all the anthers. The next day, or as soon as the blossom 
is quite expanded, we collect with a camel's-hair brush the pollen from 
a fully blown flower of the variety we intend for the male parent, apply- 
ing the pollen and leaving it upon the ytigma or point of the pistil. If 
your trees are much exposed to those busy little meddlers, the bees, it is 
well to cover the blossoms with a loose bag of thin gauze, or they will 
perhaps get beforehand with you in your experiments in cross-breeding. 
Watch the blossoms closely as they open, and bear in mind that the two 
essential points in the operation are : 1st, to extract the anthers care- 
fully, before they have matured sufficiently to fei-tilize the pistil ; and 
2d, to apply the ]iollen when it is in perfection (dry and powdery), and 
while the stigma is moist. A very little practice will enable the amateur 
to judge of these points. 

There are certain limits to the power of crossing plants. WTiat is 
strictly called a cross-bred plant or fruit is a sub-variety raised between 
two varieties of the same species. There are, however, certain species, 
nearly allied, which are capable of fertilizing each other. The oflspring 
in this case is called a hybrid, or mule, and does not always produce per- 
fect seeds. " This power of hybridizing," says Dr. Lindley, " appears to 
be much more common in plants than in animals. It is, however, in 
gfneral only between nearly allied species that this intercourse can take 
olace ; those which are widely diflerent in sti'ucture and constitution not 

■^ The seedlings sometimes most resemble one parent, sometimes the other ; 
but more frequently share the qualities of both. Mr. Coxe describes an Apple, a 
cross between a Newtown Pippin and a Eusset, the fruit of which resembled exter- 
nally at one end the Russet and at the other the Pippin, and the flavor at eithei 
end corresponded exactly with the character of the exterior. 



THE PRODUCTION OF NEW VAKIETIES OF FEUIT. 9 

beijig capable of any artificial nnion. Thus the different species of 
Strawberry, of the gourd or melon family, intermix with the gi-eai.est 
lacility, there being a great accordance between them in general struc- 
ture and constitution. But no one has ever succeeded in compelling the 
pear to fertilize the apple, nor the gooseberry the current. And as spe- 
cies that are very • dissimilar appear to have some natural impediment 
wliich prevents their reciprocal fertilization, so does this obstacle, of 
whatever natu.re it may be, present an insuperable bar to the intercourse 
of the difierent genera. A.11 the stories that are current as to the inter- 
mixture of oranges and pomegranates, of roses and black currants, and 
the like, may therefore be set down to pure invention." 

In practice this power of improving varieties by crossing is very 
largely resorted to by gardeners at the present day. Not only in fruit- 
trees, but in ornamental trees, shrubs, and plants, and especially in 
floi'ists' flowers, it has been carried to a great extent. The great number 
of new and beautiful Roses, Azaleas, Camellias, Fuchsias, Dahlias, and 
other flowering plants so splendid in color and perfect in form, owe their 
origin to careful cross-breeding. 

In the amelioration of fi-uits it is by far the most certain and satisfac- 
tory process yet discovered. Its results are more speedily obtained, and 
correspond much more closely to our aim, than those procured by succes- 
sive reproduction. 

In order to obtain a new variety of a certain character, it is only neces- 
sary to select two parents of well known habits, and which are both 
vaiieties of the same or nearly allied species, and cross them for a new 
and intermediate variety. Thus, if we have a very early but insipid 
and worthless sort of pear, and desire to raise from it a variety both 
early and of fine flavor, we should fertilize some of its pistils with the 
pollen of the best flavored variety of a little later maturity. Among the 
seedlings produced we should look for early pears of good quality, and at 
least for one or two varieties nearly or quite as early as the female 
parent, and as delicious as the male. If we have a very small but highly 
flavored pear, and wish for a larger pear with a somewhat similar flavor, 
we must fertilize the flrst with the pollen of a large and handsome sort. 
If we desire to impart the quality of lateness to a very choice plum, we 
must look out for a late variety as the mother, and cross it with our 
best flavored sort. If we desire to impart hardiness to a tender fruit, 
we miist undertake a cross between it and a much hardier sort ; if we 
^eek greater beauty of color or vigor of growth, we must insure these 
qualities by selecting one parent having such quality strongly marked. 

As the seeds produced by cross fertilization are not found to produce 
precisely the same varieties, though they will nearly all partake of the 
mixed character of the parents, i^i follows that we shall be most success- 
ful in obtaining precisely all we hope for in the new race in proportion 
to the number of our cross-bred seedlings ; some of which may be infe- 
rior, as well as some supeiior to the parents. It is always well, there- 
tore, to cross several flowers at once on the same plant, when a single 
blossom does not produce a number of seeds. 

We should observe here, that those who devote theii- time to raising 
new varieties must bear in mind that it is not always by the first fruits 
of a seedling that it should be judged. Some of the finest varieties require 
a considerable age before their best qualities develop themselves, as it is 
only when the tree has arrived at some degree of maturity that its secre- 



10 DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TBEES. 

tions, eithoi' for flower or fruit, are perfectly elaborated. The lirst fruij 
of the Black Eagle cherry, a fiue cross-bred raised by Mr. Knight, wafe 
pronounced worthless when first exhibited to the London Horticultui-al 
Society ; its quality now proves that the tree was not then of suificie.nt 
age to produce its fruit in perfection. 



CHAPTER II. 

REMARKS ON THE DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 

It was for a long time the popular notion, that wlien a good variety 
of fruit was once originated from seed, it might be continued by gi-afting 
and budding forever, — or, at least, as some old parchment deeds pithily 
gave tenure of land — " as long as grass gi-ows and water runs." 

Aboiit 1830, however, Thomas Andrew Knight, the distinguished 
President of the Horticultural Society of London, published an Essay in 
its Transactions tending entirely to overthrow this opinion, and to 
establish the doctrine that all varieties are of very limited duration. 

The theory advanced by Mr. Knight is as follows : All the constitu- 
tional vigor or properties possessed by any variety of fruit are shared at 
the same time by all the plants that can be made from the buds of that 
variety, whether by grafting, biidding, or other modes of propagating 
In similar terms, all the plants or trees of any particular kind of pear or 
apple being only parts of one original tree, itself of limited duration, it 
follows, as the parent tree dies, all the others must soon after die also. 
" No trees, of any variety," to use his own words, " can be made to pro- 
duce blossom or fruit till the original tree of that vai'iety has attained 
the age of puberty ; * and, under ordinary modes of propagation, by 
grafts and buds, all become subject, at no very distant period, to the 
debilities and diseases of old age." 

It is remarkable that such a theory as this should have been offered 
by Mr. Knight, to whose careful investigations the science of modem 
horticulture is so deeply indebted — as, however common it is to see the 
apparent local decline of certain sorts of fruit, yet it is a familiar fact that 
many sorts have also been continued a far greater length of time than 
the life of any one parent tree. Still, the doctrine has fouad supporters 
abroad, and at least one hearty advocate in this country. 

Mr. Kenrick, in his new American Orchardist, adopts this doctrine, 
and in speaking of Pears says : " I shall, in the following pages, desig- 
nate some of these in the class of old varieties, once the finest of all old 
pears, whose duration we had hoped, but in vain, to perpetuate. For, 
except in certain sections of the city, and some very few and highly 

* This part of the doctrine has of late been most distinctly refuted, and any 
one may repeat the experiment. Seedling fruit-trees, it is well knowm, are usu- 
ally several years before they produce fruit. But if a graft is inserted on a 
bearing tree, and, after it makes one season's fair growth, the grafted shoot la 
bent directly down and tied there, with its porat to the stock below, it will the 
next season— the sap being checked — produce flower-buds and begin to bear, 
lonp before *he parent tree. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OP FRUIT-TREES. 11 

favored sittiaxions in the country around, they (the old sorts) have 
become either so uncertain in their bearing — so barren— so unproductive 
— or so miserably blighted — so mortally diseased — that they are no 
longer to be trusted ; they are no longer what they once were with us, 
and Avhat many of them are still described to be by most foreign 
writers." 

Mr. Kenrick accordingly arranges in separate classes the Old and 
New Pears ; and while he praises the latter, he can hardly find epithets 
sufficiently severe to bestow on the former poor unfortunates. Of the 
Doyenne he says : " This most eminent of all Pears has now become an 
outcast, intolerable even to sight ; " of the BroAvn Beurre, " once the 
best of all Pears — now become an outcast." The Sb. Germain " has 
long since become an abandoned variety," &c., &c. 

Many persons have, therefore, supposing that these delicious varieties 
had really and qviietly given up the ghost, made no more inquiries after 
them, and only ordered from the nurseries the new varieties. And this 
not always, as they have confessed to us, without some lingering feeling 
of regret at thus abandoning old and tried friends for new-comers — 
which, it musb be added, not unfrequently failed to equal the good quali- 
ties of their predecessors. 

But, while this doctrine of Knight's has found ready supporters, we 
are bound to add that it has also met with sturdy opposition. At the 
head of the opposite party we may rank the most distinguished vege- 
table physiologist of the age. Professor De Candolle, of Geneva. Varie- 
ties, says De Candolle, will endure and remain permanent so long as 
man chooses to take care of them, as is evident from the continued 
existence to this day of sorts, the most ancient of those which have 
been described in books. By negligence, or through successive bad sea- 
sons, they may become diseased, but careful culture -will restore them, 
and retain them, to all appearance, forever. 

Our own opinion coincides, in the main, with that of De Candolle. 
While we admit that, in the common mode of propagation, varieties are 
constantly liable to decay or become comparatively worthless, we believe 
that this is owing not to natural limits set upon the duration of a vari- 
ety; that it does not dejisud on the longevity of the parent tree; but 
upon the cai-e with which the sort is propagated, and the nature of the 
climate or soil where the tree is grown. 

It is a well-established fact, that a seedling tree, if allowed to grow 
on its own root, is always much longer lived, and often more vigorous 
than the same variety when grafted upon another stock ; and experi- 
ence has also proved that in proportion to the likeness or close relation 
between the stock and the graft is the long life of the grafted tree. 
Thus a variety of pear grafted on a healthy pear seedling lasts almost as 
long as upon its own roots. Upon a thorn stock it does not endure so 
long. Upon a mountain ash or quince stock still less ; until the aver- 
age life of the pear-tree when grafted on the quince is reduced to one- 
third of its ordinary duration on the pear stock. This is well known to 
every pi'actical gardener, and it arises from the want of affinity between 
the quince stock and the pear graft. The latter is rendered dwarf in its 
habits, bears very early, and perishes equally soon. 

Next to this, the apparent decay of a variety is often caused by graft- 
ing upon imhealthy stocks. For although grafts of very vigorous habit 
have frequently the power of renovating in some measure, or for a time, 



12 DURATION OF VAKIETIES OF FRU'T-TREES. 

tlie health of tJie stock, yet the tree, when, it arrives at a bearing state, 
will, sooner or later, suli'er from the diseased or feeble nature of the 
stock. 

Carelessness in selecting scions for engrafting is another fertile source 
of degeneracy in varieties. E\ery good cultivator is aware that if 
gTafts ai-e cut from the ends of old bearing branches, exhausted by over- 
hearing, the same feebleness of habit will, in a great degree, be shared 
by the young graft. And on the contrary, if the thrifty straight shoota 
that ai-e thrown out by the upriglit extremities, or the strong limb- 
sprouts, are selected for grafting, they ensure vigorous growth, and 
healthy habit in the graft. 

Finally, unfavorable soil and climate are powerful agents in deterio- 
rating vaiieties of fruit-tree. Certain sorts that have originated in a 
cold climate are often short-lived and unpioductive when taken to 
warmer ones, and the reverse. This arises from a want of constitutional 
fitness for a climate different from its natural one. 

Most varieties of apples originating in the climate of the Middle 
States, if their peiiod of maturity be mid-winter, when taken to the ex- 
treme northern limits lose their value, because of the season not being 
long enough for their juices to become fully matured. Agaiu, if they 
are taken to the Southern States their jjeriod of matuiity is hastened 
by a greater amount of continued heat, and the quality impaii'ed. 

Varieties, however, that originate at the North, and have theii" matu- 
rity naturally in the warm summer months, are improved by their 
removal South. But this only proves that it is impossible to pass cer- 
tain natural limits of fitness for climate, and not that the existence of 
the variety itself is in any way affected by these local failures. 

Any or all of these causes are sufficient to explain the apparent decay 
of some varieties of fruit, and especially of pears, over which some culti- 
vators, of late, have uttered so many lamentations, scarcely less pathetic 
than^ those of Jereiidah. 

Having stated the theories on this subject, and given an outline of 
our explanation, let us glance for a moment at the actual state of the 
so-called decayed varieties, and see whether they are really either extinct, 
or on the verge of annihilation. 

Mr. Knight's own observation in England led him to consider the 
English Golden Pippin and the Nonpareil, their two most celebrated 
varieties of apple, as the strongest examples of varieties just gone to de- 
cay, oi-, in fact, the natural life of which had virtually expii-ed twenty 
years before. A few years longer he thought it might linger on in the 
warmer parts of England, as he supposed varieties to fall most speedily 
into decay in the north, or in a cold climate. 

Liiidley, however, his contemporary, and second to no one in practi- 
cal kno^^'ledge of the subject, ^viiting of the Golden Pippin,* vei-y frank- 
ly states his dissent, as follows : " This apple is considered by some of 
our modern writers on Pomology to be in a state of decay, its fruit of 
inferior quality, and its existence near its termination. I cannot for a 
moment agree with such an opinion, becaiise we have facts annually be- 
fore our eyes completely at variance with such an assertion. In Co vent 
Garden, and indeed in any other large market in the southeri or mid- 
land counties of England, will be found specimens of fruit as perfect 

* Guide to tlie Orchard, by George Lindley. 



DURATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 13 

and as fine as have been figured or described by any wi-iter, eitlier in 
this or any other country whatever. Instead of the trees being in a 
state of ' rapid decay,' they may be found of uimsually hxrge size, per- 
fectly healthy, and their crops abundant ; the fruit perfect in form; 
beautifid in color, and excellent in quality." And the like i-emarks ai© 
made of the Nonpareil. 

Certain French writers, about this time, gladly seized Knight's theory 
as an explanation of the miserable state into which several fine old sorts 
of pears had fallen about Paris, owing to bad culture and propagation. 
They sealed the death-warrant, in like manner, of the Brown Beurre, 
Doyenne, Chaumontel, and many others, and consigned them to obKvion 
in terms which Mr. Kenrick has already abimdantly quoted. 

Notwithstanding this, and that ten or fifteen years have since elaps- 
ed, it is worthy of iiotice that the repudiated applen and pears still hold 
their place among all the best cultivators in both England and France. 
And the " extinct varieties " seem yet to bid defiance to theorists and 
bad cultivators. 

But half the ground is not yet covered. How does the theory work 
hi America ? is the most natural inquiry. In this country we have 
soil varying from the poorest sand to the richest alluvial, climate vaiy- 
ing from frigid to almost torrid— a range wide enough to include all 
fruit-trees between the apple and the orange. 

We answer that the facts here, judged in the whole, are decidedly 
against thf- theory of the extinction of varieties. While here, as abroad, 
unfavorabl. soil, climate, or culture have produced their natural results 
of a feeble and diseased state of certain sorts of fruit, these are only the 
exceptions to the general vigor and health of the finest old sorts in the 
country at large. 

Recent experiments have proved that it is not sufiicient to bring 
healthy trees of the old varieties from the interior of the seaboard to in- 
sure, in the latter localities, fair and excellent crops. But, on the other 
hand, the complete renovation of blighted trees by the pleutifid vise of 
wood-ashes, bone-dust, lime, and blacksmith cinders, along with common 
manure, shows us distinctly that it is not the age of these varieties of 
fruit which causes their apparent decline, but a want of that food abso- 
lutely necessary to the production of healthy fruit.* 

But there is another interesting point in this investigation. Do 
the newly originated sorts really maintain in the unfavorable districts 
the appearance of perfect health ? Ai-e the new pears • uniformly 
healthy where the old ones are always feeble ? 

Undoubtedly this question must be answered in the negative. Some 

* Since ohe writing of this, in 1845, there have occurred seasons when nearly 
every variety of fruit perfected, and there have also been seasons when the 
old as well as new varieties have failed, and that too in almost all soils and in 
many varied sections of the country. To our knowledge, no continued experi- 
ments in the practice of applying special manures as remedial agents have been 
tried, but, from the fact that old as well as new sorts have frequently failed in 
our rich western soils and inland climates, we have come to regard the cause of 
cracking and other diseases of the pear more to proceed from climatic or atmos- 
pheric influence than from any special condition or quality of the soil. It is 
now generally conceded that our-seasons are more changeable and the extremes 
greater than they were half a century back, and to this influence do we attribute 
in a great measure the deterioration noted in occasional seasons and localities 



14 DURATION or VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 

of the latest Flemish pears already exhibit symptoms of di^cay or bad 
health in these districts. Even Mr. Kenrick, mth all his enthusiasm 
for the new sorts, is obliged to make the following admission respecting 
the Beurrc Diel pear, the most vigorous and hardy here of all : " I re 
gret to add, that near Boston this noble fruit is liable to crack badly." 
W,e predict that many of the Flemish pears originated by Van Mons 
will become feeble, and the fiiiit liable to crack, in the neighborhood of 
Boston, in a much less time than did the old varieties. 

And this leads us to remark here, that the hardiness of any vaiiet} 
depends greatly upon the circumstances of its origin. Wlien a new 
variety springs iip accidentally from a healthy seed in a semi-natural 
manner, like the Seckel, the Dix, and other native sorts, it will usually 
prove the hardiest. It is, as it were, an eflfort of nature to produce a 
new individual out of the materials in a progressive state which garden 
culture has afforded. Cross-bred seedlings — one parent being of a hardy 
nature, and both healthy ; svich as Knight's own seedlings, the Monarch 
and Dunmore peai's — are next in hardiness. Lastly, we rank varieties 
reared by Van Mons' method — that of continually repeated reproduc- 
tions. This, as Van Mons distinctly states, is an enfeehling process — 
without any compensating element of vigor. Hence it follows, as a 
matter of course, that seedlings of the fifth or sixth generation, as are 
some of his varieties, must in their origin be of feeble habit. Van Mona 
himself was fully aware of this, and therefore resorted to " gi^afting by 
copiilation," — in fact, root-grafting, — well knowing that on common 
stocks these new varieties would, in light soils, soon become feeble and 
decayed. It is needless for us to add that hence we consider the Belgian 
mode of producing new varieties greatly inferior to the English one, 
since it gives us varieties often impaired in health in their very origin. 

If any further proof of this is desired, we think it is easily found by 
comparing the robust vigor and longevity of many native pear-trees to 
be found in the United States — some of them 80 or 100 years old, and 
still producing large crops of fruit — with the delicate trees of several 
new varieties now in our gardens from Europe. These varieties are 
delicate not only with respect to their constitutional vigor, but they aro 
also more susceptible to injury from the severity of our winter's cold 
and summer's sun. 

There are great advantages, undoubtedly, for soils natiirally unfavor- 
able, and for small gardens, in grafting the pear upon quince stocks; 
yet, as it diminishes the vigor of the tree, it is not impossible that con- 
tinued piopagation from dwarf trees may somewhat lessen the vital 
powers and the longevity of a gi'-en variety. 

The decay of varieties of the Apricot, or Peach, much shorter lived 
trees by nature, we seldom or never hear of. Varieties of both are now 
in cultivation, and in the most perfect 'vdgor, of 200 yeai-s' diu-alion. 
This, probably, is owing to the more natural treatment these trees 
i-eceive generally. Varieties of the vine are said never to degenerate, 
and this is perhaps owing to their having very rarely been propagated by 
grafting.* 

* We do Tjot deny that in any given soil there is a period at which a variety of 
tree or plant exhibits most vigor, and after having grown there awhile it ceasea 
to have its former luxuriance. The same is true of wheat or potatoes, and 
accordingly farmers are in the habit of " changing their seed." The nutriment 
for a given variety is after a tune exhausted from the soil, and unless it is again 



DUKATION OF VARIETIES OF FRUIT-TREES. 15 

We are not without remedy for varieties that have partially decayed 
La a certain district. If the trees have once been productive of excellent 
fruit, and are still in a sound condition, though enfeebled, a thorough 
renewal of their powers will again restore them to health. To effect 
this, the soil about the roots should be replaced by new, enriched by 
manure or peat-compost, and mixed with the mineral substances name<l 
in the preceding page. The bark of the trunk and lai'ge branches should 
be well scraped, and, as well as all the limbs, thoroughly washed with 
soft soap ; the head should be moderately pruned ; and finally, the ti-eo 
should be suffered to bear no fruit for the two following seasons. After 
this it will generally bear excellent fruit for several years again. 

In making plantations of fine old varieties, in districts where the 
stock has become feeble, something may be gained by procuring grafts oi 
trees from more favorable localities, where the fruit is still as fair as ever, 
and care should be exercised in selecting only the healthiest grafts or 
trees. Nurserymen in unfavorable districts should endeavor to pro- 
pa,gate only from trees of healthy character ; and if those in their own 
vicinity are diseased, they should spare no pains to bring into their nurse- 
ries and propagate only such as they feel confident are healthy and 
sound. On them, next to the soil, depends very considerably the vigor 
or debility of the stock of any given variety in the country around 
them. 

In Mr. Knight's original essay on the Decay of Varieties, he clearly 
stated a circtxmstance that most strongly proves what we have here endea- 
vored to show, viz. : that the local decline of a variety is mainly owing to 
neglect, and to' grafting on bad stock. We allude to the fact repeatedly 
verified, that healthy young shoots, taken from the roots of an old variety 
in apparent decline, produce trees which are vigorous and healthy. " The 
decay," says he, " of the powers of life in the roots of seedling trees is 
exceedingly slow comparatively with that in the branches. Scions (or 
shoots) obtained from the roots of pear-trees two hundred years old 
afibrd grafts which grow with great vigor, and which are often covered 
with thorns like young seedling stocks ; whilst other grafts, taken at the 
same time from the extremities of the branches of such trees, present a 
totally difierent character, and a very slow and unhealthy growth. I do 
not conceive that such shoots possess all the powers of a young seedling, 
but they certainly possess no inconsiderable portion of such powers." 

This is nothing more, in fact, than going back to the roots — the por- 
tion of the tree least exhausted — for the renewal of the health of a variety 
when the branches of the tree have been exhavisted by overbearing, &c. 
It is a simple and easy mode of increasing the vigor of a sort of delicate 
habit, to take scions from young root-suckers for grafting anew. This 
can of course only be done with trees that grow on their own roots, or 
have not been grafted. 

supplied the tree must decline. In light soils this speedily happens. In strong 
clayey or rocky soUs, the natural decomposition of which affords a continual store 
of lime, potash, &c. , the necessary supply of inorganic food is maintained, and 
tie Tariety contiinues healthy and productive. 



16 PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 



CHAPTER III. 

PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES GRAFTING BUDDING CUTTINGS, LAYERS^ 

AND SUCKERS. 

After having obtained a new and choice kind of fruit, which in our 
hands is perhaps only a single tree, and which, as we have already sho^^Ti, 
seldom produces the same from seed, the next inquiry is how to continue 
this variety in existence, and how to increase and extend it, so that othei 
gardens and countries may possess it as well as ourselves. This leads u( 
to the subject of the propagation of fruit-trees, or the continuation of 
varieties by grafting and budding. 

Grafting and budding are the means in most common use for pro- 
pagating fruit-trees. They are, in fact, nothing more than inserting 
upon one tree the shoot or bud of another, in such a manner that the 
two may \inite and form a new compound. No person having any inte- 
rest in a garden should be unable to perfonn these operations, as they are 
capable of effecting transformations and improvements in all trees and 
shrubs, no less valuable than they are beautiful and interesting. 

Grafting is a very ancient invention, having been well known and 
practised by the Greeks and Romans. The latter, indeed, describe a 
great A^ariety of modes, quite as ingenious as any of the fanciful varia- 
tions now used by gardeners. The Fj-ench, who are most expert in 
grafting, practise occasionally more than fifty modes, and within a few 
years have succeeded perfectly in grafting armual plants, such as the 
tomato, the dahlia, and the like. 

The uses of grafting and budding, as applied to fruit-trees, may be 
briefly stated as follows : 

1. The rapid increase of propagation of valuable sorts of fruit not 
easily raised by seeds or cuttings, as is the case with nearly all varieties. 

2. To renew or alter the heads of trees partially or fully grown, pro- 
ducing in two or three years, by heading-in and grafting, a new head, 
bearing the finest fruit, on a formerly worthless tree. 

3. To render certain foreign and delicate sorts of fruit more hardy by 
grafting them on robust stocks of the same species native to the country, 
as the foreign grape on the native ; and to produce fine fruit in climates 
or situations not natiirally favorable, by grafting on another species more 
hardy, as in a cool climate and damp strong soil by working the Peach 
on the Plum. 

4. To render dwarf certain kinds of fruit, by grafting them on suit- 
able stocks of slower growth, as in the case of the Pear on the Quince, 
the Apple on the Paradise stock, &c. 

5. By grafting several kinds on the same tree, to be able to have a 
succession of fruit, from early to late, in a small garden. 

6. To hasten the bearing of seedling varieties of fruit, or of such as 
are a long time in producing fruit, by grafting them on the branches of 
full-grown or mature bearing ti-ees. Thus a seedling pear, which would 
not produce fruit on its own root in a dozen yeai-s, will generally begin 
to bear the third oi- fourth year if grafted on the extremiry of the bear- 
ing branches of a mature tree. 

The proper time for grafting fruit-trees is in the spring, as soon as 
the sap is in motion, which commences earliest with the Cherry and 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 17 

Plum, and ends with the Pear and Apple. The precise time of course 
varies with the season and the climate, but is generally comprised from 
February to the middle of April. The grape-vine, however, which 
suffers by bleeding, is not usually grafted until it is ii. leaf. The most 
favorable weather for grafting is a mild atmosphere with occasional 
showers. 

The scions are genei'ally selected previously, as it is found, in nearly 
all kinds of grafting by scions, that success is more complete when the 
stock upon which they are placed is a little more advanced — the sap in a 
more active state than in the scion. To secure this, we usually cut the 
scions very early in the spring, during the winter, or even in the autumn, 
buryinjr their lower ends in the ground in a shaded place, or keeping 
tliem in line soil in the cellar till wanted for use. In cutting scions we 
clioose straight thrifty shoots of the last year's growth, which may remain 
entire until we commence grafting, when they may be cut into scions of 
three or four buds each. In selecting scions from old trees it is always 
advisable to choose the most vigorous of the last year's shoots growing 
near the centre or top of the tree. Scions from sickly and unhealthy 
branches should be rejected, ap they are apt to carry with them this feeble 
and sickly state. Scions taken from the lower bearing branches will pro- 
duce fruit soonest, but they will not afford trees of so handsome a shape 
or so vigorous a growth as tliose taken from the thrifty upright shoots near 
the centre or top of the tree. Nurserymen generally take their scions 
from young grafted trees in the nursery-rows, these being usually in better 
condition than those taken from old trees, not always in a healthy state. 

Tlte stock for grafting upon is generally a t^'ee which has been 
standing, at least for a year previously, on the spot where it is grafted, 
as success is much less certain on newly moved trees. 

In the case, however, of very small trees or stocks, which are grafted 
below the surface of the ground, as is frequently the practice with the 
Apple in American nurseries, the stocks are grafted in the house in 
winter, or early spring, put away carefully in a damp cellar, and planted 
out in the spring ; but this method is only successful when the root is 
small, and when the top of the stock is taken off, and the whole root is 
devoted to supplying the graft with nourishment. 

The theory of grafting is based on the power of union between the 
young tissues or organizable matter of growing wood. When the parts 
are placed nicely in contact, the ascending sap of the stock passes into 
and sustains life in the scion ; the buds of the latter, excited by this 
supply of sap and the warmth of the season, begin to elaborate and send 
down woody matter, which, passing through the newly granulated sub- 
stance of the parts in contact, unites the graft firmly with the stock. 
" If," says De Candolle, " the descending sap has only an incomplete 
analogy with the wants of the stock, the latter does not thrive, though 
the organic union may have taken place ; and if the analog}^ between the 
albumen of stock and scion is wanting, the organic union does not ope- 
rale, the scion cannot absorb the sap of the stock, and the graft fails." 

Grafting therefore is confined within certain limits. A scion from 
one tree will not, from the want of affinity, succeed on every other tiee, 
but only upon those to which it is allied. We are, in short, only success- 
ful in budding or grafting where there is a close relationship and simi- 
'arity of structure between the stock and the scion. This is the case 
with varieties of the same species which take most fre. ly, as the different 

2 



18 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



sorts of Apple ; next with the diflferent species of a genus, as tie Appla 
and the Pear, which gi'ow, but in which the union is less complete and 
permanent ; and lastly with the genera of the same natural family, as the 
Cherry on the Plum, which die after a season or two. The ancients 
boasted of Vines and Apples grafted on Poplars and Elms ; but repeated 
experiments, by the most skilful cultivators of modern times, have clearly 
proved that although we may, once in a thousand trials, succeed in effect- 
ing those ill-assorted unions, yet the graft invariably dies after a few 
months' growth.* 

The range in grafting or budding, for fruit-trees in ordinary culture, 
is as the following : Apples, on apple or crab seedlings for orchards 
(standards), or on Paradise apple stocks, for dwarfs ; Pears, on pear 
seedlings for common culture, or Quince stocks for dwarfs, and some- 
times on the thorn for clayey soils ; Peaches, on their own seedlings for 
standards or for oi'chards ; on Almonds, for hot and dry climates ; on 
Plums in cold or moist soils, or to secure them against the worm; Apri- 
cots, «n Plum stocks, to render them hardy and productive, or on their 
own seedlings to i-ender them long-lived. Nectarines are usually worked 
on the Peach or Plum; and Cherries on mazard seedlings, or on the per- 
fumed Cherry, and on the morello for forming half dwarfs. 

The manual operation of grafting is perfonned in a 
very easy and complete manner when the size of the stock, or 
branch to be grafted, corresponds precisely with that of the 
scion. In this case, which is called spilice-graftvng^ it is 
only necessary with a smooth sloping cut, upwards on the 
stock a, and downwards on the scion 6, Fig 2, to make 
the two fit precisely, so that the inner bark of one corre- 
sponds exactly with that of the other, to bind them fii-mly 
together with a strand of matting, and to cover the woi;nd 
entirely vdth grafting clay or wax, and the whole is fin- 
ished. In this, which is one of the neatest modes, the 
whole forms a complete union nearly at once, leaving 
scarcely any wounded part to heal over. But, as it is 
only rarely that the stock is of so small a size as to fit 
thus perfectly to the scion, the operation must be varied 
somewhat, and i-equires more skill. The method in most 
common use to cover all difficulties is called tonguo 
gi-afting. 

We may remark here that grafting the shoots of 
SpUce-Grafting. pg^ches. Nectarines, and Apricots, owing to their lai-ge 
pith, is more difficult than that of other fruit-trees. A variation of 
splice-grafting, Fig. 3, Las been invented to obviate this. Tliis consists 
in selecting the scion a, so as to leave at its lower end about a fourth of 
an inch of two years old wood, which is much firmer. The bottom of 

* The classical horticulturist wiU not fail to recall to mttid Pliny's account of 
the tree in the garden of Lucullus, grafted in such a manner as to bear Olives, 
Almonds, Apples, Pears, Plums, Figs, and Grapes. There is little doubt, how- 
ever, that this was some ingenious deception, as to this day the Italian gardeners 
pretend to sell Jasmines, Honeysuckles, &c. , growing together and grafted on 
Oranges and Pomegranates. This is ingeniously managed, for a short-Uved 
effect, by introducing the stems of these smaller plants through a hole bored up 
the centre of the stock of the trees — their roots being in the same soil, and theii 
stems, which after a little growth fill up tl ese holes, appearing as if reaUj 
Errafted. 




PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 



19 



the slope on tbe stock is cut with a dovetail notch, b, into which Lhf 
sa'on is fitted. 

Tongue- grafting (or whip-grafting), Fig. 4, resembles very nearl^ 




Splice-Grafting the Peach. 



Tongue-Gi'afting, progressive stages. 



splice-grafting, except, instead of the simple splice, a tongue is made 
to hold the two together more firmly. In order to understand this 
method, let us explain it a little in detail. 

Having chosen your stock of the proper si^e, cut it off at the point 
where, a, it appears best to fix the graft. If the stock is quite small, 
it may be within three or four inches of the ground. Then, with a 
very sharp knife, make a smooth cut upwards, h, about two inches in 
length. Next make a slit from the top of this cut about one-fourth of 
the way downwards, c, taking out a thin tongue of wood. Cut the scion 
four cr five inches long, or so as to have three buds ; then shape the 
lower end with a single smooth sloping cut, e, about the same length as 
that on the stock, and make the tongue upward, f to fit in the down- 
ward slit of the stock. Now apply the scion accurately to the stock, 
making the inner hark of the scion Jit exactly the inner hark of the stocky 
at least on one side, g. Without changing their position, tie them 
together carefully with a piece of bass matting or tape, h. And finally 
cover the wound with well-prepared grafting clay or wax, %. This ball 
of clay should more than cover the union, by an inch above and below, 
and should be about an inch thick. If grafting-wax is used, the cover- 
ing need not be above half an inch thick. 

American Whip Tongue- Grafting— M\q mode generally practised by 
American nurserymen — is similar to the foregoing method, but much 
more rapid in its execution. The scion and stock are first cut, as rep- 
resented in Fig. 2, for splice-grafting, and then the knife is passed 
upward in the scion, a, Fig. 5, and downward in the stock, h, forming 
a sKced tongue in appearance, and when joined together, c, serves to hold 
the scion in place. The tying for out-door grafting is then done by a 
narrow strip of cloth, say half an inch to an inch wide, one side of which 
is satiu'ated or coated with grafting-wax, and as each turn round the 



20 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 




American Whip Tongue-Grafting in its 

different stages. 

(a). Scion cut for insertion. (6). Stock 
prepared to receive the scion, (c). Stock 
and scion united, (d). The same tied up. 




WWp-Grafting lai^e stock, 
(a). Stock prepared to receive the scion. 
(6). Scion cut for insertion, (c). Stock and 
viion united. 



graft and stock is made, the adtesir# 
power of the wax holds the stiij) firinlj 
and renders the work complete (d). 

Whi2>grafting lurge stocks is fre 
quently practised, and is a very success- 
ful manner of operating upon quite 
large trees in the nursery row. The 
sloping cut upon the stock, and the 
forming of the graft, is the same as in 
the ordinary American whip tongue- 
grafting, except that one side of the 
stock, opposite that on which the graft 
is placed, should be cut away upon the 
same slojae as the grafted side, as indi- 
cated by the dotted lines in Fig. 6. Aa 
soon as the graft has taken, and com- 
menced expanding its leaves and send- 
ing out shoots, it will be necessary to 
rub or cut off all shoots between the ball 
and the ground, if it is a small stock, or 
all those which would rob it of a princi- 
pal share of nourishment, if upon a large 
tree. If the scion or stock is very 
weak, it is usual to leave one or two 
other buds for a time, to assist in 
drawing up the sap. When the graft 
has made a growth of two or thi-ee 
inches the ball of clay may be remov- 
ed, and if the graft is securely united, 
the bandage may be loosened and re- 
tied, or it may be cut partially away at 
the back of the graft, for the purpose of 
permitting the expansion of growth, 
that otherwise would soon be checked, 
and cause the graft to break off. In the 
,use of the wax-cloth strips, passing the 
knife at the back and cutting the tie is 
all that is requisite. Eai'ly in August 
the angle left at the top of the stock 
should be cut off smoothly, in order to 
allow the bark of the stock aiid the scion 
to heal neatly over the whole wound. 

Though it is little attended to in 
common practice, the amateur will be 
glad to know that the success of a graft 
is always greatly insured by choosing 
the parts so that a bud is left near the 
top of the stock, k, Fig. 4, and another 
near the bottom of the scion, I. These 
buds attract the rising sap to the por- 
tions where they are placed, fonn woody 
matter, and greatly facilitate the union of 
the parts near them ; the upper part of 



PKOPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



21 




the stock and the lower part of the scion being the portions soonesi 
liable to perish from a waut of nourishment.* 

Cleft-grafting is a very easy though rather clumsy mode, and is in 
more common use than any other in the United States. It is chieflj 
practised on large stocks, or trees the branches 
of ■whicli have been headed back, and are too 
large for tongue-grafting. The head of the 
stock is first cut over horizontally with the saw 
and smoothed with a knife. A cleft about two 
inches deep is then made in the stock with a 
hammer and splitting-knife. The scion is now 
prepared by sloping its lower end in the form of 
a wedge about an inch and a half long, leaving 
it a little thicker on the outer edge. Opening 
the cleft with the splitting-knife, or a small 
chisel for that purpose, push the scion carefully 
down to its place, fitting its inner bark on one 
side to that of one side of the stock. When the 
stock is lai-ge, it is usual to insert two scions, 
Fig. 7. On withdrawing the chisel, the cleft 
closes firmly on the scions, when the graft is 
tied and clayed in the usual manner. 

Apple-stocks, in many American nurseries, 
are grafted in great quantities in this mode — the 
stocks being previously taken out of the 

ground, headed down very near the root, cleft-grafted with a single 
scion, sloping off with an oblique cut the side of the stock opposite that 
where the graft is placed, and then planted at once in the rows, so as to 
allow only a single bud of the scion to appear above ground. It is 
not usual with many either to tie or clay the grafts in this case, as the 
wound is placed below the surface ; but when this plan is adopted, the 
grafts must be set and the trees planted at once, drawing the well- 
pulverized soil with great care around the graft. Another way of 
grafting apple-stocks, common in western nurseries, consists in tongue- 
grafting on seedling stocks of very small size, cut back almost to the 
root. 

Large quantities of trees are also propagated by using pieces of roots 
each three to five inches long, thus forming from the root of one stock 
sufficient root for two or more grafts. This practice, although quite com- 
mon, is of very doubtful value, and by some prominent horticulturists 
considered as tending to debilitate and reduce vitality — the seat of vital 
life in fact resting in the natural crown of the seedling, and that once 
destroyed cannot be renewed. It is therefore apparent that but one 
healthy permanent tree can ever be grown from a seedling stock. This 
is performed in winter, by the fireside, the grafts carefully tied, and the 



Clefl^Grafting. 
(a). Scion ready for insei 
tion. (6). Stock with, two 
scions inserted. 



* In grafting large qnancities of young tr&5s when stocks are scarce, it is not an 
unusual practice in some nurseries to tongue or whip-graft upon small 'pieces of 
roots of the proper sort of tree, planting the same in the earth as soon as grafted. 
Indeed Dr Van Mons conbiders this the most complete of all modes, with regard 
to the proper condition of the grafted sort : 1st, because the smallest quantity of 
the stock is used ; and 2d, because the lower part of the scion being thus placed 
in the ground, after a time it throws out fibres from that portion, and so at last 
^s actually growing on its own roots. 



22 



PROPAGATION DF VARIETIES. 



roots placed in the cellar, in sand, till spring, when they are planted, th( 
top of the graft just above ground. 

Grafting the Vine is attended with siiccess in the cleft oi w^hip 
manner, if treated as follows : — Cut your scions during the winter or 
early spring, keeping them partially buried in a cool damp cellar till 
wanted. As soon as the first leaves of the old vine or stock havo 
grown to about two inches in diameter, and all danger of bleeding is 
past, cut it oif smoothly below the surface of the ground, and split the 
stock and insert one or two scions in the usual manner, binding the cleft 
well together if it does not close firmly. Draw the soil carefully over 
the whole, leaving one bud of the scion at the surface. If the root of 
the stock is a strong native grape, the gi-aft ^vill frequently grow ten or 
fifteen feet daring the first season, and yield a fair crop the second year. 





Saddle-Grafting. 



Baddle-Grafting Large Stocks. 



Saddle-grafting, Fig. 8, consists in cutting the top~ of the stock in 
the form of a wedge, splitting the scion and thinning away each half 
to a tongue shape, placing it astride the stock, and fitting the two, at 
least on one side, as in tongue-gi-afting. This mode oti;ers the largest 
surface for the junction of the scion and stock, and the union is very per- 
fect. Mr. Knight, who practised it chiefly upon Cherry-trees, states 
that he has rarely ever seen a graft fail, even when the wood has been 
so succulent and immature as to preclude every hope of success by 
any other mode. 

A variety of this mode, for stocks larger than the scions, is prac- 
tised with much success in England after the usual season is past, and 
when the bark of the stock separates readily. " The scion, which 
must be smaller than the stock, is split up between two or three 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 23 

inches from its lower end, so as to liave one side stronger than the other. 
This strong side is then properly prepared and introduced between the 
bark and the wood, while the thinner division is fitted to the oppo 
site side of the stock." The graft, thus placed, receives a large supply 
of the sustaining fluid from the stock, and the union is rapid ; while thp 
wound on the stock is speedily covered by a new layer of bark from that 
part of the scion which stands astride it. 

Side-grafting is a mode described by Elliott, and considered very 
successful for grafting the Magnolia, and other trees difficult of propaga- 
tion ; and also for the greater safety of grafts received or delayed late in 
spring. It is performed by cutting a notch or sKt of abovit one inch 
long in the side of the stock, paring the outer portion, splitting the lower 
end of the graft and paring the inner portion, then inserting it, so as to 
form a union of the bark and wood, leaving meanwhile the top of the 
stock to carry on the circulation of the sap until the graft becomes 
united, when the stock is to be cut away. 

Grafting-clay is prepared by mixing one-tliird cow-dung, free from 
straw, and two-thirds clay, or clayey loam, with a little hair, like that 
used in plaster, to prevent its cracking. Beat and temper it for two oi 
three days, until it is thoroughly incorporated. When used, it should 
be of such a consistency as to be easily put on and shaped with the bands. 

Grafting-ioax. The common grafting-wax of the French gardeners is 
of two kinds. The first is melted and laid on with a brush in a fluid 
state, and is made of half a pound of pitch, half a pound of beeswax, and 
a pound of cow-dung, boiled together. The second, which is spread 
while warm on strips of coarse cotton or strong paper, and wrapped 
dii-ectly aboxit the graft, answering at once to tie and to protect it, is com- 
posed of equal parts of beeswax, turpentine, and resin. The grafting-wax 
most commonly used here is made of tallow, beeswax, and resin, in 
equal parts, or, as many prefer, with a little more tallow to render 
it pliable. It may be applied directly around the graft, or it may 
be spread with a brush, when warm, upon cloth or paper, and after- 
ward the cloth or paper cut into suitable strips for wrapping, as indicated 
in the directions for gi-afting. 

Grafting-wax is a much neater and more perfect protection than 
grafting-clay. 

JBudding. 

budding {inoculating, of the old authors) differs from common graft* 

ing not the least in its nature or effects. Eveiy bud is a distinct indi- 
vidual, capable of becoming a tree under favorable circumstances. In 
grafting we use a branch composed of several buds, with a considerable 
quantity of bark and wood ; while in budding we employ but a single 
bud, with a very small quantity of the adjoining bark and wood. 

The advantages of budding fruit-trees, compared with grafting, are 
so considerable that in this counti-y it is ten times as much practised. 
These are, first, the great rapidity with which it is performed ; a skilful 
budder, with a clever boy following him to tie the buds, being able to 
work from a thousand to twelve hundred young nursery stocks in a day. 
2d. The more convenient season at which it is performed in all coun 
tries where a short spring crowds garden labors within a small space. 
3d, Being able to perform the operation without inj ining the stock va 



24 



PKOPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



case of failure, which is always more or less the case in stocks neaded 
down for grafting. 4th. The opportunity which it aiTords, when per- 
formed in good season, of repeating the 
trial on the same stock. To these we 
may add that budding is universally pre- 
ferred here for all stone-fruits, such as 
Peaches, Apricots, and the like, as these 
require extra skill in gi-afting, but are 
budded with great ease. 

The. proper season for budding fruit- 
trees in this country is from the first of 
July to the middle of September ; the dif- 
ferent trees coming into season as fol- 
lows : — Plums, Chen-ies, Apricots oi 
Plums, Apricots, Pears, Apples, Quinces, 
Nectarines, and Peaches. Trees of con- 
siderable size will require budding earlier 
than young seedling stocks. But the 
operation is always, and only, performed 
ichen the harh of the stock parts or sepj- 
arates freely from the v;ood^ and when 
the buds of the current year's growth 
are somewhat plump, and the young wood 
is growing firm. Young stocks in the 
nursery, if thrifty, are usually planted 
out in the rows in the spring, and bud- 
Budding-Knives, ded the same summer or autumn. 

Before commencing you should pro- 
vide yourself witli a budding-knife. Fig. 10 (about four 
and a half inches long), having a round blade at one end, 
and an ivory handle, terminating in a thin rounded edge 
called the haft.^ at the other. 

Fig. 11 represents another style or form of budding- 
knife, by many considered preferable. The cutting por- 
tion extends about one-third around the end of the blade, 
and about two-thirds of its length, leaving the lower pai't 
dull. The rounded end of the blade to this knife obAaates 
the necessity of reversing it for opening the bark when 
setting a bud, and thus facilitates work. 

In choosing your b\ids, select thrifty shoots that have 
nearly done growing, and prepare what is ~ called a stick 
of buds, Fig. 12, by cutting off a few of the imperfect buds 
at the lower, and sxich as may be yet too soft at the upper 
ends, leaving only smooth, well-developed single buds ; 
double buds being fruit-buds. 

Great care is essential in selecting buds, as often even 
on sticks cut from young trees, and especially from bear 
ing trees, many of the single buds will be found developed 
into fruit-buds, and are therefore unfitted for use. The 
form of a wood-bud is always long rather than round, and, 
in the case of peaches, there are sometimes triple buds, 
<i stick of BndB. the centre one of which is always a wood-bud. 

Cut off the leaves, allowing about half an inch of <ihe 



m 



PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 



25 




footstalks to remain for conveniently inserting the buds. Some strai da 
of bass matting, about twelve or fourteen inches long, and from a quartei 
to half an inch in width, moistened in water to render them soft and 
pliable (or in the absence of these some soft woollen yarn), must also be 
at hand for tying the buds. 

Shield or T-budding is the most approved mode in all countries. 
A new variety of this method, now generally practised in this country, we 
shall describe first, as being the simplest and the best mode for fruit-trees. 
A.iner%can shield-budding. Having your stick of buds ready, choose 
a smooth portion of the stock. Wlien the latter is small, let it be liear 
bhe ground, and, if equally convenient, select also the north side of the 
stock, as less exposed to the sun. Make an upright incision in the bark 
v-om an inch to an inch and a half long, and at the top 
of this make a cross cut, so that the whole shall form 
a T. From the stick of buds, your knife being very 
sharp, cut a thin, smooth slice of wood and bai'k con- 
taining a l)ud, Fig. 13, a. With the rounded end of your 
budding-knife, now raise the bark on each side of the 
incision just wide enough to admit easily the prepared 
bud. Taking hold of the footstalk of the leaf, insert 
the bud under the bark, pushing it gently down to the 
bottom of the incision. If the iipper portion of the 
bud projects above the horizontal part of the T, cut 
it smoothly off, so that it may completely fit h. A 
bandage of the soft matting is now tied over the whole 
wound. Fig. 14, commencing at the bottom, and tying 
most firmly above, leaving the bud and the footstalk 
of the leaf only exposed to the light air. 

Gammon shield-hudding, Fig. 15, practised in all gardens in 
Europe, differs from the foregoing only in one respect — the removal of 
the slice of wood contained in the bud. This is taken out with the 
poiat of the knife, holding the bud or shield 
by the leaf-stalk with one hand, inserting the 
kiiife under the wood at the lower extremity, 
and then raising and drawing out the wood by 
bending it upwards and downwards, with a 
slight jerk, until it is loosened from the bark; 
always taking care that a small 
portion of the wood remains 
behind to fill up the hollow at 
the base or heart of the bud. 
The bud thus prepared is in- 
serted precisely as before de- 
scribed. 

The American variety of 
shield-budding is found greatly ' 
preferable to the European 
mode, at least for this climate. 
Many sorts of fruit-trees, es- 
pecially Plums and Cherries, nearly mature 

their growth, and require to be budded in the hottest part of our 
summer. In the old method, the bud having only a shield of bark with 
but a {-article of wood ir the heart of the bud, is much more liable be 



American shield 
budding. 





26 PROPAGATION OP VARIETIES. 

be destroyed by heat, or dryness, than when the filice of W^ood is left 
behind in the American way. Taking out this wood is always ac 
operation requiring some dexterity and practice, as few buds gi-ow 
when their eye or heart-wood is damaged. The Amei'ican method 
therefore requires less skill, can be done earKer in the season with 
younger wood, is performed in much less time, and is uniformly more 
successful. It has been very faiidy tested upon hundreds of thousanda 
of fruit-trees in our gardens for the last twenty years, and although 
practised English budders coming here at first are greatly prejudiced 
against it, as being in direct opjiosition to one of the most essential 
features in the old mode, yet a fair trial has never failed to convince 
them of the superiority of the new. 

After-treatment. In two weeks after the operation you will be able 
to see whether the bud has taken, by its plumpness and freshness. If 
it has failed, you may, if the bai-k still parts readily, make anothei 
trial ; a clever budder will not lose more than 6 or 8 per cent. If it has 
succeeded, after a fortnight more has elapsed the bandage must be 
loosened, or, if the stock has swelled much, it should be removed alto- 
gether, by cutting on the back side opposite the bud. When budding 
has been performed very late, we have occasionally found it an advan- 
tage to leave the bandage on during the winter. 

As soon as the buds commence swelling in the ensu- 
ing spring, head down the stock, with a sloping back cut, 
within two or three inches of the bud. The bud wiU 
then start vigorously, and all " robbers," as the shoots 
of the stock near to and below the bud are termed, must 
be taken ofi" from time to time. To secure the upright 
growth of the bud, and to prevent its being broken by 
the winds, it is tied, when a few inches long, to that por- 
tion of the stock left for the purpose. Fig. 16, a. During 
the month of August, if the shoot is strong, this support 
may be removed, and the superfluous portion of the stock 
smoothly cut away in the dotted line 6, when it will be 
rapidly covered with young bark. 

We have found a great advantage, when budding trees 
w-hich do not take readily, in adopting Mr. KJnight's ex- 
cellent mode of tying with two distinct bandages, one 
covering that part below the bud, and the other the 
Treatment of the portion above it. In this case the lower bandage is 
^°^^"'"^ bud. removed as soon as the bud has taken, and the upper 
left for two or three w-eeks longer. This, by arresting the upward sap, 
completes the union of the upper portion of bud (which in plums fi-e- 
quently dies while the lo\^er part is united) and secures success. 

Reversed shield-hudding , which is nothing more than making the 
cross cut at the bottom instead of the top of the upright incision in 
the bark, and inserting the buci from below, is a good deal practised 
in the south of Europe, but we have not found that it possesses any 
superior merit for fruit-trees. 

An ingenious application of budding, worthy the attention of ama- 
tei^r cultivators, consists in using a blossom-bud instead of a wood-bud ; 
when, if the operation is carefully done, blossoms and fruit will be pro- 
duced at once. This is most successful with the Pear, though we have 
often succeeded also with the Peach. Blossom-buds are readily disti a- 





PKOPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 27 

guished, as soon as well formed, by their roundness, and in. seme ti\3oa 
by tbeii- growing in pairs ; while wood-buds grow singly, and are moro 
or less poLuted, We have seen a curious fruit-grower borrow in this 
way, in September, from a neighbor ten miles distant, a single bios* 
som-bud of a rare new ])ear, and produce from it a fair and beautiful 
fruit the next summer. The bud, in such cases, should be inserted 
on a favorable limb of a bearing tree. 

Annular budding, Fig. 17, we have found a valuable 
mode for trees with hard wood and thick bark, or those 
which, like the walnut, have buds so large as to render 
it difficult to bud them in the common way. A ring of 
bark, when the sap is flowing freely, is taken fi-om the 
stock, a, and a ring of corresponding size containing a 
bud, b, from the scion. If the latter should be too 
large a piece must be taken from it to make it fit ; 
or should all the scions be too small, the ring upon the 
stock may extend only three-fourths the way round, to 

suit the ring of the bud. Atmular Budding, 

An a202^lication of this "mode, of great value, occa^ 
sionally occurs in this country. In snowy winters, fruit-trees in orchards 
are sometimes girdled at the ground by field-mice, and a growth of 
twenty years is thus destroyed in a single day, should the girdle extend 
quite round the tree. To save such a tree it is only necessary, as 
soon as the sap rises vigorously in the spring, to apply a new ring 
of bark, in the annular mode, taken from a branch of proper size ; 
tying it firmh^, and drawing up the earth so as to cover the wound com- 
pletely. When the tree is too large to ap[)ly an entire ring, separate 
pieces, carefully fitted, will answer; it is well to reduce the top some- 
what by pruning, that it may not make too large a demand on the root 
for a supply of food. 

Another practice, and perhaps one more easily applicable, is the tak- 
ing several large grafts or strong twigs of last year's growth, and after 
splitting them in halves, pare each end down to a thin edge, and in- 
sert them underneath the bark of the tree just above and below the. 
wound. Tie around firmly with strong bass matting, and then draw up 
the earth to cover the whole and keep out the air. 

Budding may be done in the spring as well as at the latter end of 
summer, and is frequently so performed upon roses and other orna- 
mental shrubs by Erench gardeners, but is only in occasional use upon 
fruit-trees. 

Influence of the stock and graft. 

The well-known fact that we may have a hundred different varieties 
of pear on the same tree, each of which produces its fruit of the proper 
form, color, and quality ; and that we may have, at least for a time, 
several distinct though nearly related species upon one stock, as tlxe Peach, 
Apricot, Nectarine, and Plum, prove very conclusively the power of 
every grafted or budded branch, however small, in preserving its identity. 
To explain this, it is only necessary to recall to mind that the ascending 
sap, which is furnished by the root or stock, is nearly a simple fluid ; 
that the leaves -digest and modify this sap, forming a proper juice, A<^hich 
re-descends in the inner bark; and that thus eveiy bud and leaf upon ? 



28 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 

branch maintains its individuality by preparing its own proper nounsh 
uient, or oi'gauiziug matter, out of that general aliment the sap. In 
deed, according to De CandoUe,* each separate cellule of the inner bark 
nas this power of pi-eparing its food according to its nature ; in proof of 
vhich a striking experiment has been tried by grafting rings of bark, of 
different allied species, one above another, on the same tree, without 
ttUowing any buds to grow upon them. On cutting down and examining 
this tree, it was found that under each ling of bark was deposited xhe 
proper wood of its sjiecies, thus clearly proving the power of the bark in 
preserving its identity, even without leaves. 

On the other hand, though the stock increases in size by the woodj 
matter received in the descending sap from the graft, yet as this descends 
through the inner bark of the stock, it is elaborated by, and receives its 
character from the latter ; so that, after a tree has been grafted fifty 
yeai's, a shoot which springs out from its trunk below the place of union 
will always be found to bear the original wild fruit, and not to ha-v « been 
in the least affected by the graft. 

But whilst grafting never effects any alteration in the identity of the 
variety or species of fruit, still it is not to be denied that the stock does 
exert certain influences over the habits of the graft. The most imjjortant 
of these are dwarfing, inducing /ruitfulness, and adapting the graft to the 
soil or climate. 

Thus every one knows that the slower habit of growth in the Quince 
stock is shared by the Pear grafted upon it, which becomes a dwarf ; as 
does also the Apple when worked on the Paradise stock, and, in some 
degree, the Peach on the Plum. The want of entire similarity of struc- 
ture between the stock and graft confines the growth of the latter, 
and changes it, in the case of the Pear, fiom a lofty tree to a slu'ub of 
eight or ten feet in height. The effect of this difference of structure is 
very apparent, when the Peach is grafted on the Plum, in the greater 
size of the trunk above, as compared with that below the graft ; a fact 
which seems to arise from the obstruction which the descending sap of 
the graft finds in its course through the bark of the stock. 

To account for the earlier and greater fruitfulness caused by grafting 
on a stock of slower growth, Mr. Knight, in one of his able papers, offers 
the following excellent remarks : — 

" The disposition in young trees to produce and nourish blossom buds 
and fruit is increased by this apparent obstruction of the descending 
sap ; and the fruit, I think, ripens somewhat earlier than upon other 
young trees of the same age which grow upon stocks of theii- own species. 
But the growth and vigor of the tree, and its power to nourish a succes- 
sion of heavy crops, are diminished, apparently, by the stagnation in the 
branches and stock of a portion of that sap which, in a tree growing on 
its own stem or upon a stock of its own species, would descend to nouiish 
and promote the extension of its own roots, l-.e practice, therefore, of 
grafting the Pear on the Quince, and the Peach on the Plum, when ex- 
tensive groNvth and durability are wanted, is wi-ong ; but it is eligible 
wherever it is wished to diminish the vigor and growth of the tree, and 
its durability is not so important," 

In adapting the graft to the soil the stock has a marked iniluejice 
Thus in dry chalky soils, where the Peach on its own roots will scarcely 

• Physiologie Vegetable 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. *J9 

grow, it is found to thrive admirably budded on the Almond. We have 
ah-eady mentioned that in clay soils too heavy and moist for the Peach, 
it succeeds very well if woi-ked on the Plum. M. Floss, a Prussian 
gardener, succeeded in growing line pears in very sandy soils, where in 
was nearly impossible to raise them before, by grafting them on tht 
Mountain Ash, a nearly related tree, which thrives on the driest and 
lightest soil. 

A variety of fruit which is found rather tender for a certain climate 
or a particular neighborhood, is frequently acclimatized by grafting it on 
a native stock of very hardy habits. Thus near the sea-coast, where the 
finer plums thrive badly, we have seen them greatly improved by being 
worked on the beech-plum, a native stock adapted to the spot ; and tho 
foreign grape is more luxuriant when grafted on our native stocks. 

A slight effect is sometimes produced by the stock on the quality of 
the fruit. A few sorts of pear are superior in flavor, but many are alsc 
inferior, when grafted on the Quince, while thev are more gritty on tho 
thorn. The Green Gage, a Plum of great delicacv of flavoi', varies con- 
siderably upon different stocks; and Apples raised on tJie crab, and pears 
on the Mountain Ash, are said to keep longer than when grown on tneir 
own roots. 

In addition to the foregoing, a diseased stock should always be 
avoided, as it will communicate disease slowly to the graft, unless the 
latter is a variety of sufficient vigor to renew the health of the stock, 
which is but seldom the case. 

The cultivator will gather from these remarks that, in a favorable 
climate and soil, if we desire the greatest growth, duration, and develop- 
ment in any fruit (and this applies to orchards generally), we should 
choose a stock of a closely similar nature to the graft — an apple 
seedling for an apple ; a pear seedling for a pear. If we desire dwarf 
trees that come into bearing very young, and take little space in a gar- 
den, we employ for a stock an allied species of slower growth. If our 
soil or climate is unfavorable, we use a stock which is adapted to the 
soil, or which will, by its hardier roots, endure the cold. 

jThe influence of the graft on the stock seems scarcely to extend be- 
yond the power of communicating disease. A graft taken from a tree 
enfeebled by disease will recover with difficulty, even if grafted on 
healthy stocks for a dozen times in repeated succession. And when the 
disease is an inherent or hereditary one, it will certainly communicate it 
to the stock. We have seen the yellows, from a diseased j)each-tree, 
propagated through hundreds of individuals by budding, and the stock 
and graft both perish together from its effects. Hence the importance, 
to nurserymen especially, of securing healthy grafts, and working only 
upon healthy stocks. 

Propagation hy Cuttings. 

Propagating by cuttings, as applied to fruit-trees, consists in causing 
a shoot of the previous season's wood to grow, by detaching it from the 
parent tree at a suitable season, and planting it in the ground under fa 
vorable circumstances. 

In this case, instead of uniting itself by woody matter to another 
tree, as does the scion in grafting, the des ;ending woody matter becomea 
roots at the lower end, and the cutting of which is then a new and entire 



50 



PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 



plant. Every bud being a distinct individual, capable of fornaiug a new 
plant, has indeed theoretically the power, if separated from the parent 
stem, of throwing out roots and maintaining a separate existence ; and 
some plants, as the grape-vine, ax-e frequently propagated by single buds 
planted in the soil. But in practice it is found necessary, A\T.Lh almost 
ill trees and plants, to retain a considerable portion of the slevi with the 
bud, to supply it with food until it has foixaed roots to diaw nourish- 
ment from the soil. 

All fruit-trees may be propagated by cuttings, with proper care and 
attention, but only a few grow with sufficient facility in this way to 
render their propagation by cuttings a common mode. These are the 
Goosebeny, the Currant, the Vine, the Quince, the Fig, and the Mulberry. 
Cuttings of the Currant, Goosebeiry, and the hardy soils of Vine 
will root readily, in a soil not too dry, in the open garden. Currants 
and Gooseberries are generally taken off in the fall or -winter, jjrepared 
for planting, and two-thirds of their lower ends buried in the gi'ound till 
the commencement of spring, when they are planted out, either where 
they are to remain or in nursery rows. They will succeed nearly as 
well if taken off in the spring, but, owing to the period at which they 
commence growing, this must be attended to very early, if deferred till 
that season. 

A successful practice is to prepare the cuttings of Gooseben-ies and 
Currants eai'ly in the autumn, and to plant them at once in the position 
where they are to grow the su.cceeding summer. In planting, set the 
cuttings into the ground so deeply that but one bud v\-ill be left at or 
near the surface, and then, as soon as the frosts of winter come, cover 
the whole ground with a light mulch of coarse straw manure, or other 
litter three or four inches deep. 

In order to raise plants of the Gooseberry and Cun-ant, 
with straight clean stems, which shall not throw up suckei'S, 
it is only necessary, before planting the cutting, to cut out 
every eye or bud to be placed below the surface of the 
ground. Fig. 18. The cutting should be about a foot long, 
eight inches of which may be inseited in the ground. To 
insure greater success in raising the finer sorts of Gooseberry, 
or other shi-ubs, it is customary to plant the cuttings on 
the shaded side of a wall or fence, in deep rich loam, rather 
damp than diy. Cuttings of the vine are generally prepared 
when trimming the old plants in autumn or winter ; they 
may then be buried with their lower ends in the ground, 
or kept in earth in the cellar till spring. 

Grape cuttings are also made as soon as it ■will answer 
to prune the vines in the autumn ; and, being planted at 
once in the ground, covered as above noted for Goosebeniea 
and Currants, are found to grow successfully. 

Scarce sorts of gi-apes, wliich it is desii-able to multiply 
extensively, are frequently propagated by joiaits : that is, by 
buds having about two inches of wood attached to each — 
every biid in this way forming a plant. When this mode 
is adopted, it is usual to plant the joints about half an inch 
deep, in light soil, in a common hot-bed prepared for the 
purpose, or each joint is planted in a pot by itself. In the first way 
1 great number of plants may be grown in a small space. 




Gooseberry 
(Jutting pre- 
pared and 
planted. 




PROPAGATION OF VARJETIES. 31 

Formerly mort certain success in propagating the vine by joints was 
considered gained by halving the joint before planting, as shown in Fig 
19; but, recently, operators have practised the simple manner of prepar 
iug the cuttings with about two inches of 

wood below, and half an inch above the -^^_-.,.-^^-v=^^=-- ^^3=1.1-^-— -- — -.-.-. 
bud, and then planting in frames or pro- 
pagating-houses, by simply placing the 
eye or cutting in a perjjendicular posi- 
tion, the bud just level with, or nearly 

covered in a bed of clean, sharp, building ^ ^"^"^ ^^'^^ prepared and planted. 
or lake sand. A gentle bottom heat is to be maintained steadily, at the 
same time keeping the air in the house or frame quite cool until the lower 
end of the cutting or bud has commenced to form roots, when the air of 
the surface or volume of the house may be increased in warmth to stimii- 
late growth of vine. 

In the method of growing from single eyes, or two-eye cuttings, in 
out-door practice, it is considered best to prepare the cuttings during 
winter, and pack them in clean damp — not wet — sand, in a cool dark cel- 
lar, where they will callus ; and then, just as soon in the spring as the 
ground can be worked, plant the ciittings out, selecting as far as possible 
a sharp sandy loam for the location, covering the bed half an inch deep 
with the soil, and then two to three inches deep with mulch of sawdust, 
tan bark, &c. 

In preparing cuttings of what are termed hard- wood varieties, such as 
Delaware, Norton's Yii'ginia, ikc, it is customary with some pro2:)aga- 
tors to scrape otf the outer bark from the lower end of the cutting, and 
to soften it by soaking in water from ten to twenty hours before placing 
them in the bed or frame. 

The large English black mulberry is propagated by cuttings, as 
follows : About the last of October take cuttings from the thrifty shoots 
of a bearing tree, cut out all the buds except two or three at the top, 
and pare otf the bottom of the cutting just below a bud. Lay in the 
cuttings in a sheltered border, burying them so that only the two buds 
at the top are exposed, and covering them with some loose straw or lit- 
ter. In the spring make a small hot-bed with very sandy soil, in which 
to plant the cuttings on taking them out of the ground, or place each 
one in a small pot in any hot-bed ready at hand, and in a few weeks 
they will be found to have made roots freely. 

As a general rule, cuttings succeed best when they are taken otf 
just between the young and the previous year's wood ; or, in the case of 
young side shoots, when they are cut otf close to the branch preserving 
the collar of the shoot. The lower end should be cut smoothly across 
just below a bud, the soil should in all cases be pressed firmly about the 
lower end of the cutting, and it should always be planted before the 
buds commence swelling, that the wound may in some measiu-e heal 
before growth and the absorption of fluid commences. 

J^roj^agation by Layers and Suckers. 

A layer may be considered as a cutting not entirely separated from 
the plant. 

Layering is a mode of propagation resorted to in increasing some 
fruit-tree stocks, as the Parac^e stock, the Muscle Pluiu, and some 




32 PROPAGATION OF VARIETIES. 

Idnds which, do not grow so well from the seed. Certain varieties 
oi native grape, as the Norton's Virginia, which do not root readily bj 
3uttings, are also raised in this way, and it may be applied to any sort 
01 fruit-tree which it is desirable to continue on its own root Avithout 
grafting. 

Fruit-trees are generally layered in the spring, and the layers may bf 
taken off well-rooted plants in the autumn. But they may also be lay- 
ered with success early in Jvily. 

In making layers the ground around the mother plant should be 
made light and mellow by digging. Being provided Avith some hooked 

pegs to fasten down the 
layers, bend down a branch, 
so that the end may recline 
upon the ground. Open a 
little trench lln-ee or four 
inches deep Lo receive the 
young wood to be layered ; 
make a ciit or tongue, Fig. 
20, a, half way through the 
under or upper side of the 
shoot, pegging down the 
branch with the hooked peg, 
b, to keep it in its place ; 
press the earth sUghtly 
Layering. round the tongue, and, in 

filling in the soil, raise nearly upright the end of the layer, c, which re- 
mains above the surface of the ground. 

The descending sap, filled with organizable matter, is arrested by this 
tongue, accumulates there, and the emission of roots speedily takes place. 
Ringing, wounding, or twisting the limb answers the same purpose less 
perfectly, and indeed many trees root readily from the mere jiosition of 
the branches as layers, and the moisture of the soil. 

A tree or plant which is kept for raising layers is called a stool, and 
is headed down both to facilitate the rooting of the layers and to 
afford an abundance of shoots near the earth. Shoots of some of the 
fruit-tree stocks in the English nurseries are pegged do^-ji to the suifa'ce 
before growth commences in the spring, covered about an inch deep with 
soil, and at the end of autunm afibrd hundreds of plants; almost every 
bud making a separate root. 

jSuckers are shoots sent up from the root, or from portions of the 
stem below the surface of the soil, wliich are easily separated from the 
parent plant. 

Suckers of fruit-trees are frequently u,sed as stocks for budding or 
grafting upon ; but they are greatly inferior to seedlings for this purpose, 
as they are alv/ays more liable to produce suckers, and they have not the 
thrifty, vigorous habit, or the same power of forming as good roots as 
seedlings. Besides this, should the tree from which they are taken be 
diseased, they Avill be likely to carry the malady with them. 

Propagating by suckers is an easy and desirable way when we Avish 
to continue a seedling fruit of value on its own root, and some of our 
common fruits appear to be more healthy and permanent when growing in 
that way. It is also a mode for increasing the Raspberry ; as is also that 
of runners, which is a kind of sucker above ground, for the Strawberry. 



PRUNINO. 33 



Propagation by Pieces of Roots. 

Many varieties of trees, and nearly all varieties of Blackberries, 
Raspberries, Gooseberries, Currants, &c., can be I'eadily propagated by 
small pieces of roots. Cut the root into pieces of about two inches 
in length, any time in autumn or winter, and pack them in moist 
sand, storing where they will be free from frost. In spiing prepare 
a frame with a gentle bottom heat and plant them, covering about an 
inch deep, in a sandy loam ; as soon as they have well started they may 
be transplanted out into the open field. Some propagators keep them 
in the winter packages until the spring is well advanced and the ground 
becomes somewhat warmed, when they plant at once in the open ground, 
setting the upper end of the piece of root just level with the ground, 
and then covering the whole surface with about three inclies deep of 
some lisrht mulcliinsc material. 



CHAPTER lY. 

PRUNING, 

1. Pruning to promote Growth or tnodify the Form of Fruit-trees. 

In this country almost all fruit-trees are grown as standards. In 
this way they develop their natural forms, attain the largest size, 
and produce the greatest quantity of fruit with the least possible care. 
Our bright and powerful sun, reaching every part of the tree, renders 
the minute systems of pruning and training, which occupy so large a por 
tion of the English works on the subject, of little or no moment to the 
cultivator here. Pruning is therefore commonly resoi-ted to only for 
the purpose of increasing the vigor of feeble trees, or to regulate and 
impj'ove the form of healthy and luxuriant trees. 

Pruning has the power of increasing the vigor of a tree in two wa3'S. 
If we assume that a certain amount of nourishment is supplied by the 
roots to all the branches and buds of a tree, by cutting ofi' one-half of the 
branches at the proper season we direct the whole supply of nourish- 
ment to the remaining portion, which will conseqiiently grow with 
nearly double their former luxuriance. Again, when a tree becomes 
stunted or enfeebled in its growth, the thinness of its iruier bark, with its 
consequent small sap-vessels (which it must be remembered are the prin- 
cipal channel for the passage of the ascending supply of food), renders 
the u])ward and downward circulation tardy, and the growth is small. 
By heading back or pruning judiciously, all the force of the nourishing 
fluid is thrown into a smaller number of buds, which make new and 
luxuriant shoots, larger sap-vessels, and which aflbrd a ready passage to 
the flviids, and the tree with these renewed energies will continue in vigor 
for a long time. 

This treatment is especially valuable in the case of small trees (.f 
feeble or stvmted growth, which are frequently cut back to a single bud, 
and a new shoot or shoots, full of vigor, gives a healthy habit to the 

3 



34 PRUNING. 

trec>. In the nurseiies this practice of heading down unthiifty trees i» 
frequently pursued, and sma.l orchard trees which have become enfeebled 
may be treated in the same manner, cutting back the head as far as the 
place where it is wished that new shoots should spiing out. Older treea 
should be headed back more sparingly, unless they are greatly enfeebled, 
and their I'oots should at the same time be assisted by manure. 

A judicious pruning, to modify the form of our standard trees, h* 
nearly all that is required in ordinary practice. jEveri/ fruit-tree, grown 
in the open orchard or garden as a common standard, should he allowed 
to take its natural form, the whole efforts of the pruner going no further 
than to take out all loeak and, crowded branches^' those which are filling 
uselessly the inteiior of the tree, where their leaves cannot be duly 
exposed to the light and sun, or those which interfere with the growth 
of others. All pruning of large branches in healthy trees should be 
avoided, by examining them every season and taking o\it supei-fluous 
shoots while small. Mr. Coxe, the best American author on fruit-trees, 
remarks very truly : " When orchard trees are pruned, they are apt to 
throw out numerous (superfluous) suckers from the boughs in the follow- 
ing summer ; these shoxild be rubbed off when they first appear, or they 
may easily be broken ofi' while young and brittle — cutting is apt to 
increase their number." 

Where pruning is not required to renovate the vigor of an enfeebled 
tree, or to regulate its shape, — in other words, in the case of a healthy 
tree which we wish to retain in a state of the greatest luxuriance, health, 
and vigor,^it may be considered worse than useless. Bearing in mind 
that growth is always corresponding to the action of the leaves and 
branches, if these are in due proportion and in perfect health, the knife 
vsdll always be found rather detrimental to luxuriance and constitutional 
vigor than beneficial. * 

The best season for pruning to promote grototh, theoretically, is in 
autumn, soon after the fall of the leaf. Next to this, winter pruning, 
performed in mild weather, is best, and in orchards this is the season 
usually most convenient.f In all parts of the country where the winters 
are not very severe (and always in the Southern or Western States) the 
roots are collecting a certain stock -of nourishment during the whole 
autximn and ^vinter. When a tree is pruned in autuum or winter this 
whole supply goes to the remaining branches, while in the case of spring 
pruning it is partly lost. North of the 43d degi-ee of latitude, however, 
the winters are so severe that -winter-pruning should be deferred till the 
last of February. 

We should especially avoid pruning at that period in~ spring when 

* Ignorant cultivators frequently weaken the energies of young trees, \m\ 
cause them to grow up with lean and slender stems, by injudiciously trimming 
off the young side shoots and leaves in the growing season. By taking off these 
shoots the stem is deprived of all the leaves which would attract and elaborate 
the sap. thus preparing nourishment for the growth of the stem ; and the trunk 
of the tree does not increase in size half so fast as when the side branches are 
allowed to remain for a time, pruning them away gradually. It is better, in the 
case of these young trees, to stop the side branches, when of moderate length, by 
pinching out the terminal bud. 

f Experience of many years convinces us that, whatever theory may sug- 
gest, the best time to prune in order to pi-omote growth, and to hav^e the wound 
healed perfectly, is very eaHy in spring, or as soon as the severity of Avinter haa 
passed. 



PRUNING, 35 

the buds are swelling, and the sap is in full flow, as the loss of sap by 
bleeding is veiy injurious to most trees, and in some brings on a serious 
and incurable canker in the limbs. 

In pruning large limbs, some composition should always be at hand 
to cover the wovind. This will not only prevent its cracking by tho 
cold in winter-pruning, but will keep out the air, and maintain the 
exposed wood in a sound state until it is covered with a new layer of 
bark. Many compositions have been in fashion abroad for this pur- 
pose, which under oui- summer sun and wintry frosts are nearly worth- 
less, as they generally crack and fall oiF in a single year. The following 
is a cheap and admirable application, which we recommend to all culti- 
vators of fruit-trees. 

Composition for loounds made in pruning. Take a quart of alcohol 
and dissolve in it as much gum-shellac as will make a liquid of the con- 
sistence of paint. Apply this to the wound with a common painter's 
brush ; always paring the wound smoothly first with the knife. The 
liquid becomes perfectly hard, adheres closely, excludes the air perfectly, 
and is aftected by no changes of weather ; while at the same time its 
thinness offers no resistance to the lip of new bark that gradually closes 
over the wound. If the composition is kept in a well-corked bottle, 
sufficiently wide-mouthed to admit the brush, it will always be ready for 
use and suited to the want of the moment. 

To prevent mice or rabbits from girdling trees. Great inj ury is done to 
young orchards in some districts by the meadow mouse. This little ani- 
mal always works under cover, and therefore does its miscMef in winter 
when the snow lies deeply upon the ground. A common and effectual mode 
of deterring it is that of treading down the snow firmly about the stem 
directly after every fall of snow. But this is a very troublesome affair. 

The following mixture will be found to be an effectual prevention. 
Take one spadeful of hot slaked lime, one do. of clean cow-dung, half do. 
of soot, one handful of flowers of sulpluir : mix the whole together with the 
addition of sufficient water to bring it to the consistency of thick paint. 
At the approach of winter paint the trunks of the trees sufficiently high to 
be beyond the reach of these vermin. Experience has proved that it does 
no injury to the tree. A dry day should be chosen for its application. 

English nurseiymen are in the habit of protecting nurseries of small 
trees from the attacks of rabbits, simply by distributing through the 
squares of the nursery coarse matches made by dipping bunches of rags, 
or bits of tow, in melted sulphur, and fastening these in split stakes a 
couple of feet high. The latter are stuck into the grouncl, among the 
trees, at from 12 to 20 feet apart, and are said completely to answer the 
pui-pose. 

Wrapping the body of the tree with coarse hardware paper, letting 
the lower end of the paper go below the soil at the crown of the tree, 
will effectually prevent the attacks of rabbits. 

Wash for the trunks and branches of fruit-trees. The best wash for 
the stems and branches of fruit-trees is made by dissolving two pound? 
of potash in two gallons of water. This is applied with a brush at an} 
season, but perhaps with most effect in the spring. One, or at most 
two applications will rid the stem of trees of the bai'k-louse, and render 
it smooth and glossy. It is far more efficacious than whitewash, as a 
preservative against the attacks of insects, while it promotes the growbL 
of the tree, and adds to the natural lively color of the bai-k. 



36 PRUNING. 

The wash of soft soap is also a very good one foi tnanv purposes. 
Though not equal for general purposes to the potash wash, it is better fot 
old trunks with thick and rigid bark, as a portion of it remains upon' the 
surface of the bark for some time, and with the action of every rain is 
dissolved, and thus penetrates into all the crevices where insects may be 
lodged, destroying them, and softening the bark itself. 

2. Pruning to induce Fruitfulness. 

There are advantages and disadvantages attending all seasons of 
pruning, but our own experience has led iis to believe that, practically, 
a fortnight before midsummer is by far the best season on the whole for 
pruning in the Northern and 3Iiddle States. Wounds made at this 
season heal over freely and rapidly; it is the most favorable time to 
judge of the shape and balance of the head, and to see at a glance which 
branches require removal ; and all the stock of organizable matter in the 
tree is directed to the branches that remain. 

When a young fruit-tree is too luxuriant, employing all its energies 
in making vigorous shoots, but forming few or no blossom buds, and 
producing no fruit, we have it in our power by different modes of 
pruning to lessen this over-luxiiriance, and force it to expend its ener- 
gies in fruit-bearing. A successful mode of doing this is by pruning the 
roots — a proceeding recently brought into very successful practice by 
European gardeners. 

Root-pruning has the effect of at once cutting off a considerable 
supply of the nourishment formerly afforded by the roots of a tree. The 
leaves, losing part of their usual food, are neither able to grow as rapidly 
as before, nor to use all the nutritious matter already in the branches ; 
the branches therefore become more stunted in their growth, the organ- 
izable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds are directly formed. The en- 
ergies of the tree are no longer entirely carried off in growth, and the re- 
turning sap is employed in producing fruit-buds for the next 3'ear. 

Root-pruning should be performed in autumn or winter, and it 
usually consists in laying bare the roots and cutting off smoothly at a dis- 
tance of a few feet from the trunk (in proportion to the size of the tree) 
the princij^al roots. Mr. Rivers, an English nurseryman of celebrity, 
who has practised this mode with great success, digs a trench early in 
J^ovember, eighteen inches deep, round and vinder his trees to be root- 
pruned, cutting off the roots with a shai'p spade. By following this 
practice every year he not only throws his trees into early bearing, but 
forces Apples, Pears, and the like, gi-afted on their own roots, to become 
prolific dwarfs, growing only six feet apart, trained in a conical form, 
full of fruit branches, and producing abundantly. Those dwarf trees, 
thus annually root-pruned, he su})plies abundantly ^^^.th old composted 
manure at the ends of the roots, thus keeping up their health and vigor. 
The plan is an admirable one for small gardens, or for amateurs who 
wish to grow a great many sorts in a small svnface. Mr. Rivers, in a 
pamphlet on this subject, enumerates the following among the adviin 
tagos of systematic root-jyruning : — 

" 1, The fiicility of thinning (owing to the small size of the trees), 
and, in some varieties, of setting the blossoms of shy-bearing soi'ts, and 
of thinning and gatheriiag the fruit. 

" 2. It will make the gardener independei^t of the natural soil of liis 



f 



PRUNING. 37 

garden, as a few barrowfiils of rich mould will support a tree loi' a 
lengthened period, thus placing bad soils nearly on a level with those the 
most favorable. 

" 3. The capability of removing trees of fifteen or tAventy years" 
growth with as much facility as furnitui'e." 

In conclusion, Mr. Rivers recommends caution,' " enough of vigoi 
must be left in the tree to support its crop of fi-uit, and one, two. 
or three seasons' cessation from root-pruning will often be found 
necessaiy." 

lloot-pruning in this country will, we think, be most valuable in its 
application to common standard trees, wloich are thrifty but boar little 
or no fruit. They will generally be found to require but a single prun- 
ing to bring them into a permanently fruitful condition ; and some sorts 
of Pears and Plums, which do not usually give a fair crop till they are 
twelve or fourteen years old, may be brought into fruit by this means as 
soon as they are of proper size. Several nearly full-grown peach, pear, 
and plum trees, on a very rich soil on the Hudson, which were over-lux- 
uriant but bore no fruit, were root-pruned by our advice, and yielded 
most excellent and abundant crops afterwards. 

In the case of A23ple orchards, where the permanent value depends 
on the size, longevity, and continued productiveness of the trees, it 
is better to wait patiently and not resort to pruning to bring them into 
bearing, as it cannot be denied that all excessive pi-uning shortens 
3omewhat the life of a tree. Mr. Coxe, indeed, recommended that the 
first fruit should never be allowed to ripen on a young apple orchard, as 
it lessens very materially the vigor of the trees. 

Shortening-in the shoots of Peaches, N'ectarines, and Apricots, as we 
shall hereafter point out, has a strong tendency to increase the fruitful- 
ness of these trees, since by reducing the young wood the sap acctmna- 
lates in the remainder of the branch, and many bearing shoots are pro- 
duced instead of one. And the English practice of S2?tirring-in, which 
consists in annually shortening the lateral shoots of trained Pears, Ap- 
ples, and the like, in order to make them throw out short fruit branches 
or spurs, is founded on the same principle. 

Bending down the limhs is an easy and simple means of throwing 
such branches directly into fruit. By this means the circulation is retard- 
ed, rapid growth ceases, organizable matter accumulates, and fruit-buds, as 
before stated, surely follow. The limbs are bent while flexible, in June 
or July, apd tied down below a horizontal line until they retain of them- 
selves their new position. Wlien this can be easily applied, it is a never- 
failing mode of rendering such branches fruitful. It is stated in Loudon's 
" Gardener's Magazine " that " a very large crop of Pears was obtained 
by the Rev. Mr. Fisher, in Buckinghamshire, from trees which had not 
borne at all, by twisting and breaking down the young shoots late in the 
autumn, when the wood had become tough ; and the pendent branches' 
afterwaids continued perfectly healthy." 

Disharki.ng and Hinging are two modes that have been recommend- 
ed by some authors, but of which, except as curious experiments, we 
entirely disapprove. Disbai'king, that is, removing the outer bark of 
the trimk in February, May, or March, is and may be practised with 
good results on trees in very sheltered positions, and under glass, but 
must always be a somewhat dangerous practice in open orchards, find in 
a variable climate like oui-5 ; while its good effects may in a great meas 



38 TOAIXING. 

urc be attained by keeping the bark in a healthy state by a wash of 
soft soap. Jiinrfinfj, which is nothing more than stopping the descend- 
ing sap in a branch, and forcing it to organize blossom-buds, by taking 
oti" a ring of bark, say a fourth or half an inch, near nudsummer, is i' 
mode aHays more or less injurious to the health of the branch, and if 
carried to any extent finally destroys the tree. It is gradually falling 
into disuse since root-pi-uning and other and better modes are becoming 
known. A ligature or bandage, tightly applied to the limb, will have 
temporarily the same effect as ringing, without so much irgury to tne 
branch. 

Inducing Fruitfulness hy other Means. 

The influence of certain soils on the productiveness of fruit-treep is a 
subject of every-day observation, but the particular ingredients of the 
soil which insure this abundant bearing are not so well known. Lime- 
stone soils are almost invariably productive of all sorts of fruit ; and 
certain strong loams in this country seem to be eqiially well adapted to 
this end. 

In a curious work called the " Rejuvenescence of Plants," &c., by 
Dr. Schultz, of Bei'lin, the author, who has devoted considerable time 
to the subject, states that common salt and chloride of lime contribute 
gTeatly to the flowering of most plants, to which, however, they can only 
be applied with safety in small quantities. " Salts of lime," he con- 
tinues, " appear to produce so nearly the same eft'ect as those of potash 
and soda, that it is only necessary to place lime vdthin their reach, if 
there is no deficiency of manure in the shape of general food. Lime will 
in the main promote, in an astonishing degree, the fruit and flowering 
of most plants, because calcareous salts promote evaporation and the con- 
centration of sap." 

Although we cannot coincide with many of Dr. Schultz's views as 
expressed in this work, yet the remarks just quoted agi-ee so entirely 
with facts that have come under our own observation, that we gladly 
place them before the cultivator of fruit-trees. One of the most produc- 
tive fruit-gardens in our knowledge is on a limestone soil, and another, 
more than usually prolific, in a neighborhood not veiy fruitful, is every 
year treated with a top-dressing of coarse salt, at the rate of two bushels 
to the acre. These facts are surely worth the attention of growers, and 
should be the subject of more extended and careful experiments. 

Rendering trees more fruitful by dwarfing, and by adapting them 
to soils naturally unfruitful by grooving them upon other and better 
stocks, we have already placed before the reader undei- the head of 
Chrafting. 



CHAPTER Y. 

TKAINING. 



Training fruit-trees is, thanks to our favorable climate, a proceeding 
entirely unnecessary in the greater part of the United States. Our fine 
dry summers, -SAith the gi-eat abundance of strong light and sun, are suf 



TRAINING. 39 

ficient to ripen fully the fruits of temperate climates, so that the whole 
art of training, at once the trial and triumph of skill with English fruit- 
gardeners, is quite dispensed with ; and in the place of long lines of 
brick wall and espalier rails, surrounding and dividing the fruit-garden, 
all covered with carefully trained trees, Ave are proud to shoAV the open 
orchard, and the borders in the fruit-garden filled with thrifty and pro- 
ductive standards. Notliing surprises a British gardener more, knowing 
the cold of our winter, than the first sight of peaches and other fine 
fruits arriving at full perfection in the Middle States with so little 
care ; and he sees at once that three-fourths of the great expense of a 
fruit-garden here is rendered entirely needless. 

Training fruit-trees, in this country, is therefore confined to the 
colder districts north of the 43° of latitude, and to the gardens of ama- 
teurs. There can, however, scarcely be a more beautiful display of the 
art of the horticulturist than a fine row of trained trees, their branches 
arranged with the utmost symmetry and regularity, and coveied, in the 
fruit season, with large and richly colored fruit. 

North of the 43° latitude (or north of the Mohawk) the peach does 
not ripen well, and this, as well as soem other rather tender trees, will, 
in such situations, generally yield abundant crops when trained on a 
common upright trellis, or espalier rail, seven or eight feet high.* Still 
farth*- north, as in Maine or Canada, a wall must be resorted to ; but 
our own observation leads u.s to believe that, generally, the espalier rail 
will be found not only cheaper and more easily managed in training, 
but really preferable to a wall, as full exposure to light is sufficient with- 
out much additional heat. "With regard to walls themselves, in the 
middle portions of the Union a southern aspect is almost always the 
worst, being too hot in midsummer ; a wall running north and south, 
and affording east and west aspects, is much the best. The western as- 
pect is indeed preferable for all tender fruits, as the blossoms are not 
there liable to injury from early frosts. A. north wall is useful for pro- 
ducing a later crop. 

The objects of training are, by a more complete exposure of the 
leaves and branches to the light and sun, to ripen fruits in a naturall}' 
unfavorable climate ; to render them more fruitful — lessening vigor and 
excessive growth by the lateral or horizontal arrangement of the 
branches ; and lastly, economy of space, as trees when trained on a flat 
surface occupy much less space in the fruit-garden than standards, and 
leave the borders more open for cropping with vegetables. 

Training conical standards. A very easy and simple mode of 
training fruit-trees, which has lately come into great favor with amateurs, 
is the conical standard, or QuenouUle (pronounced kenool) of the French. 
It is applied chiefly to pears, which when treated in this way may be 
planted about eight feet apart, and thus a great variety of sorts may be 
grown in a small garden. A great number of the specimen ti-ees in the 
London Horticultural Society's Garden are trained in this manner ; and 
Loudon remarks, fhat in 1840 the Royal Kitchen Garden of Versailles 
oontained two hundred trees trained in the conical manner, with the 

* Cedar or locust posts, set four or eight feet apart, with horizontal bars let 
in, and crossed by light perpendicular strips of pine from six to twelve inches 
apart, will form an excellent and durable trellis for espaliers. See Fig 28. In- 
deed many gardeners here prefer having a light trellis a few inches from the wall 
apon which to train, instead of nailing directly on the wall. 



40 



TRAINING. 



suiTont year's shoots tied down en quenouille. " They luul attained the 
Leight of from six to twelve feet before the branches Avere bent dowu ; 
but the eftect of this was to cover the shoots with blossom-buds, and to 
produce the most extraordinary crops." 

To produce Quenouille standards, plant a young tree, three or four 
feet high, and, after the first summer's gi'owth, head back the top and 
cut-in the side branches, as represented by the dotted lines on a, Fig. 
21. The next season the tree will shoot out three or four tiers of side 
branches, according to its strength. The lowest should be left about 
eighteen inches from the ground, and, by pinching off sujjerfiuous shoots, 
others may be made to grow pretty regularly, so as not to crowd the 
head. At the end of this season head back the leader as in b, to 
strengthen the side shoots. Next season a fresh series of lateral shoota 
will be produced, four or five of which may be kept every year ; and 
the third or fourth year the lower branches may be bent down in raid- 





Quenouille or Conical Training, progressive stages. 



Conical or Quenouille Training, complete. 



summer, c, and kept in a pendulous position for a year or two, by tying 
them to stakes driven in the ground, or to the main stem. This succes- 
sive gi'owth at the top, and arrangement of the limbs below, must be 
contini.ed till the requisite height — say ten feet — is attained, when, all 
the branches assuming their final form, the tree will resemble Fig. 22. 
A moderate pruning to produce new wood, and the occasional tying in of 
a rambling slioot, will be all that is required. The French quenouille 
draining is performed with dwarf stocks, but the trees are more thrifty 
and durable when grafted on their ovm stocks, and k(;pt -ndthin proper 
biunds by root-pruning after Mr. Rivers's methoa, explained in a 
pre\TLOus page. 

Pyramids and hushes are trees adapted for small gardens, and not 
standards such as are planted in orchards. Mr. Rivers, whose success in 
training and fruiting dwarf trees has hardly an equal, gives the folloAATng 
directions : — " If a young gardener intends to plant, and wishes to train 



TEAINIKO. 41 

up his trees so tLat they will become quite perfect in shape, he should 
select plants one year old from the bud or graft, with single upright 
stems ; these will of course have good buds down to the junction of the 
graft with the stock. The first spring a tree of this description should 
be headed down, so as to leave the stem about eighteen inches long. If 
the soil be rich, from five to six and seven shoots will be produced ; one 
of these must be made the leader, and if not inclined to be quite perpen- 
dicular, it must be fastened to a stake. As soon in summer as the 
leading shoot is ten inches long, its end m\ist be pinched off"; aud if it 
pushes forth two or more shoots, pinch ofi" all but one to three leaves, 
leaving the topmost for a leader. The side shoots will in most cases 
assmne a regular shape ; if not, they may be this first season tied to 
slight stakes, to make them grow in the proper direction. This is best 
done by bringing down and fastening the end of each shoot to a slight 
stake, so that an open pyramid may be formed ; for if it is too close and 
cypress-like, enough air is not admitted to the fruit. They may remain 
unpruned till the end of August, when each shoot must be shortened to 
within eight biids of the stem. This will leave the tree so that no prun- 
ing in winter will be required. The second season the tree will make 
vigorovis growth ; the side shoots which were topped last August will 
each put forth three, four, or more shoots. In June, as soon as these have 
made four leaves, they must be pinched off to three leaves, and if these 
spurs put forth shoots, which they often do, every shoot must be pinched 
down to one leaf, all hut the leading slwot of each side branch. This 
must be left on, to exhaust the tree of its superabundant sap, till the end 
of August. The perpendicular leader must be topped once or twice — in 
short, as soon as it has grown ten inches, pinch ofi" its top, and if it break 
into two or three shoots, pinch them all but the leader, as directed for 
the first season ; in a few years most symmetrica] trees may be formed." 

The best modes of training for this country, on walls or espaliers, are 
fan-cordon and horizontal training. The first is the simplest and easiest 
mode of training the Peach, the Apricot, Nectarine, and Cherry ; and 
the latter is best adapted to the Pear. In training to a wall, the branches 
are fastened in their places by shreds of leather and nails ; and as espa- 
liers, by tying them with slips of bass matting to the rails of the trellis. 

Cordon-training has within the past few years become quite a feature 
among French gardeners, and is now being practised with success '\jy 
many amateurs in this country. There are a number of varied modes of 
training en cordon^ among which those termed oblique cordonsmdi espalier 
or lateral cordon are most in use. Oblique cordon training serves to test 
in a small space a large number of varieties, and may in many cases be 
adopted with great satisfaction. Dubreil says : " In its practice choose 
healthy and vigorous young trees of one year's growth, carrying only one 
stem. Plant them sixteen ino'r^s apart, and incline them one over th'j 
other at an angle of sixty deg. ■ i. Cut off about one-third of the length 
at or just above a front fruit-bad. During the following summer favor 
as much as possible the develoj)ment of the terminal shoot ; all the others 
must be transformed into fruit branches by the same means as described 
for pyi'amidal trees. The second pruning has for its object to transform 
the lateral shoots into fruit-spurs ; the new extension of the stem must 
be cut back one-third. If the terminal extension has grown but slightly, 
and shows signs of weakness, the cut must be made lower do^vji on the 
two-years wood, in order to obtain a more vigorous terminal shoot. Bj 



42 



TRAINING. 



the time of the third pruning, the young stem has gonerally attained 
two-thirds of its entire length ; it must then be inclined to an angle of 45*." 

The same pruning of side branches and terminal shoot must be per- 
formed as last year, and continued from year to year until the desired 
height for covering the wall or trellis is attained ; afterwards it must be 
yearly cut back about two feet, for the purpose of allowing a vigoroua 
shoot to gTow from the end, and thus keep up a healthy circulation. 

Espalier or lateral cordon training is adapted to the borders of walks 
in gardens, and is suited more to the Apple worked on the Paradisp 
stock than any other variety of tree. It is termed double or single 
arm cordon, as the trees have arms trained one or both ways. Fig. 23 
shows at a a young maiden tree pruned for planting, while h shows the 
same with its limbs tied down to a wire, which is upheld by stakes about 
one foot above the ground, and secured fu-mly at each end of the line. 





Fig. 24 shows the plants after being two or three years trained in 

single cordon — the terminal slioot of each tree being united by inarching 

at the jimction with the stem and branch. 

The following accoimt of fan-training and horizontal training is so 

concisely abiidged from the practice of the best English gardens, in the 

" Suburban Horticulturist," that we cannot do better than to place it 

before the reader. 

Fan- training in the common English manner . A maiden plant (a 

tree but one year from the graft) being planted, " is to be headed do"WTi 
to four buds or eyes, placed in such a manner as 
to throw out two shoots on each side, as shown 
in Fig. 25. The following season the two upper- 
most shoots are to be headed dowTi to three eyes, 
placed in such a manner as to throw out one 
leading shoot and one shoot on each side ; the 
two lowermost shoots are to be headed down to 

two eyes, so as to throw out one leading 

shoot and one shoot on the uppermost 

side, as shown in Fig. 26. We have now 

five leading shoots on each side, well 

placed, to form our future tree. Each of 

these shoots must be placed in the exact 

position in which it is to remain ; and as 

it is these shoots which are to form the 

future tree, none of them are to be short- 
ened. The tree should by no means be Fan-tramins, second stage. 

suffered to bear any fruit this year. Each shoot mMst now be 
allowed to produce, besides the leading shoot at its extremity, two othei 
shoots on the uppermost side, one near to the bottom and one about mid- 



Fan-training, first stage. 




TRAINING. 



43 




way up fclie stem ; there miist also be one shoot on the undermost bide, 
placed about midway bet ween the other two. All the other shoots must 
be pinched ofl' in their infant state. The tree will then assume, at 
the end of the year, the appearance shown in Fig. 27. From this time 
it may be allowed to bear 
what crop of fruit the gar- 
dener thinks it able to carry ; 
in determining which he 
ought never to overrate the 
vigor of the tree. All of 
these shoots except the lead- 
ing ones must at the pro- 
per season be shortened, but 
to what length must be left 
entirely to the judgment of 

the gardener, it of course Fan-tratog, third stage. 

depending upon the vigor of the tree. In shortening the shoot,' care 
should be taken to cut back to a wood-bud that will produce a shoot 
for the follo\ving year. Cut close to the bud, so that the wound may 
heal the following season. The following year each shoot at the 
extremities of the leading branches should produce, besides the leading 
shoot, one on the upper and two on the under part, more or less, accord- 
ing to the vigor of the tree ; whilst each of the secondary branches should 
produce, besides the leading shoot, one other placed near to the bottom ; 
for the grand art of pruning, in all systems to which this class of trees is 
subjected, consists in preserving a sufficient quantity of young wood at 
the bottom of the tree ; and on no account must the gardener cut away 
clean any shoots so placed, without well considering if they will be 
wanted, not only for the present but for the future good appearance of 
the tree. The quantity of young wood annually laid in must depend upon 




Fan-training, complete. 

the vigor of the tree. It would be ridiculous to lay the same quantity 
into a weakly tree as into a tree in full vigor. The gardener here must 
use his own judgment. But if any of the leading shoots manifest a dis- 
position to outstrip the others, a portion of young shoots must be laid in, 
and a greater quantity of fruit suffered to ripen on the over-\igorous 
branch. At the same time a smaller quantity of fruit than usual must 



44 



TKAINIKC. 



b(' left to ripen on the weaker branch. This will tend to restore the 
eqiiilibriiuu better than any other nietliod. Fig. 28 j)resents u.s with the 
figure of a ti-ee in a more advanced state, well balanced, and well calcu- 
lated for an equal distribution of the sap all over its surface. [We have 
varied this figure by representing it trained on a trellis, instead of a 
wall.] Whenever any of the lower shoots have advanced so far as to 
incommode the others, they should be cut back to a yearling shoot ; this 
will give them room, and keep the lowier pai-t of the tree in order. In 
nailing to a wall, care must be taken not to bruise any part of the shoot; 
the wounds made by the knife heal quickly, but a bruise often proves 
incurable. Never let a nail gall any pai't of the tree ; it will endanger 
the life of the branch. In nailiiig-in the young shoots, dispose them as 
straight and i-egular as possible ; it will look workman-like. Whatever 
system of training is pursued, the leading branches should be laid-in in 
the exact position they are to remain ; for wherever a large bi-anch is 
brought down to fill the lower part of the wall, the free ascent of the sap 
is obstructed by the extension of the upper, and contraction of the lower 
parts of the branch. It is thus robbed of part of its former vigor, while 
it seldom fails to throw out, immediately behind the parts most bent, 
one or more vigorous shoots." 

Horizontal training consists in preserving an \ipright leader, with 
lateral shoots trained at regular intervals. These intervals may be from 
a foot to eighteen inches for pears and apples, and about nine inches for 
cherries and plums. " A maiden plant with three shoots having been 
procured, the two side shoots are laid in horizontally, 
and the centre one upright, as in Fig. 29 ; all the buds 
being rubbed ofl' the latter but three, viz. : one next 
the top for a vertical leader, and one on each side near 
the top, for horizonal branches. In the course of the 
first summer after planting, the shoots may be allowed 
to grow without being stopped. In the autumn of 
Horizontal training, first ^-j^g first year the two laterals iDroduced are nailed or 
tied in, and also the shoots produced from the extre- 
mities of the lower laterals ; the centre shoot being headed do^^•n as before, 
as shown in Fig. 30. But in the second summer, when the main shoot 
has attained the length of ten or twelve inches, it may be stopped; which, 
if the plant is in proper vigor, will cause it to throw out two hoi-izontal 
branches, in addition to those 
which were thrown out from 
those of the preceding year. 
The tree will now be in its 
sscond summer, and will have 






Horizontal training, second stage. 



Horizontal training, third stage. 



four horizontal branches on each side of the upright stem, as in Fig. 
31 ; and, by persevering in this system, four horizontal branches wiU be 



TRANSPLAjSTTINO it 

produced in eacli year till the tree reaches tlio top of the wall (or 
espalier), when the upright stem must terminate in two horizontal 
branches. In the following autunm the tree will have the appeai-anc 
of Fig. 32." — /Suburban JSorticuUurist, pp. 363 : 372. 




Horizontal training, fourth year. 

Training fruit-trees is nowhere in the United States practised i;o 
much extent, nor is it considered desirable in the general practice of fruit- 
growing. The additional labor is not met by a balance in superior 
quantity of product, and, while occasionally a few specimens may be pro- 
cured in this manner of great beauty and excellence, the general crop is 
not satisfactory or profitable, either to the amateur or the market-grower. 



CHAPTER YI. 



TKANSPLANTING, 



As nearly all fruit-trees are raised first in nurseries, and then re 
moved to their final position in the orchard or fruit-garden ; as upon the 
manner of this removal depends not only their slow or rapid growth, 
their feebleness or vigor afterwards, and in many cases even their life, it 
is evident that it is in the highest degree important to understand and 
practise well this transplanting. 

The season best adapted for transplanting fruit-trees is a matter 
open to much difference of opinion among horticulturists ; a difference 
founded mainly on experience, but without taking into account variation 
of climate and soils, two very important circumstances in all operations 
of this kind. 

All physiologists, however, agree that the best season for transplant- 
ing deciduous trees is in aiitumn, directly after the fall of the lea,f. The 
tree is then in a completely dormant state. Transplanted at this early 
season, whatever wounds may have been made in the roots commence 
healing at once, as a deposit directly takes place of granulous matter 
from the wound, and when the spring arrives the tree is already some- 



46 TRAlsSPLANTINO. 

what establislied, and ready to commence its growth. Early autumn 
planting is for this reason greatly to be preferred in all mild climatea 
and di-y soils ; and even for very hardy trees, as the aj^ple, in colder lat 
itudes ; as the fixed position in the gi-ound, which trees planted then gel 
by the autumnal and early spiing rains, gives them an advantage at thp 
next season of growth over newly-moved trees. 

On the other hand, in northern j^ortions of the Union, where the 
winters commence early, and are severe, spring planting is greatly pre- 
ferred. There autumn and winter are not mild enough to allow thie 
gradual process of healing and establishing the roots to go on ; for when 
the gi-ound is frozen to the depth of the roots of a tree, all that slow 
growth and connection of nutriment by the roots is necessarily at an 
end. And the more tender sorts of fruit-trees, the Peach and Apricot, 
which are less hardy when newly planted than when their roots are en- 
tire, and well fixed in the soil, are liable to injury in their branches by 
the cold. The proper time, in such a climate, is as early as the ground 
is in a fit condition in the spring. 

Early in autumn, and in spring before the buds expand, may as a 
general rule be considered the best seasons for transplanting. It is 
true that there are instances of excellent success m planting at all sea- 
sons, except midsummer ; and there are manj^ who, from having been 
once or twice successful in transplanting when trees were nearly in leaf, 
avow that to be the best season ; not taking into account that their suc- 
cess was probably entii-ely owing to a fortunately damp state of the at- 
mosphere at the time, and abundant rains after the experiment was per- 
formed. In the Middle States we are frequently liable to a dry period 
in early summer, directly following the season of removal, and if trans- 
planting is deferred to a late period in spring, many of the trees will 
perish from drought before their roots become established in the soil. 
Spring planting should therefore always be performed as soon as possi- 
ble, that the roots may have the great benefit of the early and abundant 
rains of that season, and get well started before the heat of summer com- 
mences. For the neighborhood of New York, therefore, the best periods 
are from the fall of the leaf to the middle of November, in autumn, and 
from the close of winter to the middle of AprU, in the spring ; though 
commonly the seasons of removal are frequently extended a month be- 
yond these limits. 

Taking up the trees is an important part of the operation. A trans- 
planter should never forget that it is by the delicate and tender points 
or extremities of the root that trees take up their food ; and that the 
chance of complete success is lessened by every one of these points that 
is bruised or destroyed. If we could remove trees with every fibre en- 
tire, as we do a plant in a pot, they would scarcely show any sign of 
fcheii- change of position. In most cases, especially in that of trees 
takeir from nurseries, this is, by the operation of removal, nearly impos- 
sible. But although we may not hope to get every root entire, we may, 
with pi'oper care, presei v e by far the larger portion of them, and more 
j.articularly the small and delicate fibres. After being taken up, they 
should be ]ilanted dii'ectly ; or, if tliis cannot be done, they should be 
kept from drying by a covering of mats, and, when sent to a distance, by 
being packed in damp moss.* 

* We phould notice an important exception to this in the case of trees packed 



TKANSPLANTING. 47 

P'leparing the places. Here is the fatal stumbling-block of all 
novices and ignorant persons in transplanting. An English gard(;ner, 
when he is about to plant fruit-trees, talks about preparing his hordeis^ 
an American says he will dig his holes y and we cannot give a more 
forcible illustration of the ideas of two persons as to the wants of a 
fruit-tree, or a better notion of the comparative provision made to sup- 
ply these wants, than by contrasting the two phrases themselves. The 
one looks upon a tree as a living being, whose life is to be rendered 
long, \T.gorous, and fruitful by a good supply of food, and a soil mellow 
and easily penetrated by the smallest fibre ; the other considers it very 
much in the light of a truncheon or a post, which he thrusts into the 
smallest possible hole, and supplies with the least portion of manure, 
trusting to what he seems to believe the inextinguishable powers of 
nature to make roots and branches under any circumstances. It is 
true that the terms diifer somewhat from the nature of the culture and 
the greater preparation necessary in planting friiit-trees iu England, but 
this is not by any means sufficient to justify the diiierent modes of per- 
forming the same operation there and here. 

In truth, in this country, where the sun and climate are so favorable, 
where pruning and training are comparatively' so little necessary, the 
great requisite to success in the ordinary culture of fruit-trees is the 
proper preparation of the soil before a tree is planted. Whether a trans- 
planted tree shall struggle several years to recover, or grow moderately 
after a short time, or at once start into a very luxuriant and vigorous 
growth, depends entirely upon the amount of care and labor the planter 
is willing to bestow on the soil for his trees. We have seen several 
instances where, side by side, one man planted his trees in large spaces 
of deeply moved and rich soil, and another in small holes in the com- 
mon mode, which uniformly showed the trees of the first larger after 
five years than those of the last after twelve. 

No fruit-tree should be planted in a hole of less size than three feet 
square, and eighteen inches to two feet deep. To this size and depth 
the soil should be removed and well pulverized, and it should, if neces- 
sary, be properly enriched by the application of well-rotted manure, 
which must be thoroughly mixed with the v,rhole mass of prepared soil 
by repeated turnings with the spade. This preparation will answer, but 
the most skilful cultivators among us make their spaces four or five feet 
in diameter, or three times the size of the roots, and it is incredible how 
much the luxuriance and vigor of growth, even in a poor soil, is pro- 
moted by this. No after-mending of the soil, or top-dressings applied 
to the surface, can, in a climate of dry summers like ours, equal the 
effects of this early and deep loosening and enriching the soil. Its 
effects on the growth and health of the tree are permanent, and the 
little expense and care necessary in this preparation is a source of early 
and constant pleasure to the planter. This preparation may be made 
just before the tree is planted, but in heavy soils it is much better to do 
it several months previously ; and no shallow ploughing of the soil can 
obviate the necessity and advantages of the pj-actice where healthy, 
vigorous orchards or fruit-gardens are desii-ed. 

for shipping across the Atlantic. In this case they should be packed only in dry 
moss ; the moisture of the sea air being sufficient to keep the roots in good con- 
dition, while if packed in damp mc«s they will be injured by rotting or excessive 
growth. 



48 TRANSPLAXTING. 

Tlie whole art of transplanting, after tliis, consists in placing the 
roots as they were before, or in the most favorable position for growth. 
Begin by filling the hole with prepared soil, within as many inches of 
the top as will allow the tree to stand exactly as deep as it previously 
stood. With the spade, shape the soil for the roots in the form of a 
little hillock on which to place the roots — and not, as is commonly 
done, in the form of a hollow ; the roots will then extend in their natu- 
ral position, not being forced to turn up at the ends. Next examine 
the roots, and cut off all wounded parts, paring the wound smooth, 
cutting from the under side. Hold the tree upright on its little mound 
in the hole of prepared soil ; extend the roots, and cover them care- 
fully with the remaining pulverized soil. As much of the success of 
transplanting depends on bringing the soil in contact "wdth every fibre, 
so as to leave no hollows to cause the decay of the roots, not only must 
this be secured by patiently filling in all cavities among the roots, but, 
when the trees are not quite small, it is customary to pour in a pail of 
water when the roots are nearly all covered with soil. This carries the 
liquid movild to every hidden part. After the water has settled away, 
fill wp the hole, and avoid the common practice of shaking it up and 
down by the stem. In windy situations it will be necessary to place a 
stake by the side of each tree, to hold it upright, imtil it shall have taken 
firm root in the soil, but it is not needful in ordinary cases. 

Avoid deejy jjlanting. More than half the losses in orchard plant- 
ing in America arises from this cause, and the equally common one of 
crowding the earth too tightly about the roots. No tree shoiild be 
placed deeper than it formerly grew, as its roots are stifled from the 
want of air, or starved by the poverty of the soil at the depth Avhere 
they are placed. It is miich the better and more natural process in fact 
ho plant the tree so that it shall, when the whole is complete, appear 
just as deep as before, but. standing on a little mound two or three 
inches higher than the level of the groimd about. This, when the 
mound settles, will leave it nearly on the level Avith the previous sur- 
face. 

]\Iulching is an excellent practice with transplanted trees, and more 
especially for those which are removed late in the spring. Mulcliing is 
nothing more than covering the gi'Oiind about the stems -w-ith coarse 
straw, or Utter from the barn-yard, which by preventing evapoiation 
keeps the soil fr-om becoming dry, and maintains it in that moist and 
equable condition of temperature most favorable to the growth of 
young roots. Very many trees, in a diy season, fail at midsummer, 
after having made a fine start, fi'om the parched and variable condition 
of the earth about the roots. Watering fi-equently fails to save such 
trees, but mulching when they are planted will entu-ely obviate the 
necessity of watering in dry seasons, and promote growth under any cir- 
cumstances. Indeed watering upon the surface, as commonly performed, 
is a most injurious practice, as the roots, stimulated at one period of the 
day by water, are only rendered more sxisce2)tible to the action of the 
hot sun at another, and the surface of the ground becomes so hard by 
repeated watering that the beneficial access of the air is almost cut off. 
If trees are well watered in the holes, while transplanting is going on, 
they will rarely need it again, and we may say never, if they are weU 
mulched du-ectly after planting. 

The best manure to be used in preparing the soil for transplanting 



TEANSPLAKTINO. 49 

fcrees is a compost formed of two-thirds muck or black peat earth, 
reduced by fermenting it several months in a heap with one-third fresh 
barn-yard manure. Almost every farm will supply this, and it is more 
permanent in its efiects, and less drying in its nature, than the com- 
mon manure of the stable. An admirable manure recentl}^ applied with 
great success is charcoal — the small broken bits and reftise of the char- 
coal pits — mixed intimately with the soil. Air-slaked lime is an excel- 
lent manure for fruit-trees in soils that are not naturally calcareous. 
Two or three handfuls may be mixed with the soil when preparing each 
space for planting, and a top-dressing may be applied with advantage 
occasionally afterwards, to increase their productiveness. But wherever 
large orchards or fruit-gardens are to be planted, the muck compost 
heap should be made ready beforehand, as it is the cheapest, most valu- 
able, and durable of all manures for fruit-trees. 

Pruning the heads of transplanted trees, at the season of removal, we 
think generally an injurious practice. It is certainly needless and hurt- 
ful in the case of small trees, or those of such a size as will allow the 
roots to be taken up nearly entire ; for as the action of the branches 
and the roots is precisely reciprocal, and as new roots are rapidly formed 
just in proportion to the healthy action of the leaves, it follows that by 
needlessly cutting off the branches we lessen the vital action of the 
whole tree. At the same time, where trees are transplanted of so large 
a size that some of the roots are lost in removing them, it is necessary 
to cut back or shorten a few of the branches, — as many as will restore 
the balance of the system, — otherwise the perspiration of the leaves may 
be so gr-eat as to exhaust the supply of sap faster than the roots can col- 
lect it. A little judgment only is necessary to see at a glance how 
much of the top must be pruned away, before planting the tree, to 
equalize the loss between the branches and the roots. 

When it is necessary to transplant fruit-trees of large size, the best 
practice is to prepare them previously by digging a trench round the 
whole mass of roots, undermining them, and cutting off all roots project- 
ing beyond this line. The trench should be dug at such a distance from 
the tree as will include all the large and sufficient ball of roots, and it 
should be done early in the spring when it is desirable to remove the 
tree the next year. After all the roots that extend to this circular 
trench are cut off, the earth is replaced, and by the season following 
an abundance of small fibres is sent out by the amputated roots, 
which, when the whole is removed, -svill insure the success and speedy 
growth of the tree. This is more completely the case when the tree is 
prepared two years before transplanting. A variation of this mode, 
which has been found quite as successful and less laborious, consists in 
leaving the trench open and covering it with boards only, or boards 
with a top layer of turf. The tree then is somewhat checked in its 
growth, it throws out an abundance of small fibres into the ball of earth 
containing the roots, and is the next season transplanted with great ease 
and safety. 

The proper size for transplanting varies somewhat with the sort oi' 
tree and the kind of culture intended. It is, however, a maxim equally 
well settled, both among theorists and the best practical men, that health, 
immediate vigo].-, and duration are all greatly promoted by tx'ansplant- 
ing fi'uit-trees of small size- — from three to six or seven feet. We are 
fully aware with what impatience the beginner, or a person who knows 

4 



50 TRANSPLAKTING. 

little of the culture of tiees, looks upon trees of this size — one who h 
eager to plant an orchard and stock a garden with lai-ge trees, thinking 
to gather a crop the next yea/r. The latter may indeed be done ; Vjut the 
transplanting so affects the tree that its first scanty crop is followed by a 
long season of rest and feeble growth, while the plantation of young trees 
is making wood rapidly, and soon comes into a healthy and long-continued 
state of productiveness— often long indeed before the large trees have 
fairly arrived at that condition. The small tree, transplanted with its 
system of roots and branches entire, suffers little or no check ; the older 
and larger tree, losing part of its roots, requires several years to resume 
its former vigor. The constitution of the small tree is healthy and 
unimpaired ; that of the large is frequently much enfeebled. A stout 
and vigorous habit — what the nurserymen call a good stocky jylO'nt — is 
the true criterion of merit in selecting fruit-trees for transplanting. 

Trees intended for orchards, being often more exposed than those in 
gardens, should be somewhat larger — not less than six, or more than 
eight feet is the best size. For gardens, all experienced cultivators 
agree that a smaller size is preferable ; we prefer plants two years old 
from the graft. Most gardeners abroad, when they select trees with 
more than usual care, take what are called maiden plants, — those one 
year old from the graft, — and there can be no doubt that, taking into 
account health, duration, and the ease with which siich a tree can be 
made to grow into any form, this is truly the preferable size for removal 
into a fruit-garden. Bu.t we are an impatient people, and it is not till 
after another century of trial and experience in the cultiire of fruit-trees, 
that cultivators generally in this country will become aware of the truth 
of this fact. 

The facility with which the different fruit-trees may be transplanted 
differs considerably. Plums are generally removed with most success, 
and after them nearly in the order as follows : Quinces, Apples, Pears, 
Peaches, Nectarines, Apricots, and Cherries ; the latter succeeding with 
some difficulty when of large size. 

Laying in hy the heels is a practice adopted as a temporary kind of 
planting when a larger quantity of trees is at hand than can be set out 
immediately. A trench is opened, and the roots are laid in and covered 
with soil, the tops being previously placed in a sloping position, inclin- 
ing to within a few feet of the surface. In this way they are kept fresh 
and in good order until it is convenient to plant them finally. In 
northei-n districts, where the autumn is often too severe for planting, 
and the spring is frequently too late to receive ti'ees in time from nur- 
series farther soiith, it is a common and successful mode to procure trees 
in autumn, and lay them in by the heels until spring, covering over tlie 
tops of the more tender sorts, if necessary, with coarse litter.* 

In planting an orchard, always avoid placing the trees in the same 
spot, or near, where an old tree stood before. Experience has taught us 

* We have often known trees entirely destroyed by wanb of a little extra care 
in heading them in. Select first a dry knoll, or position where no water can 
stand, and, if possible, sheltered from the southern sun. After first digging a 
treach one foot or more deep, lay the trees down at an angle of about 45 . their 
tops to the soiath ; then make the soil mellow and fine, and thoroughly inter- 
mingle it with the roots, filling all interstices, and covering them at least eigh- 
teen inches deep. 

Trees are sometimes received in a frozen condition. They should then be 
placed at once, without unpacking, in a dark cellar, and left until graduaUj 



THE POSITION OF FfitriT-TREES. 51 

that the growcn of a young treC) in such a position, is Weak and feeble j 
the nourishment suitable to that kind of tree having already been 
exhausted by a previous growth, and the soil being half filled with old 
and decayed roots which are detrimental to the health of the young tree 



CHAPTER Yll. 

THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES — SOIL AND ASPECT. 

In our favorable climate many fruit-trees will thrive and produce 
some fruit in almost any soil, except dry sand or wet swamps. But 
there is much to be gained in all climates by a judicious selection of 
soil, when this is in our power, or by that improvement which may 
generally be effected in inferior soils, where we are necessarily limited 
to such. As we shall, in treating the culture of each genus of fruit, 
state more in detail the soils especially adapted to its growth, our 
remarks here will be confined to the subject of soils generally for the 
orchard and fruit-garden. 

The soils iisually selected for making plantations of fruit-trees may 
be divided into light sandy loams, gravelly loams, strong loams, and 
clayey loams; the first having a large proportion of sand, and the last a 
large proportion of clay. 

The soil most inviting to the eye is a light sandy loam, and as it is 
also a very common soil, more than half the fruit-gardens in the country 
are composed of this mould. The easy manner in which it is worked, 
owing to its loose and very friable nature, and the rapidity with which, 
from its warmth, crops of all kinds come into bearing, cause it to be 
looked upon with almost universal favor. Notwithstanding this, a 
pretty careful observation for several years has convinced us that a 
light sandy soil is, on the whole, the worst soil for fruit-trees. Under 
the bright skies of July and August, a fruit-tree requires a soil which 
will retain and afibrd a moderate and continued supply of moisture, 
and here the sandy soil fails. In consequence of this the vigor of the 
tree is checked, and it becomes feeble in its growth, and is compara- 
tively short-lived or unproductive. As a tree in a feeble state is 
pjways most liable to the attacks of insects, those on a sandy soil are 
the first to fall a prey to numerous maladies.* The open loose tex- 
ture of a sandy soil, joined to its warmth, afi'ords an easy passage and 
an excellent habitation for all insects that pass part of their lives in the 
ground, preparatory to rising out of it to attack the fruit, foliage, or 
branches of the tree. 



thawed out ; or they may be at once — if the earth will allow — buried, tops and 
roots entire, beneath the ground, and there left for a few days, or until a moist 
cloudy day occurs for opening and exposing them to the light and air. This lat- 
ter co-vrse is also a good one for trees that are received in a dry or shrivelled 
state. 

* This remark applies to the middle and southern portions of this country. 
North of the 48° a light sandy soil is perhaps preferable, as warmer and earlier. 



52 THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 

Such aro some of the disadvantages of a light sandy soil ; and is 
thoiouglily examining many of the fruit-gardens of the Middle States 
the last few seasons, we could not fail to he struck with the fact that, in 
nine cases out of ten, where a variety of fruit Avas iinvisually liable to 
disease, to blight, or to the attacks of certain fruit-destroying insects, as 
the curculio, the trees themselves were on sandy soils; while on the 
other hand, and frequently in the same neighborhood, the same sorts 
were growing luxuriantly and bearing abundart crops where the soil 
was a rather stToug loam.* For a few years the growth and productive- 
ness of the ti-ees upon sandy soil is all that can be desired ; but the 
trees are shorter lived, and sooner fall into decay than where the soil is 
stronger. If there is any exception to this rule, it is only in the case 
of the Peach ; and, judging from the superior flavor of this fruit on 
stronger soils, we are inclined to doubt the value of the exception even 
here. 

Gravelly loams are fi'equently much better adapted for orchards than 
sandy, especially where the loam is of a strong quality, and the gravel is 
not in excess ; and the hardier fruits usually do well on this kind of 
soil. 

/Strong loams, by which we mean a Team with only just a sufficient 
portion of sand to make it easily worked, are, on the whole, by far the 
best for fruit-gardens in this country. A strong loam is usually a deep 
soil, and affords, during the whole heat of summer, a proper supply of 
moisture and novirishment to the roots of trees. Fruit-trees do not 
come into a bearing state so soon in a strong as in a sandy loam, because 
the growth of wood is more vigorous, and fruit-buds are not so soon 
formed ; but they bear larger crops, are much less liable to many dis- 
eases, and their longevity is much greater. The largest and most pro- 
ductive orchards of the Apple and Pear in this country are upon soils 
of this kind. 

Clayey loams are, when well drained, and when the clay is not in 
excess, good fruit soils — they are usually strong and deep soils, though 
rather heavy and difficult to work. Trees that will flourish on these soils, 
such as the Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, and Apricot, usually are very 
free from disease or insects, and bear large crops. In a moist climate, 
like that of England, fruit-trees on a clayey loam would die of canker, 
brought on by the excessive quantity of water contained in the soil, but 
such is not the case under the high and warm temperature of our sum- 
mers. The finest, largest, and most productive Plums and Pears within 
our knowledge, grow in sites on the North Piver, where the soil is a 
stifl" clayey loam, almost approaching a clay. Those fruits that on light 
sandy soils are almost worthless, from their liability to disease and the 
attacks of insects, are here sui'prisingly luxririant and fruitful . 

It is, however, well to remark, that some varieties of fruit, perhaps 
from the circumstances of their origin, succeed better on sandy soils 
than any other ; thus the Ne^vtown Pippin will only arrive at perfection 
in a strong loam, while the Summer Queen is finer when grown on a 

* As an instance in point, the owner of one of the most hig^hly cultivated 
gardens in the vicinity of Boston was showing us, in despair, some trees of the 
Seckel Pear, upon which he could no longer get good crops or fair fruit, and 
lamenting the degeneraci/ of the sort. The next day we saw ia a neighl orrng 
garden beautiful crops of this Pear growing with the least possible care. Th*: 
Qfarden in the first case was a light sandy loam . in the second, a strong loam. 



THE POSITION OF FRUIT-TREES. 53 

sandy, soil. But there are exceptioiis to all rules, and wliat we have 
already stato I, as to the relatiA^e quality of soils, will apply pretty geu- 
erally to the whole of this country, and it may be added that calcareous 
soils, of whatever texture, are better than soils of the same quality where 
QO limestone is present. 

Trenchmg is the most complete method of improving a soil too 
sandy, when the subsoil below is of a loamy or clayey nature. Deep 
subsoil ploughing, by bringing up a sufficient quantity of the stratum 
below, will answer the same purpose. When the subsoil of a sandy soil 
is sand or gravel, the surface can only be improved by top-dressings or 
the application of manures. Top-dressing with clay is the most simple 
means of changing the nature of such a soil, and it is surprising ho\v 
moderate a quantity of clay will give a closer texture to light sandy 
soils. In manuring such soils, we may greatly improve their nature as 
well as condition by using composts of peat or bog earth, swamj) muck, 
or river mud, instead of common barn-yard or stable manure. The 
former are not only more permanent and better as manures for fruit- 
trees, but they gradually consolidate and improve the whole texture of 
the soil. ' 

Indeed no fruit-garden, where the soil is not naturally deep and rich, 
is in perfect condition for planting trees, unless the soil has been well 
trenched two spades in depth. This creates a matrix for the roots so 
deep and permanent that they retain their vigor and luxuriance through 
the droughts of summer, and continue for a long time in a state of health 
and productiveness. 

It is difficult to give any precise rules as to aspect. We have seen 
fine fruit-gardens here in all aspects. Perhaps the very best aspect ou 
the whole is a gentle slope to the southwest, because in such positions 
the trees when in blossom are somewhat protected from the bad eifects of 
a morning sun after spring frosts. But, to remedy this more perfectly, it 
is sometimes the practice to plant on the north sides of hills, and this is an 
effectual way where early frosts are fatal, and where the season is long 
and warm enough to I'ipen the fruit in any exposure. A fine south slope 
is, south of New York, frequently found too warm for many fruit-trees 
in soils that are light and dry. 

Deep valleys with small streams of water are the worst situations for 
fruit-trees, as the cold air settles down in these valleys in a calm frosty 
night, and buds and blossoms are very frequently destroyed. We know a 
rich and fertile valley of this kind in Connecticut where the Cherry will 
scarcely grow, and a crop of the Apple or the Pear is not obtained once 
in ten years ; while the adjacent hili-tops and high country, a couple or 
three miles distant, yield abundant croj)S annually. On the other hand, 
the borders of large rivers, as the Hudson, or of some of our large inland 
lakes, are the most favorable situations for fruit-trees, as the climate is 
rendered milder by large bodies of water. In the garden where we 
write, a fourth of a mile from the Hudson, we have frequently seen ice 
formed during the night of the thickness of a dollar, when the blossoms 
of the Apricot were fully expanded, without doing the least harm to that 
tender fruit. This is owing to the slight fog rising from the river in the 
morning, which, softening the rays of the sun, and dissolving gradually 
the frost, prevents the inj urious efiects of sudden thawing. At the same 
time, a coiiple of miles from the shores, this fruit will often be quite 
destroyed. In shoii the season on the lower half of the Hudson may. 



54 GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 

from the ameliorating influence of the river, be said to be a month Icngei 
— a fortnight earlier in spring and later in autumn — than in the same 
latitude a few miles distant ; and crops of the more tender fruits are 
therefore much more certain on the banks of large rivers or lakes than in 
inland districts of the same climate. 

As our native forests become cleared away the climate is changed 
and becomes more harsh ; hence it is found desii-able to construct some 
kind of protection from the point of most destructive harsh winds and 
storms. Belts of trees, either evergreen or deciduous, or both mingled, 
and suiTOunding or placed so as to screen from the northeast, north, and 
northwest, are consideied highly advantageous ; and when we consider 
that foliage is an absorbent and ameliorating agent in tempering climate, 
we feel that it is the duty as well as interest of every fruit-grower to 
plant as many such belts as his property and pecimiary means admit. 



CHAPTER yill. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 

The insects injurious to fruit-trees are numerous, and to combat them 
successfully requii-es a minute acquaintance with their character and 
habits. While considering the culture of each class of fruit iii the suc- 
ceeding pages, we shall point out the habits and suggest means of de- 
stroying the most important of these insects ; but in the mean time 
we wish to call attention to some general practical hints on this sub- 
ject. 

In the first place, we cannot too strongly impress upon the attention 
of the fruit-grower the imporiance of watching carefully and making an 
early attack upon every species of insect. It is only necessary to look 
for a moment at the astonishing rapidity with which many kinds of 
insects increase, if allowed to get well established in a garden, to become 
fully aware of this. The common caterpillars are the young of moths or 
butterflies, and that careful observer of the habits of insects. Dr. Harris, 
says as each female lays from two to five hundred eggs, a thousand moths 
or butterflies will, on the average, produce thi-ee hundred thousand cater- 
pillars ; if one half this number, when arrived at maturity, are females, 
they will give forty-five millions of caterpillars in the second, and six 
thousand seven hundred and fifty millions in the third generation,* T; 
take another example : the aphides, or plant-lice, which are frequently 
seen in great numbers on the tender shoots of fruit-trees, have an almost 
incredibly prolific power of increase — the investigations of Reaumur 
having shown that one individual in five generations may become the 
piogenitor of nearly six thousand millions of descendants. With such 
surprising powers of propagation, were it not for the havoc caused 
among insects by various species preying upon each other, by birds and 
other animals, and especially by unfavoi'able seasons, vegetation would 

* For much valuable information on the habits of insects injurious to veget* 
tion, see the " Treatise on the Insects of Massachusetts," by Dr. T. W. Harna, 
Cambridge. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 56 

soon be entirely destroyed by tbem. As it is, the orcliards and gardens 
of careless and slovenly cultivators are often overrun by them, and many 
of the finest crops suffer great inju»-v or total loss from the want of a 
little timely care. 

In all well-managed plantations of fruit, at the first appearance of 
any injurious insect, it will be immediately seized upon and destroyed 
A few moments in the first stage of insect life — at the first birth of the 
new colony — will do more to rid us for the season of that species than 
whole days of toil after the matter has been so long neglected that the 
enemy has become well established. We know how reluctant all but the 
experienced grower are, to set about eradicating what at first seems a 
thing of such trilling consequence. But such persons should consider 
that whether it is done at fii-st, or a fortnight after, is frequently the 
difference between ten and ten thousand. A very Kttle time regularly 
devoted to the extirpation of noxious insects will keep a large place quite 
free from them. We know a very large garden filled with trees, and 
always remarkably free from insect ravages, which, while those even in 
its vicinity sufier greatly, is thus preserved by half an hour's examination 
of the whole premises two days in the week during the growing season. 
This is made early in the morning, the best time for the purpose, as the 
insects are quiet while the dew is yet upon the leaves, and whole races 
yet only partially developed may be swept off" in a single moment. In 
default of other more rapid expedients, the old mode of hand-jncking, 
and crushing or burning, is the safest and surest that can be adopted. 
For practical purposes, the numerous insects infesting fruit-trees may 
be divided into four classes : 1st, those which for a time harbor in the 
ground and may be attacked in the soil ; 2d, winged and other species, 
which may be attacked among the branches ; 3d, aphides or plant- 
lice, which infest the young shoots ; 4th, moths, and all night-flying 
insects. 

Insects, the larvce or grubs of which harbor in the ground during a 
certain season, as the curculio or plum-weevil, are all more or less affected 
by the application of common salt as a top-dressing. On a larger scale, 
in farm crops, the ravages of the cut-worm are frequently prevented hj 
sowing three bushels of salt to the acre, and we have seen it applied to 
all kinds of fruit-grounds with equal success. Salt seems to be strongly 
disagreeable to nearly all this class of insects, and the grubs perish where 
even a small quantity has for two or three seasons been applied to the 
soil. In a neighborhood where the peach-worm usually desti'oys half the 
peach-trees, and where whole crops of the plum are equally a victim to 
the plum-weevil, we have seen the former preserved in the healthiest 
condition by an annual application of a small handful of coarse salt 
about the collar of the tree at the surface of the ground ; and the latter 
made to hold abundant crops by a top-dressing applied every spring of 
packing salt, at the rate of a quart to the surface occupied by the roots 
of every full-grown tree. 

Salt, being a powerful agent, must be applied for this purpose with 
caution and judgment. In small quantities it promotes the verdure and 
luxui'iance of fruit-trees, while if applied very frequently, or too plenti- 
fully, it will certainly cause the death of any tree. Two or three years' 
top-dressing in moderate quantity will \isually be found sufficient to 
drive away these insects, and then the application need only be repeated 
once in two or three seasons. Any coarse refuse salt will ansvver tht 



()6 (lENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 

{Jill-pose ; and packing salt is preferable to that of finer rpiality, aa it 
dissolves slowly by the action of the atmosphere.* 

In the winged state most small insects may either be driven away b^ 
powerful odors, or killed by strong decoctions of tobacco, or a wash of 
dilated whale-oil or other strong soap. Attention has but recently been 
called to the repugnance of all insects to strong odors, and there is but 
little doubt that before a long time it "svill lead to the discovery of the 
means of preventing the attacks of most insects, by means of stroiig 
smelling lii|uids or odorous substances. The moths that attack furs, as 
every one knows, are driven away by pepper-corns or tobacco, and should 
future experiments prove that at certain seasons, when our ti-ees are 
most likely to be attacked by insects, we may expel them by hanging 
bottles or rags tilled with strong smelling liquids in otu- trees, it will 
certainly be a very simple and easy way of ridcUng ourselves of them. 
The brown scale, a troublesome enemy of the orange-tree, it is stated in 
the Gardener' s Chronicle^ has been destroyed by hanging plants of the 
common chamomile among its branches. The odor of the coal-tar of gas- 
works is exceedingly offensive to some insects injurious to fruits, and it 
has been found to drive away the wire-worm and other grubs that attack 
the roots of plants. The vapor of oil of tur])entine is fatal to wasps, and 
that of tobacco-smoke to the green fly. Little as yet is certainly known 
respecting the exact power of the various smells in deterring insects from 
attacking trees. What we do know, however, gives us reason to believe 
that much may be hoped from experiments made with a variety of power- 
ful-smelling substances. 

Tobacco-water and diluted whale-oil soap are the two most efficient 
remedies for all the small insects which feed upon the j'oung shoots and 
leaves of plants. Tobacco-water is made by boiling tobacco leaves, or the 
refuse stems and stalks of the tobacco-shops. A large pot is crowded 
full of them, and then filled up with water, which is boiled till a strong 
decoction is nrade. This is applied to the young shoots and leaves with 
a syringe, or, when the trees are growing in nursery-rows, with a common 
white- wash brush, dipping the latter in the liquid and shaking it sharply 
over the extremities or the infested part of each tree. This or the whale- 
oil soap-suds, or a mixture of both, will kill every species of plant-lice and 
nearly all other small insects to Avhich young ti'ees are subject. 

The wash of whale-oil soap is made by mixing two pounds of this 
soap, which is one of the cheapest and strongest kinds, with fifteen gal- 
lons of water. This mixture is applied to the leaves and stems of plants 
with a syringe, or in any other convenient mode, and there are few of 
the smaller insects that are not destroyed or driven away by it. The 
merit of this mixture belongs to Mr. David Haggerston, of Boston,, who 
first applied it with great success to the rose-slug, and received the pre- 
mium of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society for its disco veiy. 
When this soap cannot be obtained, a good substitute may be made by 
turning into soap the lees of common oil-casks, by the application of 
potash and water in the usual way. 

Moths and other insects lohich jiy at night are destroyed in large 
numbers by the following mode, first discovered by Victor Adouin, of 
France. A flat saucer or vessel is set on the grr und, in which is placed 

* After repeated tests, it is doubtful whether the use of salt is as destnctiva 
bo insect life as here stated. The use of salt as manure is undoubtedly a good 
stimulant to vegetable life and viffor. 



GENERAL REMARKS ON INSECTS. 6? 

a light, partially covered with a common bell-glass besmeared with oil, 
All the small moths are directly attracted by tne light, fly towards it 
and in their attempts to get at the light, are either caught by the glutin- 
ous sides of the bell-glass, or fall into the basin of oil beneatli, and 
in either case soon perish. M. Adouin applied this to the destruction 
of the pyrcdis, a moth that is very troublesome in the French vineyards; 
with two hundred of these lights in a vineyard of four acres, and in a 
single night, 30,000 moths were killed and found dead on or about 
the vessels. By continviing his process through the season, it was esti- 
mated that he had destroyed female moths sufiicient to have pro- 
duced a progeny of over a million of caterpillars. In our orchards 
myriads of insects may be destroyed by lighting small bonfires of shav- 
ings or any refuse brush ; and in districts where the apples are much 
worm-eaten, if repeated two or three nights at the proper season, this is 
a very efiicient and cheap mode of getting rid of the moth which causes 
so much mischief. Dr. Harris, knowing how important it is to destroy 
the caterpillar in the moth state, has recommended flambeaux, made of 
tow wound round a stake and dipped in tar, to be stuck in the fruit-gar- 
den at night and lighted. Thousands of moths will find a speedy death, 
even in the short time which these flambeaux are biirning. The melon- 
bug may be extirpated by myriads in the same way. 

A simple and most effectual mode of ridding the fruit-garden of 
insects of every description, which we recommend as a general extirpator 
suited to all situations, is the following: — Take a number of common 
bottles, the wider mouthed the better, and fill them about half full of 
II mixture of water, molasses, and vinegar. Suspend these among the 
branches of trees and in various parts of the garden. In a fortnight 
they will be found full of dead insects of every description not too large 
to enter bottles — wasps, flies, beetles, slugs, grubs, and a great variety 
of others. The bottles must now be emptied and the liquid renewed. 
A zealous amateur of our acquaintance caught last season in this way 
onore than three bushels of insects of various kinds ; and, what is more 
satisfactory, preserved his garden almost entirely against their attacks in 
any shape. 

The assistance of birds in destroying insects should be duly estimated 
by the fruit-grower. The quantity of eggs and insects in various states 
devoured annually by birds, when they are encouraged in gardens, is 
truly surprising. It is true that one or two species of these, as the ring- 
tail, annoy us by preying upon the earlier cherries, but even taking this 
into account, we are inclined to believe that we can much better spare a 
reasonable share of a few fruits than dispense with the good services of 
birds in ridding us of an excess of insects. 

The most serviceable birds are the common sparrows, the wren, the 
red-breast, and in short most of the birds of this class. All these birds 
should be encouraged to build nests and inhabit the fruit-garden, and 
this may most eft'ectually be done by not allowing a gun to be fired within 
its boundaries. The introduction of hedges or live fences greatly pro- 
motes the domestication of birds, as they afford an admirable shelter for 
their nests. Our own gax'dens are usually much more free from insects 
tlian those a mile or two distant, and we attribute this in part to our prac- 
tice of encouraging birds, and to the thorn and arbor vitse hedges grow- 
ing here, ;-aid which are greatly resorted to by those of the feathered tribe 
which are the greatest enemies of the insect race. 



58 THE APPLE. 

Among animals, the toad and the hal ai-e great insect dtstrojers. 
The common bat lives almost entirely upon them, and in its evening 
sallies devours a great number of moths, beetles, -weevils, etc. ; and the 
toad (|uietly makes away with numberless smaller insects. 



CHAPTER IX. 

THE APPLE. 



Pyrus Malus, L. Rosacea, of botanists. 

Pommier, of the French ; Apfelbaum, German ; Apfel, Dutch ; Melo p&mo, Ital' 

ian ; and Manzana, Spanish. 

The Apple is the world-renowned fruit of teni])erate climates. From 
the most remote peiiods it has been the subject of praise among writers 
and poets, and the old mythologies all endow its fruit with wonderful vii-- 
tues. The allegoiical tree of knowledge bore apples, and the celebrated 
golden fruit of the orchards of Hesperus, guarded by the sleepless dragon 
which it was one of the triumphs of Hercules to slay, were also ap])les, 
according to the old legends. Among the heathen gods of the north, 
thei'e were aj:)ples fabled to possess the power of conferring immortality, 
which were carefully watched over by the goddess Iduna, and kept for 
the especial dessert of the gods who felt themselves growing old ! As 
the mistletoe grew cliiefly on the apple and the oak, the former tree was 
looked upon Avith gi'eat respect and reverence by the ancient Druids of 
Britain ; and even to this day, in some parts of England, the antique 
custom of saluting the apple-trees in the orchards, in the hope of obtain- 
ing a good crop tlie next year, still lingers among the farmers of portions 
of Devonshiie and Herefordshire. This old ceremony consists of salut- 
ing the tree with a portion of the contents of a wassail-bowl of cider, 
v/ith a toast in it, by pouring a little of the cider about the roots, and 
even hanging a bit of the toast on the branches of the most bai-ren, the 
farmer and his men dancing in a circle round the tree, and singing rude 
Bongs like the following : 

" Here's to thee, old apple-tree. 
Whence thou mayst bud, and whence thou mayst blow ; 
And whence thou mayst bear apples enow, 
Hats f uU ! caps full — 
Bushels and sacks full ! 
Hazza ! " 

The species of crab from which all our sorts of Apples have originated, 
is wild in most parts of Europe. There are, indeed, two or three kinda 
of wild crab belonging to this country ; as the JPyrus coronaria, or sweet- 
scented crab, with fruit about an inch in diameter, grows in many parts 
of the United States ; and the wild crab of Oregon, _P. rivularis, bear- 
ing a reddish-yellow fruit, about the size of a cherry, which the (Jhenook 
Indians use as an article of food ; yet none of our cultivated varieties of 
Apple have been raised from these native crabs, but froui seeds of the 
species brought here, by the colonists, from Europe. 



THE APPLE. 59 

The Apple-tree is, however, most perfectly naturalized in America, 
and, in the northern and middle portions of the United States, succeeds 
as well, or, as we believe, better than in any part of the world. The 
most celebrated apples of Germany and tlie north of Euroi:)e are not 
superior to many of the varieties originated here ; and the American or 
Newtown Pippin is now pretty generally admitted to be the finest ap- 
ple in the world. No better proof of the pei'fect adaptation of our soil 
and climate to this tree can be desired, than the seemingly spontaneous 
production of such varieties as this, the Baldwin, the Spitzenberg, or the 
Swaar — all fruits of delicious flavor, and great beauty of appearance. 

The Apple is usually a very hardy and rather slow-growing fruit-tree, 
with a low-spreading rather irregular head, and bears an abundance of 
white blossoms, tinged Avith red. In a wild state it is very long-lived, 
but the finest garden sorts usually live about fifty or eighty years ; 
though, by proper care, they may be kept healthy and prodxictive much 
longer. Although the apple generally forms a tree of medium growth, 
there are many specimens in this countiy of enormous size. Among 
others, we recollect two in the grounds of Mr. Hall, of Raynham, Rhode 
Island, which, ten years ago, were 130 years old; the trunk of one of 
these trees then measured, at one foot from the ground, thirteen feet two 
inches, and the other twelve feet two inches. The trees bore that season 
about thirty or foiiiy bushels; but, in the year 1780, they together bore 
one hundred and one bushels of apples. In Duxbury, Plymouth County, 
Mass., is a tree which in its girth measures twelve feet five inches, and 
which has yielded in a single season 121^ bushels. 

In Lehigh County, Pa., there is an apple-tree which measures 17-|- feet 
ro. circumference, one foot above the ground. The tree is fifty-four feet 
high, and the branches extend thirty-six feet each way from the trunk. 

USES OF THE APPLE. 

No fruit is more universally liked or generally used than the apple. 
It is exceedingly wholesome, and, medicinally, is considered cooling and 
laxative, and useful in all inflammatory diseases. The finest sorts are 
much esteemed for the dessert, and the little care required in its culture 
renders it the most abundant of all fruits in temperate climates. As the 
earliest sorts ripen about the last of June, and the latest can be preserved 
until that season, it may be considered as a fruit in perfection the whole 
year. Besides its merits for the dessert, the value of the apple is still 
greater for the kitchen ; and in sauces, pies, tarts, preserves, and jellies, 
and roasted and boiled, this fruit is the constant and invaluable resource 
of the kitchen. 

In seasons of scarcity, the small and usually considered refuse apples 
may be stewed, and then rubbed through a cullender, separating the 
seeds and skins from the pulp, forming a delicious sauce. 

A2Jple-hutter, made by stewing pared and sliced sweet apples in new 
eider until the whole is soft and pulpy, is a common and excellent arti- 
cle of food in many farmers' families, and is frequently made by the bar- 
rel. In France, nearly the same preparation is formed oy simmci-ing 
apples in new wine until the whole becomes a sort of marmalade, which 
is called liaisine. The juice of the apple unfermented is, in some parts 
of the country, boiled down till it becomes molasses. When fermenttd 
it forms cider j' and if this is carefully made from the best cider apples 



60 TBE APPLE, 

it is nearly equal to -wine ; in fact, many hundreds of barrel? of tl^e cidoi 
of ISTow Jei'sey have been manufactured, in a single year, into an imiia> 
tion champagne, which is scaicely distinguished by many from that made 
from the grape. 

Apples are also made into jelly, by grinding and pressing in the ordi- 
nary way for cider, then passed, in a thin and nearly continuous crorent, 
over an intensely heated clarifying or evapoi'ating pan, such as is ordi- 
narily used in the manufacture of molasses from the sorgho sugar-cane. 
About eight gallons of the apple-juice, or cider, will make one gallon of 
a very delicious jelly. 

Dried apples are also a considerable article of commerce. Farmers 
usually pare and quarter them by hand, and dry them in the sun ; but 
those who pursue it as a matter of trade pare them by machineiy, and 
dry them slowly in ovens. They are then packed in bags or barrels, and 
used either at home, in sea stores, or are expoi-ted. 

In perfumery, the pulp of this fruit, mixed intimately with lard, forms 
pomatum. The wood is employed for lasts, and for other purposes, by 
turners ; and, being fine-grained and compact, is sometimes stained black 
and used for ebony by cabinet-makers. 

The quality of an apple is always judged of by the use to which it 
is to be applied. A table or dessert apple of the finest quality should 
be of medium size, regular form, and fine color ; and the flesh should be 
fine-grained, crisp, or tender, and of a sprightly or rich flavor and aroma. 
Very large-sized, or coarse apples are only admired by persons who have 
little knowledge of the true criterion of excellence. Apples for kitchen 
use should have the property of cooking evenly into a tender, pulpy con- 
sistence, and are generally acid in flavor ; and, although there are many 
good cooking apples unfit for the table, many sorts, as the Fall Pippin 
and the Greening, are excellent for both purposes. To tliis we may add, 
that for the common apple-sauce made by farmers, a high-flavored sweet 
apple, which boils somewhat firm, is preferred, as this is generally made 
with cider. The very common use made of this cheap preserve at the 
North and West, and the recent practice of fattening hogs, horses, and 
other animals upon sweet apples, accounts for the much greater number 
of varieties of sweet apples held in esteem here than in any other 
country. In fact, so excellent has the saccharine matter of the apple 
been found for this purpose, that whole orchards of sweet apples are 
frequently planted here for the purpose of fattening swine and cattle, 
which are allowed to run at large in them. 

Cider apples are varieties frequently useless for any other purpose. 
The best for this purpose are rather tough, piquant, and astringent ; their 
juice has a laigh specific quality, and they are usually great bearers, as 
the Harrison, the Red Streak, and the Virginia Crab. 

PROPAGATION. 

The Apple for propagation is usually raised from seeds obtained 
from the pomace of the cider-mills, and a preference is always given 
to that from thrifty young orchards. These are sown in autumn, 
in broad drills, in good mellow soil, and they remain in the seed-beds — 
attention being paid to keeping the soil loose, ajid free from weeds, from 
one to three years, according to the richness of the soil. When the 
seedlings are a little more than a fourth of an inch in diameter, they 



THE APPLE. 61 

should^ be taken up in the sjring or autumn, their tap-roots shortened, 
and then planted in nursery rows, one foot apart, and three to four feet 
between the rows. If the phxnts are thrifty and the soil good, they may 
be budded the following autumn, withirL one or two inches of the ground, 
and this is the most; speedy mode of obtaining strong, straiglit, thrifty 
plants. Grafting is generally performed when the stocks are about half 
an inch tliick ; and for several modes of performing it on the Ajjple, see 
the remarks on grafting in a previous page. When young trees are 
feeble in the nursery, it is usual to head them back two-thirds the 
length of tlie graft, when they are three or four feet high, to make them 
throw up a strong, vigorous shoot. 

Apple-stocks for dwarfs are raised by layers, as pointed out in the 
article on Layers. 

Apple-trees for transplanting to orchards should be at least two 
years budded, and six or seven feet high, and they should have a proper 
balance of head or side branches. 

SOIL AND SITUATION, 

The Apple will grow on a great variety of soils, but it seldom thrives 
on very dry sands, or soils saturated with moistui'e. Its favorite soil, in 
all countries, is a strong loam of a calcareous or limestone nature. A 
deep, strong, gravelly, marly, or clayey loam, or a strong sandy loam on 
a gravelly subsoil, produces the greatest crops and the highest-flavored 
fmit, as well as the utmost longevity of the trees. Such a soil is moist 
rather than dry — the most favorable condition for this fruit. Too damp 
soils may often be rendered fit for the Apple by thorough draining, and 
too dry ones by deep subsoil ploughing, or trenching, where the subsoil 
is of a heavier texture. And many apple orchards in New England are 
very flourishing and productive on soils so stony and rock-covered 
(though naturally fertile) as to be unfit for any other crop.* 

As regards site, apple orchards flourish best in southern and middle 
poi'tions of the country on north slopes, and often even on the steep 
north sides of hills, where the climate is hot and dry. Farther north a 
southern or southeastern aspect is preferable, to ripen the crop and the 
wood more perfectly 

We may here remark that almost every district of the couutry has one 
or more varieties which, having had its origin there, seems also peculiarly 
adapted to the soil and climate of that locality. Thus the Newtown 
Pippin and the Spitzenberg are the great apples of New York ; the 
Baldwin and the Roxbury Russet, of Massachusetts; the Bellflower and 
the Rambo, of Pennsylvania and New Jersey ; and the Peck's Pleasant 

* Blowing- sands, says Mr. Coxe, when bottomed on a dry substratum, and 
aided by marl or meadow mud, will be found capable of producing very fine 
Apple-trees. Good cultivation and a system of high manuring wiU always re- 
munerate the proprietor of an orchard, except it be planted on a quicksand or a 
cold clay ; in such soils, no management can prevent an early decay. One of the 
raost thrifty orchards I possess, was planted on a blowing sand, on which I carted 
three thousand loads of mud on ten acres, at an expense of about twenty-fi-ve 
dollars per acre, exclusive of much other manure ; on this land I have raised 
good wheat and clover. Of five rows of the Winesap Apple planted upon it 
eight years ago, on the summit of a sandy knoll, not one has died out of near an 
hundred trees — aU abundant bearers of large and fair apples. — View of FrvU 
Trees, p. 31. 



62 THE AFPLE. 

ani tlie Seek-no-fiirtber, of Connecticut; and though these apples ar« 
cultivated with greater or less success in other parts of the country, yet 
nowhere is their flavor and productiveness so perfect as in the best soils 
sf their native districts — excepting in such other districts where a soil 
containing the sa/me elements and a corresponding climate are also to be 
found. 

PREPARING, PLANTING, AND CULTIVATION OF ORCHARDS. 

With the exception of a few early and very choice sorts in the fmit- 
garden, the orchard is the place for this tree, and indeed, when we con- 
sider the great value and usefulness of apples to the farmer, it is easy to 
see that no farm is complete without a large and well-selected apple 
orchard. 

The distance at which the trees should be planted in an orchard, de- 
pends upon the mode in which they are to be treated. When it is de- 
sired finally to cover and devote the whole ground to the trees, thii-ty feet 
apart is the proper interval ; but where the farmer -svishes to keep the 
land between the trees in grain and grass, fifty feet is not too great a 
distance in strong soils. Foi'ty feet apart, however, is the usual distance 
at which the trees are planted in orchards. 

Before transplanting, the ground should be well prepared for the trees 
by ploughing deeply and subsoiling the whole field one year or more pre- 
vious to planting. Poor soils require manure; and turning under green 
crops, such as clover, peas, etc., serves to lighten and make porous, open, 
and enrich the soil. Where the subsoil is a heavy clay, it is best to 
thoroughly underdrain the whole by means of tile drains, at distances of 
two or three rods, and at the same time the surface drains should always 
be kept open, to prevent any water standing about the roots of the trees. 

Yigoi-ous, healthy young trees should be selected from the nurseries. 
As there is a great difli"erence in the natural growth, shape, and size of the 
various sorts of apple-trees, those of the same kind should be planted in 
the rows together or near each other ; this will not only facilitate cul- 
ture and gathering the fruit, but will add to the neatness and orderly 
appearance of the orchard. 

It is an indispensable requisite in all young orchards to keep the 
ground mellow and loose hy cultivation ^ at least for the first few years, 
until the trees are well established. Indeed, of two adjoining orchards, 
one planted and kept in grass, and the other ploughed for the fii'st five 
years, there will be an incredible difference in favor of the latter. Not 
only will these trees show rich, dark, luxuriant foliage, and clean smooth 
stems, while those neglected will have a starved and sickly look, but the 
size of the trees in the cultivated orchard will be treble that of the 
others at the end of this time, and a tree in one will be ready to bear an 
abundant crop before the other has commenced yielding a peck of good 
fruit. Fallow crops are the best for orchards — jiotatoes, beets, cairots, 
bush beans, and the like ; while gi-ains, such as rye, wheat, oats, etc , are 
very injurious ; but whatever crops may be grown, it should constantly be 
borne in mind that the roots of the tree requii'e the sole occupancy of 
fche ground, so far as they extend, and therefore that an area of more than 
the diameter of the head of the ti-ee should be kept clean of crops, weeds, 
and gi-ass. 

When the least symptom of failure or decay in a bearing orchard is 



THE APPLE. 63 

perceived, the ground should have a good to))-dressing of manure, and of 
marl, or mild lime, in alternate years. It is folly to suppose that so strong- 
growing a tree as the apple, when planted thickly in an orchard, will not/, 
after a few heavy crops of fruit, exhaust the soil of much of its })ropei 
food. If we desire our trees to continue in a healthy bearing state, we 
should therefore manure them as regularly as any other crop, and they 
will amply repay the expense. There is scarcely a farm where the luaste 
of barn-yard manure, the urine, etc., if properly economized by mixing 
this animal excrement with the muck-heap, would not be amply suffi- 
cient to keep the orchards in the highest condition. And how many 
moss-covered barren orchards, formerly very productive, do we not every 
day see, which only require a plentiful new supply of food in a substan- 
tial top-dressing, thorough scraping of the stems, and washing with 
diluted soft soap, to bring them again into the finest state of vigor and 
produ ctiveness. 

The hearing year of the Apple, in common culture, only takes place 
every alternate year, owing to the excessive crops which it usually pro- 
duces, by which they exhaust most of the organizable matter laid up by 
the tree, which then requires another season to recover and collect a 
sud&cient supply again to form fruit-buds. When half the fruit is thin- 
ned out in a young state, leaving only a moderate crop, the apple, liktf 
other fruit-trees, will bear every year, as it will also if the soil is kept in 
high condition. The bearing year of an apple-tree, or a whole orchard, 
may be changed by picking off the fruit when the trees first show good 
crops, allowing it to remain only in the alternate seasons which we wish 
♦^o n^ake the bearing year. 

PRUNING. 

rhe Apple in orchards requires very little pruning if the trees, while 
the orchard is young, are carefully inspected every year early in March, 
and all crossing branches taken out while they are small. When the 
heads are once properly adjusted and well balanced, the less the prun- 
Lng-saw and knife are used the better, and the cutting out of dead limbs, 
and removal of such as may interfere with others, or too greatly crowd 
up the head of the tree, is all that an orchard will usually require. 
But wherever a limb is pruned away the surface of the wound should be 
neatly smoothed, ind if it exceeds an inch in diameter, it should be covered 
with the liquid shellac previously noticed. 

INSECTS. 

There are several insects that in some parts of the country are very 
destructive or injurious to this tree ; a knowledge of the habits of which 
is therefore very important to the orchardist. These are chiefly the 
borer, the caterpillar, and the canker-worm. 

The Apple-borer is, as we xisually see it in the trunks of the Apple, 
Quince, and thorn trees, a fleshy white grub, which enters the tree at the 
collar, just at the surface of the ground, where the bark is tender, and 
either girdles the tree or perforates it through every part of the stem, 
finally causing its death. This grub is the larva of a brown and white 
striped beetle, half an inch long {Saperda bivittata), and it remains in 
this gr-ub state two or three years, coming out of the tree in 'a butterfly 



b4 THE APPLE. 

form early in June — flying in the night only, from tree to tree, after it« 
food, and finally depositing its eggs, during this and the next month, in 
the collar of the ti-ee. 

The most effectual mode of destroying the borer is by picking it out 
H'ith the point of a knife, or, when it cannot thus be reached, killing it 
by thrusting a flexible wire as far as possible into its hole. Dr. Hariis 
recommends placing a bit of camphor in the mouth of the aperture and 
plugging the hole with soft wood. But it is always better to prevent 
the deposit of the egg, by placing about the trunk, early in the spring, a 
small mound of ashes or lime ; or by drawing away the soil an inch or 
two deep at the base of the tree and wrapping with coarse hardware 
paper, tying it, and then replacing the earth ; and where orchards have 
already become greatly infested with this insect, the beetles may be de- 
stroyed by thousands in June, by building small bonfii'es of shavings in 
various parts of the orchard- The attacks of the borer on nursery trees 
may in a great measure be prevented by washing the stems in May, quite 
down into the ground, with a solution of two pounds of potash in eight 
quarts of water. 

The Caterpillar is a great pestilence in the Apple orchard. The 
species which is most troublesome to our fiuit-trees ( Olisiocampa ameri- 
cana) is bred by a sort of lackey moth, different from that most trouble- 
some in Europe, but its habits as a caterpillar are quite as annoying to 
the orchardist. The moth of our common caterpillar is a reddish brown 
insect, whose expanded wings measure about an inch and a half. These 
moths appear in great abundance in midsummer, flying only at night, and 
often buzzing about the candles of our houses. In laying theii- eggs 
they choose principally the Apple or Cherry, and they deposit thousands 
of small eggs about the forks and extremities of the young branches. 
The next season, about the middle of May, these eggs begin to hatch, and 
the young caterpillars in myriads come forth, weaving theii' nests or 
tents in the fork of the branches.- If they are allowed by the careless 
cultivator to go on and multiply, as they soon do incredibly fast, they 
will in a few seasons, sometimes in a single year, inci-ease to such an ex- 
tent as almost to cover the branches. In this caterpillar state they live 
six or seven weeks, feeding most ferociously upon the leaves, and often 
stripping whole trees of their foliage. Their effect upon the tree at this 
period of the season, when the leaves are most important to the health 
of the tree and the growth of the fruit, is most deplorable. The crop is 
stunted, the health of the tree enfeebled, and, if they are allowed to re- 
main unmolested for several seasons, they will often destroy its life, or 
render it exceedingly decrepid and feeble. 

To destroy the caterpillar various modes are adopted. One of the 
most effectual is to touch the nest with a sponge, attached to the end 
of a pole, and dipped in strong spirits of ammonia or naphtha from coal- 
oil refinings ; the sponge should be turned slowly round in the nests, 
and every insect coming in contact will be instantly killed. Tliis should 
be done early in the season. Or they may be broiight down and 
destroyed with a round brusli fixed to the end of a pole, and worked 
about in the nests. On small trees they may be stripped off with the 
nand, and crushed under the foot ; and by this plain and simple mode, 
begun in time, with the aid cf a ladder, they may in a large orchard be 
most effectually kept under by a few moments' daily labor of a single 
man. As they do not leave their nests until nine in the morning, the 



THE APPLE. 65 

extirpator of caterpillars should always be abroad and busy before that 
time, and while they are all lying quietly in the nests. And let him 
never forget that he may do more in an hour, when he commences earlj' 
in the season, than he will in a whole day at a later period, when they 
are thoroughly scattered among the trees. If they are allowed to remain 
unmolested, they spin their cocoons about the middle of June, and in a 
fortnight's time comes forth from them a fresh brood of moths, which, 
if they are not put an end to by bonfires, will again lay the eggs of an 
infinite number of caterpillars for the next spring. 

The Canker-worm [Anisopteryx 2^ometaria of Harris) is in some 
parts of the country one of the worst enemies of the Apple, destroying 
also its foliage with great rapidity. It is not yet common here, but in 
some parts of New England it has become a serious enemy. The male 
is a moth, with pale ash-colored wings, with a black dot, a little more 
than an inch across. The female is wingless, oval, dark ash-colored 
above, and gray beneath. 

The canker-worm usually rises out of the ground very early in the 
spring, chiefly in March, as soon as the ground is free from frost ; 
though a few also find their way up in the autumn. The females, having 
no wings, climb slowly up the trunks of the trees, while the winged 
males hover about to pair with theru. Very soon after this, if we ex- 
amine the trees we shall see the eggs, of which every female lays some 
sixty or a himdred, glued over, closely arranged in rows, and placed in 
the forks of branches and among the young twigs. About the twentieth 
of May these eggs are hatched, and the canker-worms, dusky brown, or 
ash-colored, with a yellow stripe, make their appearance, and commence 
preying upon the foliage. When they are abundant they make rapid 
progress, and in places where the colony is firmly established, they will 
sometimes strip an orchard in a few days, making it look as if a fire had 
passed over it. After feeding about four weeks, they descend into the 
ground three or four inches, where they remain in a chrysalis form, to 
emerge again the next season. As the female is not provided with 
wings, they do not spread very rapidly from one place to another. 

The attacks upon the canker-worm should be chiefly made upon the 
female in her way from the ground up the trunk of the tree. 

The common mode of protecting Apple-trees is to surround the 
trunk with a belt or bandage of canvas, four or five inches wide, which 
is then thickly smeared with tar. In order to prevent the tar from 
soon becoming dry and hard, a little coarse train-oil must be well mixed 
with it ; and it should be watched and renewed as often as it appears 
necessary. This tarred belt catches and detains all the females on their 
upward journey, and prevents them from ascending the tree to lay their 
eggs. And if kept in order it will very efiectually deter and destroy 
them. When the canker-worm is abundant it is necessary to apply the 
tarred bandage in October, and let it remain till the last of May, but 
usually it will be sufficient to use it in the spring. It is probable that 
a mixture of coal-tar and common tar would be the best application, 
as it is more offensive, and will not so easily dry and become useless by 
exposure to the air and sun. Some persons apply the tar directly to the 
stems of the tree, but this has a very injurious effect upon the trank. 
Old India rubber, melted in an iron vessel over a very hot fire, forms a 
very adhesive fluid which is not affected by exposure to tne weather, 
and is considered, by those who have made use of it, the best substance 

5 



66 THE APPLE. 

for smeai'ins; the bandages, as beincr a more effectual barrier, and sel- 
dom or never requiring renewal. 

Mr. Jonathan Dennis, Jun., of Portsmouth, Rhode Island, has 
invented and patented a circular leaden trough, which surrounds the 
trunk of the tree, and is filled with oil, and stops effectually the ascent 
of the canker- worm. There appear, however, to be two objections to 
this trough, as it is frequently used ; one, the escape of the oil, if not 
carefully vised, wliich injures the tree ; and the other, the irjuiious 
effect of nailing the troughs to the bark or trunk. They shoidd be sup 
ported by wedges of wood driven in between the trough and the ti'unk, 
and the sj^aces completely filled up with liquid clay, put on with a brush. 
The insects must be taken out and the oil renewed from time to time. 
For districts where the canker-worm greatly abounds, this leaden trough 
is probably the most permanent and effectual remedy yet employed. 

Circular strips of zinc or tin, about four inches wide, passing around 
tte trunk of the tree, the lower end standing out in a flaring manner, 
resembling a bowl bottom upward, proves an effectual preventive remedy, 
as the insects cannot pass the lower rim. 

Experiments made by the Hon. John Lowell, and Professor Peck, of 
Massachusetts, lead to a belief that if the ground under trees which suffer 
from this insect is dug and well pulverized to the depth of five inches, in 
October, and a good top-dressing of lime applied as far as the branches 
extend, the canker-worm will there be almost entirely destroyed. The 
elm, and linden-trees in many places, suffer equally with the Apple from, 
the attacks of the canker-worm. 

The bark-louse, a dull white, oval, scale-like insect, about a tenth of an 
inch long (a species of coccus), which sometimes appears in great numbers 
on the stems of young Apple and Pear trees, and stunts their growth, 
may be destroyed by a wash of soft soap or the potash solution. The 
best time to apply these is in the month of June, when the insects are 
/oung, or when the tree is devoid of foliage. 

The woolly Aphis [aphis lanigera), or American blight* is a dreadful 
enemy of the Apple. It makes its appearance in the form of a minute 
white down in the crotches and crevices of the branches, which is com- 
posed of a great number of very minute woolly lice, that if allowed will 
increase with fearful rapidity, and produce a sickly and diseased state of 
the whole tree. Fortunately, this insect is easily destroyed. " This is 
effected by washing the parts with diluted sulphuric acid, which is formed 
by mixing three-fourths of an ounce by measure of the sulphuiic acid of 
the shops with seven and a half ounces of water. It should be rubbed 
into the parts affected by means of a piece of rag tied to a stick, the 
operator taking care not to let it touch his clothes. After the bark of a 
tree has been washed with this mixture, the first shower will redissolve 
it, and convey it into the most minute cre-vT.ce, so as effectually to destrcj' 
all insects that may have escaped." — [Loudon's Magazine, ix., p. 336.) 
It is the more common practice to destroy it by the use of whale-oil, soap 
or lime wash. 

The A2)ple-worm or Codling moth ( Carpocajysa p>omondla of Euro- 
pean writers) is the insect introduced with the Apple-tree from Europe 

* It is not a little sin^lar that this insect, which is not indigenous to thia 
country, and is never seen here except where introduced with imported trees, 
should be called in England the American blight. It is the most inveterate enemy 
of the Apple in the north of France and Germany. 



THE APPLE. 67 

which appears in the early worm-eaten Apples ana Pears in tl e foi m of 
a reddish white gi'ub, and causes the fruit to fall prematurely from the 
trees. The perfect insect is a small moth, the fore-wings gray, with a 
large round brown spot on the hinder margin. These moths appear iu 
the greatest numbers in the warm evenings of the first of June, and lay 
their eggs in the eye or blossom-end of the young fruit, especially of the 
early kinds of Apples and Pears. In a short time these eggs hatch, and 
the grub burrows its way till it reaches the core ; the fruit then ripens 
prematurely, and drops to the ground. Here the worm leaves the fruit 
and creeps into the crevices of the bark and hollow of the tree, and spins 
its cocoon, which usually remains there till the ensuing spring, when the 
young moth again emerges from it. The readiest way of destroying 
them, when it can be done conveniently, is to allow swine and poultry 
to run at large in the orchards when the premature fruit is falling ; or 
otherwise the fruit may be picked up daily and placed where the worms 
will be killed. It is said that if an old cloth is placed in the crotch of 
the tree about the time the fruit begins to drop, the Apple-worm will 
make it a retiring-place, and thousands may be caught and killed from 
time to time. As the cocoons are deposited chiefly under the old loose 
bark, the thorough cultivator will take care, by keeping the trunks of his 
trees smooth, to afford them little harbor ; and by scraping and wash- 
iiag the trunks early in the spring, to destroy such as may have already 
taken up their quarters there. 

When the fruit of orchards is much liable to the attacks of this 
insect, we cannot too much insist on the efficacy of small bonfires lighted 
in the evening, by which myriads of this and all other moths may be 
destroyed before they have time to deposit their eggs and cause worm- 
eaten fruit. 

A simple preventive remedy, or method of trapping the insect when 
in the grub form, has been introduced by Dr. J. P. Trimble, of New 
Jersey, and consists in twisting a band or rope of hay, long enough to 
pass three or four times around the body of the tree, and putting it 
thereon, " securing its ends so as to prevent its becoming loose ; as soon 
as the fruit shows signs of the worms being at work, or from the middle 
to the last of June. They should be examined every two weeks, as long 
as the warm weather lasts, the earlier broods of worms becoming moths 
and producing a second ci'op. If the orchard is pastured, the bands must 
of course be put out of the reach of animals. Sometimes it may be neces- 
sary to place them around the limbs ; in that case the scales of rough 
bark on the body of the tree below them should be scraped off." 

The JBlight, which occasionally kills suddenly the ends of the limbs 
of the apple and the quince, is caused by an insect {Sostrichus hicauda- 
tus) which affects the small twigs, by penetrating the wood at the axi] 
of a leaf, and causing it to wither. It is designated the Twig blight. 
Little or no injury results, but it is always well to cut away the injured 
twig just below the wound. 

The Apple-bark Heetle ( Tomicus mali), described by Fitch, is a small, 
smooth, black or chestnut-red beetle ; the larvae feed under the bark and 
then enter the wood, sometimes killing the young tree. 

GATHERING AND KEEPING THE FRUIT. 

[n order to secure soundness and preservation, it is indispensably 



68 THE APPLE. 

necessary that the fruit should be gathered by hand. For winter fruil 
the gatliering is delayed as long as possible, avoiding severe frosts ; .and 
the most successful practice with our extensive orchardists is to ]>lace the 
good fru.it directly, in a careful manner, in new, tight flour-barrels as 
soon as gathered from the tree. These barrels should be gently shaken 
while fillii^g, and the head closely pressed in ; they are then placed in a 
cool, shady exposure, under a shed open to the air, or on the nox'th side 
of a building, protected by covering of boards over the top, where they 
remain for a fortnight, or until the cold becomes too severe, when they 
are carefully transferred to a cool, dry cellar, in which air can be admit- 
ted occasionally in brisk weather. 

Another method, by some regarded as superior, and tending to keep 
the fruit longer and better, is to gather carefully, in a dry day, as late as 
possible in the fall, and place the fruit on a floor, or in open bins, from 
one foot to sixteen inches in depth. After about a week examine, and 
if the dampness, commonly called sweat, has passed oflT, prepare a good 
clean barrel, and as each fruit is placed in the barrel, see that it is made 
perfectly dry by wiping it with a soft cloth. As soon as the baiTcl is 
filled, head it up securely and place it in a cool, dry cellar. 

A cellar for this purpose should be dug in dry, gravelly, or sandy 
soil, with, if possible, a slope to the north ; or, at any rate, with open- 
ings on the north side for the admission of air very rarely in w^eather 
not excessively cold. Here the barrels should be placed in tiers on their 
sides, and the cellar should be kept as dark as possible. In such a cellar, 
one of the largest apple-growers in Dutchess County is able to keep the 
Greening Apple, which, in the frixit-room, usually decays in January, 
until the 1st of April, in the freshest and finest condition. Some per- 
sons place a layer of clean rye-straw between every layer of apples, when 
packing them in the barrels. 

Apples are frequently kept by farmers in pits or ridges in the ground, 
covered with straw and a layer of earth, in the same manner as potatoes; 
but it is an inferior method, and the fruit very speedily decays when 
opened to the air. The English apple-growers lay their fruit in heaps, 
in cool, dry cellars, and cover them with straw. 

Yaiious plans and methods have been designed for the keeping of 
fruit, few, if any of which are found practically adapted to the general 
wants of a family. Among those most prominent is the Roberts Fruit 
House, wliich is constructed by forming a room inside of an ice-house, 
having the ice aroimd the sides and overhead ; and wdth an arrangement 
for drainage below, by means of a pipe beneath the floor, and a condens- 
ing-tube inside the chamber or fruit-room. 

The Nyce Fruit House is constructed with upright walls, sheeted on 
the ixiside and outside with sheet-iron, nailed to upright studding, and 
having the inside space closely packed with sawdust or chafl'. Above 
the fruit-room is a floor of galvanized ii-on, on which ice, fi^e to six feet 
in depth, is packed, and from it a tube or pipe is led off, for the purpose 
of conveying the water as the ice melts. Below the floor of the fruit- 
room, which is also of galvanized iron, shavings three feet thick are first 
laid, and then coated with tar and pitch, to prevent any rise of mois- 
ture from below. The temperat\ire is kept at all seasons at just above 
the freezing-point, and the moisture from the fruit engendered in the 
room is absorbed by the use of " bittern " from salt-works. This absorp- 
tion of moisture by n\eans of chloride of calcium, or the waste bitte^'n of 



THE APPLE. 69 

5alt--works, is the principal feature of novelty in this house. But while 
u])on a large scale these fruit-houses are found of value, their ado]:)tion 
involves too mucli of expense in their first construction, and too great 
care, to meet the wants of the general fruit-grower. When a fruit- 
house or room is to be constructed, aside from the cellar, under the barn 
or dwelling, select a location where complete drainage can be had. Ex- 
cavate so as that the lower fruit-room will be about two-thirds of its 
height under ground ; lay the outside wall, and then, leaving a sj)ace of 
four inches, lay another inside cement wall. Construct windows so as 
to give free circulation, and yet keep the room dark by having blinds 
on the outer side, and sash opening on the inner wall. For winter, 
double sash will be required. For the upper room, the sa,me principle 
of forming a double wall, leaving a space of at least four inches, is to be 
continued, and the arrangement of shelves or drawers through the cen- 
tre, keeping a passage open all around, may be made to meet the wants 
for which the room is to be used. 

When apples are exported, each fruit in the barrel should be wrapped 
in clean soft paper, and the barrels should be placed in a dry, airy place 
between decks. 

CIDER. 

To make the finest cider, Apples should be chosen which are espe- 
cially suited to'this piirpose. The fruit should be gathered about the 
first of November, and coarse cloths or straw should be laid under the 
tree, to secure them against bruising when they are shaken from the tree. 
If the weather is fine the fruit is allowed to lie in heaps in the open air, 
or in airy sheds or lofts for some time, till it is thoroughly ripened. All 
immature and rotten fruit should then be rejected, and the remainder 
ground in the mLill as nearly as possible to a uniform mass. This pulp 
should now remain in the vat from 24 to 48 hours, or even longer if the 
weather is cool, in order to heighten the color and increase the saccharine 
principle. It is then put into the press (without wetting the straw), from 
whence the liquor is strained, through hair-cloth or sieves, into perfectly 
clean, sweet, sound casks. The casks, with the bung out, are then placed 
in a cool cellar, or in a sheltered place in the open air. Here the fermen- 
tation commences, and as the pomace and froth work out of the bung- 
hole, the casks must be filled up every day with some of the same press- 
ing, kept in a cask for this purpose. In two or three weeks this rising will 
cease, when the fiist fermentation is over, and the bung should at first be 
put in loosely — then in a day or two driven in tight — leaving a small vent- 
hole near it, which may also be stopped in a few days after. If the casks 
ire in a cool airy cellar the fermentation will cease in a day or two, and 
this state may be known by the liquor becoming clear and bright, by the 
cessation of the discharge of fixed air, and by the thick crust which has 
collected on the surface. The clear cider should now be drawn off and 
placed in a clean cask. If the cider, which must be carefully watched in 
this state, to prevent the fermentation going too far, remains quiet, it may 
be allowed to stand till spring, and the addition at first of about a gill of 
finely powdered charcoal to a barrel will secure this end ; but if a scum 
collects on the surface, and the fermentation seems inclined to proceed 
further, it must be immediately racked again. The vent-spile may now 
be driven tight, but examined occasionally. In the beginning of March 



70 THE APPLE. 

a final racking sliould take place, when, should the cider Tiot be perfectly 
fine, about three-fourths of an ounce of isinglass should be dissolved in 
the cider and poured in each barrel, which will render it perfectly clear 
It may be bottled now, or any period befoi'e the blossoming of the Apple 
or afterwards, late in May. When bottling, fill the bottles within, an 
inch of the bottom of the cork, and allow the bottles to stand an hour 
before the corks are driven. They should then be sealed and kept in a 
cool cellar, with clean dry sand up to theii necks, or laid on their sides 
in boxes or bins, with the same between each layer. 

VARIETIES. 

The varieties of the Apple at the present time are very numerous. 
The garden of the Horticultural Society of London, which contains the 
most complete collection of fruit in the world, enumerates now, 1845, 
about 900 varieties, and nearly 1500 have been tested there. Of these 
the larger proportion are of course inferior ; but it is only by comparison 
in su.ch an experimental garden that the value of the diflerent varieties 
for a certain climate can be fully ascertained. 

The European Apples generally are, in this climate, inferior to our 
first-rate native sorts, though many of them are of high merit also with 
us. There is much confusion in regard to names of Apples, and the 
variation of fruits from soil, location, or other causes, makes it difficult 
to identify the kinds, and until they are brought together and fruited on 
the same ground the certainty of their nomenclature will not be estab- 
lished. New varieties of Apples are constantly springing up in thib 
country from the seed, in favorable soils ; and these, when of superior 
quality, may, as a general rule, be considered much more valuable for 
orchard culture than foreign sorts, on account of their greater produc- 
tiveness and longevity. Indeed every State has some fine Apples pecu- 
liar to it, and it is therefore impossible in the present state of pomology 
in this country to give a complete list of the finest Apples of the United 
States. To do this will require time, and an extended and careful exa- 
mination of their relative merits collected in one garden. The following 
descriptions comprise all the finest American and foreign vai-ieties yet 
known in our gardens, 

CLASSIFICATION. 

The distinctive characters of fruits have, during the past quarter of a 
century, become so much intermingled and hybridized that, after carefully 
studying them, and comparing them with the orders of classification 
adopted by authors, we have come to the conclusion that no definite 
order can safely be made to embrace them. Forms, colors, growths, and 
periods of ripening are so much interwoven and distributed as to defy 
all arbitrary rules of classification, and hence we have without hesitation 
abandoned it entirely, substituting in our work the simple order of the 
alphabet as confined to names, believing such course will prove the most 
available and useful. 

TERMS USED IN DESCRIBING APPLES. 

In identifying fruits, not only certain forms and features of the fruit 
itself are desii-able, to have a definite description under plain and intelli* 



THE APPLE. 



•1 



gible terms, but often the form of the growth of the tree, as well as the 
color of its young wood, are essential to a clear knowledge for decision, 
The form and general appearance of a fruit may be changed by soil or 
climate, but the general habit of growth and color of the yoimg wood ia 
always the same, and in the ensuing pages this latter point has been 
kept in view and recorded, so far as knowledge could be obtained, 
respecting valuable varieties. 

The terms used we have sought to make simple and uniform, and 
within the comprehension of all, rather than scientific. In describing 
trees, the character designed to be represented is that of the orchard, 
or trees in a healthy bearing condition, and the growth is said to be 
strong and vigorous, as the Rhode Island Greening, or Baldwin ; vigor- 
ous and slender, as the Jonathan or Winesap ; stout and short-jointed, as 
Jersey Sweet or Primate ; mediurn and vigorous, as Fameixse, or Maiden's 
Blush. And for the general form of the tree, the word upright spread- 
ing is used to designate such as Baldwin ; spreading, as the Rhode 
Island Greening ; round-headed, as in the Early Hai-vest ; upright, as 
with Benoni. In describing fruits, the word hase means tliat part of the 
fruit in which the stem is planted ; and apex, the blossom end, or crown, 
as it is sometimes termed. Forms are so much interwoven, as it were, 
one with another, that we have selected but four as the primary bases on 
which all others are built, and are subsidiary. 





Oblate. 





Conical. 



Oblong. 



These primary forms are roundish, ohlate, conical, and oblong. The 
terms round, roundish, or globular, are sometimes used in connection, 
rather as qualifying expressions than as distinctive ; for while the word 
roundish, which indicates the height and diameter as nearly equal, ap" 



72 THE APPLE, 

plies to many fruits, there is no perfectly round or globular apple 
known, 

Ohlate indicates the height as much lesa than diameter. Conical, is 
when the fruit is roundish, having the apex end contracted. Oblonr/, is 
when the fruit is longer than broad, and having the apex and base of 
nearly the same breadth. Connected and subsidiary terms, such as 
i'oundish, conical, or conic, are when the Apple unites the two primary 
forms of roundish and conical ; or elongated conical, or conic, when the 
length is considerably beyond the breadth. Truncate conic, is when ;he 
fruit is flattened at the apex. Hihhed, or obscurely ribbed, when the 
surface has rising lines and channels from apex to base. Oblique, is 
when the fruit presents the appearance as of being one-sided, or when 
the axis is inclined to one side. Oblate, not symmetric, or sides unequal, 
when* one side is less than the other. Corrugated, having depressed 
lines, furrows, or wrinkles. Acute, when narrowing to a sharp point. 
Obtuse, round or blunt. Abrupt, when the dejjression breaks oiF sud- 
denly. 

In designating the quality of fruits, the terms of the American 
Pomological Society have been adopted ; but it must be remembered 
that these terms apply strictl}- and only to the actual quality of the fruit 
as a dessert sort. 

Some varieties classed as best, and which are strictly of the highest 
quality as fruit, are, nevertheless, unprofitable as varieties to grow, 
except by the amateur, while many to which the term very good, or very 
good to best, is applied, are known to be highly valuable and profitable 
for market, as well as excellent for the dessert. 



APPLES. 

Abbott. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, obscurely ribbed, greenish- 
yellow, shaded and striped with red, few light and brown dots. Stalk 
long, cavity broad, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, imeven. 
Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. Core medium. Yery good 
December to March. 

Abbott's Sweet. 

Origin, New Hampshire. 

Fruit rather above medium, roundish, conical, yellow, covered with 
stripes and blotches of red, and many white dots. Flesh white, tendei', 
juicy, and pleasant. Very sweet. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

Abbott's Five-Sided Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, splashed and striped 
«ith two shades of red, light-gray dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. Core small. October and November. 



THE APPLE. 73 



A BR AM. 



Origin unknown. Grown extensively in Eastern Virginia and North 
Carolina. 

Emit below medium, roundish, yellow shaded, and sj)lashed with red. 
Many light dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. " Good." Decembei 
to March. 

Ackxam's Eusset. 
Aclemy Russet. 

Origin, Acklam, England. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, some 
gray russet and yellowish-gray specks. Flesh whitish, iirin, crisp, sub- 
acid. " Good." November to Februaiy. 

Adams. 

Originated with James Adams, Union, Perm. Tree quite strong, 
vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red and russet netting. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx generally open. Segment long, reflexed. Basin large, abrupt. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic. Very good. January 
to April. 

Adams Pearmain. 
Norfolk Pippin. Matchless. 

Origin unknown. Tree a free, healthy grower. Young shoots 
Good beai-er. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, pale yel- 
low, shaded, mottled and splashed with red, with many light dots. 
Flesh yellow, crisp, firm, juicy, rich, brisk, subacid, slightly aromatic 
Very good. December to Februaiy. 

Agate D'Enckhutsen. 

Origin, EnckliuyseD, Holland. Tree upright. Young shoots slender, 
dark reddish. 

Fru.it small or medium, conical, clear yellowish green, and with 
many small dots. Calyx large, open, or nearly so. Segments large. 
Basin deep. Stalk short, stout. Cavity acute, deep. Flesh white, very 
fine grained, rather firm, juicy, sugary, perfumed. January to March 
(Verg.) 

Agathe. 

Pdmme Double Agathe. 

Origin, Limbourg, Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit 
medium or large, conical oblate, deep yellow in the shade, bright red- 
cheek in sun. Many conspicuous gray dots. Flesh yello wish-white. 



74 THE APPLB. 

sometimes slightly rose-colored, tender, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Core 
large, oijen. October to February. (An. Poin.) 

AoNEs's. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit lather below medium, oblate, 
Bomewhat oblique. Skin yellowish, striped, and shaded with red, and 
sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short and small, inserted in a 
large cavity. Calyx closed, in a medium basin. Flesh tender, with a 
spicy, pleasant, subacid flavor. " Good." September, October. 

AlLES. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa., of vigorous growth, and productive. Frtiit 
large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity 
narrow. Calyx in a round moderate basin. Flesh yellow, fine, crisp, 
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. Highly esteemed for cooking, 
not in eating till spring, and will keep till midsvmimer. 

Alant. 

Pomme d'Aunee. 

Probably of German origin. Tree slender, short jointed. Young 
shoots reddish-brown. 

Fruit medium, truncated conic, greenish-yellow, with indistinct dots. 
Calyx small. Basin deep. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh yellow, 
tender, juicy, with a cinnamon aroma. Winter. (Yerg.) 

Alexander. 

Emperor Alexander. Russian Emperor. Aporta. 

Victoria, incorrectly. 

A very large, showy Russian variety. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
productive. Fruit very large, regularly formed, conical. Skin greenish- 
yellow, faintly streaked with red on the shaded side, but orange, bril- 
liantly streaked, and marked with bright red in the sun. Calyx large, 
set in a deep basin. Stalk rather slender, three-fourths of an inch long, 
planted in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, and 
juicy, with a rather pleasant flavor. Good. October to December. 

Alfriston. 

Lord Gwydr's Newtown Pippin. Oldaker's New 

Shepherd's Pippin. Baltimore, incorrectly. 

A third-rate Apple, valued in England for cooking. FruiO large, 
roundish, a little ribbed, and rather broadest at the base, pale gi'eenish- 
yellow. Flesh yellowish-white, crisp, tender, with a tolerable, some- 
what acid flavor. Good. October to Januaiy. 

Allemand. 

Pepin d'Or AUemand. 

Of Hanoverian origin. Tree a slender grower. Fruit small, coni- 
cal truncated, pale yellow, with pearl-color spots. Flesh yellow, fine, 
tender, s\igary vinous. Winter. (Virg.) 



the apple, 75 

Allen's Choice. 

Origin, Peimsylvania. Fruit medium, oblate, sides unequal, yel- 
low, mostly shaded, and strijjed with red. Flesh white, stained with 
red, coarse, crisp, juicy, aromatic. " Good." January. 

Allen's Pippin. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree upright, productive. Fruit medium, 
oblate, greenish-yellow. Flesh whitish, tender, mild, subacid. Good, 
October to December. 

All-Hallows. 

Origin from seed by Richard H. Graves, Ireland. Fruit medium, 
roundish, handsome. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant. October and 
November. A new variety, not yet fully tested in this country. 

All-Summer. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree slow growth, spreading, an annual 
bearer, and very productive. Fruit small, oblate, greenish waxy yellow, 
slight tinge of red in sun. Stalk slender. Calyx -small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, pleasant. Almost " very good." July and August. 

Allum. 

Hallum. Kockingham Red. 

Much grown iu northern N. Carolina ; valuable chiefly because of 
its productiveness and for its keeping properties. Fruit medium, oblate, 
irregular, deep red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, with a brisk 
acid flavor. Good. January to April. 

Alsace. 

Origin, Alsace Township, Pa. Fruit medium, conical, whitish-yel- 
low, blush in sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant. " Good." January 
to March. (Pa. Hort.) 

Amelia. 

Of European origin. Fruit medium, rcundish, conical, pale yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely splashed with two shades of crimson. Flesh 
whitish, firm, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. January and Febni 
ary. 

«. 

American Beauty. 

Sterling Beauty. Beauty of Aiaerica. 

Origin, Sterling, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive, an annual bearer. 
Wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, form roundish, slightly* inclining to conic, obscurely 
ribbed. Color a yellow ground mostly covered with red, which is quite 
dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with small light and brown dots. Stalk 
rather short, somewhat slender. Cavity medium, with russet, the rays of 
which sometimes extend out over a portion of the fruit. Calyx small. 



76 



THE APPLE. 



closed. Segments medium, slightly recurved. BasLii medium, uneven, 
Flesli yellowish, rather compact, tender, juicy, rich mild, subacid, aro- 
Q)atic, Core small. Very good. December to April. 

Americaa^ Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin. New York Greening. 

Ribbed Pippin. Newtown Greening. 

Golding. Golden Apple. 

This old Apple is one of our finest American fruits, and seems not 
to be generally known. It has been cultivated more than fifty years, 
and is considered one of the most profitable for orchard culture and mar- 
keting; it is also a superior Ap2:»le for family use. Growth strong, 
similar to E.. I. Greening, but less drooping, making a round, spreading 
head ; does not bear young, but very productive when a little advanced, 
and a popular fruit where known. Wood dark reddish, downy, with pro- 
minent flattened buds. 

Fruit medium to large; form roundish oblate, inclining to conic 
obscurely ribbed ; color yellow, sometimes a brownish blush in sun, thinly 




American Golden Pippin. 

sprinkled with gray dots, often slightly netted with thin russet.* Stalk 
short, moderately stout. Cavity large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments 
pointed, slightly recurved. Basin broad, open, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish, breaking juicy, rather coarse, rich, aromatic, subacid. Core 
rather large. Very good. November to February. 

American Golden E,usset. 



Golden Russet. 
Sheep Nose. 

The American Golden Russet is one of the most delicious and tender 



Bullock's Pippin. 
Little Pearmain, 



ll 



THE APPLE. 



77 



Apples, its flesh resembling more in texture that of a buttery Pear thac 
that of an ordinary Apple. It is widely cultivated at the West and 
in New England as the Grolden Russet, and though neither handsome nor 
large, is still a universal favorite, from its great productiveness and- 
admirable flavor. The uncouth name of Coxe, jShee^^nose, is nearly 
obsolete, except in New Jersey, and we therefore adopt the present one, 
to which it is well entitled. The tree is thrifty, with upright shoots, dull 
reddish grayish brown. ^ 

Fruit below medium size, roundish-ovate, dull yellow, sprinkled with 
a very thin russet. Stalk rather long and slender. Calyx closed, and 
set in a rather narrow basin. Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a 
mild, rich, spicy flavor. Best. October to January, 




American Golden Eusset. 



American Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, round, and regular. Fruit mediiun. 
oblong conic, yellow, streaked with lively red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy. 
August. (Coxe.) 

American Pippin. 

Stone. Grindstone. 

Tree thrifty, spreading, with crooked shoots. Valuable only for its 
late keeping and for cider. 

Fruit of medium size and regular form, oblate, dull red in patches 
and stripes, on a dull green ground. Flesh white, firm, juicy, with a 
somewhat brisk, acid flavor. Good. Keeps till June. 

American Plate. 
Origin unknown. Tree of slow growth, hardy, very productive. 



78 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit small, roundisli, oblate, greenish, with a brown tinore. Flesh 
crisp, juicy, pleasant. December and January. (Ron.) 

American Summer Pearmain. 
Early Summer Pearmaiu. 

A rich, highly-flavored fruit, much esteemed where it is knoAvn. It 
appears to be quite diftel-eut from the Summer Pearmain (of the English), 
and is probably a seedling raised from it. It ripens gradually from the 
tenth of August to the last of September. Tree moderately vigorous, 
with slender branches, round-headed. Young shoots dull reddish-brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, widest at the crown, and tapering slight- 
ly to the eye. Skin red, spotted with yellow in the shade, but streaked 




American Summer Pearmain. 



with livelier red and yellow on the sunny side. Stalk three-fonrths of 
an inch long, and pretty deeply inserted. Eye deeply sunk. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
■ellow, remarkably tender, with a rich and pleasant flavor, and often 
bursts in falling from the tree. Quality best. Core naedium. 

Ananas. 

Eother Ananas. Bromelia Ananas. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, streaked with bright red in the sun, 
brown spots in shade. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, open. Calyx 



THE APPLE. 79 

irregular, open. Basin deep Flesh white, tender, jnicy, subacid, per 
fumed. Excellent. October. (Al. Pom.) 

Ananas de Liege. 
Calville Ananas de Liege. Lutticher Ananas Calville. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous, with long, joinlod, 
dark-reddish shoots. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish, with patches of brown or 
brownish russet. Calyx large. Basin deep, abrupt. Stalk short. Cavity 
large and deep. Flesh white, half-fine, firm, a little dry, subacid. Cook 
ing. January, February. (Verg.) 

Angle. 

Medium, roundish, yellow, nearly covered with stripes and splashes 
of light and dark red, with white dots. Flesh yellow, tender, sweet and 
good, fair and handsome. Good. First of September. 

Anglo-American. 

Raised by W. H, Read, Canada West. Tree vigorous and produc 
tive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, marbled, striped and splashed with 
bright red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a cavity of moderate 
depth. Calyx closed. Segments long, partly recurved. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Very good. August, Sep 
tember. 

Archiduc Antoine. 

Tree upright, vigorous. Young shoots reddish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow green, dotted with inconspicuous 
small brown dots. Calyx half open. Basin small. St^lk rather long. 
Cavity deep. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, subacid. Early 
winter. (Yerg.) 

Aromatic Carolina. 

Origin, Pomaria, South Carolina. Tree vigorous, hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, sides unequal, light yellow, slightly 
streaked with pale red. Flesh moderately firm, crisp, pleasant, mild, 
subacid, aromatic. Yery good. August and September. William 
Sumner says this is exceedingly tender and melting, and in season. aU 
July. 

Aromatic Russet. 

An English Apple, of vigorous, upright, rather slender growth, hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, truncate conic, greenish, with a thin gray 
russefc, and a tinge of diiU red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, 
brisk, subacid, aromatic. November, February. (Lind.) 

ASHLAJTD. 

Origin, Clermont Co., O. Tree upright, moderate grower, a good and 
annual bearer. 



80 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, approaching conic, truncate, yellowish, striped and 
shaded with carmine, and considerably sprinkled with large light dots. 
Stalk small and short, inserted in a large open cavity surrounded by 
greenish russet. Calyx open, set in a round, abrupt basin. Flesh yel- 
low, tender, juicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. Very 
good. January to April. 

Ashmead's Kernel. 

A variety from Gloucestershire, England. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish, oblate, greenish yellow, with tinge of brown- 
ish orange in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. 
November to May. (Lind.) 

ASHMORE. 
Red Ashmore. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, form roundish oblate, inclining to conical, generally 
regular; color whitish yellow, washed or shaded with rich bright red, 
obscurely splashed, moderately sprinkled with light and gi'ay dots. Skin 
glossy, smooth. Stalk medium; cavity bi'oad, deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx small, finely closed. Segments erect. Basin deep, open, slightly 
uneven. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very 
good. October, November. 

Striped Ashmore is claimed by some as a distinct variety, differing 
only in its coloring. 

ASTERUS. 

• D'Asterus. Strifling d'Hiver. 

An English variety, vakiable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with some dull red streaks. Flesh firm, 
rich, subacid or acid. January to April. (Ron.) 

Augustine. 

Large, roundish, conic, yellow, striped with red, sweet and dry. 
August. 

Augustus Peaemain. 

An English variety. Friiit small to medium, roundish conical, 
yellow, with streaks of red, deepest in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Stalk short, and having a knobby attachment. Flesh tender, j uicy, vinous, 
aromatic. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Aunt Anna. 

Aunt Anna's Seedling. 

Introduced by John Reeder, South Chai-leston, Ohio. Fruit medium, 
oblate, yellow, finely striped with red. Flesh yellow, tender, rather diy. 
(O. P. S. Rep.) 



the apple. 81 

Aunt's Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree small, delicate, very prodiiclive. Fruit 
large, oblong, yellow, mostly covered and streaked with a lively red 
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, not rich. Nov' ember. (Coxe.) 

Aunt Hannah. 

Origin, Essex Co., Mass. Tree of slow gi-owth. Fruit medium, 
oblate, nearly globular. Skin golden yellowish, sprinkled with russet. 
Stem short, inserted in a cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin very shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, with a rich peculiar 
flavor, slightly musky. Good. December to February. 

Aunt Susan's Favorite. 

Originated from seed, by Mrs. Susan Tippet, in Missouri, about 
twenty-live years since. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, round open head, 
good and regular bearer. Fruit large, roundish, flattened, light yellow, 
shaded and striped with shades of deep and light red. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, jmcy, mild, subacid. 
Good. August. (M. S. H. Soc.) 

Austin Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree irregular spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots and patches of russet. Stalk short and small ; 
cavity, wide open, deep, russeted. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh white, moderately jnicy, rich, sweet. 
Very good. Core medium. September to December. 

Autumn Golden Pippin. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous. Fruit small, lemon-yel- 
low, Kttle russeted. Flesh rich, and delicious flavor. (Bon.) 

Autumn Pearmain. 

Winter Pearmain. 

A slow-growing tree, biit attains a large size. Branches slender, 
spreading. Fruit of medium si2;e, roundish, narrowing gradually toward 
the eye. Color brownish-yellow, mixed with green on the shaded side, 
but next the sun reddish, blended with yellow, streaked with deeper red, 
and sprinkled with numerous small brown specks. Stalk short, obliquely 
planted under a fleshy lip. Calyx small, set in a broad shallow basin, 
which is sometimes scarcely at all sunk, and obscurely plaited. Flesh 
pale yellow, crisp, firm, a little dry, but rich and high flavored. Core 
rather small. QuaKty very good. October to March. 

Autumn Bomanite. 

Originated on the farm of Jacob Nicely, Cumberland Co., Pa. Fruit 
medium, round, somewhat flattened, beautiful red. Flesh yellow, plea^ 
sant. September. (A. Pom. S. Bep.) 

6 



82 the applk. 

Autumn Rose. 

Roseau d'Automne. 

An old English variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. Fmit medium, 
red on bright rich yellow, russet at the stem. Flesh yellow, rich, 
juicy, tender, high flavored. September. (Coxe.) 

Autumnal Swaar. 

Fall Swaar of West. 

Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit large, 
roundish, conic, orange-yellow, netted with russet, and sprinkled -wdth star- 
shaped dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, deep, slightly inisseted. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin deep, abi-upt, and con-ugated. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, tender, with a pleasant, rich, mild, slightly aromatic sub- 
acid flavor. Core small. Very good. September 

Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Late Bough. Sweet Bellflower. 

Fall Bough. Philadelphia Sweet. 

White Sugar ? 

Origin unknown. Tree \igorous, upright, round-headed, very pro- 
ductive. One of the very best dessert sweet Apples of its season. 
Fruit medium, conical, angular, smooth, pale yellow, sprinkled with a 
few brown dots. Stalk of medium length, rather slender, inserted in a 
deep narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin deep, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, very tender, with a sweet, refreshing, vinous flavor. 
Very good. Last of August to fii'st of October. 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar. 

Sweet Swaar. Sweet Golden Pippin. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Fruit 
medium, oblate, inclining to conic, deep yellow, with occasional blush 
in sun. Stalk rather long, slender. Cavity broad and even. Calyx 
closed. Basin round, open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, mode- 
rately juicy, rich and sweet. Core medium. Very good. September, 
October. 

Autumn Seek-no-farther. 
Dr. Watson. 

Origin unknown. A variety considerably grown in Indiana, where 
it is much esteemed. Tree moderately Adgoroiis, spreading, productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes uneqi^al. Color greenish-white, 
shaded, and splashed in the sl^n with dtill crimson. Stalk of medium 
length. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx open. Basin large, rather deep. 
Flesh whitii- h-yellow, rather firm, juicy, rich, subacid. Core medium. 
Very good. September, October. 



THE APPLE. * 83 

AVERILL. 

Wolf's Den. 

Origin, Pomfret, Conn. Tree vigorous, productive. Fruit rather 
large, irregularly conic, angular, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with red. Stem short and stout, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very shallow slightly furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. February to 
June. 

Baccolinus. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit small, 
roundish to roundish oblong, whitish, shaded and splashed with light and 
dark red. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, vinous. Core email. Good. 
January to April. 

Bachelor's Blush. 

Origin unknown. An annual moderate bearer. Fruit rather large, 
form oblate depressed, often obscurely ribbed, color yellowish with blush 
in sun, sprinkled with a few light and gray dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity large, deep. Caljrs open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, un- 
even. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. 
Yery good. August and September. 

Bachelor's Glory. 

An English variety. Fruit large, rovmdish, irregularly ribbed, golden 
yellow with crimson stripes. Calyx closed. Segments flat. Stalk medium. 
Cavity deep, funnel-shaped. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Oc- 
tober, November. (Hogg.) 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 

Origin, York, England. Tree vigorous. 

Emit large, roundish conic, yellowish with dull green shade. Flesh 
tender. Good. December to January. (Bon.) 

Baddow Pippin. 

Kibston Pippin, Spring. 

An English dessert Apple, valued for its keeping properties. Fruit 
medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellowish green, with dull red in the 
Bun. Stalk short. Calyx large, open Flesh whitish, fii-m, crisp, rich 
vinous. Good. April to May. 

Bailey's Golden. 

Origin, Kennebec Co., Maine. Tree productive. Fruit large, oblong, 
flattened at base and crown, yellowish, slightly russeted, with a warm 
cheek. Stalk short, surrounded by lusset in abroad deep cavity. Calyx 
large and open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, with a pleasant subacid 
flavor. Good. January to March. 



84 • the apple. 

Bailey's Spice. 

Oiigin, Plattsbing, N. Y. Tree moderate!}- vigorous and productive. 
Fruit iiiediuui, i-ouudish conical, light yellow, bometinies a faint blush. 
Stalk )ather long, slender. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basin 
abni])t, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Core large. Nearly very good. September and October. 

Bailey's Sweet. 
Edgerly's Sweet. Howard's Sweet. Paterson's Sweet. 

Origin unknown, introduced by J. Edgerly of Perry, Wyoming Co., 
N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, u}n'iglit, spreading, productive. 

This variety is regarded as profitable for all purposes, although per- 
haps a little too tender skin for shipping long distances. Fruit large, 
foi'm roundish conical, often approaching oblong, obscurely ribbed, color 
yellowish, mostly shaded and obscurely striped with red, and thickly 
spi'inkled with minute dots. Stalk short and rather small, insei-ted in a 
narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a naiTow ii-regular basin 
Flesh white, tender, not very juicy, almost melting, with a honeyed sweet 
flavor. Core rather large. Very good. November to March. 

Baker. 
Scott. 

Origin, Ridgefield, Ct. Tree vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer, 
yoimg wood reddish brown, with prominent round buds. In its native 
locality this Apple is highly esteemed both for market and cooking pur- 
poses. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, mostly 
shaded and splashed with shades of crimson. Stalk short, moderately 
stout. Cavity regular, medium. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corj-ugated. Flesh yellomsh, rather coarse, often 
tinged ^vith crimson near the skin, pleasant subacid. Very good. Core 
small. October to February. 

Baker's Sweet. 
Winter G-olden Sweet. Long Stem Sweet. Late Golden Sweet. 

An old fruit of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and much cultivated 
there. Tree moderately vigorous, slender, somewhat resembling Jonathan. 
Wood clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, of a golden yellow color, with some patches 
of russet. Stalk long, inserted in a lai'ge smooth cavity. Calyx closed. 
Rather large basin. Flesh yellow, rich, exceedingly sacchai-ine and plea- 
Bant. Good to very good. November, December. 

Balm. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, oblate conical, yellowish, mostly 
covered with red. Stalk slender. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild, pleasant. Good. October. 



THE APPLE. 



»!) 



Woodpecker. 
Felch ? 



Baldwin. 

Pecker. 

Red Baldwin. 



Steele's Red Winter. 
Butters. 



The Baldwin standi at the head of all Kew England Apples, and is 
•jnquestionably a first-rate fruit in all i-espects. It is a native of Massa- 
chusetts, and is more largely cultivated for the Boston market than an_y 
other sort. It bears most abundantly with us, and we have had the 
satisfaction of raising larger, more beautiful, and highly flavored speci- 
mens here than we ever saw in its native region. The Baldwin in flavor 
and general characteristics evidently belongs to the same family as our 
Esopiis Spitzenberg, and deserves its extensive popularity. 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. Young shoots dull 
reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, and narrowing a little to the eye. Color yellow 
in the shade, but nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and 
orange in the sun, dotted with a few russet dots, and with radiating 
streaks of russet about the stalk. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow 
plaited basin. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender 
for so large a fruit, planted in an even, moderately deep cavity. Flesh 




yellowish white, crisp, with that agreeable mingling of the saccharine an a 
acid which constitxites a rich, high flavor. Very good. The tree is a 
vigorous upright grower, and bears most abundantly. Ripe from No- 
vember to March, but with us is in perfection in January.* 

* The Baldwin, like nearly all other varieties of winter fruits, originated in the 
Northern and Eastern States ; when grown in Southern latitudes they become 



8f 



THE APPLE. 



Baldwin Sweet. 

Fniit rather large, roundish, yellow, striped and shaded wiih red 
Flesh yellow, rather compact, sweet and good. Productive. October 
January. 



Cable's Gilliflower. 



Baltimore. 
Baltimore Pippin. 



Royal Pippin 



Origin unknown. Tree healthy, hardy, moderately vigorous, making a 
round head that when loaded with fruit appears almost drooping. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown. A profitable variety for market oi 
table use. 




Baltimore, 



Fruit medium. Form roundish, conical, regvdar. Color pale yellow, 
shaded with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, almost pur- 
plish, having a grayish appearance of bloom, large Ught dots, with a 
dark centre. Stalk short. Cavity medium size, rather thinly russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Segments drawn to a point. Basin shallow, nearly 
smooth. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. 
Very good. December to April. 

An apple received from Maryland as Baltimore proves identical with 
Fallawater. 

Baltimobe Greening. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from John Edgerton, CohI 
Creek, Iowa. 

Fruit large, globular flattened, greenish yellow, with a brownish 

autumn ot early winter sorts, and lose more or less of their sprightliness and good 
qualities as table fruits. On the other hand, the summer-ripening varieties, origi- 
nating North, are greatly improved when grown at the South. 



THE APPLE. 87 

blush cheek in sun, some slight stripes of russet, and a few small raised 
gray dots. Stem short. Cavity broad, open, and deep. Calyx closed, or 
nearly so. Basin open, deep, slightly furrowed at base. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather coarse, tender, mild, subacid. Very good. Core medium. 
December. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Baltzby 

From Virginia. Tree spreading, productive. Fruit large, oblate, 
yellowish white, with a faint blush; dots scattered, small, white. Flesh 
white, firm, somewhat tough, juicy, almost sweet. Good. October. 

Bak. 

A large, fair apple, slightly tinged with red next the sun. Flesh 
white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. An early fall fruit, and 
keeps well through the winter. 

Barbour. 

Originated with J. Barbour, Lancaster Co., Pa. Fruit medium 
roundish, oblate, inclining to conical, mottled, and striped with red of 
difterent hues on a grayish ground, with numerous gray specks. Flesh 
yellowish, white, tender, juicy, flavor pleasant. Quality very good. (Pa. 
Rep.) 

Barcelona Pearmain. 

Speckled Golden Reinette. Speckled Peannain 

Polinia Pearmain Reinette Rousse. 

Reinette Rouge. Reinette des Carmes. 

Glace Rouge. Cassel Reinette. 
Kleine Casseler Reinette. 

A foreign variety of uncertain origin, which from its good qualities 
there, has evidently been widely grown ujider many names. Tree hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, pale yellow, mostly covered with 
red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh yellowish white, firm, c risp, 
rich, aromatic, subacid. November to March. 

Barchard's Seedling. 

An English variety, valuable for kitchen use. Fruit medium, round- 
ish oblate, yellow striped with red. Flesh white, sugary. October. 
(L. H. S.) 

Barnham's Sweet 

Origin, Connecticut. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, rough, 
russet. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for baking. 
November, December. 

Barnhilt. 

American, small, conical, yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, 
tough, dry. October, November. 



88 THE APl'LE. 



Bark Apple 



Originated with the Messrs. Ronalds, England, and there regarded val 
uable for culinary use. Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, 
blush in sun, some russet. Flesh fii'm, ci'isp, juicy acid. November to 
February. (Hogg.) 

Barre. 

Colville Barre. 
Origin unknown. Introduced from Angers in 1848. Fruit large, 
roundish conical, yellow, with spots or patches of greenish. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, acid. December. (An, Tom.) 

Barrett. 

Origin, Kensington, Conn. Fruit medium to large, conic, yellow, 
striped and splashed with carmine. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, with 
a very pleasant vinous aroniatic flavor, almost sweet. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Bars. 

Origin, Rhode Island. Fruit rather large, round, pale yellow, mar- 
bled, and nearly covered with red and a few russet spots. Stalk 
long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Segment slightly recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh whitish, tendei', juicy, mild, sub- 
acid. Core small. Yery good, September. 

Bartlett. 

Origin unknown. Fruit large, roundish, ribbed, striped and splashed 
with bright red on yellow. Flesh whitish, mild subacid. Good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Barton. 

Originated with Michael Aikman, in the township of Barton, C. W, 
Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with light red cheek. 
Stalk short. Cavity even. Calyx small, regular. Basin medium. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, subacid. Core small. Very 
good. September October. A new variety promising of value for des- 
sert. (Tat. Mss.) 

Barton's Incomparable. 

An English variety, regarded abroad as of the highest excellence foi 
the dessert. Ti-ee healthy and productive. Fruit below medium, round- 
ish conical, five ribbed, yellowish green, with patches and specks of 
russet, orange in sun. Flesh yellowish w^hite, crisp, jviicy, sprightly, vi- 
nous. October to Februai-y. (Hogg.) 

Bauman's Eeinette. 
Reinette Bauman. 

Of Flemish origin, introduced and named by Van Mons. Fruit me 
dium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with numerous distinct broMTi 
dots. Flesh yellowish wliite, fine, firm, sugaiy, perfumed. January. 
(L.H. S.) 



the apple. 89 

Baxter's Pearmalv. 

I'rom Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
large, roundish, elongated conical, pale green, with shades and streaks 
of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fii-in, brisk, sprightly subacid. Val 
uable for all purposes. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Beachemwell Seedling. 

Motteux's Seedling. 

From Norfolk, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Fruit 
below medium, roundish, yellowish, with faint stripes and splashes of 
red, brown patches. Calyx and stalk prominent. Flesh yellowish whitej 
tender, brisk, subacid. December to March. (Ron.) 

Beadell. 
Hanover Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of Edward Beadell, Westchester Co., N. Y. 
Tree strong, vigorous, spreading, good bearer. Fruit resembles the Mc- 
Lellan in form, color, size, and similar in flavor. Good to very good. 
Ripe in October. 

Bean Sweet. 

Originally sent out by Judge Buel. Fruit medium, oblong rounded, 
nearly white. Flesh crisp, juicy. October to March. Baking. (Elliott.) 

Beae Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, sha- 
ded and splashed with red. Flesh moderatel}'' tender, juicy, pleasant, 
sweet. Good for cooking. November. 

Beau. 

Distributed by Judge Buel. Fruit large, roundish, oblate, yellowish 
green, with blush in sun, and white dots. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, acid. 
August to October. Culinary. (Ken.) 

Beauty of Kent. 

A showy English sort for culinary uses. The tree grows very strong 
and upright, moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish, but flat at the base, and naiTOwing dis- 
tinctly to the eye, where it is slightly ribbed, smooth, greenish-yellow, 
marked with large, broken stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, slender, 
deeply planted in a round, russeted, corrugated cavity. Calyx small, set 
in a narrow basin. Flfsh juicy, crisp, tender, wit! a simple subacid 
flavor. Good. October and November. 

Beauty of the West. 

Western Beauty. Ohio Beauty. 

Musgrove's Cooper. 

Origin unknown. First sent out and noticed by Judge Buel Bonie 



90 THE APPLE. 

thirty or more years since, and yet but little known. The tree is a 
strong, vigorous grower, forming a large spreading head, moderately 
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, conical, gi-eenish yellow, nearly covered 
with pale dull red, striped with a darker shade, and dottfd with large 
yellow s[)ecks. Stalk short. Calyx lai-ge, half open. Flesh greenish- 
white, not firm, tender, mild, subacid. Good. November to February. 

Bedfordshire Foundling. 
Cambridge Pippin. 

A large green English Apple, excellent for kitchen use. Fiiiit large, 
roundish, obscurely ribbed, deep green, paler at maturity. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, acid flavor. Good. October to 
February. 

Beefsteak. 
Garden Apple of some, incorrectly. 

Origin, farm of Joel Davis, Amesbury, Mass. Habits similar to 
Baldwin, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical. Sides sometimes une- 
qual. Skin whitish-yellow, shaded and splashed with light and dark 
red over two-thirds its surface, large areole dots. Stalk medium and 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity rather large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
"losed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin medium, nearly smooth. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, j uicy, mild, subacid. Core medium. Very 
good. October, November. 

Beeler's Russet. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium to small, round, truncated, rus- 
seted. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Novem- 
ber, December. (Warder.) 

Belden or Red Cheek 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. 
Fruit large, I'oundish, conic, greenish-yellow, with patches of russet, 
sometimes a little bronzed cheek. Flesh yellow, crisp, subacid, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, February. 

Belden Sweet. 

Grown in Connecticut, very prolific. Fruit medium, or below, 
roundish conic, light yellow, with a warm cheek. Stalk medium, in an 
acute, deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a small basin. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, saccharine, with a pleasant, aromatic flavor. Core large. 
Good. December to March. 

Belle Bonde. 
Billy Bond. Belly Bounder. 

This variety is somewhat grown in Central New York, and claimed 
as having originated in France, in 1790, and brought there by one John 



THE APPLE. 91 

Deidena. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Fruit medium, or above, 
roundish conical, pale-yellow, striped and splashed with red, and with 
large light dots. Mesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, brisk, subacid. 
Good for cooking. January and February. 

Belle Bonne, 
Winter Belle boon. Winter Belle and Bonne. Eolland. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, greenish-yellow, with a few reddish 
streaks in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy. October to January. Culinary. 
(Hogg.) 

An old variety, first described by Parkinson, in 1629, and which 
is probably identical with the Belle et Bonne above described. 

Belle d' Angers. 

Origin in doubt. Fruit large, roundish conical, pale-yellow, splashed 
and shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, juicy, crisp, brisk, subacid, 
aromatic. Core medium. Very good. October. 

Belledge. 

Belledge Pippin. 

Origin, Derbyshire, England. A dessert and culinary apple. Fruit 
below medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, tinged with pale brown 
in sun, many embedded gray dots. Flesh firm, crisp, pleasant,, aromatic, 
acid. October, December. (Lind.) 

Belle et Bonne. 
Tenon Hills. 

A large, fine apple, having a great reputation in the vicinity of 
Hartford, Conn., a vigorous grower and productive. Shoots dull red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with small dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, sur- 
rounded by thin russet. Calyx closed. Basin, moderate and uneven. 
Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, with a pleasant, rather rich, subacid 
flavor. Good. A profitable variety for market. October to March. 

Belle Grideline. 

Belle Grifldeline. 

An old variety, originated at Norwich, England. Tree healthy, 
ngorous. Good bearer. Fruit medium, round, regular, yellow, mar- 
bled, and washed with lively red, gray russet in sun. Flesh white, 
crisp, brisk, subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Bellflower Pippin. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, Edgar Co., 111. Tree resembles Yel 
low Bellflower, but more slender in its branches. 



92 THE APPLB. 

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, orange-yellow, sometime^ sliaded 
witb crimson in the sun, thinly sprinkled with gray dots. I'lesh yel 
lowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Core small. Very 
good. December, January. 

Belmont 

Gate. White Apple. 

Mamma Beam. Waxen of some. 

Golden Pippin of some. Kelley WTiite. 

Origin, near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., in the garden of Mrs. 
Beam, at her gate, hence the names " Gate Apple," and " Mamma 
Beam." It was taken to Ohio by Jacob Neisley, Sen., and became 




* Belmont. 

rery popular in Belmont Co., and we retain this name as being the 
most universal one. Tree vigorous, healthy, and very productive. 
Wood smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little flattened and uaiTower 
towards tJie eye, sometimes oblong. Color light, waxen-yellow, often 
with a bright vermilion cheek. Stalk short. Cavity generally large. 
Calyx usually closed. Basin x'ather deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, sometimes almost melting, of a mild agi"eeable 
flavor. Very good. ISTovember to Febi'uary. 

Belpke Keeper. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, pale greenish-wMte, some shades of 
crimson in sun. Flesh gi'eenish, crisp, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. Januaiy to March. 



THE APPLE. 



93 



Belvoir Pippin. 

Of English origin. Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow with 
crimson in sun, russet at the stalk. Flesh pale yellow, firm, crisp, 
rich brisk acid. November, December. (Lind.) 



Belzer. 

Fruit medirun, roundish, yellow striped with red. 
fine, sub-acid. Good. Middle August. (Ho v. Mag.) 



Flesh white, 



Ben Davis. 



New York Pippin. 
Victoria Pippin. 
Victoria Red. 
Red Pippin. 
Kentucky Pippin. 



Baltimore Red. 

do. Pippin. 

do. Red Streak. 
Carolina Red Streak. 
Funkhouser. 



The origin of this apple is unknown. J. S. Downer of Kentucky 
writes that old trees are there found from which suckers are taken in 
way of propagating. The tree is very hardy, a free grower, with very 




Ben, Davis. 



dark reddish brown, slightly grayish young wood, forming an erect 
round head, bearing early and abundantly. In quality it is not first- 
rate, but from its early pi'oductiveness, habit of blooming late in Spring 
Rfter late frosts, good size, fair even fruit, keeping and carrying well, it 
is very popular in all the Southwest and West. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish, truncated conical, often 
sides unequal. Color yellowish, almost entirely overspread, splashed, 
and striped with two shades of red, and dotted sparsely with areole 
dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Cavity narrow, deep, russeted. 



04 THE APPLE. 

Calyx partially open. Basin wide, abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, subacid. Core medium to 
large. Good to very good. December to March. 

Bejtnet. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is valued for cider. Fruit 
medium, elongated, oblong, conical, dingy russet gray, orange, and 
muddy red. (Lind.) 

Benoni. 

This excellent early apple is a native of Dedham, Mass. The tree 
is of vigorous, upright, spreading habit ; hardy and productive ; light 
^eddish brown. It is a valuable variety for market or table use. 




Benoni. 

Fruit rather below medium size. Form roundish obJu.*,e conical. 
Color pale yellow, shaded, striped, and marbled with dark ciimson, and 
thinly sprinkled with bright dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca^^ity deep rus- 
seted. Calyx closed. Segments persistent, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin abrupt, quite deep, somewhat tineven. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, 
pleasant, subacid. Core small. Very good. August. 

Bentley's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Virginia. Tree moderately vigorous, 
hardy, good bearer and keeper, valuable in the Southwest in rich soils. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends, sometimes slightly oblique, 
and sometimes sides unequal, pale yellowish gi-een, shaded with pale 
red and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk long, 
Blender, curved. Cavity smooth, deep. Calyx large, closed, or partially 
open. Segments medium length, erect, sometimes a little reciu-ved. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh fine, whitish, compact, sweet, some- 
what honeyed flavor. Core small. Very good. January to May. 



the apple. 
Benwell's Peakmain. 



9fi 



An EnglisL variety. Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull gi-een, 
with stripe of red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic 
December, January. (Hogg.) 




Bentley's Sweet. 

Beee Court Pippin. 

Origin, Berkshire, England. Fruit medium round, sKghtly oblate, 
yellowish with stripes of red in sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, brisk, acid. 
September and October. (Hogg.) 

Bekgner. 

Originated with G. Bergner, near Hermann, Mo. Tree a rapid 
grower, with strong branches, somewhat drooping ; hardy and an abund- 
ant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color a rich yellow ground, mostly 
covered, striped and splashed with shades of maroon red, with some 
yellow gray or russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity open, regular, deep. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly plaited at base. Core 
small. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, sprightly, aromatic, qtiince-like. Very 
good, February to April. 

Bess, Pool. 
Best Pool. 
Origin, "Warwickshire, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. 



96 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit above meclhim, roundish, conical, regular, yellow, washed and 
striped with clear red. Flesh white, tender, jiiicy, vinous, subacid. The 
fc'tem almost always has a fleshy protuberance on one side. November 
to March. (Hogg.) 

Best Bache. 

Bache's Kernel. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England, where it is grown mostly for cider- 
making. Fruit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded and streaked with pale 
red. (Hogg.) 

Betsey. 

An English variety, there regarded as a valuable dessert Apple. Fruit 
small, roimdish oblate, conical; pale yellow with brownish russet in 
sun. Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy, rich, and sugary. November 
to January, (Hogg.) 

Betsy's Fakcy. 

Origin itnknown. A free grower, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit scarcely medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with dull red. 
Stem short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, tender, pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. December to March. 




Bethlemite. 



Bethlemite. 

The origin of this fine apple is unknoAvm. It was first brought to 
notice from the to'^Ti of Bethlehem, in Ohio, and is undoubtedly a seed- 
ling of the Newtown Spitzenberg, Avhich it much resembles. Tree an 



THE APPLE. 97 

mji-iglit, strong, stocky, sliort-jointed grower, with, young shootci, dull 
reddish brown, quite downy. A productive bearer, the fruit Iveeping 
and carrying well ; very valuable for all purposes. 

Frviit, medium, oblate, inclining to conical, regular. Color pale yel 
low, striped, shaded and splashed with shades of light and dark red nearly 
over the whole surface, thin grayish tinge, and pretty thickly sprinkled 
with light and brown dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity large, 
considerably rtisseted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments large 
and generally erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very 
good. December to March. 

Better than Good. 

Origin imcertain. Tree thrifty, but rather slender, very productive 
Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, with a few brown dots. Stalk short, 
inserted in a broad cavity. Calyx closed. Basin large and open. Flesh 
yellowish, very tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good 
to very good. November to January. 

Bevan's Favorite. 

Origin, Salem, New J ersey, where it is a favorite. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sxibacid. Good. August. 

Bigg's Nonsuch. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. Tree hardy and productive. Fruit me- 
dium, round, broadest at base, yellow, striped with bright crimson. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy. Culinary use. October to December. 
(Hogg.) 

Billy Barker. 

Originated on the farm of Wm. Barker, Wake Co., N. C. Tree up- 
right grower and good bearer. Fruit large, green, oval, elongated. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, tender, brisk, vinous. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Billy's Pippin. 

Fruit large, round ovate, smooth, shaded and indistinctly striped 
with rich red on yellow. Flesh subacid. Very good. (Coun. Gent.) 

Birmingham. 

Of moderate growth, productive. Fruit medium, obliquely oblate, 
yellow, sprinkled with a few whitish dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, in a large corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, rather acid, good for cooking. September. 

Birmingham Pippin. 
Grumas Pippin. Stone Pippin. 

Brummage Pippin. Grummage Pippin. 

Tree of small growth, with short, stoiit shoots, productive. Fruit 
small, roundish flattened, diagy yellow, with gray russet, esnecially 

7 



98 THE AP7UL. 

russeted at base. Flesh, greenish, crisp, juicy, brisk, pleasant. January 
to June. (Lind.) 

Bischoff's Reinette. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, lemon yellow, with marl lings of 
russet. Flesh whitish-yellow, juicy, sugary, vinous, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. (Hogg.) 

Bishop's Bourne. 

Received from C. C. Hamilton, Comwallis, Nova Scotia. Fruit me- 
dium, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, and obscurely splashed 
and striped on the sunny side, feAV gray and light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx pai'tially closed. Segments 
long, erect. Basin abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Core small. No- 
vember, December. 

Black Coal. 

Welcome. Baltimore Red. Baltimore Red Streak. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, very productive. Fruit rather large, 
roundish, deep red, almost black, with a slight bloom, and many white dots. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red, crisp, agi-eeable, moderately juicy. 
Good. Core medium. November to February. 

Black Oxfoed. 

Originated in Maine, where it is by many highly esteemed, especially 
as a good keeper and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, nearly covered 
with shades of red, numerous light-colored dots. Flesh whitish, com- 
pact, not very juicy, mild subacid. Good. March to May. 

Black Jack. 

Received from W. C. Hampton, Ohio. Friiit mediiim, oblate, slight- 
ly conic, yello"WT:sh, mostly overspread with dark rich red, few light 
gray dots. Flesh whitish-yellow, rather dry, rich, sweet. Good for 
baking. January, Februaiy. 

Black Warrior. 

Origin, Alabama. Fruit medium or small, roundish, inclining to 
conic, regular, greenish, with a feAV brown dots. Flesh whitish, moderate- 
ly juicy, rather firm, subacid, good. Core small. November, December. 

Blackstone Valley Sweet. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Ti'ee productive. Fruit medium, oblate, 
often depressed, inclining to conic, greenish-yellow, some nettings of 
russet, gray and green dots. Flesh white, fine-gi'ained, sweet, and rich. 
Good for cooking. Aiigust. Core small. 



the apple. 99 

Black Annette. 

An old variety, considerably grown in some jmrts of the Eastern States 
Tree a good bearer. Fruit medium, small, roue dish, dark red. Flesh white^ 
tender, negative in character, pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Black Apple. 
Small Black. Jersey Black. Black American. 

An old variety, described and piit out by Coxe, and now found in manj 
sections. The trees are healthy, moderate growers, forming oaedium-sized, 
spreading round heads, with drooping limbs. It is a pleasant table fruit, 
although not of high or rich flavor. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish oblate, deep red, with a bloom. Flesh 
white, sometimes slightly stained with pinkish red. Good. November 
to February. 

Black Gilliflower. 

Medium size, oblong conical. Skin very dark, dull red. Flesh white, 
dry, naild, subacid. Good. November to February. Very productive, 
and some call it a profitable market fruit. 

Blan^d's Jubilee. 

Originated in Norwich, England. Fruit large, round, slightly conical, 
obscurely ribbed, clear yellow, with many large russet dots or patches, 
and russet at the calyx. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
perfumed. October to January. (Hogg.) 

Blake. 

Originated in Westbrook, Cumberland Co., Maine. Fruit medium 
to large, roundish, greenish yellow, quite yellow at maturity. Flesh 
firm, fine, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. October to January. (Me. Bep.) 

Blakely. 

Origin, Pawlet, "Vermont, on the farm of Mr. Blakely. Vigorous, up 
right growth, regular bearer. 

Fruit large, regularly oblate, slightly conic, yellow, with a sunny cheek 
thinly sprinkled with reddish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in i 
broad cavity of moderate depth. Calyx nearly closed. Basin small and 
shallow. Flesh tender, jviicy, with a very pleasant, mild, subacid flavor. 
Good. January, March. 

Bleckensderfer. 

Originated at Zoar, Ohio. Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, 
yellow, shaded and splashed with two shades of red or crimson. Flesh 
white, rather firm, tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly good, November 
to Februaiy. 

Bledsoe Pippin. 

Raised by John Bledsoe, of Carroll Co., Kentucky. Growth moderate, 
rather spreading, productive, a promising winter Apple for the South. 



100 THE APPT-K. 

Fruit very large, regular, roundish, flattened* at the base, ta})eii 
ing to the apex, greenish yellow, very oVjscurely striped. Stalk short. 
Cavity deep, alightly russeted. Calyx jjartly closed, in a somewhat fur 
rowed basin. Flesh white, fine texture, crisp, juicy, with a mild, pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good, December to April. (Ky. Hort. Soc.) 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim. Blenheim Orange. Woodstock Pippin. 

Northwick Pippin. Kempster's Pippin. 

An old variety, originated at Woodstock, in Oxfordshire, England. 
Tree a strong and vigorous grower, a regular and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, yellowish, becoming deep orange, 
stained on the sunny side with dull and dark i-ed stripes. Stalk short and 
stout, in a deep cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep broad V>asin. Flesh 
yellow, breaking, very sweet, pleasant. Good. October, December. 

Blinkbonny. 

Blinkbonny Seedling. 

Raised by Cleghorn, INIontreal, Canada. Tree vigorous, upright 

spreading, very productive. Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, 
pale whitish yellow. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
rather firm, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Good. September. 

Blockley. 
Blockley Pippin. 

Origin, near Philadelphia. Growth upright, moderate, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate. Color fine yellow, sometimes 
with a faint blush, thinly sprinlded with brown dots. Stalk short, i-ather 
stout, inserted in a deep russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
broad, deep, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, compact, rich, sprightly 
mild subacid. Good. November to January. 

Blondin. 

Originated with Reuben Ragan, Indiana. Fruit very large, oblate, 
unequal, greenish yellow, splashed and striped with red, dol^s large gray. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy. October, November. (Warder.) 

Blooming Oeange. 

Under this name W. G. Waring, of Centre Co., Pa., has introduced 
an Apple said to have been brought from Herefordshire, England. 
We have been unable, from the few specimens examined, to identify 
it with any known sort. Tree vigorous, with strong, smooth shoots, 
resembling the Rhode Island Greening in color, b\it of upright growth. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, strip- 
ed, splashed, and shaded with dull red, with large whitish and gray 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core 
medium. November and December. Tliis may yet prove to be some 
known kind but as we have not fruited it ourself, cannot decide. 



the apple. 101 

Blue Mountais". 
Trout Apple or Forello. Blauberger. 

lutroJuced by W. G. Waring. Tree hardy, moderate grower, form' 
ing a small round head. Young shoots, slender, dark brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, whitish, with broken splashes and 
stripes of light red, dotted with few gray dots. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx small and closed. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh white, 
crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Core large. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Blue Mountain Sweet, 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
shade of brown. Flesh fine-grained, solid, sweet. Yery good. (Count. 
Gent.) 

Blue Pearmain. 

Fruit of the largest size, roundish, regvilarly formed, very slightly 
conical. Color stripes of dark purplish-red, over a dull ground, and 
appearing bluish from the white bloom. Flesh yellowish, mild, rather 
rich, aromatic, and very good. The tree grows strongly, and bears mode- 
rate crops. October to Febrviary. 

Bluff Sweet. 

From the banks of the White River. 

Fruit medium to small, round, regular, smooth, green. Flesh green 
ish white, sweet. Good. July. (Warder.) 

Boas. 
Kelter. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, introduced by Rev. Mr. Boas, of Berks 
Co. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded and 
indistinctly splashed and striped with crimson over most of its surface. 
Stalk short and stout. Cavity medium. Calyx closed or partly open. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine-grainei, juicy, 
pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Yery good. January tc March. 

BOALSBUKG. 

A seedling of Centre Co., Pa. Large, oblong, inclining to «:onical, 
delicately mottled, and striped with red on a yellow ground. Stem 
short, thick, inserted in a deep acuminate russeted cavity. Basin 
deep, moderately wide. Flesh yellow, juicy, sprightly. Good. February 

Boh ANNAN. 
Buchanan. 

A Southern fruit introduced by Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. Tree 
upright spreading, young shoots, light reddish brown. Good regular 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, fine yellow, 
vdth a bright crimson cheek in the sun. Stalk slender, inserted in a round, 



102 THE APPLE. 

uneven, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx closed in a narrow ibrupt basin 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a fine spicy subacid flavor. Cor« 
large. Good culinary. September, August. 

BONUM. 

Magnum Bonum. 

Raised by Squii-e Kinney, Davidson Co., N. C. Tree upright spread- 
ing, hardy and vigorous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots, 
smooth reddish gray. 




Bonum. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with deep crimson, and 
indistinct stripes and splashes of dark red, rather thinly sprinkled with 
pretty large light dots, a portion of them having a dark centre. Stalk 
long and slender. Cavity medium to large, often with a little green 
russet. Calyx closed. Segments rather long and sometimes recurved. 
Basin shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, firm, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid. Core small. Very good. 
November to December. 

Borden's Early. 

Origin im.known. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, striped, and splashed 
with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. 
Core large. Good. A desirable cooking apple. 

BOROVITSKY. 

A Russian Apple of medium size, roundish, angular. Skin pale 
whitish yellow, faintly striped. Flesh white, firm, subacid. August. 

There may be a distinct variety under this name, but, so far as re- 
ceived by me, it has proved to be identical with Duchess of Oldenburg. 



THE APPLE. 103 

BORSDOEFFER. 

Bursdorff. King Geoige the Third. 

Queen's. Reinette Batarde. 

Edler Winter Borsdorffer. Bursdorffer. 

Garret Pippin. King. 

Le Grand Bohemian BorsdorfEer. Reinette de Misnie. 

A small celebrated German Apple. 

Fruit roundish oval, narrowing at the eye. Skin pale yellow, with 
a full red cheek, sprinkled with a little russet. Flesh yellowish white, 
very firm and crisp, with a rich, brisk, perfumed flavor. November tc 
February. 

BORSDOEF OgNON. 

Reinette Plate. Zweibel Apfel. 

Of German origin. Tree with short, stocky, yellowish-brown shoots, 
regular roundish head. 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with large, distinct gray spots. Flesh 
white, firm, subacid, perfumed, rich flavor. Winter. (Yerg.) 

Bonne Yirginie. 

A Belgian variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, glossy greenish yellow, 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, sugary, slightly acid, agreeably 
perfumed. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

BossoM. 

Originated at Petworth, England. 

Fruit large, conical, pale greenish yellow, very much russeted, and 
with bright red on suimy side. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, sugary, 
subacid. Valuable as a cooking-apple. November to March. (Lind.) 

BOTIGNE. 

De Boutigne. 

Of Belgic origia. Tree vigorous, upright, with large reddish-brown 
shoots, downy at the end. 

Fruit rather large, oblong conical, yellow, washed over with car- 
mine red, and marbled with spots of gray and black. Flesh yellowish, 
firm, very juicy, sugary. Core long, irregular. November to March. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Bottle Greening. 

This variety was found near the Vermont and New York State line, 
and takes its name from a hollow in the original tree, where workmen 
were accustomed to keeping their bottle. It was introduced to notice 
and disseminated by Eben Wight, of Dorchester, Mass. Tree a fine 
grower, vigorous, spreading. Young wood reddish yellow. 

Fniit medium, oblate inclining to conic, gTeenish-yellow, shaded with 
dull crimson in the sun, a slight bloom, and thinly sprinkled with 
light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, corrugated. Flesh white, subacid, almost meltiag. Cote small. 
Very good. January, February. 



104 THE APPLE. 



BOUIIASSA. 



A foreign variety, succeeds well at the North, apt to slirivel, at»l 
does not keep well. 

Fniit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellowish, rich orange rus- 
set on the sunny side. Flesh white, sometimes stained, tender, with a 
pleasant aromatic flavor. Good. November, December. 

Bowyer's Kusset. 

An English variety. Valuable for desert there in September. Tree 
healthy and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, russeted. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, crisj), brisk, aromatic. September. (Lind.) 

Bowker. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, pale yellow, tinged 
with ciimson, sparsely covered with brown, and gray dots. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October. 

Bowling's Sweet, 

From Spottsylvania Co., Ya. A very vigorous grower and vei-y 
pioductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color dull red, on a yellow ground. 
Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, and entirely free from acid. Good. October 
to January. 

BOXFORD. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin whitish, striped with red. Flesh com- 
pact, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 

Braddick's Nonpareil. 

Originated at Surrey, England. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, or flattened at base, yellowish, with 
brownish red in the sun, and russet near the calyx. Flesh yellowish, 
rich, sugary, aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) 

Bradley's Autumn. 

Originated in orchard of Mr. Bradley, Plymouth, Mich. Tree 
thrifty, with a spreading top, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, somewhat ribbed, whitish-yellow, shaded 
where exposed to the sun with fine crimson, and pretty thickly sj^rinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity imeven, acute. 
Calyx closed. Segments erect. Basin rather abrupt, fvu-rowed. Flesh 
white, moderately juicy, brisk, subacid. Core large. Gofid. Excel- 
lent for cooking. October to January. 

Brandywine. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, a little ob- 



THE APPLE. 105 

liqwe, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red over half tc 
two-thirds its surface, many large, light dots. Stalk short and small. 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin large. Flesh yel- 
lowish, ciisp, juicy, tender, mild, somewhat rich, subacid, slightly aro- 
matic. Core small, • Good to very good, Novejnbei to February. 

Brabant BELiiFLOWER. 
Brabant Belle-fleur. Iron Apple. 

The Brabant Belle-fleur is a variety from Holland. The habit of the 
tree is spreading, and it requii-es to be grafted high to make a good head. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed. Skin pale yellow, 
much striped with red. Calyx large, set in a pretty wide, ii-regular 
basin. Flesh firm, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good 
Valuable for cooking. October to January. 

Breedon Pippin. 

A. variety from Berkshii'e, England. Tree hardy, slender, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, dull yellow, tinged with orange, be- 
coming red in the sun, with traces of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
with a vinous brisk flavor. October, JSTovember, (Lind.) 

Brennaman, 

Baised by Mr. Brennaman, Lancaster Co., Pa, Tree vigorous, up- 
right, productive. Young wood short-jointed, reddish-brown, some- 
what downy. 

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish, nearly 
covered with red stripes, and splashed. Stem short, in a large cavity. 
Calyx closed in a deep basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. Excellent for cooking. August, Sep- 
tember. 

Brewer. 

From Massachusetts, a good grower, an annual bearer. 
Fruit very large, roundish, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tendei', pleasant, mild, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Brewer's Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, brownish yellow, with red stripes. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, subacid. Cooking. November. (L. H. S.) 

Brickley Seedling. 

Of English origin. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, greenish yellow, red when exposed to 
the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sugary. January to April. (Lind.) 

Brigg's Auburn. 

Origin, Auburn, Me, Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive ; 
fruit large, oblate, somewhat ribbed, whitish yellow, blush in sun, with 
a few light and gray dots. Flesh white, firm, pleasant, mild, subacid, 
Core medium. Good. September, October. 



106 the apple. 

Bridgewater Pippin 

An old English culinary 'Sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, ribbed, deep yCilow, with 
blush of red in sun and near the stalk. Flesh yellowish, brisk, pleasant 
October, December. (Hogg.) 

Brill's Seedling. 

A chance seedling of Francis Brill, Newark, N, J. Tree a rapid up- 
right grower, with light-colored shoots. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, much ribbed, yellow, moderately sprin 
kled with gray dots. Skin oily. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. 
Core very large and open. Good to very good. November. An apple 
of good promise as a profitable market sort, being large and showy. 

Brimer. 

Voder. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides sometimes unequal and 
slightly ribbed, whitish yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, and thinly 
sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh whitish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleas- 
ant, subacid. Good to very good. Core small. February, March. 

Brinckley White Sweet. 

Unknown origin. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale whitish green, dull red on the sun- 
ny side, few gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet, honeyed 
fl.avor. Very good. October. 

Bringewood Pippin. 

Originated wiUh Thomas Andrew Knight, Esq., Herefordshire, Eng- 
land. Tree hardy, but a slender grower. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow, dotted and marked with russet. 

Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sugary, aromatic, dry. October to 
March. (Lind.) 

Bristol Pearmain. 

Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit small, oblong, ribbed, dull yellowish green, stripes of crimson 
and patches of gray russet. Flesh yellow, firm, not juicy or of much 
value. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Bristol. 

An old variety, much grown in Connecticut many years since. A 
pleasant but not rich fruit. Tree hardy, rather slender, drooping when 
in fruit. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to conic, dark rich crim- 
son red. Flesh very white, often stained imder the skin, tender, juicy. 
Good to very good. Core rather large. January to March. 



THE APPLE. 



107 



Brittle Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorons, very productive. Tliis 
valuable apple is little known ; in beauty and quality it may be classed 
as among tlie best, and deserves more attention. 

Fruit above medium, roundisb, approaching conical. Color pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed and marbled over nearly the entire surface, with 
shades of light and dark crimson red, many small gray and white dots. 
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity regular, broad, moderately deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments small, often recurved. Basin small corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy with a jDecuKar honeyed sweet, and 
slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. October and No- 
vember, 

Broad-End. 

Winter Broading. Kentish. Broading. Broading. 

An old English culinary apple, in use from November to Christmas. 
Tree strong, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, red in sun, with patches) 
of russet. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, subacid. (Hogg.) 

Broad-Ete Pippin. 

Another old English sort for culinary use. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, tinged with red in the suHv 
Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk, juicy. January. (Hogg.) 




Broad well. 

Broad WELL. 

Broadwell Sweet. 

Originated with Jacob Broadwell, near Cincinnati, O. An ex* 

tremely vakiable sweet apple, either for the table or cooking. Tree 

vigorous, quite hardy, very spreading, irregular, productive. Young 

shoots dull reddish brown, downy. 



108 IHE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic. Color clear bright yellow, 
bi'ownish blush in the sun exposure, with carmine spots. Dots few, green- 
ish, suffused beneath. Stalk rather short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed, with short segments. Basin abrupt, regular. Flesh whitish, fii-m 
juicy, rich, sweet. Core small. Very good. November to February. 

Brookes. 

An old Norman Apple. Tree a free but slender grower, abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit small, conical, golden orange, with bright red next the siin, some 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, sweet, aromatic. October to Feb- 
ruary. (Ron.) 

Bronson Sweet. 

Origin unknown. This variety was many years since carried by a 
Dr. Bronson from Connecticiit to Ohio, without name, and there re- 
ceived its present title. Tree a moderate gi'ower, making a round head. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes oblate conic, yellowish, mostlj 
overspread, striped, and splashed with red. Flesh white, compact, 
modftrately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November. 

Brown. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellow, striped, splashed and 
shaded with light and dark crimson over two-thirds the surface. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, rather rich, subacid. Very good. Core 
small. October, November. 

Brown Renting. 

An English dessert apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly ribbed, yellowish, with ms- 
set marblings and brown russet in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, 
brisk, aromatic. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Brown's Summer Beauty. 

Origin, Slough, England. Tree vigorous, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with a red 

choek. Flesh delicate, rich, juicy. A line table apple. September. 
(Eon.) 

Brownlee's Eusset. 
Brownlee's Seedling Russet. Reinette Grise Brownlee's. 

An English variety. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit; large, roundish, flattened greenish, with bro%vnish red next the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good for 
cooking or the dessert. From January to May. (Hogg.) 

Brownite. 
Brown's Winter. 
Origin, supposed Delaware. Tree a regular grower, with spreading 
branches. 



THE APPLE. 109 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, conical. Flesli tendei, crisp^ 
sprightly. Mid-winter. (Goxe.) 

Broughton. 

A valuable English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, regular, greenish yellow, covered with lively 
red, becoming deep red in sun, and with many russet dots. Flesh green- 
ish yellow, tender, brisk, rich flavor. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Buchanan's Pippin. 
Buchanan's Seedling. 

Raised by Robert Buchanan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, round- 
headed, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roiindish oblate. Color yellow, splashed 
and striped with light and dark crimson, in the sun dark crimson ma- 
roon, many light conspicuous dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
medium to large, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Segments medium 
erect, or partially recurved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aromatic, 
subacid. Core close and small. Yery good. January to April. 

I. 

Buckingham. 

Queen. ' Equinetely, Sol. Carter. 

Fall Queen. Byer's. Winter Queen. 

Winter Queen. Ox-Eye of some in Ky. Ne Plus Ultra. 

Kentucky Queen. Bachelor. King. 

Lexington Queen. Merit. Byer's Red. 

Frankfort Queen. Blackburn. Red Gloria Mundi of some. 

Ladies' Favorite of Tenn. Henshaw. Red Horse of some. 

The origin of this Apple appears all unknown. It has been long grown 
in Virginia, Kentucky, and other Southwestern States, and is there a 
profitable and popular variety, valuable either for market or table use. 
It matures "often in November, but will keep into February. Tree 
hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous and productive, forming a round- 
headed spreading tree of medium size. Young shoots rather slender, 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form oblate, inclining to conic. Color green- 
ish yellow, mostly covered, shaded, striped, and splashed with two shades 
of crimson or purplish red, many light brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
broad, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments to a point. Basin 
rather large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
breaking, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly, subacid. Core small. Very 
good to best. ISTovember to February. 

Bucks County Pippin. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading. Young shoot 
pretty stout, short-jointed, reddish brown, downy, with prominent downy 
buds. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, oblique, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes with a dull blush in the sun, brown dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, irregular. Calyx closed or partially open. Basin abrupt, 



110 THE APPLE. 

slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, tender, brisk, ffabacid 
Very good. November to March. 




Bncldngbxni. 

Buck Meadow. 

Origin, Norwich, Conn., productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, lightly conic, yellow, marbled and 
streaked with red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, with a rather rich, 
pleasant, vinous flavor. Good. November to March. 

Buel's Favorite. 
Spotted Pippin. Gray Pippin. 

Friut medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, firm. No- 
vember. Hardly good. 

Buel's Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, shaded with rich deep red in 
sun, brown dots. Flesh white, con pact, not tendei*, moderately juicy, 
not quite good. Winter. 

Bupfington's Early. 

Origin said to be on the Brandywine, Pa. Tree of good upright 
growth, bears moderately. 

Frviit medium or below, oblate, yellowish white, sometimes a faint 
blush. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calj^c closed. Basin 
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, with a sprightly sub- 
acid flavor. Good. Middle of Ausrust. 



THE APPLE. i 1 1 

Buff. 
Granny BufE. 

Origin, Haywood Co., N. C Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large to very large. Form roundish oblate, irregular. Sides un- 
equal. Color whitish yellow, overspread with broad, broken splashes and 
Ktrijjes of dark crimson. Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity lai-ge, deej), 
much I'usseted. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments medium 
length, separated and partially recurved. Basin deep, abrupt, slightly cor- 
rugated. Flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, subacid. Core medium. 
Good. Decen^ber and January. 

Bull's Golden Eeinette. 

An English variety. Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, 
highly colored with crimson red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
sweet. December, January. (Hogg.) 

Bullett. 

Bartlett. Priestly of some. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblong truncated, 
bright red and yellow. Flesh light yellow, subacid. Good. Valuable 
only as a long keeper. January to June. 

Bullett. 

Green Abram. North Carolina Greening. 

An old variety of Southern origin, formerly much grown in Yirginia, 
Kentucky, and North Carolina, but now superseded by better sorts. Tree 
hardy, a slow, rather slender grower, of a drooping habit, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, greenish, mostly overspread with 
stripes and shades of red and grayish russet. Flesh white, firm, mode- 
rately juicy, peculiar subacid. Good. Core small, compact. January to 
June. Valuable only for its long keeping quality. 

Bukrell's Bed. 

An English Apple of robust growth and productive. Fruit above 
medium, conical, red, approacliing scarlet. Flesh juicy, agreeable acid. 
November to January. (Bon.) 

Burr's Seedling. 

Origin, Marlborough, England. Fruit medium roundish, slightly 
conical, yellow, blush red in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Burr's Winter Sweet. 

Baised by Elisha Burr, Hingham, Mass., a good grower, comes early 
into beaiing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate incKning to conic, yellow, marbled and striped 
with light and dark red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, fine grained, tender, juicy, 



112 THE APPLE. 

witli a sugaiy aromatic flavor. "Very good. Core small. November to 
Mardi. 

BuKST Open. 

Origin unknown. Fruit medium, oblate, much ribbed, pale whitish 
yellow, splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few gray and 
aght dots. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Gcod 
Core medium. November. 

Burroughs Greening. 

Origin, farm of Stephen M. Burroughs, Vergennes, Vt. Good grower, 
tree spreading, and regular bearer. Medium, nearly globular, inclining 
to conic. Skin greenish, yellow. Stem long, slender. Calyx closed. Basin 
furrowed. Flesh solid, juicy, crisp, with a pleasant spicy subacid flavor. 
Good. January and February. 

Bush's Beauty. 

Origin on the farm of Henry Bush, near Sandusky, O. Tree spread- 
ing, a yearly abundant bearer. Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at 
base. Surface irregular, creamy white, striped and splashed "with vermil- 
ion pink, a little russet toward the stalk. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
acid. Good. September, October. Valuable for market. 

Bush. 

Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. 
Rather above medium, oblate inclining to conical, light yellow, faint 
blush in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, rather firm, mild subacid. 
Nearly very good. Core small. September. 

Bushwhacker. 

A variety found wild near Nyack, N. J. Fruit large, roundish con- 
ical, yellow. Good. February to May. 

Butter. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit 
above medium, roundish, yellow, fair. Stalk short. Cavity deep and round. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large and open. Flesh whitish, very sweet and 
rich, valuable for cookiag, and esteemed for making apple-butter. Sep- 
tember and October. 

Another Butter apple is described in Elliott as follows : — " Fruit below 
medium, regular roundish, red marbling and overspreading yellow, few 
yellow russet dots, russet near and in cavity of stem. Stem long, slen- 
der. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx half closed. Basin abrupt, ribbed. Core 
medium. Seeds roimdish ovate. Flesh yellowish white, tender, sweet. 
Very good. November to February." 

Another Butter is thus described by Warder, with Fulkerson's as a 
synonym : — " Fruit small, very regular, oblate. Surface very smooth and 
so covered with mixed red as rarely to show the yellow gi'ound color ; upon 
this are laid darker stripes of deep red. Dots minute and iuconspicuous. 
Basin medium, regular, folded. Eye rather large, closed. Cavity acute. 
Stem of medium thickness, rather long. Core wide ; large, plump pointed 



THE APPLE. 113 

seed. Flesh yellow, tender, fine-grained, juicy, with a sweet rich and 
aromatic flavor. October to January." 

There are, besides these, thi-ee or four diflerent varieties under the 
name of Butter, which appears to be a favorite name with some to apply 
to any good sweet apple for sauce or cooking. 

Byam's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. An eastern variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, with a shade of 
red in the sun, gray dots. Flesh whitish, rather tender, juicy, lively, 
sweet pleasant flavor. Core small. Yery good. October. 

Byson Wood Russet. 
Byson Wood. 

An English Apple, there esteemed for dessert. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered with gray rus- 
set. Flesh greenish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, sugary, aromatic. Decem- 
ber to February. (Hogg.) 

Cabashea. 
20-Ounce Pippin. King. 

Origin unknown. Ti'ee a vigorous grower, poor bearer, and unprofit- 
able. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, conical, yellow striped and splash- 
ed wdth dull red. Flesh whitish, coarse, subacid. Poor. December to 
February. 

Cabbage-He AD. 

Probable origin, New Jersey. Tree a vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, golden yellow, with a few gray dots. 
Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
medium. December. 

Cache. 

A native of Pulaski Co., 111. Tree healthy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, gi-eenish, with a shade of brownish 
crimson in the sun, gray dots. Flesh white, close-grained, not very juicy, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November. 

Cake Apple. 

Connecticut Cake. 

Origin, Connecticut. Medium, oblate, much depressed, yellowish, with 
a bliTsh. Flesh jnicy, tender, pleasant, subacid, almost sweet. Good, 
sometimes very good. A great keeper, and in some localities considered 
valuable on account of its productiveness, fair even size, and keeping 
quality. January to Mai'ch. 

Caleb Sweet. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

8 



114 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, witli a tinge of brown in s in, 
FlesL yellowish, crisp, rich, sweet. Core small. Good. September. 

Calville Blanche a Cote's. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with long jointed 
branches of reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, conical, flattened at base, lemon yellow, with red in 
Bun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, acid. December to May. (Verg.) 

Calville Malingre. 
Pomme de Malingre, and many other synonyms. 

An old variety. Origin in doubt. 

Fruit very large, elongated, I'ibbed, yellow, deep red next the sun, 
with stripes of darker red. Flesh white, delicate, juicy, agreeable, acid. 
A culinary apple. From July to April. (Hogg.) 

Calville Rouge de Micoud. 

This is an old French Apple, said to blossom and get three crops ol 
fruit in a season. 

The fruit is large to small in size, mostly covered with red, with a yel- 
lowish-white sweet fl.esh. (Lind.) 

Calef's Sweet. 
Magoun Apple. 

Origin, Kingston, N. H. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellow, with gray dots and crimson 
specks. Flesh white, very rich and sweet. November to January. 
(Maine Report.) 

Camack's Sweet. 
Camack's Winter Sweet. Grape Vine. 

Origin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree a slow grower, with small wiry 
branches, irregular spreading, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes conical, light yellow gren, red 
in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, pleasant, saccharine, 
Grood. Core small. February. 

Campbell. 

This new variety is an accidental seedling in the grounds of George "W . 
Campbell, Delaware, O. He describes the tree as a vigorous strong grow- 
er, open spreading habit, shoots stout, blunt, leaves large and abundant, a 
good regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, a little oblique, pea green, with bro- 
ken dull red stripes in the sun or toward the stalk end, and with more or 
less of russet from the stalk cavity; scattering rough distinct dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep, open, narrow, russeted. Calyx closed with 
broken segments. Basin very deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh greenish 
white, crisp, breaking, half tender, mild, juicy, subacid, pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core small. Slightly hollow in centre; Seeds dark 
blackish, pointed. December to February. 



the apple. 115 

Cambusnethan Pippin. 

Winter Red Streak. Watch Apple. 

A Scotcli variety, medium, roundish, light yellow, striped and shaded 
leitli crimson and dark red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, subacid. Good to 
eery good. September, December. 

Campfield. 
Newark Sweeting. Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

A capital New Jersey cider apple, ranking next to the Harrison. It 
forms a fine large tree, "with straight, sjireading limbs, and is very pro- 
ductive. Fine for baking and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, rather flattened. Skin smooth, 
washed and striped with red, over a greenish-yellow ground. Flesh white, 
rather dry, firm, rich and sweet. Good. April, May. 

Can. 

A very old Apple, originated in Schenectady, N. Y. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit above medium, oblong, yellow, shaded with crimson. Flesl^ 
(vhitish, not juicy, pleasant. Good. November. 

Cann. 
Winter Sweet Bough. Winter Bough. Sweet Cann. 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, greenish yellow, with a dull crimson 
cheek, slightly sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, compact, not 
very juicy, rich, sweet, and pleasant. Core large. December to 
March. A good cooking and market apple. 

Canada Reinette. 

Canadian Reinette. De Bretagne. 

Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre. Portugal. 

Pomme du Caen. Januarea. 

Reinette du Canada Blanche. Wahr Reinette. 

Reinette Grosse du Canada. Praire Rambour Reinette. 

Reinette du Canada a Cortes. 

It is easy to see that the Canada Reinette is a popular and highly 
esteemed variety in Europe, by the great number of synonyms \inder 
which it is known. It is doubtful, notwithstanding its name, whether 
it is truly of Canadian origin, as Merlet, a Fi-ench writer, describes the 
same fi'uit in the 17th century, and some authors think it was first 
brought to this continent from Normandy, and carried back under its 
new name. At any rate, it is a very large and handsome fruit, a good 
bearer, and of excellent quality in all respects. Wherever grown in 
this country it sustains its foreign reputation, the tree being of vigor- 
ous habit, spreading, open, and productive. Young shoots clear red- 
dish-brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, oblate conical, flattened ; rather iiregular, 
with projecting ribs ; broad at the base, narrowing towards the eye, four 
inches in diameter, and three deep. Skin greenish-yellow, slightly 
Washed with brown on the sunny side, sprinkled with dots and nisset 



116 THE APPLE. 

patches. Stalk short, inserted in a wide hollow. Calyx short and 
large, set in a rather deep, irregular basin. Flesh nearly white, rather 
fii-m, juicy, with a rich, lively, subacid flavor. Yery good to best. 
Ripe in December, and, if picked early in autumn, it will keep till 
April. 

The Canada Reinette Grise is very much like the above, und may 
prove identical. 




Canada Beinette. 



Cane Creek Sweet. 



Origin, Burke Co., on Cane Creek, N. C. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale gTeenish-yellow, shade of brown. Flesh 
white, rather firm, mild, sweet. Core medium. Good. July, August. 

Cannon Pearmain. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, and productive ; much grown in Xorth Caro 
lina, and some portions of the West. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color yellow, striped, and marbled 
with red and dark crimson, with large grayish dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small, russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin large, round, deep, 
and open, corrugated. Flesh yellow, firm, with a rich, brisk, subacid 
flavor. Very good. December to March. 

Canterbury Beinette. 
Reinette de Cantorbery. 

Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, conical, greenish-yellow. Stalk long, 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, sharp, acid 
January to March. (Alb. Pom.) 



the apple. 117 

Capital. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Frnit small, globular, truncate, deep red on greenish yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. December to January. (Warder.) 

Capron's Pleasant. 

Fruit medium, or above, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a 
brownish tinge. Stalk rather stout, inserted in an open cavity, slightly 
russeted. Calyx large, closed, in a medium basin. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, tender, mild, subacid, and very agreeable. Good. Core small. 
September to October. 

Caraway Russet. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, pale brown russet, with an orange 
tinge in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. February. (Hogg.) 

Garbage. 

Medium, roundish conic, yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with- 
out much flavor. September, October. 

Cardinal Red. 

Of European origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic ; sides unequal ; very dark red, 
almost blackish next the stalk ; some light gray dots. Flesh white, rather 
firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. January, February. 

Carey's Seedling. 

Ohio origin. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, slight blush in sun. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Carlisle Codlin. 

A dwarf variety of the old English Codlin. Tree hardy, and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, ovate, flattened at base, pale yellow with a few 
russety specks. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy. A good cooking 
apple from Augiist to September. (Hogg.) 

Caraiel Sweet. 
Speckled Sweet. 

A native of Carmel, Putnam Co., N. Y, Tree vigorous, upright, 
spreading. Yery productive. Young shoots dull reddish bro^vn, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, gi-eenish yellow, with a blush, many tine red 
dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Yery good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Carnahan's Favorite. 
Origin, with Mr. Camahan, Cincinnati, O. Tree vigorous, produc 



ll8 THE APPLE. 

tive. Fruit large, rotindisli conic. Color yellowish, striped and shaded 
witli red, and much sprinkled with green or russet dots. Flesh fine 
grained, juicy, with a very pleasant vLuous flavor. Good December 
to March. 

Caenation. 

Fruit medium size, a delicious subacid apple, fully first-rate, dark- 
red, splashed with russet. Flesh white, brittle, and very juicy. Both 
the calyx and stem are sunk in deep depressions. 10th of August. 
(White's Gard.) 

Caroline. 

Said to have originated near Tremont, O. Tree a strong upright 
grower and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale lemon yellow, brown- 
ish blush in the sun. Calyx large. Stalk slender. Flesh white, teiv* 
der, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Yery good. September. 

Caroline. 
Carolina Baldwin. 

Origin, premises of A. G. Baldwin, Hanover, N. J. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mostly shaded with maroon, ob- 
scurely striped, and splashed with ligrit and dark red, and thickly cov- 
ered with light dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild, subacid, 
rather rich. Very good. Core medium. December to March. 

Caroline. 

From Norfolk, England. 

Fruit above middle size, roundish, rich yellow, streaked with red. 
Flesh firm, brisk juice, high flavor. Cooking. November to February. 
(Lind.) 

Caroline Auguste. 

Of Belgic origin. Tree vigorous, with upright reddish brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green with spots of brown. Flesh white, 
tinged with rose on the sunny side, fine acid, with a pine-apple perfume. 
September. (Yerg.) 

Carolina Red June. 

Knight's Red June. Blush June. WUson's June. 

Red June. Georgia June. 

Origin somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Carolina. Tree very 
vigorous, upiught, an early and abundant bearer, much esteemed at the 
South and Southwest as their best early Apple, ripe a few days after 
Early Harvest, not equal to it in flavor, but more profitable as an orchard 
fruit. 

Fruit mediiim or below, oval, iiTegular,. inclining to conic. Skin 
smooth, nearly the whole surface shaded with deep red, and almost of a 
purplish hue on the sunny side, and covered with a light bloom. Stalt 



THE APPLE. 119 

variable in length, inserted in a small naiTOW cavity. Calyx closed. 
S(jgments long, reflexed. Basin narrow, plaited. Flesh very white^ 
tender, juicy, >vith a brisk subacid flavor. Core rather large. Verv 
good.* 




Carolina Bed Jnne. 



Carolina Sweet. 



Fruit rather large, roundish, a little flattened, yellow, sKghtly 
shaded in the sun. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Poor. August. 

Carolina Watson. 

Of Southern origin. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish, shaded, splashed and striped 
with dull red, large light dots, with dark centres. Flesh white, coarse, 
mild, subacid. Good. August. 

Carpenter. 

Originated from a seed of the Belmont, with Charles Caqienter, 
Kelley Island. Tree a moderate grower, forming a medium-sized round, 
spreading head. 

Fiiiit medivxm roundish oblate, yellow, oily surface, shaded with a 
brownish crimson in sun, and occasional marblings of russet. Flesh 
yellowish, rather firm, rather rich, pleasant suba.cid. Good, or almost 
Very good. Core small. Productive. Good keeper, January to March. 

* Carolina Striped Jj<«.e— (Carolina June). This is generally confounded 
with the above, and is scarcely distinguishable except that, as it ripens, it be 
comes striped. One is doubtless a seedling from the other. 



120 the apple. 

Oarpentin Reinette. 
Eleine Graue Eeinette. Der Carpentin. 

A German Apple. Tree a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit small, roiindisli oblong, yellowish green, striped and washed 
with red, dark red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, 
vinous, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Carter. 
Royal Pippin. 

Origin, farm of Nath. Carter, Leominster, Mass. A vigorous grower 
and productive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, slightly shaded, striped, 
and marbled with red. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a large basin. Flesh tender, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant, 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October to January. 

Carter's Blue. 
Lady Fitzpatrick. 

This variety originated at Mount Meigs, near Montgomery, Ala. 
Tree a fine upright grower, an early bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
very close grained. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, washed and striped with dull 
red and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, sugary, rich, aromatic. Very good. September 
to November. 



Carver. 

Origin, Norristown, Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, lemon yellow. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, Acinous, subacid. Good. August. 

There is also a Carver Apple from Montgomery Co., which is red, and 
a winter fruit. 

Cart's Summer. 
Of unknown origin. Probably an old variety. 

Fruit large, round, flattened, rich yellow, splashed with crimson. 
Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core medium. June 
to September. (Warder.) 

Case. , 

An Apple somewhat grown in Connecticut. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light and dark red, striped and 
splashed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, crisp, aromatic, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good. November. 

Cash Sweet. 

Medium size, oblate, conic. Skin whitish, with a blush. Flesb 
white, sweet, and rather dry. September. 



the apple. 121 

Castle Major. 
An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with white specke. 
Flesh firm, juicy, brisk, acid. January to April. (Lind.) 

Catface. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit large, conical, truncated, greenish yellow, with streaks of red. 
'^'lesh vv^hite, tender, brisk, subacid. Good, February, March. 

Cathead Sweet. 

Ti-ee hardy, good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish yellow, slight blush. Flesh 
wMte, tender, sweet, not rich. Good. October. 

Catline. 
Gregson Apple. 

Origin, Maryland. Tree of slow growth, very productive, much 
esteemed in the lower part of Delaware. Below medium size, oblate, 
yellow, bright red cheek, with stripes. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, and 
sweet. Good. October to December. 

There is also a White Catline, which is smaller in size, oblate, green- 
ish white, and maturing in September and October. It is juicy, tender, 
pleasant. Good. 

Catshead. 
Round Catshead. Cathead Greening. 

A very large Apple, cultivated for drying in some parts of the coun- 
try, but of Kttle other value except as a cooking apple. 

Fruit of the largest size, round, quite smooth, pale green. Flesh 
teiider, with a siibacid juice. Good. October and November. 

Cato. 

Origin, probably Maryland. 

Fruit small, oblate, white shaded, and splashed with bright red, 
deep in sun, few light dots. Flesh white, often stained next the 
skin, tender, sprightly, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Catooga. 
Corbin. Cattoogaja. Cuttugaja, 

A Southern variety^ 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellow, with brown dota. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Cooking fruit. 
November. 

Catwood. 

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Only valued as a keeper. 
Fruit medium, oblate. Skin bright yellow, with a tinge of red on 
tJie sunny side. Stalk rather long, in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx 



122 THE APPLE. 

Bmall, closed. Basin broad and wrinkled. Flesh yello-wiili, rafclior nun, 
pleasant, but not juicy or ricb. Good. December, May. 

Cedar Falls. 

A native of Forsytb Co., N. C. 

Fruit medium to large, a little oblate in form, deep yellow, nearly 
covered with purplish red ; patch of russet around the stalk. Flesh 
yellow, firm, aromatic, subacid. November to February. (White.) 

Celestia. 

Originated with L. S. Mote, Miami Co., O. A new variety of good 
promise as an amateur sort. 

Fruit large, form roundish, conical, slightly ribbed. Color pale yel- 
low, moderately sprinkled with gray or brown dots, and sometimes 
large dots of red. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity deep, uneven. 
Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, partially recurved. Basin rather 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, very pleasant, 
rich, mild, subacid. Core rather large. Very good. October. 

Cellini. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, with streaks and mot- 
tlings of dark crimson. Stalk short. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, and 
pleasant. Very good. September, October. 

Challenge. 

Raised by D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. A thrifty grower, and 
exceedingly productive. Wood grayish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, deep yellow, sprinkled with brown- 
ish dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. 
Very good. October to Jvme. 

Champaigne Reinette. 
Reinette de Champagne. Soskrieger. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with more or less 
of russet. Flesh yellowish, mild, subacid, vinous. Very good. De- 
cember to January. (Verg.) 

Chandler. 
Late Chandler. 

Of Comiecticut origin, where it is a favorite. Tree moderately vig- 
orous, great bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, and one-sided or angular in ita 
form, obscurely ribbed on its sides, thickly streaked and overspread with 
dull red with a few streaks of bright red, on a greenish yellow ground, 
the red sprinkled with light gray dots. Core and seeds small. Flesh green- 
ish white, tender juicy, -vs-ith a moderately rich, subacid flavor, trood. 
November to February. 



the applk. 123 

Chaney. 

A Pennsylvania Apple, valuable mainly as a loi g keepei'. I'ret i» 
straggling grower, vigoi'ous and good bearer. 

Frnit mediiim, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded in the sun with crimson, and sprinkled with light gi'ay dots. 
Flesh whitish, fh-m, moderately juicy, with a sprightly subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. Core small. December to March. 

Chapman's Orange. 
Fruit small, deep orange, juicy, rich, suoacid. October. 

Charley's Winter. 

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Va. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, crisp, 
brisk subacid. Good. January, February. 

Chase's Seedling. 

Origin, Maine. 

Fruit medium, roimdish, pale yellow, splashed and marbled over 
nearly the entire surface with red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid. Good. September. 

Chattahoochie. 

A Southern A'^ariety from the banks of the Chattahoochie River, Ga. 
Tree vigorous, upiight, productive. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate, oblique, slightly 
conic, greenish yellow, faint brownish blush irt sun. Stalk very short. 
Cavity large, open, deep, somewhat russeted. Calyx partially open, 
with short segments, broad, divided, sometimes closed, sometimes erect. 
Basin deep, broad, abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, 
breaking, crisp, partially tender, subacid, pleasant. Good. Season, 
December to April. 

Cheese. 

Origin, Lewisburgh, Pa. Tree strong, vigoro^is, spreading, produc- 
tive annually. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish, mostly overspread and 
striped with red, small grayish dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, ten- 
der, subacid. Good. November to February. 

Cheeseborough Russet. 

Pumpkin Sweet of some. Kingsbury Eusset. 
Forever Pippin. Cheeseboro. 

Howard Eusset. York Eusset. 

Sweet Eusset. 

An old fruit of little value, large, conical, green russet. Flesb 
Soarse, dry, mild, subacid, almost sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Cheltenham. 
Calf Pasture. 
The Cheltenham is a handsome and popular market variety that origi 



124 



THE APPLE. 



mated at Clieltenham Township, Montgomery Co., Pa., in a field wliere 
calves were pastured, and hence the synonym by which it is locally known 
It is a moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit medium, roxmdish, striped and marbled with red on a yellow 
grounii. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
deep. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. Septem- 
ber. 



Chenango Strawberry. 



Frank. 
Buckley. 



Jackson Apple. 
Smyrna. 



Sherwood's Favorite. 
Strawberry. 

Originated in the town of Lebanon, Madison Co., K. Y. It is an 
apple pleasant to the taste and much esteemed as a table fruit wher- 
ever grown. Tree is vigorous, spreading. Young wood light reddish 
brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic or oblong truncated conic, indistinctly 




Chenango Strawberry. 



ribbed. Color whitish, shaded, splashed and mottled -with light and 
dark crimson over most of the surface, light dots. Stalk rather short 
email. Cavity acute, somewhat uneven. Calyx closed, or partially 
open. Segments erect. Basin rather large, abrupt, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, peculiar mild, subacid. Core leather large. 
Very good. September and October. 

Cheney. 

Originated on the old Cheney farm. South Manchester, Conn. Tree 
upright, spreading, an early and regular bearer. 



THE APPLE. 126 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow shaded with rich crimson over th« 
whole surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September and October. 

Chestatee. 

A Southern fruit of unknown oiigin. Tree vigorous, upright, spread- 
ing. Wood smooth, reddish gray, with very small reddish buds. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, pale yellow with a slight 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good- 
November. 

Chester. 
Chester Red Streak. 
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes with a sunny 
cheek and sprinkled with carmine djts. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, subacid, aromatic. Good. November to December. 

Chester Pearmain. 

An English dessert Apple. Tree hardy, free grower, attaining a con- 
siderable size, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, pale yellow, striped with crimson in 
the sun, some russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Second- 
rate. October to December. (Hogg.) 

Chester Spitzenberg. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. Tree a good grower and productive. Young 
wood dark dull reddish brown, very stout. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, yellowish, splashed and 
striped nearly over the whole surface witli light and dark red. Flesh 
yello^svish, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good. February to April. 

Chestoa. 
Babbit's Head. 
A Southern variety. 

Fruit large, elongated conical, irregular at apex end, deep ricu 
yellow, striped, splashed and shaded with red, and with many minute 
dark specks. Flesh wliitish, crisp, juicy, rather rich, vinoiis, aromatic. 
Very good. November to March. 

Chief Good. 
Summum Bonum. 

From Kentucky, near Louisville. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, flattened at base, light yellow, 
streaked and mottled with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. September, October. (Elliott.) 

Christiana. 

Origin, on the premises of John R. Brinckle, near Wilmington, Del. 
Fruit medium, oblate, splashes and stripes of rich crimson red over a 



126 THE APPLE. 

yellow groniid. Flesh yellowisli white, moderately juicy, spiightly, mild^ 
subacid. Good to very good. November. 

Cheistie's Pippin. 

Origin, Kingston-on-Thames, England. Tree of slender growth, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium^ oblate, lemon yellow, with faint red stripes, russety 
dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, agreeable, mild subacid. December to 
February. A dessert apple of the first quality. (Ron.) 

Christ's Gold Reinette. 
Christ's Deutsche Goldremette. 
Of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, golden yellow, red cheek in sun, and 
much cinnamon-colored russet. Flesh fine, juicy, aromatic, vinoua. 
November to May. (Hogg.) 

Chronical. 

Cotton Apple. 

This variety originated on the farm of John Cotton, Putnam Co., 

Ind. It is a thrifty grower, with a rather upright spreading habit, very 

hardy, and a moderate annual bearer. It is valued much for properties 

enabling it to be kept in good condition for two years without extra care. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, with 

splashes and stripes of dull red, few light dots with dark centres. Flest 

yellowish white, comj)act, firm, mild subacid. Core small, close. Good 

Churchill Greening. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Friiit large, oblate, somewhat conic, ribbed, yellowish green, shaded 
with dull red, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Flesh yellow, ten- 
der, granular, with a brisk, vinous, almost saccharine flavor. Good 
December to February. 

Church's Late Sweet. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, rich yellow, with occa- 
sionally a shade of crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, compact, rathei 
rich, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good. February to May. 

Citron des Carmes. 

A French Apple. Fruit small, oblong, light dull brown, dry. Poor. 
December. (Ron.) 

Citronen Reinette. 
Reinette de Citron. 
An Apple of German origin, there regarded as of value for the dessert, 
Fruit large, roundish conical, bright yellow, with blush in the 
eun. Flesh very white, fine-grained, juicy, brisk, sugary, vinous. De- 
cember U June. (Hogg.) 



the apple. 127 

Clapper Flat. 
Flat Apple. 

Origin, town of Bethlehem, Albany Co., N. Y. Tree productivu. 

Fruit above medium, oblate incliiiing to conic, pale yellow, niostlj 
covered, shaded and splashed with deep red. Flesh yellowish, moderately 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. Highly valued for cooking 
)September, October. 

Claea Pippin. 

Origin, Cranford, England. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, orange, with brownish red in the sun. 
Flesh deep orange, fii-m, rich, brisk, sugary. December to May. (Hogg.) 

Clarke. 

A new variety originated with J. N. Clarke, Naples, E". Y., who 
states it a strong grower, with an open top, and annually productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angu- 
lar, pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark 
crimson, few gi'ay dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity narrow, rather 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Segments slightly recurved. Basin small, 
a little corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous, subacid. 
Very good. October, November. 

Clarke's Delaware. 

Originated with John C. Clarke, Maryland. Tree very prodiictive. 

Fruit nearly mediiim size, roundish, inclining to oblong, oblique, 
smooth, yellow, shaded in the sun with orange red, many gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, moderately tender, juicy, mild subacid. Almost very good. 
December to March. 

Clarke Peaemain. 

Yellow Pearmain. Columbian Eusset. 

Gloucester Pearmain. Golden Pearmain. 

From North Carolina, an old variety. Tree of slow growth, vei^ 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded, striped and marbled with red and russet dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity small, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh 
yellow, rather firm, crisp, rich, subacid. Very good. Core small. De- 
cember. 

Clarkson. 

Originated on the premises of David Clarkson, Plymouth, "Wayne 
Co., Mich. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, oblate conic, clear white, shaded with crimson 
in the sun, with light and brown dots. Flesh white, fine-gi-ained, ten- 
der, juicy, sharp subacid, slightly aromatic. Core rather large. Good. 
Valuable for cooking and drying only. 



128 the apple. 

Claygate Pearmain. 

An English Apple. 

Eruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, nearly covered 
with brownish red. Elesh yellow, tender, rich, aromatic. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

Clayton. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, conical, flattened, regular, greenish yellow, covered, 
striped, and splashed with dull red. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. 
Good. Kitchen and market. January to IMarch. (Warder.) 

Clepington. 

An English dessert Apple. Fruit small, round oblate, yellow. Sep- 
tember. 

Cley Pippin. 

AlbO an English dessert Apple, there counted as of first-ra]te quality. 
Fruit small, roxmdish, yellow. October to March. (H. S. C.) 

Cluster. 

Tree productive. 

Fruit small, yellow, oblate, sweet. November. 

Another Cluster Apple is small, roundish conical, or oblong conical, 
greenish white. Flesh white. Poor. December, February. 

Cluster Golden Pippin. 
Cluster Pippin. Twin Cluster Pippio. Thickset. 

An old variety. A hardy tree, slender grower, good bearer, produ- 
cing its fruit in clusters, and often with two fr\iits united or grown to- 
gether. 

Fruit small, round, flattened, yellovv, with orange in the sun, and 
patches of gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, subacid perfumed. 
November to March. (Hogg.) 

Cluster Pearmain. 

Introduced by R. Ragan, of Indiana. 

Fruit full medium size, round, flattened, regular, inclined, yellowish 
green, mixed and striped light red, dots large, gray and yellow, white 
bloom. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, granular, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. An autumn fruit, acceptable as a substitute for 
Rambo. (Warder.) 

Clyde Beauty. 
Jttackie's Clyde Beauty. 

Raised by Mr. Mackie, Clyde, Wayne Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
upright, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, conic, angular, greenish, oily, sprinkled and 
moti led with dull red and bright red in the sun. Stalk short, slender, 
inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small corrugated basin. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 



THE APPLE. li? 

COBHAM. 

From Kent, England. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, dull yellowish greeu, faint 
red in the sun, some light russet. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, saccharine, 
aromatic. November, December. (Lind.) 

CoBOURG Pippin. 

An Apple originated in Warwickshire, England. 
Fruit small, oblate conical, pea gi-een, with large russet dots. 
Flesh firm, rich, acid, March. (Ron.) 

COCCAGEE. 
Cocko Gee. 

An Irish Apple, mostly valued for cider. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
acid. Octobei-, December. (Hogg.) 

Cockle Pippin. 

Nutmeg Cockle. Nutmeg Pippin. 

White Cockle. Brown Cockle. 

A variety from Sussex, England. Tree healthy, hardy. Shoots 
moderately stout, chestnut colored. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, green, with brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, aromatic. Good. January to 
April. 

Cocklin's Favorite. 
Grandfather. 

Introduced by Jacob CockHn, York, Pa. Tree a good upright grower 
productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish, thinly shaded with 
light crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 
medium, very slender. Cavity large, deep, sometimes thinly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes slightly recurved. 
Basin abrupt, deep, rather uneven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Yery good. Core small, November. 

Cockpit. 

Origin, North of England, 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncated, yellow. Flesh tendei, 
brisk, a pleasant apple for table or kitchen. November, December. 
(Ron.) 

Coe's Golden Drop. 

An English Apple, the origin of which is in doubt. Tree hardy, fre< 
upright grower, and productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, fine yellow, with a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, jxiicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. November, February. 

9 



130 



THE APPLE. 



Cogswell. 
Cogswell Pearmain. 

This excellent Apj)le originated in the town of Griswold, near Nor- 
wich, Ct., on a farm which came into the j)Ossession of William Cogs- 
well about the year 1798. The original ti-ee was then about forty or 
fifty years old. The fruit was first exhibited in 1816 or '18, before the 
Massachusetts Horticultural Society. 

It is an extremely valuable variety wherever grown, either for table 
or market purposes, a good keeper, and bears carriage to market long 
distances without apparent injury. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading 
grower, an abundant bearer of very regular, even-sized fruit. Younp 
shoots dark reddish brown, somewhat downy. 




Cogswell. 



Fruit size above medium. Form roundish, oblate, regular. Color 
rich yellow, nearly covered with, red, marked and streaked with, bright 
red, pretty thickly sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk short, rather slender. 
Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh, yellowish, fine-grained, tender, juicy, scarcely subacid, 
riLch aromatic. Core small. Yery good to best. December to March. 

Cole. 
Scarlet Perfume. Duling ? 

A variety from England, of second quality, but admired for its beauty 
of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, ribbed. Color deep crimson 
on a yellowish ground, or sometimes entirely red, with a little russet. 
Stalk medium, woolly, planted in a cavity broad and deep. Calyx large, 
in a broad basin. Flesh white, rather firm, juicy, yellowish, somewhat 
rich and agreeable. Nearly very good. September and October. 



the apple. 131 

Columbian. 

Received from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit meiJium, oblate, slightly inclining to conical, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed and striped with light and dark crimson, few light gray dots 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, jviicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Very good. Core small. October, November. 

COLVERT. 
Prussian. 

An old vai'iety, of uncertain origin, valued mainly for cooking. 
Tree a. strong grower, and an enormous bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
shaded with dull red in sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. October, November. 

Conant's Red. 

Much cultivated in Southern Ohio. 

Fruit full medium, regvilar, oblate, sometimes nearly round, yellow, 
obscurely mixed with red, on which are streaks of russet, dots fawn- 
colored. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid to sweet, aromatic. 
September, December. (Warder.) 

CoNDiT Sweet. 

A New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish yellow, tinge of brown in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, teniler, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. September. 

Congress. 
Jackson Apple. Tyler Apple. 

A Massachusetts variety, cultivated in the New England States for 
half a century or more. Tree very vigorous, spreading, abundant bearer. 
Fruit valuable mainly for cooking or market. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, 
splashed, striped, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Good. Core large. November, December. 

Connecticut Summer Sweet. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red striped. Flesh yellowish, 
Bweet, tough. August. (Elliott.) 

CoifNETT's Sweet. 

Tree strong, upright grower, eai-ly and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellow, mostly covered with dark 
red. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Very good. December 
to March. (Elliott.) 

CONTIN ReiNETTE. 

From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, a slender grower, and sure 
Oearer. 



132 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, dull yellow, red in the sun I'lesh yellowish^ 
firm, pleasant, acid. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Conway. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit mediiim, oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish, yellow, with a 
bronzed cheek in the sun, few brown gray dots and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, vinous, slightly aromatic. Very good. 
December to April. 

Cook's Red Winter. 

Fruit medium to large, produced by Jacob Cook, Edisto, S. C. Tree 
vigorous and regular bearer. October to April. (Summer Notes.) 

Cooledge's Favorite. 

Said to have originated in Cambridge, Mass. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, splashed and marblea 
with red, becoming brilliant in the sun, russet at the stem, and with wliitish 
specks over the whole. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep, broad. Calyx 
in a shallow plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, tender, and juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Very good. September, October. (J. of H.) 

Cooper. 
Beauty Red. Lady Washington. 

Origin unknown ; supposed to be an old Eastern variety, as yet 
unrecognized. Thrives well at the West, and much esteemed there by 
many. Growth vigorous, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, sides unequal. Color greenish yellow, 
with a few stripes and splashes of bright red, thickly sprinkled with 
brown dots. Flesh tender, juicy, vinous, with a pleasant but not high 
flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cooper's Early White. 

Grown in Illinois and other Western States, where it is regarded by 
many as productive and profitable. 

Fruit medium, roundish, little flattened, pale yellow ^\ith faint 
blush, tinge of green at the stem. Flesh white, crisp, sprightly. Sep- 
tember and October. (Elliott.) 

Cooper's Market. 
Cooper's Redling. Rigley. Red ling r 

Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, with long slender branches, very 
productive and a late keeper. Valuable for market in New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with led and striped 
with crimson. Stalk short. Cavity deep, narrow. Calyx closed. Basin 
small. Flesh white, tender, with a brisk subacid flavor. Good. De- 
cember to May. 

Cooper's Russeting. 
Originated in Gloucester Co,, N. J. Tree irregular in form, healthj 
grower, abundant bearer. 



THE APPLE. 133 

Fruit smalJ, oblong, conical, pale yellow mixed with russet. Flesh 
rich, sweet, dry. Valuable for cooking or for cider. October tc 
December. 

Corlie's Sweet. 

Origin on the farm of A. Corlies, Shrewsbury, New Jersey. Treo 
vigorotis, round-headed, great hearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, whitish yellow, light blush in sun. 
Fle-sh white, firm, nuderately juicy, pleasant sweet, fine for cooking. 
Hardly good. September, November. 

Cornell's Fancy. 
Cornell's Favorite. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous and prodiictive. 

Fruit medium, oblong, conical. Color waxen yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather large. 
Calyx closed, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, crisp, juicy, with 
a pleasant subacid flavor. Core medium or large. Very good. 

Cornfield. 

A Southern variety from J. S. DoAvner. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, truncate regular, yellow, covered 
with mixed dee]) red, striped. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, rather 
dry, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Cornish AROMiVTic. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, angular. Color rich red, much 
marked with russet yellow dots, on a pale russet ground. Flesh yellow, 
with a rich, aromatic, subacid flavor. Good. October to December. 

Cornish Gilliplower. 

Cornish July-flower. Pomme Eegelans. Red Gilliflower ? 

Calville d'Angleterre. Cornwallisser. Nelken Apfel. * 

An old English Apple. Tree a poor grower and shy bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, narrowing much to the eye 
where it is ribbed, dull green, or dark yellowish green, with a sunny side 
of brownish red, intermixed with a few streaks of richer red. Flesh yel- 
lowish, firm, with a rich, high flavor, and a slight aromatic ]>erfume. 
Good. November to April. 

Cornish Spice. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, oblate, pale yellow, slight shade in s^m. Flesh yellow 
ish, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. November. 

Corse's Favorite. 

A Canadian Apjile, valuable for stewing. 

Fruit medium, oblate, depressed, yelloAvish green. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, brisk, subacid. Good. September. 



134 THE APPLE. 

Cos, OR Caas. 

A native of Kingston, N. Y., where it is productive and highly 
esteemed. 

Fruit large, one-sided or angular, roundis.i, broad, and flattened at 
the stalk, narrowing a good deal to the eye. Skin smooth, pale green- 
ish yellow in the shade, but red in the sun, with splashes and specks of ' 
bright red, and a few yellow dots. Flesh white, tender, with a mild, 
agreeable flavor. Good to very good. December to March. 

Costard. 
, Coulthard. Pnissian Pippin. 

An old English culinary Apple mentioned by Law son in 1597, and 
was in the fruiters' bills in the time of Edward the First, 1292, under 
name of Pomme Costard. Tree hardy, strong, vigorous, with downy 
shoots, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, prominently ribbed, dull yellowish 
green, embedded all over with gray specks. Flesh greenish white, ten- 
der, juicy, brisk, subacid. October to December. (Hogg.) 

COTSVILLE SpITZENBERG. 

A variety received from Nelson & Son, Mercer Co., Pa., by whom it 
was obtained as a seedling of the Rambo, from Ohio. It looks much 
Kke the Baltimore, on p. 86, and may prove identical. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, covered over with 
deep crimson in the siin, lighter in the shade, a little russet, and pi'etty 
thickly sprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, sometimes a little 
stained, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
small. Yery good. December to February. 

Coral Blush. 

From Ross-shire, Scotland. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, dull red in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk. A good culinary sort. December. (Lind.) 

Court Pendu de Tournay. 

Eeinette d'Orleans. 

Originated in Holland. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical. Flesh creamy white, ten- 
der, fine, aromatic. (An. Pom.) 

Court Pendu Plat. 

Court-pendu. Court-pendu Musque. 
Coiirt-pendu plat rouge^tre. Rouge Musque, 

Capendu. Coriandre Rose. 

Garnon's Apjile. Pomme de Berlin. 

Court-pendu Extra. Wollaton Pippin. 

Rond Gros. Russian. 

Rose. Princess Noble Zoete. 

A popular French variety. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, and quite flat. Skin rich, 
deep crimson on the sunny side, with a little pale greenish yellow in tlie 



THE APPLK 13& 

aliade. Stalk short, inserted in a very deep cavity. Calyx large, net in 
a wide shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, with a rich brisk acid flavor. 
Good. The tree bears young and plentifully. November to February. 

CoiRT Pendu Rosr 
Court Pendu Uosat. 
Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened, yellow, mai-ked with gray dots, and 
shaded with bright red around the stem. Flesh white, fine, juicy, 
vinous, acid, perfumed. (An. Pom.) 

CouKT OF Wick. 

Court of Wick Pippin. Golden Drop. Philip's Eeinette. 

Court de AVick. Wood's Huntingdon. Knig-htwick Pippin. 

Rival Golden Pippin. Barlow. Week's Pippin. 

Fry's Pippin. Transparent Pippin. Yellow. 

A highly-flavored English dessert Apple of the Golden Pippin class, 
which does not siicceed well with us. 

Fruit below the middle size, regulai'ly formed, roimdish oblate, some- 
what flattened, greenish yellow in the shade, but becoming a warm 
orange, with a little red in the sun. Flesh yellow, crisp, and juicy, with 
a high jjoignant flavor. Very good. October to Februaiy. 

CowARNE Red. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, nai'rowing to the crown, pale yellow, bright 
red where exposed to the sun, sometimes deep purplish crimson. Valu- 
able for cider. (Hogg.) 

Cowarne's Queening. 
Northern Greening. 

Tree upright, compact, an abundant bearer. 

Fruit very large, roundish, conical, golden yellow, red in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender. Fine for cooking or drying. November to Jan- 
uary. (Ron.) 

Cox's Orange Pippin. 

An English variety much esteemed for dessert. Tree is well adapted 
for dwarfing on the paradise stock, and a free bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed and slightly mot- 
tled nearly over the whole surface with crimson. Flesh yellowish, rather 
firm, juicy, brisk, rich, subacid. Core small. Yery Good. September, 
October. 

Cox's Pomona. 

A variety from England, vahiable as a culinary apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, greenish yellow, shade of crim 
Bon in the sun. Flesh wliite, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core 
small. October. 

Cracking. 

Origin, farm of Henry Barger, Harrison Co., O. Tree spreading, 
vigorous, and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 



136 THE APPLE. 

Fruit fair, large, roundish, slightly flattened, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, with a slight tinge of red, thinly sprinkled 
with large dots. Stalk medium, in a rather deep slightly russeted cav- 
ity. Calyx closed in a coirugated basin. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. Valuable for cooking 
October, November. • 

Cram ok Kram. 
An old fruit nearly out of use and not worth cultivating. 

Cranberry. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, brightly striped with 
carmine on the unexposed side, and of deeper red on the side next the sun. 
Many gray russet dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish. Good. 

Cranberry Pippin. 

This strikingly beautiful Apple was found growing on a farm near 
Hudson, N. Y. It is only second-rate in point of flavor — but it is an 
excellent cooking and market apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin very smooth, light 
yellow, with a bright scarlet cheek. Flesh white, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. November to February. 

Cranberry Eusset. ' 

Introduced to notice by J. Austin Scott, Toledo, O. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, compressed. Surface rough, russeted, 
blushed carmine, uneven. Flesh breaking, tender, not very juicy, acid. 
Good. Said to be superior for cooking. November, December. (War- 
der.) 

Crawford. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate inclining to conic, yellowish, with a 
tinge of crimson in the sun, few grayish dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, rather rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Yery good. November to 
March. 

Crawford's Keeper. 

Originated in Lawrence Co., O. Tree strong grower and a great 
bearer. Young shoots slender, clear, smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish truncated conical, oblique. Color 
light yellow, mostly overspread with a rich red, large light gray specks. 
Stem very short. Cavity large, deep, acute, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed or nearly so. Segments divided. Basin very deep, broad, 
abrupt, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking moderately 
juicy, mild, sweet, subacid. Good to very good. January to Marcli. 

Cray Pippin. 

Raised in Kent, Englan 1, where it is said to be a valuable dessert 
A-pp^e. 

Fitiit below medium, conical, pale yellow, tinge of red in the 



THE APPLE. 137 

SUM. Flesh yellow, crisp, sweet, and highly flavored. October. 
(Hogg.) 

Crayton. 

Fruit medium to large, fine flavor. November to April. (Sum- 
ner's MS.) 

Cream. 

Origin, Queens Co., L. I., N. Y. Tree a vigorous grower, forming a 
compact head, an early bearer, and by some thought valuable for dessert 
or culinary purposes. 

Fi-uit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, thickly sprin- 
kled with bro\vn and gray dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, tendei', 
juicy, pleasant, sweet and rich. September and October. 

Creed's Marigold. 

Raised from seed of the Scarlet Nonpareil, in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep rich yellow, orange in the sun, covered 
and striped with shades of rich red. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, 
richly flavored. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Crede's Quittenreinette. 
Credo's Gutten Reinette. 
A German variety of medium size, roundish, lemon yellow with star- 
like russety dots. Flesh white, very fine and juicy, sugary, vinous, 
quince flavor. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Creek. 

A native of Hellam township, York, Pa., where it is highly prized 
on account of its quality and extraordinary productiveness. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, slightly spreading. 

Fruit medium., oblate, slightly conical, greenish yellow, obscurely 
striped and splashed with light and dark red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant, subacid. Core small. Yery good. December to March. 

Creeper. 

Common in Berkshire, England. 

Fruit below medium, rovmdish, somewhat conical, dark green, nearly 
overspread with red, striped in the sun with darker shades. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, sweet, slight aroma. September. (Hogg.) 

Crego Red Streak. 

From Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vei-y productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, with stripes and shades of 
red. Flesh white, sharp subacid. Hardly good. September. 

Crimsok Queening. 

Scarlet Queening. Red Queening. 

Summer Queening. Herefordshire Queening. 

A second-rate English variety. 

Fruit medium size, conical, mostly covered with deep crimson. Flesb 



138 THE APPLE. 

w^Mte, witli a red tinge under the skin, tender, juicy, sweet, aromatia 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Crispin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong truncated, greenish, shaded ani striped 
with shades of red. Flesh whitish, dry, compact, subacid. Not quite 
good. December to May. 

Crittenden. 

A new variety, seedling from Kentucky, introduced to notice by J. C 
Teas, of Indiana. Tree a sure and prolific bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, dull red on yellow. Flesh juicy, very 
sweet. Good. Keeps until May or June. 

Crofton Pippin. 

An Apple from Ireland. Tree blossoms late, and bearing its fruit ai 
ends of the branches gives it a drooping appearance. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish oblate, greerdsh, mostly over 
spread with red. Flesh firm, rich, juicy. December, January. (Ron.) 

Crook's Seedling. 

From the county of Way, Indiana, where it is esteemed as a market 
sort. Tree forms an open round head, a great bearer. 

Fruit full medium size, red striped on yellow ground. Good. October. 

Cropsey's Favorite. 

Originated with D. W. Cropsey, Plainfield, Will Co., 111. 

Fruit full medium, rotuidish, yellow, mixed and splashed with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. December. 
(Warder.) 

Crotcher. 

Supposed to be a native of Dorchester Co., Md. Tree moderate, 
rather iipright grower, producing large crops of very even-sized fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, slightly trvmcated. Color waxen 
white, with a slight blush, and thinly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, partially russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, abrupt, a little uneven. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid. Yery good. Avigust. 

Crow Egg. 

An old variety of not very good quality, oblong oval, long stem, 
greenish yellow, tender, sweet, large core. October, November. 

There is also another Crow Egg in Kentucky, of conical form, yel- 
low, striped with dull red. Stem short. Flesh yellow, compact, sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Crow Nest. 

Originated at Kelley's Island, O., in the orchard of Chas. Carpenter. 
Tree vigorous, productive. 



THE APPLE. 13G 

Fruit full medium, round, truncated, greenish yellow, thinly covered 
with russet. Flesh green, tender, breaking, subacid, only good for cook- 
ing. November to January. (Warder.) 

CULLASAGA. 

Raised by Miss Ann Bryson, Macon Co., N. C. Good grower, and 
a standard winter fruit for the South, Very productive. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, inclining to conic, sides sometimes 
unequal. Skin yellowish, mostly shaded and striped with dark crimson, 
and spiinkled with whitish dots. Stalk small and short, inserted in a 
deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, set in a shallow corru- 
gated basin. Flesh yelloAvish, rather compact, moderately juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good. November to April. 

CULLAWHEE. 

A Southern seedling, with slender wood. Tree resembling the Buff. 

Fruit medium, or above, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, nearly overspread, shaded and splashed with two shades of red, 
light crimson and dark dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. 

Gulp. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., O. Introduced by George Gulp. Tree very 
vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic, waxen yellow, shaded with blush 
or dull crimson. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, agreeable, subacid. Good 
December to March. 

Cumberland Seedling. 

Supposed to have originated in Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree a fine 
grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate inclining to conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
mostly splashed and shaded with dark crimson, few large light dots. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Cumberland Spice. 

From Cumberland Co., N. J. Tree thrifty, upright, spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather above medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, rarely with 
a blush, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and 
pleasant subacid ; apt to shrivel. Good. Core large and hollow. 
December to Febriiary. 

Curry's Red Winter. 

Origin unknown. Came from Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigor- 
ous and vei-y productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong. Color yellow groiind nearly covered with pale 
red and russet dots. Stalk rather short, slender set in a small cavity. 
Calyx large and open. Basin large. Flesh white, and solid, and keeps 
well into January. (So. Cult.) 



14c the applk. 

Curtis Greening. 
* 
Origin uncertain, found in Illinois. 

Fruit medium to large, obloug, truncated, axis inclined, yeliow 
bronzy. Flesh yellow, breaking, subacid. Good. January to Febni' 
ary. (Warder.) 

Curtis Sweet. 

Introduced to notice by Joseph Curtis, St. Alban's, Yt. Tree vigor- 
ous, ujwight, productive, and hardy. 

Frixit large, roundish, conical, ribbed, pale yellow, sprinkled, marbled, 
and splashed with crimson, and thickly covered with crimson dots. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, very tender, with a very pleasant sweet flavor. Core 
large. Good. August to October. 

CUSTAHD. 

Originated in the grounds of L. B. Langworthy, Greece, Monroe Co., 
N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, to small, roundish, or roundish oblate, inclining to 
conic, greenish yellow, faintly marbled and splashed with dull red, deep- 
er in the sun. Flesh whitish, very tender, juicy, very mild, almost sweet, 
agreeable, good for the amateur. Core small. Yery good. November, 
December. 

Cut Pippin. 

West's Spitzenberg. Haymaker. 

Honemaker Pippin. Hommacher Apfel. 

From Western Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium to large, greenish. Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid. 
Good. December to April. (Elliott.) 

Dahlongea. 

Of Southern origin, but precise locality unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with crimson, a slight bloom, and thickly sprin- 
kled with light dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, jiiicy, subacid. 
Good. February to March. 

Dahlton. 
Dahlton Pippin. 

Origin unknown. So far as we know, only grown in Massachtisfe-.ts. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, slight blush in the sun, 
greenish dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Sep« 
tember, October. 

Dame Jeannette. 

Joannetten's Reinette. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, conical, yellowish, with a bronzed 
cheek in siin. Stalk slender. Calyx large. Flesh Avhite, veined with 
yellow, mild svbacid, perfumed. December (Yerg.) 



the apple. 141 

Dana. 

Oi'igiii, near Cincinnati, O. Tree large, productive. 

Fruit small, flat rich, yellow partially covered with mixed red^ 
distinctly striped with carmine, white bloom. Flesh yellow, fine- 
gi-ained, subacid, August. (Warder.) 

Dana Greening. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, gi-eenish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Dana's Striped Sweet. 

From Ohio. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellowish 
shaded, and striped with red. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, mild, pleas- 
ant sweet. Good. December to March, 

Daniel. 

From Heniy Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially striped and 
splashed with dull crimson. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Augiist and September. 

Daniel's Apple. 

An old variety. Origin unknown, of no value. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with dull crimson. Flesh 
white, coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Core large and hollow. October. 

Dan Pearmain. 

Originated in Indiana. 

Fruit medium to small, round, flattened, yellow, covered, mixed, and 
striped with bright red. Flesh yellow, breaking, tender, mild subacid, 
rich. Too small for profit. December to March. (Warder.) 

Danvees Winter Sweet. 
Epse's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts, in the town of Dan vers, from which this vaiiety 
takes its name, it has been for a long time one of the best market 
apples, b\it we think it inferior to the Ladies' Sweeting. It is an 
abundant bearer, and a very rapid tree in its growth. Young shoots 
dark grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin smooth, dull yellow, 
with an orange blush. Stalk slender, inclining to one side. Calyx set 
in a smooth, nari'ow basin. Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, and rich. Very 
good. It bakes well, and is fit for use the whole winter, and often till 
April. 

Dapper. 

From Georgia. 

Fruit small, roundish, tnincate, yeUow, with crimson specks. (Pa. 
Hop.) 



142 the apple. 

Darlington. 

Darlington Russet. 

Kative of Northern Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth russet. Flesh "^ hite. Hardly ven 
good. January to June. (Elliott.) 

Darling Pippin. 

An old English sort, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, lemon yellow, small pearly specks. Flesh 
yellowish, firm, juicy pleasant subacid. November to January. (Lind.) 

Dartmouth Sweet. 

An old Massachusetts variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, tender, sweet. Good. October. 

Davis. 

Origin, Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm of Jehiel Davis. 
Tree vigorous, upright, bears annually. 

Fruit small, roundish, flattened at base and croMTQ, yellowish, shaded, 
and obscurely striped with crimson, russeted at the cro^wn, and sprinkled 
with gray dots. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, juicy, crisp, 
sprightly, subacid. Good. April, May. 

Davis's Sweet. 

Origin said to be Monroe Co., O. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes rather conical, regular. 
Color yellow, shaded with mixed red, splashed crimson, numerous large 
gray or fawn-color dots. Skin not smooth, thick. Stem long, slender. 
Cavity acute, regular. Calyx medium, closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
russeted. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, rather sweet. Core medivim. 
Quality good. April to July. (A. Pom. S.) 

Dawson's Cluster. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium, oblong, truncate, pale yellow, blushed lightly with 
brown. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber. (Warder.) 

Day. 
Eoyal Pippin. 

A native of Kentucky. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conic, yellow striped, splashed, and 
Tiottled with bright red. Flesh white, firm, breaking, subacid. Poor. 
January. Kitchen use. 

Dayton. 
Haley. 
From Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whiti,sh yellow, marbled and striped 
with red. Flesh juicy, tender, subacid. Good. Core large. December. 



THE APPLE. 



U3 



Defiance. 

Originated -wiili H, N. Gillett, Ohio, from seed of Pryci-'a Red. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, yellow, nearly overspread, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red. Flesh white, tender, not jnicy, rich 
peculiar aroma. Good. August, September. 

Delaware. 
Trumpington. 
Of unknown origin, supposed Ame)-ican, although heretofore found 
described only in Ronalds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, golden yellow, blotched with deep red. 
Flesh firm, rich, high-flavored, October to December. 

Delight. 

From Robert Buchanan, Cinciimati, O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some russet, and a red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good, 
December to March. (Elliott.) 

Democrat. 

Varick. 

An Apple consideraly grown in Tompkins Co., N. Y., the origin of 

which cannot be correctly traced. The trees are great bearers, fruit 

keeping well, and always meeting a ready sale in market. Tree an up- 

••ight, good gi'ower, annually productive. Young shoots reddish brown. 




Democrat. 



Fruit — size medium, or above ; form roundish conical, obscurely rib- 
li^d. Color pale whitish yellow, shaded, partially striped, and sjilashed 
uearly over the whole surface with light and dark crimson, and prettj/ 



144 THE APPLE. 

thickly sprinkled with small light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
large, deep, acute. Calyx small, closed, Segm.ents small and short to a 
point. Basin medium, rather deep, corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes 
a little stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, mUd, pleasant subacid. 
Very good. Core large. December to March. 

Demockat. 

Warder describes an Apple under this name obtained of George 
Powers, Perrysburgh, O., as follows : 

Pruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, blushed scarlet. Dots minute. 
Flesh yellow, breaking, juicy, siibacid, aromatic. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

Derky Nonsuch. 
I)insmor6. Londonderry. 

Origin unknown, from Keene, IST. H., and held in estimation there. 
Tree thrifty and productive, a late keeper. 

Frviit above medium, oblong or conic, yellow^ sprinkled, shaded, and 
splashed with crimson. Stalk short, in a moderate cavity. Calyx large, 
closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, slightly 
aromatic, agreeably subacid. Good. January to April. 

Detroit Black. 

Crimson Pippin. Grand Sachem. 

Black Detroit. Washington Pearmain. 

A showy, large, dark, blood-red fruit, but rather coarse, and scarcely 
worth cultivation. 

Fruit very large, roundish, distinctly ribbed, and irregular in its out- 
line. Skin smooth, deep, dingy red over the whole surface. Flesh 
white, rather diy, and without much flavor. Good. September. 

Detroit Bed. 
Detroit. Black Apple of some. Large Black. 

This fruit, commonly known in Western ISTew York and IMichigan 
as the Detroit, is supposed to have been brought to the neighborhood 
of Detroit by early French settlers, and thence disseminated. 

Plant of medium or rather large size, rorindish, somewhat conical, 
bright crimson at first, but becoming dark blackish purple at maturity, 
somewhat dotted and marbled with specks of fawn color on the sunny 
side. Flesh white (sometimes stained with red to the core in exposed 
specimens), crisp, juicy, of agreeable, sprightly subacid flavor. Good. 
October to February. 

Devonshire Buckland. 
Dredge's White Lily. White Lily. Lily Buckland. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Pruit above medium, roundish oblate, waxen yellow. Flesh yel- 
low, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. October to February. (Hogg.) 

Devonshire Golden Ball. 
An English Apjile, described by Ronalds as follows : 
Fruit large, globular, straw-colored, with flesh of unstiiped carmine. 



THE APPLE. 145 

A. beautiful sauce apple, with an aptreoable acid. Janua.fy and Feb- 
ruary, 'j'ree grows well and bears freely. 

Devonshire Quarrenden. 
Red Quarrenden. Sack Apple. 

An English fruit, scai-cely of medium size, ro\indish, flattened, and 
slightly nari'owed at the eye. Skin rich deep crimson, with lighter 
crimson, sprinkled with numerous gveen dots. Flesh nearly white, 
crisp, juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. Ripe during all 
August and September. 

Devonshire Queen. 
Konalds describes this as a favoiite apple in the "West of England, 
Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, straw-colored, with bright red 
stripes. Flesh juicy, high flavored, for table or sauce. 

Devonshire Red Streak. 

Another old "West of England fruit, which, when grown in the States, 
becomes increased in size. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish with many stripes of red, 
few brown dots. Flesh yellow, tendei", brisk, subacid. Good. Core 
large, hollow. November, December. 

Devonshire "Wilding. 
A cider Apple much valued in North Devon, England. Tree a strong 
grower and free bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh firm, sharp, acid. 

Diel's Reinette. 
Eeinette DieL Diel Kemobst. 

This variety was raised by Yan Mons. Tree strong, healthy, vigor- 
ous grower, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, orange yellow at maturity, 
with crimson and russety dots and spots. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy 
rich, spicy. December to March. 

Dickson's Emperor. 
From Scotland. 

Fruit large, slightly ribbed, yellow, with dashes of carmine, dull red 
in sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. Good. November, January, 
(Elliott,) 

Dickskill. 

This Apple was first found among the Dutch, on the west end of Long 
Island. It is valued where known for being an early and regular bearer, 
but is not an attractive market fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, mostly covered, shaded and 
splashed with dull red. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, tender, mild, almost 
swp",t, subacid. Good. November, December. 

Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette, 
A German dessert Apple, which should bear the test of Americao 

10 



146 THE APPLE. 

palates before being liigbly praised. Tree a fine grower and productive 
Hogg thus describes it : — 

Fruit medium, roundish, clear yellow, with light red, slightly broken 
into strijjes in the sun. Flesh fine, yellowish, firm, jiiicy, rich, aroma- 
tic, subacid. December. 

Dillingham. 

Raised by D. C. Richmond, of Sandusky, O. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, productive, and particularly excellent for baking. Wood Kght 
reddish brown. . Buds prominent, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with green 
and red dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed in a medium basin. 
Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, juicy, sweet. Good. November to Februaiy. 

DiSHAROON. 

Origin, Habersham County, Georgia, growth upright and vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish white, covered with gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant subacid flavor. 
Good. November to December. 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin. 

From Gloucester, England, and only estimated over the old Golden 
Pippin because of more free growth, and more productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich, golden yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, sharp sub- 
acid. March to April. (Ron.) 

Doctor. 
Red Doctor. De Witt. 

A Pennsylvania Apple ; the tree is rather an indifierent grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and washed with 
two or three shades of red, with a few darker spots. Flesh tender, 
juicy, breaking, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin. 
From Norfolk Co., England. Tree slender, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, slight red in sun. 
Flesh white, sweet, slightly aromatic. August, September. (Lind.) 

Doctor Fulcher. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree thrifty, an early abundant bearer. Shoots 
slender. 

Fmit medium, globular, trimcated, yellow marbled, and splashed 
with carmine. Flesh yellow, fiue-gTained, tender, juicy, subacid. De- 
cp.mber, January. (Warder.) 

Dodge's Crimson. 
Cumberland Black. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a free grower, 
making a round or spreading head, with slender limbs, which droop 



THE APPLE. 



147 



with the wefght of the fr lit. Young shoots very dark brown ; an an- 
nual and gi'eat boar er. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, deep rich red, almost purplish, few 
small light dots. Flesh Avliite, sometimes stained a little next the skin, 
firm-grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, vinous. Good to very good. 
December, January. 



English Eambo of some. 

Hogan. 

English Red Streak. 



DOMINE. 

Wells. 

Striped R. I. Greening. 

English Beauty of Pa. 



Cheat. 
Cling Tight. 



This Apple, extensively planted in the orchards on the Hudson and 
west, so much resembles the Rambo externally, that the two are often 
confounded together, and the outline of the latter fruit (see Rambo) 
ruay be taken as nearly a fac-simile of tliis. The Domine is, however, 
of a livelier color, and the flavor and season of the two fruits are very 
dintinct, — the Rambo being rather a high-flavored early winter or au- 
tumn apple, while the Domine is a sprightly, juicy, long-keeping winter 
fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, flat. Skin lively greenish yellow in the shade, 
with stripes and splashes of bright red in the sun, and pretty large rus- 
set specks. Stalk long and slender, planted in a wide cavity and inclin- 
ing to one side. Calyx small, in a broad basin, moderately sunk. Flesh 
white, exceedingly tender and juicy, with a sprightly pleasant, though 




not high flavor. Young wood of a smooth, lively light brown, and the 
trees are very hardy, and the most rapid growers and prodigious early 
bearers that we know — the branches being literally w-i^hed down by the 
rope-like clusters of fruit. 



148 THE APPLE. 

The Domine does not appear to be described by any foreign author. 
Coxe says that he received it from England, but the apple lie describea 
and figures does not appear to be ours, and we have never met with it in 
any collection here. It is highly probable that this is a native fruit. 
It is excellent from December till April. 

Donnelan's Seedling. 

Of American origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, dull red stripes. Flesh 
yellowish, dry, subacid. September. (Elliott.) 

Doux d'Argent. 
Doux d' Angers. D'Eve. Ostogate. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous, productive, with straight, 
downy young shoots. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conical, waxen yellow, bright red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firm, crisp, not very juicy, partially sweet. December, Jan- 
uary. 

Dowell's Pippin. 

An old Berkshire, England, dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical, green, with russet and brownish red 
in the sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. October. 

Downing's Paragon. 

Raised by A. G. Downing, near Canton, 111. Growth upright, not 
very strong. Bears regularly and well. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, truncated. Skin light yellow, with 
a sunny cheek. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. September to December. 

DowNTON Pippin. 

Elton Pippin. Downton Golden Pippin. 

Knight's Golden Pippin. St. Mary's Pippin. 

A rather early variety of the English Golden Pippin, raised by Mr 
Knight, of Downton Castle. 

Fruit a little larger than the Golden Pippin, about two and a quar- 
ter inches in diameter, roundish, fiat at the ends. Skin smooth, yellow. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, with a brisk, rich tart flavor. Yery good. Oc- 
tober and November. 

Dow's Winter Pippin. 

Origin, on the grounds of Y. P. Dow, Greenbush, near Albany, N. Y. 
Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, green inclining to yellow, slightly shaded in the 
sun with crimson, few brown dots. Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, brisk 
subacid, slightly aromatic, Good. November. 

Drap d'Or. 

Fennouillet Jaune . Vrai Drap d'Or. Embroidered Pippin, 

Bay Apple. Pomme de Caractere. Bonne de Mai. 

Tree sti-aggling, unproductive, moderately vigorous. 

This is distinct from the Draj d'Or of Lindley, and of Noisette, and 



THE APPLE. 149 

most French authors, which is quite a small apple ; but it is the T^vm 
Dra]) lV Or of the old Duhaiuel, \A. xii. Fig. 4. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, yellow or dead gold 
color, with distinct small brown dots or specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
mild subacid. Good. August to October. 

Thei-e are two or three apples under +his name — one is similar in 
size to the above, but the tree is of stronger growth, dropping its fruit 
before mature, which is rather coarse, spongy. Flesh quite inferior. 

Another variety, the Drap d'Or of Knoop, is small, bright yellow, 
fiiin and crisp. 

Dredge's Fair Maid op Wishford. 

A variety from near Salisbury, England. Tree a free grower, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with patches of brown russet, and 
streaks of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, iii-m, brisk, juicy, sugary, 
December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Fame. 

Tree hardy, vigorous grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dingy yellow, patches of thin russet, pale 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary, aro- 
matic. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Dredge's Golden Pippin. 

Ronalds describes this as a little larger than the original, flattish 
in shape, clear yellow, firm, and sweet. February to March. 

DUCHESSE DE BrABANT. 
Eeinette Duchesse de Brabant. 

Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit large, variable in form, yellow, spotted with, reddish gray dots, 
crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
acid. September to December. (An. Pom.) 

Duchess of Oldenbubgh. 

Smith's Beauty of Newark. New Brunswick, 

This handsome Russian Apple proves one of the most hardy and 
profitable varieties in cultivation, and especially in our northwestern 
sections. The tree is vigorous, forming a roundish, upright, s^areading 
head, requiring little or no pruning, and producing abundantly a fruit 
of fair, even, and regular size, that, although not of the first quality, 
always commands a ready sale, as it is valuable for market and cooking, 
and passably good for dessert. Young shoots smooth, reddish. 

Fiuit medium size, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, 
finely washed and streaked with red on a golden or yellow ground, Calya 



150 THE APPLE. 

pretty large and nearly closed, set in a wide, even hollow. ITiere is a 
faiat blue bloom on this fruit. The flesh is juicy, sprightly subacid 
Ripens early in September. 




Duchess of Oldenbnrgh. 
DUCKETT. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, light waxen yellow, often with a crimson 
cheek. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. Good. "Very 
good at the South, where it is ripe October to November. 

DuFFiELD Pippin. 

Probably an old variety, claimed as a seedling of the Kev. George 
Duffield's ancestors. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with shade of light 
crimson in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
Good. November. 

Du Halder. 

Probably a Holland variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, with gray white dots. 
Flesh white, fine, semi-tender, sugary acid. November to May. (An, 
Pom.) 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin. 

Fridt large, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish, with faint streaks in 
the sun of pale red. Flesh greenish white, crisp, and subacid. Novenv 
ber, December. (Lind.) 

Duke of Devonshire. 
An English dessert Apple. 



THE APPLE. 151 

Fruit of medium size, roixndisli, lemon yellow, vnth. a dull red 
cheek. Flesh, yellowish, crisp, juicy, rich, sugary, fine aroma. Feb- 
ruary to May. (Hogg.) 

DULCE DOMAK. 

Sweet Home. 

Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Pa, Tree of upright 
growth, moderately vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow with a shade of red in the 
sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, moderately juicy, mild honeyed sweet. 
Good to very good. Baking and stewing. November, February. 

DuMELOw's Seedling. 

Wellington. Dumelow's Crab. 

English, rather large, roundish, yellow, with a blush. Flesh yellow, 
crisp, brisk, acid. Good. November to March. 

Dumpling. 

Crooked Limb Pippin. French. Pippia of Indiana. Watroua Dumpling. 

Fruit lai-ge, roundish oblong, light yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
white, indifferent. October, December. (Elliott.) 

Duncan, 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, ribbed, yellow, with rich 
deep red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, erisp, juicy, pleasantly acid. 
November to January. (Hogg.) 

DUSTEN. 

Of unknown origin, but grown in Weare, N. H. 
Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, few gray dots. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November. 

Dutch Codlin. 

Chalmer's Large. 

A very large kitchen Apple, valued only for cooking, from August 
to September. 

Fruit of the largest size, irregularly roundish, or rather oblong, 
strongly marked by ribs extending from the base to the eye. Skin 
pale yellow, becoming orange yellow on the sunny side. Flesh white, 
subacid, and moderately juicy. Good, 

Dutch Mignonne, 

Reinette Doree. Pomme de Laak. Grosser Casselar Reinette. 

Paternoster Apfel. Settin Pippin. Copmanthorpe Crab. 

A popular Apple from Holland, Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading, young wood dark brown, downy, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Skin rather rougu, 
yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with shades of Ught and dark 



152 THE APPLE. 

ricli red, and moderately sprinkled with light aud brown do If! Stalk 
medium, slender. Cavity large, often russeted. Calyx partially open. 
Segments erect. Basin large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a 
little coarse, tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Core small. Good to 
very good. December to March. 

The foregoing is not the Dutch Mignonne which was described in 
the first edition of this book. That variety difiers in being a more 
vigorous grower, forming a very large spreading tree, and bearing its 
fruit singly and very evenly distributed over the whole of the branches 
We are uncertain of its true name. Young wood very stout, dark red 
dish brown. 

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate. Skin dull orange, half 
covered or more with rich, dull red, dotted and mottled %vith large yel- 
low russet specks. Calyx very large. Segments divided and reflexed. 
Basin very broad, large, and deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, breaking, tender, rich, aromatic. Yery good. November 
to February. 

DUZENBURY. 

This valuable new Apple originated on the farm of Charles Duzen- 
bury, Phillipstown, Putnam Co., N, Y. The tree is a vigorous grower, 
forming a handsome spreading head, producing abundantly a medium- 
sized, regular, uniform fruit, which keeps and retains its flavor until May. 
Young wood, dark brownish red. 

Fruit medium ; form roundish conical, truncated ; color greenish 
yellow, shaded and rather obscurely splashed with dull red over nearly 
two-thirds its surface, and sprinkled with a few gray and light dots. 
Stalk rather short. Cavity rather large and deep. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments medium, erect to a point. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, very mild, 
and pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Core small, Yery good, February 
to May. 

Dtter, or Pomme Eoyale, 

Golden Spice. Pinneo's Favorite. 

White Spice. Woodstock. 

Smithfield Spice. Tompkins. 

Mygatt's Bergamot. Coe's Spice. 

Beard Burden. Bullripe. 

A popular dessert Apple, very sprightly, tender, and excellent. Tree 
a moderate grower. Young wood grayish brown. It is supposed to be 
of French origin, and to have been brought to Rhode Island more than 
a hundred years ago. It was renamed Dyer by the Massachusetts 
Horticultural Society, who supposed it to be a seedling of Mr, Dyer, of 
Rhode Island, but the old and familiar name of Pomme Roy ale should 
be prefei'red. 

Fruit of mediiim size, roundish, pretty regularly formed. Skin 
smooth, pale greenish yellow, with a faint blush and a few dark specka 
on oiie side. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a smooth, round 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin plaited, moderately deep. Core round, 
hollow. Flesh white, very tender and juicy; flavor very mild and 



THE APPLE. lo3 

agreeable, aromatic, slightly subacid. Very good to best. September 
October. 




Dyer, or Pomme Royale. 



Early Chandler, 



Fruit medium or small, roundish. Color mostly shaded and striped 
with fine red on yellow ground. Stalk short, La a regular cavity. 
Calyx closed, in a large basin. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a plea- 
sant subacid flavor. Fine for cooking, too acid for eating. Good. 
August. 



Early Harvest. 

Prince's Harvest, or Early French Reinette, of Coxe. 
July Pippin. Tart Bough. 

Yellow Harvest. Early French Reinette. 

Large White Juneating. Sinclair's Yellow. 

An American Apple ; and taking into account its beauty, its excel- 
lent qualities for the dessert and for cooking, and its productiveness, we 
think it the finest early apple yet known. It begins to ripen about the 
first of July, and continues in use all that month. The smallest col- 
lection of apples should comprise this and the Red Astrachan. Tree 
moderately %dgorous, upright, spreading. Young shoots reddish broAvn. 
Fruit medium size. Form roundish, often roundish oblate, medium 
size. ■ Skin very smooth, with a few faint white dots, bright straw-color 
when fully ripe. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, rathei 
slender, inserted in a hollow of moderate depth. Calyx '?et in a sba' 



154 



THE APPLE. 



low basin. Flesh very "white, tender, and juicy, crisp, with a »ich 
sprightly subacid flavor. Very good to best. Core small. 




Early Harvest. 

Eaely Joe. 



Origin, orchard of Heman Chapin, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree of slow 
growth, productive, requires high culture for fair fruit. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, very slightly conic, smooth, yellowish, 




Early Joe. 



shaded and striped with red, and thickly sprinkled with greenish spot^ 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. 
Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh whitish, tenderj jtiicy, with a 



THE APPLE. 155 

very agreeable vinous flavor. Best. Ripe middle of August to middle 
of September. 

Tliere is a Luce's Early Joe whicb is distinct from this, being larger, 
and not as good quality. 

Early Julien. ' 

This Apple is of Scotch origia, the tree healthy and hardy, and a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly flattened, pale yellow, deepen- 
ing in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, brisk subacid, pleasant. 
August. (Lind.) 

Early Long Stem. 
Early Spice. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Henry Avery, Burling- 
ton, Iowa, 

Fruit small, oblong conical, slightly ribbed. Skin greenish yellow. 
Stem long, slender, in a large cavity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed. 
Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Good. August. 

Early Marrow. 

A large Scotch Apple, roundish conical, ribbed. Skin yellowish 
white, with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh tender, and bakes well ; 
productive. Good. September and October. 

Early Nonpareil. 

Stagg's Nonpareil. New Nonpareil. Hick's Fancy. 

Summer Nonpareil. Lacy's Nonpareil. 

Originated about 1780, in Norfolk, England. Tree a free upright 
grower, hardy, early, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow with gray russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, brisk, rich, aromatic. 
October, November. (Lind.) 

Early Nonpareil. 

A variety grown in Illinois, the origin of which we cannot learn. It 
is barely possible that this may prove identical with the foregoing. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, strongly ribbed, whitish, 
thinly shaded, striped and splashed with red gray dots. Flesh white, 
sometimes stained next the skin, very tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core large. September. 

Early Pennock. 

Shakers' Yellow. Indian Queen. 

August Apple. New Jersey Red Streak. 

Warren Pennock. Harmony. 

A very productive and favorite A^ariety with many at the West. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, ribbed, light yellow, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded Avith light red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, -subacid. 
Good. Core large. Last of August and September. 



166 THE APPLE. 

Tree hardy, an early and abundant bearer. The fruit, however, u 
only showy, and salable in market where a better quality of fruit is r.n- 
known. 

Eakly Queening. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, striped and mingled with 
red. Flesh whitish, slightly subacid. August. Tree rather spreading, 
with light brown shoots. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Margaret, or Striped Jun eating. Striped June. 

Early Red Juneating. Striped Juneating. 

Red Juneating. Eve Apple of the Irish. 

Margaretha Apfel of the Germans. 

An excellent early Apple, ripening about the middle of Jtily, or 
directly after the Early Harvest. The tree while young is rather slen- 
der, with reddigf r-rown upright woolly shoots. It is a moderate bearer. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, tapering towards the eye. 
Skin greenish yellow, pretty well covered by stripes of dark red. Flesh 
white, subacid, and, when freshly gathered from the tree, of a rich, agree- 
able flavor. Good. 

Early Red Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, mostly covered with red, mar- 
bled and splashed. Flesh white, tender, j uicy, crisp, siibacid. August, 
September. 

There are a number of distinct apples under the name of Early Red, 
or Early Red Streak, and we have been unable to decide perfectly as 
to which the name truly belongs. None of them, however, are more 
than moderately good. One, under name of Philadelphia Queen, is also 
similar to Early Red, and may be the same. The origin is variously 
claimed, but all unknown. 

Fall Stripe may also prove identical with one of the above. 

Early Red Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania, 

Fruit medium, roundish, sweet. Not desirable. 

Early Ripe. 

Supposed Pennsylvania origin, but unknown. Tree a free growei, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk long, in a slightly russeted cavity. Calyx small, 
dosed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Augvist, 

There is also another apple under name of Early liipe, which is 
small, oblate. Stalk short. Flesh brisk subacid. 

Early Spice. 

An F^nglish culinary Apple. Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, 
Flesh whitt., ttjc^rrowy, poor. August. (Hogg.) 

There is also aii Early Spice originated in Chatham, N. C, which is 



THE APPLE. 



157 



small, round, yellow. Flesh yellow, dry, ..igli flavored. Tree produc 
fcive. Young shoots slender. 

Early Strawberry. 
American Red Juneating. Red Juneating. 

A beautiful variety, which is said to have originated in the neigh- 
borhood of New York, and appears in the markets there from July till 
September. It is quite distinct from the Early Red Margaret, which 
has no fragrance, and a short stem. 

Fruit roundish, narrowing towards the eye. Skin smooth and fair, 




Early Strawberry. 



finely striped and stained with bright and dark red, on a yelloAvish white 
gi-ovind. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and uneven, in- 
serted in a deep cavity. Calyx rather small, in a shallow, narrow basin. 
Flesh white, slightly tinged with red next the skin, tender, subacid, 
and very sprightly and brisk in flavor, with an agreeable aroma. Very 
good. 

Early Sweet. 

Originated with W. C Hampton, Ohio. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish yellow. F'.esh white, ten- 
der, moderately juicy, sweet Good. August. 

Early Tart. 

Supposed seedling of Lancaster Oo., Pa. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, light shade of 



158 , THE APPLE. 

crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh wMte, tender, jnicy, 
brisk subacid. Good for cooking. August. 

Early Tart Harvest. 

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, -waxen white, 
sometimes greenish, rarely a blush in s\in. Stalk medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Very good. 
Core medium. Ripe about two weeks later than Early Harvest. 

Early Wax. 

Wax Apple. 

An EngKsh variety. 

Fruit below medium, oblong, roundish, somewhat ribbed, waX;eii 
yellow. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, sweet. August. (Hogg.) 

. Early Yellow Reinette. 

Reinette Jaime Hatif. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow and red. Flesh rich and juicy. 
August. 

Easter Pippin. 

Tormg's Long Keeping. Ironstone Pippin. 

Claremont Pippin. French Crab. Forsyth, (not of Coxe). 

Remarkable for keeping sound and firm two years. It is an English 
variety. 

Fruit of medium size. Skin deep green, with a pale brown blush. 
Flesh very firm, and though not juicy, of a good siibacid flavor. 

East Grinstead. 

Ronalds describes this as a Sussex Apple of great excellence for 
table or kitchen. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dull greenish yellow, with splashes 
of dull faint red. Flesh white, juicy, acid. March to May. 

Eaton. 

Origin unknown, found a grafted tree in the garden of J. B. Eaton, 
Bufialo, N. Y., and described in the Am. Pom. Soc. Reprints, 1854. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, dxill green, striped with dull red, deeper 
when exposed to the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good to very good, November, Decem- 
ber. 

Edel Konig. 

Ro.-Tres-Nohle. 
A German culinary Apple of first-rate quality. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, truncated, ribbed, yellowish green, 



THS APPLE. 15£ 

deep purplish crimson in sun. Flesh white, tinged with pink, tender, 
juicy, sugary, raspberry iiavor. October, November. (Hogg.) 

Edgar's. 

An English Apple, which Ronalds describes as of medium size, 
roundish, yellow laced with bright red striping. A beav tiful fruit, ex 
eel lent for the dessert or kitchen. November, December. 

Edward's. 

Origin, Chatham Co., N. C. 

Fruit nearly medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, lightly striped 
with delicate red. Flesh rich, juicy, firm. One of best keepers. 
(Con. Gent.) 

Eggermont. 

Eggennont's Calville. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin glossy, lemon yellow, slight lines of 
nisset. Flesh white, firm, juicy, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November. 
(Hogg.) 

Egg Top. 

Eve. Sheep Nose. Round Top. Wine of some. 

Fruit medium, elongated, oblong, conic oval, mostly overspread, and 
splashed and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Scarcely good. November, December. 

Egyptian Belle. 

From J. M. Smith, of Greenville, 111. 

Fruit large, roundish flattened, yellowish white, striped, stained, and 
splashed with light and deep carmine. Flesh juicy, white, fine-grained, 
subacid. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Egyptian Russet. 
Bagby Russet. 

From Southern Illinois, origin tmknovsm. This Apple is much es- 
teemed where known for its rich, high flavor, and as a good keeper 
Some think it the best of all the russets. The tree forms an upright, 
symmetxical, round head, with grayish reddish brown, somewhat downy 
young shoots. Productive. 

Fruit medium. Form roundish, approaching conical, slightly ribbed. 
Color golden yellow, netted and patched with russet over half or two- 
thirds of its surface, often with a cheek of crimson or fawn in the sun, 
and moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity 
medium or rather broad. Calyx open or pai-tially closed. Segments 
short. Basin medium. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, slightly 
aromatic, pleasant subacid. Very good. December to March. 

Eldon Pippin. 
Fruit small, rou/id, somewhat oblate, ribbed near the calyx, yellow 



160 THE APPLE. 

shaded or covered with, crimson next the sun. Flesh yellowish, verj 
juicy, sweefc, rich, aromatic. December to April. (Hogg.) 

Elford Pippin. 

Hogg describes this as a dessert Apple of first quality. Tiee ahealthj 
vigorous grower and good bearer. 

Fruit roundish, ribbed near the calyx, yellowish green, with mark- 
ings of russet in the shade, red, and striped with darker red next the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, brisk, sugary, vinous. October, December. 

Elicke's Winter Sweet. 

Origin, Lebanon Co., Pa, An upright grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit above medium, obliquely depressed, yellow^ striped and mot- 
tled with crimson. Flesh yellowish, a little coarse, tender, not very 
juicy, but very sweet, and excellent for apple butter. Good. De- 
cember' to January. 

Ellijay. 

From Clarksville, Ga. 

Fruit large, oblique, roundish conic, pale yellow, often a blush 
red cheek in sun. Flesh white, rather tender, juicy, subacid. Hardly 
good. Core large and hollow. Most valued for cooking. November, 
December. 

Ellis. 

From Connecticut. Small, roundish, greenish yellow, brown cheek. 
Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant, a long keeper. Good. April, May. 

Ellsworth 

Miller's Seedling. 

Originated in Columbia Co., N, Y., on the farm of John C. Miller. 

Tree pretty vigorous growth, erect, young wood, much like Swaar in 
color, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, fine yellow, sometimes a shade of crimson 
in the sun. Nettings of russet and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Ca^'ity rather large, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments small, short, 
erect. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good or best. Core small. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Emperor. 

Described by Yerry Aldrich in the Prairie Farmer as follows : — 
Fruit medium, roundish, one-sided, orange striped and shaded with 
red on the sun side, covered with white specks. Stalk short and 
slender. Ca^dty deep. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, plea> 
Bant, almost sweet. 

Ene's Winter Sweet. 
A Southern Apple, introduced by J. S. Downer, Elkton, Ky. 



THE APPLE. 161 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, blushed in sun, russeted 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, sweet. Good. December. 




Ellsworth. 

Enfield Pearmain. 

A moderate grower and a fair bearer. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, deep red, sprinkled with mi- 
nute dots. Stalk long and slender, in a large cavity, surroiinded by thin 
russet. Calyx partially closed, in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh tender, 
fine-grained, juicy, with a pleasant, mild, rich flavor, resembling Seek- 
<o-Further. Good. December to February. 

English Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, mostly over- 
spread, striped, shaded and splashed with crimson, and sprinkled with 
light and brown dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly mild 
subacid. Almost very good. December to March. 

English Crab. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow with dark red. Flesh deep yellow, mild 
subacid. Good. January. 

English Gilliflower. 
Origin imknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, approaching conic, slightly ribbed, 

11 



162 



THE APPLE. 



liglit yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded with crimson and thicklj 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. Cavity msseted. Calyx 
nearly closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Almost very good. November, December. 

English Gkanat Reinette. 
Pomme Granate. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate German dessert Apple. Tree a 
medium grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yello'^sv, two-thirds over- 
washed and striped with crimson. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, 
firm, crisp, juicy, very rich vinous, aromatic. December to March. 

English Reinette. 
Eeinette d'Angleterre. 

This is distinct from Grosse Reinette d'Angleterre, or from English 
Golden Pippin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conical, slightly ribbed, yellow 
shaded, marbled, and indistinctly splashed on the sunny side with light 
crimson. Stalk rather long. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
with a rather rich brisk subacid. Yery good. December, January. 




English Basset. 



English Russet. 

Poughkeepsie Russet. Po'keepsie Russet. 

The English Russet is a valuable, long-keeping variety, extensively 
cultivated, and well known by tliis name, but which we have not been 
able to identify with any English sort. It is not fit for use imtil Feb- 



THE APPLE. 163 

ruary, and may be kept till July, which, togethei *ith its groat produc- 
tiveness and good flavor, renders it a very valuable market fruit. 

The trees gi-ov very straight, and form upiight heads, and the wood 
is smooth and of a reddish brown. 

Frtiit of medium size, roundish, slightly conical, and veiy regularly 
formed. Skin pale greeidsh yellow, about two-thirds covered with russet, 
which is thickest near the stalk. Calyx small, closed, and sot in an 
even, round basin, of moderate depth. Stalk rather small, projecting 
even with the base, and pretty deeply inserted in a narrow, smooth 
cavity. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, with a pleasant, mild, slightly 
subacid flavor. Good. January to May. 

The English Russet described by Warder is entirely distinct, being, 
as he describes, large, globular, flattened, somewhat one-sided. Surface 
uneven, green. In season from December to January. 

English Sweet. 

Ramsdeirs Sweet. Ramsdell's Sweeting. Hurlbut Sweet ? 

^amsdell's Red Pumpkin Sweet. Eed Pumpkin Sweet. Avery Sweet. 
Randall's Red Winter. 

This old variety is esteemed where grown for the large crops which it 
bears, and as a showy sweet apple for market, and profitable for stock 
feeding, as well as superior for cooking. 

The tree is very vigorous, grows remarkably straight and upright, 
comes early into bearing, and yields every year enormously. Young 
shoots clear reddish bro^vn, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather above medium size, oblong, regalarly shaped, and taper- 
ing slightly towards the eye, dark red, dotted with fawn-colored specks, 
and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, very tender and 
mellow, unusually sweet and rich. Good to very good. In weight the 
apple is light. October to February. 

Epsy. 

From Vermont. A handsome productive fruit, small, elongated 
conic, deep red, almost crimson. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Scarcely 
good. December, January. 

Eptings Premium. 

Large, greenish, with red stripes. Flesh juicy and excellent. 
(Sumner's MS.) 

Eptings Red Winter. 

Large, beautiful red, resembling Carolina Red June. Flesh yellow, 
with rich pine-apple flavor. Keeps well to Christmas. (Sumner'a 
MS.) 

EfiiE Sweet. 

From Erie, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. September, October. 



164 



THE APPLE. 



Essex Pippin. 

An English variety. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, tinge of red in the 
sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, brisk, sugary. October to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Esopus Spitzenburgh. 

^sopus Spitzenberg. Esopus Spitzenburg. 

True Spitzenburgh. 

The Esopus Spitzenburgh is a handsome, truly delicious Apple, and 
is generally considered by all good judges equal to the Newtown Pippin, 
and unsurpassed as a dessert fr\ut by any other variety. It originated 
at Esopus, a famous apple district, originally settled by the Low Dutch, 
on the Hudson. But throughout the whole of New York it is considered 
the first of apples. The tree has rather slender shoots, and when in 
bearing has long and hanging limbs. 




Esopus Spitzenburgh. 



Fruit large, oblong, tapering roundly to the eye. Skin smooth, 
nearly covered with rich, lively red, dotted with distinct yellowish rus- 
set dots. On the shaded side is a yellowish ground with streaks and 
broken stripes of red. Stalk rather long — three-foiirths of an inch — 
and slender, projecting beyond the base, and inserted in a wide caAT.ty. 
Calyx small, and closed, set in a shallow basin, which is slightly fur- 
rowed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, crisj», juicy, with a delicio\is rich, 
brisk flavor. Best. Seeds in a hollow core. December to February. 



THE APPLE. 166 

ESTEN. 

Origin, Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, prodnc'ive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, smooth, yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Dots large, green and light. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
ioghtly aromatic, mild subacid. Good. November, 

Etoile. 
Calville Etoille. Reinette Etoile. 

(.Jiigin supposed Holland. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich red, with gray shade, and many 
gray dots. Flesh white, veined with red, tender, sugary, slightly acid. 
November to February. (Alb. Pom.) 

EUSTIS. 
Ben Apple. 

Origin, South Reading, Mass. Moderate grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roxmdish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, striped and 
hUaded with fine red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk medium, 
inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx partially open. 
Easin narrow, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, mild subacid. 
Very good. November to January, 

EvENiNft Party. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, roundish, upright spread- 
ing, with slender branches. Young shoots dark grayish brown, many 
small dots. 

The fruit hangs well to the tree, and the foliage remains until 
quite late. 




E-rening Party. 



Fruit small or medium, oblate, sides often unequal, yellow, chiefly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, becoming dark red in the sun, 



166 THE APPLE. 

pretty thickly studded with light dots, especially near the calyx. Stalk 
short, inserted in a round, deep, acute cavity, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather large and even. Flesh juicy, whitish, ten- 
der, crisp, with a brisk saccharine, somewhat vinous, aromatic flavor, an 
excellent dessert fruit. "Very good. December and January. 

EWALT. ' 
Bullock's Pippin of some. 

Origin, Bedford Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching ccnic, obscurely ribbed, bright 
yellow, shades of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, stout. Cavity 
deep, ii-regular. Basin abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh white, tender 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Eyer's Greeninu. 

Lindley describes this fruit as of middle size, somewhat round, pale 
green, tinged with brown in the sun. Flesh green, sweetish subacid. 
Culiuary. November to March. 

Excel. 

Origin, Sharon, Conn. A strong grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate conic, yellowish, marbled, splashed, and shaded 
wdth red, some nettings and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, 
brisk, subacid. Core large. Good to very good. December to February. 

Exquisite. 

Origin, orchard of A. G. Downing, Canton, 111. Growth moderate, 
upright, and very productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate. Skin yellow, striped and marked with 
red. Stem short and small, surrounded by russet, in a deep, broad 
cavity. Calyx small, partially closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, with a very rich, vinous flavor, almost saccha- 
rine. Good to very good. A delightful apple for the table. Septem- 
ber to November. 

FailMe-Never. 

Neverfail. 

A Scottish Apple for cooking purposes. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit above medium, oblate, ribbed, red, becoming deep red in the 
sun. Flesh white, sugary. Good. November, March. (Lind.) 

FAIRBANKS. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, light yellow, striped with red, and 
patched with russet. Stem long. Cavity broad and shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, with a rich, vinous flavor. Good. September to Oc- 
tober. (Me. P. S. R.) 



the applb 167 

Fairfield Summer Queen. 

Orifjin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, 
striped, splashed, and shaded with two shades of red, Stalk long, 
slender. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin uneven. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Very Good. Core 
small. September. 

Fair Maid. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, striped with carmine, subacid. 
Inferior. 

Fair Maid of Taunton. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, straw color, with faint red in the sun. 
Flesh ye]lo\vish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Fair's Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with tinge of red in the sun. Flesh 
firm, crisp, juicy, vinous. November to February. (Hogg.) 

Fallawater. 

Falwalder. • Pirn's Beauty of the West. Winter Blush 

Fomwalder. Pound. Green Mountain Pippin. 

Tulpehocken. Mountain Pippin. Molly Whopper. 

Pfarrer Walter. Fall de Walldes. Falder. 

Baltimore, erroneously. Brubacker. Fallawalder. 
Fallawalder. 

A favorite Apple of Pennsylvania, of which State it is a native. 
Tree a strong grower and very productive. 

Fruit very lai-ge, globular, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded with dull red, and sprinkled with large gray dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a slightly 
plaited basin. Flesh greenish white, juicy, crisp, rather tender, pleas- 
ant, subacid flavor. Good. No^'^ember, February. 

Fall Butter. 

There are dozens of this name. Warder describes one from Indiana 
as: 

Fruit large, globtilar, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, sweet. December, January. 

Fall Greening. 

The original tree of this variety was found on the grounds of S. M. 
Van Wyck, Claverack, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree a moderately vigorous 
grower, round-headed, almost pendent, very productive, valuable. 



168 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish 
white, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
February. Tree a good grower and bearer, and sells well in market. 

There is another Fall Greening, which is more oblate in form. 
Similar color. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. Sep- 
tember to November. The tree a poor grower. 

Fall Harvey. 

A fine large fall fruit from Essex Co., Mass., highly esteemed in that 
neighborhood. We do not think it comparable to the Fall Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, obscurely ribbed or irregu- 
lar about the stalk, which is rather slender, an inch long, set in a wide, 
deep cavity. Calyx closed, small, in a rather shallow corrugated basin. 
Skin pale straw yellow, with a few scattered dots. Flesh white, juicy, 
crisp, with a rich, good flavor. Good to very good. October and 
November. 

Fall Jenneting. 
Summer Jemieting. 

Tree vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, almost ribbed, pale greenish yel- 
low, with a blush. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
September and October. 

Fall Limbebtwig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, pale yellow, shaded and 
splashed with red. Flesh whitish, tender, jtiicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
November. 

Fall Okange. 

Orange. Holden. Hogpen. White Graft of Wis. 

Holden Pippin. Jones' Pippin. Red Cheek. Long Island. 

•Origin, Holden, Mass. A very strong, erect grower, good bearej, 
and hardy. Young shoots smooth, dark brownish red. 

Fruit fair, large, roundish, pale yellow, sometimes with a dull red 
cheek and sprinkled with brownish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a 
deep, narrow cavity, very slightly surrounded by russet. Calyx large, 
partially closed, basin rather deep, narrow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
subacid. Too acid for a dessert, good for cooking. October, November. 

Fall Peabmain. 

Tree thrifty, moderate bearer. From Connecticut. 

Fruit fair and handsome, medium, roundish conic, slightly angular. 
Skin yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with crimson, and sprinkled 
with gray and green dots. Stalk mediiim, in a deep, slightly russeted 
cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid, rather rich flavor. Good to very 
good. September, October. 



the apple. 
Fall Pippin. 



169 



York Pippin. Episcopal. Philadelphia Pippin. 

Pound Pippin. Golden Pippin, erroneously. Pound Royal of some 

Cathead, incorrectly. 

The Fall Pippin is, we tliink, decidedly an American variety. It ia 
very probably a seedling raised in this country from the White /Span' 




Pall Pippin. 

ish Heinette, or the Holland pippin, both of which it so much resem- 
bles, and from which it, in fact, differs most strongly in the season of 
maturity. The Fall Pippin is a noble fruit, and is considered the first 
of autumn apples in the Middle States, where its beauty, large size, and 
its delicious flavor for the table or for cooking, render it very popular. 

The tree is a very vigorous, strong grower, tipright spreading. 
Young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish, generally a little flattened, pretty regular, 
sometimes with obscure ribs at the eye. Stalk rather long, three-fourths 
of an inch, projecting considerably beyond the fruit (which distinguishes 
it from the Holland Pippin), set in a rather small, shallow, I'ound cavity. 
Calyx open, not very large, rather deeply sunk in a round, narrow basin. 
Skin smooth, yellowish green, becoming a fine yellow, with often a 
tinge of brownish blush on one side, and with a few scattered dots 
Flesh white, very tender and mellow, with a rich, aromatic flavor 
Very good to best. October to Decembei'. 



Fall Spitzenburgh. 
From Vermont. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 



i70 



THE APPLE. 



Flesh tender, juicy, 



Fruit medium, roundisli conic, red striped, 
pleasant subacid. Good. October, November. 

Fall Seek-no-Further. 
Winter Seek-no-Further. 

Origin unknown. Tree much the habit of the Rhode Island Green- 
ing, thrifty and productive. 

Fruit very large, oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, striped 
with darker red, and covered with numerous grayish dots. Flesh whit- 
i.sh, tender, moderately juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Good. 
October and IsTovember. 

There is another apple under name of Fall Seek-no-Further which 
we have received from Iowa, of medium size, roundish, greenish, with 
slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, tender, mild, subacid. Yery 
good and keeps till March. 



Sweet Wine. 
Ohio Wine. 



Fall Wine. 

Sharpe's Spice. 
TTncle Sam's best. 



Musk Spice. 
Hower or House. 



Origin unknown, probably an old Eastern fruit called " Wine " or 
" Sweet Wine," but not now much cultivated on account of the fruit being 
defective. In the rich Western soils it thrives admirably, producing 
fine fruit, yet in a few localities they complain of its being knurly. Tree 
healthy, but of rather slender gro"wth, bearing moderate crops annually. 




Fall Wine. 



Fruit above medium. Stem rather long, slender, in a broad, deep 
eavity, surrounded by clear waxen yellow. Calyx partially^ closed 
in a broad, deep, corrugated basin. Skin striped and shaded with red, 



THE APPLE. 



I7l 



on a light ground, with numerous russet dots. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
tender, with a rich, aromatic, very mild, subacid flavor, almost sweet 
Very good to best, September, November. 

Fall Winesap. 

A Western variety, the origin of which is unknown. 

Tree a fiee clean grower, moderately spreading, somewhat drooping 
as the tree acquires age, productive and an early bearer. 

Fyruit medium, roundish, sometimes slightly conical, yellowish green, 
with considerable blush in the sun. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Good. October, December. 

Fama Gusta. 

An old English sort. Tree vigorous, straggling in habit. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conical, deep yellow, faint 
red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet. Good for cooking. No- 
vember, December, 



Pomme de Neige. 



Fameuse. 
Sangnineus. Snow Chimney. Snow. 



A very celebrated Canada fruit (pi-obably an old French variety), which 
has its name from the snow-white color of its flesh, or, as some say, from 
the village from whence it was first taken to England. It is an excellent. 




productive, autumn apple, and is especially valuable in northern 
latitudes. 

Tree moderately vigorous, round-headed, hardy. Yoimg shoots red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, somewhat flattened. Skin mth a 



172 THE APPLE. 

groaiid of pale greenish yellow, mixed with faint streaks of pale red on 
the shady side, but marked with blotches and short stripes of darker red, 
and becoming a fine deep red in the sun. Stalk quite slender, half an 
inch long, planted in a narrow funnel-shaped cavity. Calyx small, and 
set in a shallow, rather nari'ow basin. Kesh remarkably white, very 
tender, juicy, and with a slight perfume. Very good, almost best. Ripe 
in October and iSTovember. A regular bearer and a handsome dessert 
fruit. 

There is a variety under name of Striped Fameuse, claimed to be 
distiact, the fruit being more striped and less highly colored. 

Family. 

McLoud's Family. 

A native of Georgia. Tree a fine regular grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, oblate conical, yBllowish, shaded, striped, and splash ;d 




Family. 



with diiU red over half or more of its surface, thickly sprinkled with 
large light dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity pretty large, slightly 
russeted. Calyx closed. Segments medium, partially recurved. Basin 
medium, a little wrinkled. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
subacid. Yery good. August, September. 

Fancher. 

Origin unknown. 

FiTiit large to very large, globular, regular. Surface smooth, yellow, 
blushed. Flesh white, fine-grained breaking, juicy, very sweet. Good 
to very good. Baking. September, October. (Warder.) 



the apple. 173 

Fanny. 

Originated near Strasburgh, Lancaster Co., Pa., on the farn) formerly 
owned by Jacob Beam. Tree vigoi'ous, spreading, very pi-oductive. 
Young wood dark grayish purple, two shades darker than Red A strachan, 
and gi'ayish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, deep rich crinw^u red, 




Pamiy. 

moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavit}' 
large, deep. Calyx closed. Segments short. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. . Yery good. Core 
small. August. A new Apple of great promise as a market sort. 

Faeleigh Pippin. 
Farley Pippin. 

Oi-iginated at Farleigh in Kent, England. Tree strong, vigorous, 
upright, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, ribbed, yellowish, brownish red in 
the sun. Flesh greenish, fii-m, rich, and sugary. January to April. 
(Lind.) 

Farley's Red. 

A native of Oldham, Ky. Tree a moderate grower, hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic. Skin yellowish, shaded and 
striped with deep crimson, and specked with light dots. Flesh whitish, 
very firm, crisp, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good. January, 
April. 



174 THE APPLE. 



Father. 



A seedling originated about 1795 by General Amos Hall, in "Wesi 
Bloomfield, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree a thrifty, nprigbt grower, forming 
a handsome head, a good and constant bearer. 

Fruit medium, nearly oblat(i, more or less ribbed, greenish yellow. 
Flesk whitish, vei-y tender and iuicy, subacid. Good. November-, De- 
cember. 

Faust 
Faust's Winter. Foust. 

Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, sometimes faintly shaded with red 
in the sun, and thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk short, stout. 
Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish yellow, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good, almost very good. November, December. 

Favorite. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with red. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, mild subacid. Good. November, January. (Elliott.) 

Fay's Russet. 

Origin, Bennington, Yt., on the farm of Mr. Fay. Tree moderate 
grower and very productive. 

Friiit rather below medium size, oblate conic. Color light yellow, 
mostly covered with russet, having a crimson cheek obscurely striped. 
Stalk short and small, inserted in a moderate acute cavity. Calyx par- 
tially closed. Segments long, in a shallow somewhat furrowed basin. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasantly subacid. Yery good. April, 
June. Core small. 

Fearns Pippin. 
Clifton Nonsuch. Ferris Pippin. Florence Pippin. 

An English variety, not as desirable here as there. Tree upright, 
vigorous, hardy, and prodvictive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, becoming red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, rich, and pleasant. No- 
vember, March. (Lind.) 

Federal Pearmain. 

An old English sort, once prized for the dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish, with red and streaks of 
rea in the sun, patches and dots of russet. Flesh fine, deKcate, very 
jnicy, rich sugary, vinous. December to March. (Hogg.) 

Fell's Winter Sweet. 

A variety received from F. K. Phoenix, of Illinois. Origin unknown. 
Tree a great bearer. 



THE APPLE. 175 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with cheek of brown 
crimson in the sun. Flesh white, mild, rich, sweet. Good. Valua- 
ble for cooking and keeping only. 

Fenley. 
Finley. Findley. Horse, erroneously. 

This Apple originated in Kentucky, and was first brought into 
notice by the gentleman after whose name it has been called. It is 
grown to considerable extent South and West, and counted A^aluable, 
especially for kitchen use. Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. 
Young wood dark reddish, grayish, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or yellowish, sprinkled 
with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity broad, russeted. Calyx 
closed. Basin pretty large. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good to very good. September. 

Eenouillet Gris. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin light russet on yellow ground. Flesh 
firm, with a saccharine, perfumed flavor. Good. December to February. 

Fenouillet Jaune. 

Embroidered Pippin. Drap d'Or. Pomme de Caract^re. 

A French fruit, which has not proved of much value here. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow gray russet netwoi-k. Flesh white, 
firm, aromatic flavor. Good. October to March. 

Fenouillet Rouge. 

Bardin. Court-pendu Gris. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin rough, grayish, with dark brownish 
red. Flesh firm, sugary. Good. October, January. 

Febdinand. 

A seedling of Pomaria, S, C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate, deep orange yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx large, closed. Flesh yellow, 
moderately juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good to very good. November 
to March. 

Ferris. 
Rhode Island Seek no Further. Westchester Seek no Further. 

An old variety of unknown origm, brought into Westchester Co., 
N. Y., about sixty years ago, where it is quite extensively grown and 
considered a profitable market apple. The tree makes an upright, round, 
rather open head, a great bearer every other year, and moderate bearer 
in alternate years. 

Fruit large, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish green, shaded, splashed, 
and striped over most of the surface with shades of crimson. Flesh 



176 THE APPLE. 

white, tender, .juicy, refresliing, vinous, mild subacid. Yery good 
November, December. 

Ferris. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del., where its value is mainly for its keeping 
qualities and productiveness. 

rru.it below medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, whitish, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with dark red. Flesh greenish white, rather 
firm, juicy, subacid, good. March, April. 

Fett. 
Fat Apple. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, red shaded and striped 
with crimson. Stem slender. Cavity almost closed, or appearing as if 
full. Flesh white, sometimes stained under the skin, crisp, subacid. 
Good. January. 

Field. 

Originated in York Co., Pa. Tree an upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish shaded, splashed, and striped with 
crimson. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, half spicy 
quince-like flavor. Good. November, January. 

Fink. 

Pink's Seedling'. 

Origin, farm of Joseph Fink, Somerset, 0. Tree a strong, vigorous, 
upright grower and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish yellow, with a crimson cheek in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, moderately pleasant, aromatic, sub- 
acid. Good to vei-y good. A long keeper, often the fruit of two years' 
growth being shown at the same time. 

First and Last. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, narrowing toward each end, yellow with 
crimson in the sun, and brown russet. Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, 
brisk, spicy aroma. September to May. (Hogg.) 

FisHKiLL Beauty. 

Origin, Fishkill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, blush in 
the sun. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. Apt to decay on the tree. 

Fish's Seedling. 

Origin, Keene, New Hampshire. Tree vigoroTis and productive, 
highly esteemed in its locality 



THE APPLE. 177 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, deep red on the sunny side, indistinct 
ly sti'iped with darker red and yellow, and sprinkled with yellow dots. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, melting, vinous, saccharine flavor. Good. 
Octobei', November. 

FiSKE. 

Origin unknown. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded, and faintly splashed 
with shades of crimson. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Flake's Fall. 

Originated with the late Col. Flake, of Mercer, Pa., where it is 
esteemed a valuable and profitable apple, either for market or the table. 
Tree a moderate grower, rather upright, a good bearer. 




Hake's FaU. 

FiTiit large, form oblate, slightly conic. Color yellowish, over- 
spread, shaded, striped, and splashed with light and dark crimson, 
becoming very dark in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and russet 
dots, some with dark centre. St dk very short, and rather stout. 
Cavity large, deep, russeted, the splashes and nettings extending out- 
side. Calyx open, or partially closed. Segments large, to a point, and 
rather separated. Basin medium, uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid, peculiarly aromatic. Core small. Very 
good. October, Novembex'. 

Flandmis Pippin, 
From Berkshire, England. 

12 



178 THE APPLE, 

Fruit medium, oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, dull red in tlie Bun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Cooking. October, Novem- 
ber. (Hogg.), 

Flanders Reinette. 
Reinette de Flandre. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, with grayish red in the sun and 
near the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sugary. December to 
January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Flat Pippin. 

Needles. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, greenish white, tinge of red in the sun 
Flesh whitish, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

Flat Sweet. 

An old Eastern fruit, and much valued where known. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, yellow, sometimes with sunny 
cheek, and slight russet. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, 
saccharine flavor. Good. Valued for baking. October to March. 

Flat Sweet. 

From Illinois. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with light and dark crimson over all, few large light dots. Stalk short. 
Flesh white, stained next the skin, firm, juicy, mUd subacid, scarcely 
sweet. Good. September. 

Fleet's Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow or whitish. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. September, 

Fleiner, 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. "Wood dull 
reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, shaded with crimson 
in sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk sharp subacid. Good. Oc- 
fober, November. 

Flora. 

A Southern Apple, 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled 
with crimson. FleA whitish, mild subacid. Hardly good. August. 



the apple. 179 

Flory. 
Flory's Bellflower. Sheep Shire. 

Origin, Moutgomery Co., Ohio. A new variety, higlily regarded in 
khe vicinity of its origin. Tree upright grower, abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with small patches of 
russet and minute raised russet dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Floaver of Kent. 

A large and handsome English Apple, chiefly valued for baking and 
kitchen use. 

Fruit quite large, roundish conic, tawny yellow, washed with dull 
red, with occasionally a few stripes of brighter red. Flesh greenish 
yellow, abounding with a lively subacid juice. Good cooking. Octo- 
ber to January. 

Flushing Spitzenburgh. 

This variety has been confounded with the Esopus S^^itzenburgh, 
but is really quite distinct. The tree makes strong reddish brown 
shoots, diflerent from the slender yellowish ones of that sort. 

The fruit is roundish conical. Stalk set in a narrow cavity projecting 
beyond the fruit. Skin nearly covered with red, on a greenish yellow 
ground, dotted with large fawn spots, and coated with a slight bloom. 
Calyx small, in an even basin. Flesh white, juicy, crisp, nearly sweet, 
and of pleasant flavor, biit without the brisk richness or yellow color 
of the Esopus Spitzenburgh. Good. October ^;o February. 

FooHT. 

A seedling of Lebanon Co., Pa. Tree forms a low open head, 
productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, sometimes with a 
blush. Flesh white, tender, juicy, good, subacid. October, December, 
Excellent for culinary purposes. 

Foote's Nonpareil. 

Origin, farm of Jonathan Foote, Lee, Mass. Tree thrifty, vigorous, 
spreading, an annual bearer. 

Fruit small, oblong conic truncated, yellow shaded and indistinctly 
S})lashed with crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, pleasant aromatic subacid. 
Very good. Core large. November. 

FORANGE. 

Origin, Fairfield Co., Ohio. Tree good grower, round head, good 
bearer. 

Fruit large, pale yellow. Flesh white, fine-grained, rich sweet 
Good. September. 

Ford Apple. 

Origin, farm of David Ford, Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y. 



180 THE APPLE. 

Fruit large, rouudish, slightly conical. Color lich. yellow. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, solid, moderately tender, with a high, rich, rather acid 
flavor. Good, October, Januaiy.' 

Forest. 
Red Codlin. 

This variety we received from J. S. Foster, New Hartford, N, Y., 
who does not claim it as original, but that it is probably a foreigner. 
We have not been able to identify it with any known sort. Tree of up- 
right growth, very hardy, and an annual bearer. 

Fruib above medium, roundish oblong corneal, often ribbed, yellow, 
mostly overspread, shaded, splashed, and sti-iped with faint reddish 
crimson, and many large light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, 
irregular. Calyx small, closed. Basin small, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, tendei', juicy, rich, pleasant, slightly aromatic, subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small, Yery good. December to March. 

Forest Styre. 

Styre. Stire. 

A cider fruit, from Gloucestershire, England. Tree upright, willow- 
like in growth. Fruit small, I'oundish oblate, pale yellow, blush in sun. 
Flesh firm, brisk acid. (Lind.) 

Forge. 

Origin, Sussex Co., England. Tree strong, stocky, short-jointed, 
forming a spreading open head, productive. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, whitish 
yellow, overspread, shaded, splashed, striped, and mottled with red. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant, subacid. Yery good. 
October, December. 

Forman's Crew. 

An old dessert Apple, originated in Glamorganshire, England. Tree 
healthy, upright. Young wood reddish chestnut, downy. 

Fruit below medium, oblate conic, yellowish green, brownish in sun. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich subacid. November, February. (Lind.) 

Fort Miami. 

Origin near Fort Miami, Ohio. Tree thrifty, healthy, productive, 
but not an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, truncated, pale yellow with 
a brownish tinge, considerably russeted in the sun. Stalk rather short. 
Cavity medium, acute, deep. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, juicy, rather rich subacid, aromatic. Yoi'y 
good. March fc(> May. 

Foster Sweet. 
Origin unknown. Tntioduced by J. W. Foster, Dorchester, Masa 



THE APPLE. 18. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, obscurely ribbed, whit- 
ish yellow, shaded with dark red and stripes and splashes in the sun, few 
light dots. Stalk short. Cavity small. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good 
to very good. Core medium. September. 

FOULBON PeARMAIN. 
Horrex's Pearmain. 

Origin, Norfolk, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, ci-isp, brisk, sharp subacid. November to March. 
(Lind.) 

Foundling. 
Shirley, Groton. 

Origin, Groton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Frtiit above medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic. Color 
yellowish green, striped and shaded with deep rich red. Stalk short, 
slender, in a large, somewhat furrowed cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
small, furrowed. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, with a pleasant, rich 
vinous aroma. Yery good. August, September. 

Fourth of July. 

Siberian August. Tetofsky, erroneously. McAdow's June. 

Stewart's Nonpareil ? August Apple. 

A German Apple, introduced by C. F. Jaeger, of Columbus, Ohio, 




Fourth of J uly. 

Valuable mainly for its hardiness and early maturity as a cooking or 
market variety. Tree a strong upright grower, forming a fine hend 
Young shoots long dark reddish brown. 



182 THE APPLE. 

JFruit medium or below, roundish oblate conical, sliglitl' libbed^ 
wbitish yellow, covered with a thin whitish bloom, and striped and 
splashed with bright red, large light dots. Stalk rather short anu 
slender, often with bracts. Cavity medium, regular. Calyx closed. 
Segments rather long, generally recurved. Basin small, slightly uneven. 
Flesh white, juicy, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. Jvily. 
In fruit this closely resembles the Tetofsky, but the color of the wood, 
habit of growth, and foliage of old trees render its distinctiveness plain. 

Fox-Whelp. 

An old English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at crown, yellow and red mixed, 
and streaked. Flesh firm. October, November. (Liad.) 

Fraise. 

Of French origin. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit small, roundish conical, yellow, mostly overspread, and washed 
with bright red. Flesh fine-grained, tender, subacid. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Feamboise. 
Framboos. Calville Eouge d'Automne, mcorrectly. 

Of German origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, somewhat 
ribbed, greenish yellow, spotted and striped with shades of bright an;? 
deep red, much red in sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, mellow, juicy, 
sugary. September. (An. Pom.) 

Fbanchot. 

Originated in Otsego Co., N. Y. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, pleasant, aromatic. Good. October 
to January. 

Franklin's Golden Pippin. 
Sudlow's Fall Pippin. 

Dr. Hogg says : This is an American Apple, and was introduced 
into England by John Sudlow. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, slightly conic, very regular ia shape, 
rather broadest at the base, deep yellow, freckled with numerous dark 
spots. Flesh pale yellow, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good to very 
good. The tree grows freely, and forms an upright head. October. 

Under the name of Franklin Golden Pii^pin we have received an 
apple from Illinois, and now somewhat grown there, which is quite dis- 
tinct from the above. It was introduced West from Pennsylvania, 
under name of Golden Pippin^ but in its new locality has had attached, 
by whom we know not, the prefix of Franklin. There are so many 
Golden Pippins that it is difficult to decide which shall be entitled tc 
priority of name. 



THE APPLE. 183 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, pale lemon yellow 
moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short, slender 
Cavity deep. Calyx firmly closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellow 
ish, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Very good. November 
December. 

Freeman. 

Origin, New Jersey. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, ovate truncated conical, mottled and splashed with 
red. Flesh white, often stained next the skin, tender, slightly subacid, 
nearly sweet. Good to very good. Yalued mainly as a late keeper. 

Freeze and Thaw. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, light yellow, with shades and 
splashes of red. Flesh whitish, rather firm, subacid. Poor. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Fremont Pippin. 

Originated on the farm of James Armitage, Soleberry, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, ribbed, lemon yellow, slightly shaded 
with crimson in the sun. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Calyx small, closed. 
Basin small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. 
Core medium. January, February. 

French. 

An old New England variety, oiigin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh yellow, crisp, rich acid. Good. November. 

French Bellflower. 

Bellefleur de France. Double Bellefleur. 

Dobbel Bellefleur. 

A French Apple, described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conical, yellowish, Avith carmine 

red cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, half tender, melting, 

sweet, subacid. 

French Crab. 

Ronalds describes this as follows : Tree very hardy, somewhat 
pendent in its growth, and bears well. A long keeper. 

Fruit above medium, globular, gi-een, becoming yellow at maturity. 
Flesh firm, pleasant, brisk. 

French Nonpareil. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sides unequal, greenish yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and marbled with red. Flesh whitish, crisp, jaicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 



184 THE APPLE. 



French Pippin. 



Of urtknowB origin. Tree hardy and vigorous, with dark reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a faint duli 
cheek, thinly sprinkled with large brown dots, and traces of russet. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasant, subacid. Good. Core small. October, 
January. 

Quite distinct from Newark or Fi'ench Pippin, which has slender « 
branches. There are several apples under name of French Pippin, and 
it is difficult to decice which has priority to the name, except as con- 
nected \vith the oldest description. 

French Reinette. 

Eeinette Franche. Reinette Blanche. Weisse Reinette. 

Reinette Blanche, dite Prime. Franz Rennette. FranzCsische Edelieinette. 
Reinette de Normandy. 

An old French Apple described by various authors, valued mainly 
as a long keeper. Coxe says the tree is handsome, of vigorous growth 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, truncated, yellow, with some 
russet, and red in sun. Flesh firm, yellowish white, rich and sprightly 
subacid. 

French Eusset. 

French Pippin. 

This old Apple is described in Ponalds as a sauce or cooking fruit of 
medium size, globular, yellowish, with faint red in the sun, considerably 
russetedi Flesh white, tender, subacid. November, January. 

French's Saveet. 

Origin, farm of B. V. French, Braintree, Mass. Tree very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a shade of brown 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, compact, rich, 
sweet. Valued for cooking. October, November. 

Friar. 

An English cider Apple, described by Hogg as of good size, some- 
what conical, greenish, with dull red in the sun. Tree vigorous and 
productive 

Frisland Reinette. 
Reinette de Frisland. 

Of German origin, described in the Album of Pomology. Tree 
vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, bright yellow, brownish red in 
the sun, reddish gray near the stalk. Flesh white, firm, agreeable, suo- 
aoid. December to January. 



the apple. 185 

Fronclin. 

Originated in Lancaster Co., Pa., where tlie original tree is supposed 
to be over one hundred years old. It is a raj)id grower, bearing pro- 
fusely even when young, but the fruit is rather too acid to please many 
tastes. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, whitish, shaded and splashed with rich 
red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sharp subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, November. 

Front Door. 

From Michigan, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, yellow, striped and splashed witli 
red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September. 

FULLERTON SWEET. 

Origin unknown, found in the orchard of William Fullerton, Orange 
Co., N. Y. It much resembles the Autumn Sweet Bough. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, -with a few 
brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, honeyed sweet. Very good. 
Core small. October, November. 

Fulton. 

A Western fruit, originated in. the orchard or nursery of A. G. 
Downing, Canton, Fulton Co., 111., a vigorous grower, hardy, regular in 
form, an annual and productive bearer. Young shoots slender, clear light 
reddish brown. 

Size aboxit medium, oblate, light yellow, sprinkled with gi-een or 
gray dots, having a blush on the sunny side. Stalk three-fourths of an 
inch, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx large, open. 
Segments small, recurved, in a pretty large basin. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. 

Fulton Strawberry. 

Origin same as the Fulton. Tree vigorous, stout, spreading grower, 
hardy, does not come early into bearing. Young wood grayish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, mostly overspread, striped, splashed, 
and mottled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, tinged witli pink, juicy, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

Fulwood. 
Green Fulwood, 

Lindley and Hogg both describe this culinary Apple as large, round- 
ish, ribbed, green, with broken stripes of dull red in sun. Flesh greenish 
wliite, firm, crisp, brisk acid. November to March. 

There is also a White Fulwood described which is probably identical 
with the above. 



186 the apple. 

Gabriel. 

Ladies' Blush. 

Tree of rather slender growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish green, shaded and splashed 
with crimson, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, inserted iu 
a cavity of moderate depth. Calyx partially closed, set in a moderate 
uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Core small. 
Good to very good. October and November, 

Gaesdonker Gold E,einette. 

A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, golden yellow, reddish cheek in sun, 
and some russet. Calyx partially closed, with long, pointed segments. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, firm, juicy, rich aromatic subacid. December to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Ganges. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong, green, with red in the sun. Flesh yel 
lowish, subacid. Cooking. (Lind.) 

Garden. 

Originated with Hezekiah Ellis, in Spottsylvania Co., Ya. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with two 
shades of red nearly over the whole surface, moderately sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity medium, thinly russet- 
ad. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, partially recurved. Basin 
abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, 
crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. November, December. 

"Warder, in his American Pomology, page 435, describes a Garden 
Apple, and gives at the same time Garden Royal as a synonym, which 
latter must be erroneous, as there is a distinct fruit under that name. 
Warder ''s description is as follows : 

Fruit pretty large, roundish flat, regular. Surface smooth, yellow- 
ish green, slightly shaded red, scattered stripes carmine, dots minute 
black. Basin wide, regular, small, closed. Cavity deep, acute, regu- 
lar, green. Stem short to medium, sometimes knobby. Core wide, 
closed or open, regular, clasping the eye. Flesh pale yellow or whitish, 
tender, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic, saccharine, agreeable. 
August to October. 

Garden. 
Comstock's Garden. 
Origin uncertain. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium size, roundish oblate. Skin whitish, nearly covered 
with narrow stripes of light and dark red, and thickly sprinkled with 
conspicuous light dots. Stalk short and slender. Calyx nearly closed. 
Basin medium, slightly furrowed. Flesh white tinged with red, not 
very tender, but valuable as a cooking fi-uit. September, October. 

Garden Boyal. 
Originated on the farm of Bowkei-, Sudbvuy, Mass. Tree of 



THE APPLE. 187 

moderate, very upright growth, fovraing a beautiful roundish, regular 
even head, very pi'oductive. Young shoots dax'k dull reddish brown, 
slightly grayish or imperfect downy. 




Garden BoyaL 

Fruit medium or below. Form roundish oblate, very slightly conic. 
Color greenish yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed with rich red, a lit- 
tle dull or grayish toward the stalk. Sprinkled with light and gray dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx open or partially 
closed. Segments sometimes a little recurved. Basin shallow, slightly 
uneven. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic. 
Best. Core small. Last of August, September. 

Garden Stripe. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, and drooping. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, broadly striped, 
splashed and shaded with shades of deep red. Flesh tender, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September. 

Garden Sweet. 

A Kew England Apple. Tree hardy, thrifty, and productive. 
Young shoots strong, light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roiindish oblor^ conic. Color yellow, shaded and 
splashed with crimson nearly oA'ei- the whole surface, many light and graj 
dots. Stalk rather short and small. Cavity actite. Calyx closed. Seg- 
ments partially recurved. Basin large, abrupt, corrugated. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Very good. Core medium. 
September and October. A valuable variety for cooking or stock feed- 
ing, continuing a long time in use. 



188 THE APPLE, 

Gardner Sweet. 

Gardner Sweeting. 

Kenrick says : Tree grows slow, but is very prodnctivo. 
Fruit above medium, roundisli, pale color, covered with, small specks, 
bright blush next the san. Flesh firm, sweet. December to March. 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain. 

An old Long Island Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides vmequal, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, thickly 
eprinkled with light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant. Good. Core small. September. 

Garrettson's Early. 
Somerset Harvest. 

Originated on the farm of Jno. Garrettson, Somerset, N. J. Tree 
vigoroiis, upright spreading, productive. Yoimg wood brown, slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, thickly covered with light 
specks. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, in a small, 
dbrupt, furrowed basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Good, valuable for cooking. September. 

Garter. 

A cider fruit of England. Fruit medium, oblong, pale yellow and 
red. 

Gault's Bellflower. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh white, coarse. October, 
December. (Elliott.) 

Gaumont. 

Supposed French origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong oblate, ribbed, golden yellow with 
a few light gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Basin very deep. 
Flesh yellow, compact, juicy, rich subacid. October, November. 

General Haskell. 

Origin said to be Graves Co., Ky. Tree a good grower and productive. 
Fruit medium, red, esteemed for its fine appearance and being a 
long keeper. 

Genesee Chief. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, uneven or ribbed, whitish, almost 
waxen, shaded with crimson in the sun, few faint dots. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. September. Ccoking 



THE APPLE. 189 

Geneva Pippin. 

Winter Pippin of Geneva. 

An Apple bearing the a})ove local name was found growing in the 
garden of Mrs. Crittendon, Geneva, and is deserving of notice. The 
appearance of the tree and fruit is strikingly like that of the Fall Pip- 
pin, but is a late keeper, continuing in perfection until May. Young 
wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 




Geneva Pippin. 



Pruit large, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with rarely a bronzed 
cheek, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk short and small, inserted 
in a narrow cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin open. Plesli 
yellow, tender, juicy, vinous. Very good or best. January to May. 

Gentle's Large Red. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, sides unequal, yellow, shad- 
ed, splashed, and striped with dull red, many light and brown dots,. 
Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, pleasant subacid. November. Good. 

George. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., Ohio. Tree healthy, spreading, an abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with considerable russet 
specks and markings. Calyx lai-ge, oper . Flesh whitish, firm, juicy, 
inild acid. Good. July. 



190 the apple. 

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetappel. 
La Canelle. 

An excellent little German dessert Apple described by Hogg 
Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, with crimson stripes in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, very aromatic, cinna- 
mony. August and September. (Hogg.) 

Gewiss Good. 
I Gewiss Guth. Indeed Good. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, often conic, Ught yellow, slightly 
shaded with carmine. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow, sKghtly 
russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh juicy, tender, crisp, with a somewhat spicy, subacid fla- 
vor. Good. December, February. 

A Pennsylvania variety. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, dull red, striped. Flesh greenish 
white, tender. Poor. 

Giles. 

Elliott describes this as from Wallingford, Conn. 
Fruit medium, conical, dark red. Flesh tender, juicy. Very good, 
October, ISTovember. 




GUpin. 



THE APPLE. l91 



Gilpin. 



CartLoase. Small Ilomanite. Gray Romanite- 

Roman Knight. Romanite of the West. Little Romanite. 

A handsome cider fruit, from Virginia, which is also a good table 
fruit from February to May. A very hardy, vigorous, and fruitful tree. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong. Skin very smooth and hand- 
some, richly streaked with deep red and yellow. Stalk short, deeply in 
serted. Calyx in a round, rather deep basin. Flesh yellow, firm, juic} 
aaid rich, becoming tender and sprightly in the spring. Good. 

Gipson's Kentucky. 
Gipson's Kentucky Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of A. Gipson, Calhoun Co., Ky. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, .sides .unequal, greenish, with dark 
red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, sprightly subacid. January 
to April. 

Gladney's Red. 

Originated in Mississippi. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, shaded, mottled, and obscxu'ely 
striped with light red nearly over the whole surface, and covered with a 
thin bloom. Stalk long and slender. Calyx closed, with long reflexed 
segments. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, slightly aro- 
matic, subacid. Core small. Good. January, February. 

Glanz Reinette. 
Tyroler Glanz-reinette.- 
A beautiful waxen-like Apple of German origin. 
Tree a strong grower, forming a round head, very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, waxy lemon yellow, blush of red in 
the sun. Stalk long. Cavity russeted. Basin furrowed. Flesh snow 
white, fine, juicy, rich, sugary, vinous. December. (Hogg.) 

Gleason Sweet. 

Fruit meditim, roundish conical, yellow, shaded and splashed with 
crimson over most of the surface. Flesh white, tender, juicy, scarcely 
sweet. Good. Core small. November. 

Glendale. 

"Warder says : " Believed to have originated near Glendale, Hamil- 
ton Co., Ohio." Tree vigorous, thrifty, spreading, pi-oductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat conical, yellow, striped and clouded 
with bright red, dots small, russet. Flesh yellowi.sh, mild, subacid, 
almost sa ')chai'ine. Good. September, October. 

Gloria Mundi. 

Monstrous Pippin. Belle Josephine. Baltimore of some. 

Glazenwood Gloria Mnndi. Baltimore Pippin. New York Gloria Mundi. 

American Mammoth. Mississippi ? Ox Apple. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Not productive or profitable. 



192 THE APPLE. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, ribbed, .greenisli yellow. Flesh 
coarsCj tender, with a pleasant acid flavor. Good. October to January. 

Glory of England. 

Fruit large^ oblate, ribbed, yellow, witb streaks and dots of crimson, 
^?viiitish specks and some russet. Flesb greenisli yellow, tender, soft, 
juicy, sprightly acid, Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Glory of the West. 

Tree a stroiQg vigorotis grower and great bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, yellow, red in the sun, minute russet 
dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, brisk, slightly perfumed, acid, 
ftetoberj December. (Hogg.) 

Gloucester White. 

Origin, Gloucester Co., Ya. Tree vigorous and very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
crisp, pleasant, subacid. Good. October, November. 

GOBLE EuSSET. 

Sweet Seek-no-Fuirthet. 

Origin unknoWni Elliott describes the fruit as medium to large, 
oblong flattened) yellow russet, marbled with red. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, dry, sweets October to December. 

UOGAR PiPPINi 
Stone Pippin. 

A variety from Edinburgh, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, greenish, with brownish 
red in the sun. Flesh greenish white, juicy, brisk acid. January, Feb- 
ruary. 

GOLAT. 

Originated near Vevay, Indiana. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat conic, truncated, yellow, mixed, 
striped with purplish red, dots minute, gray, scattered, indented. Flesh 
yellowish white, breaking tender, juicy, rich subacid. Good to best. 
January to May. (Warder.) 

GOLDEII. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed, light yellow. Flesh yellowish^ 
acid. July. (Elliott.) 

' Golden Ball. 

Origin, Conn. Tree a vigorous grower, but only a moderate bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, somewhat ribbed, golden yellow, with a few 
dots. Flesh cris^), tender, subacid. Good. December, March. 



THE APPLE. 193 

Golden Burr. 
Burr Knot. 

Ronalds describes this as a variety easily grown from cuttings, be- 
cause of the knots or joints on the shoots. 

A large apple, roundish, yellow, with flu«li of faint red in the sun. 
Useful for kitchen. November, December. 

Golden Goss. 

Received from Western New York. Tree vigorous, vipright, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish conical, slightly ribbed, golden yellow, 
faintly shaded in the sun "v^dth red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, mild sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November, Deceiaber. 

Golden Harvey. 
Brandy Apple. 

An excellent, high-flavored little dessert Apple from England, of slen- 
der gi'o^vth. 

Fruit small, irregularly round. Skin rather rough, dull russet over 
a yellow ground, with a russety red cheek. Flesh yellow, of fijie tex- 
ture, with a spicy, rich, subacid flavor. The fruit is apt to shrivel. 
December to Aj)ril. 

Golden Knob. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, some russet and tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, brisk, sweet. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Golden Lustre. 

A culinary Apple from England. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with patches and stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, firm, subacid. November to April. 

Golden Monday. 
Monstow's Pepping. 

Hogg describes this as from the Berkshire orchards, as a dessert Ap- 
ple of first-rate quality. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, golden yellow, with crimson dots 
in the sun. Nettings and lines of thin bi-own russet. Flesh yello-wish 
white, crisp, sugary, brisk, perfumed. October, December. 

Golden Noble. 

An old English variety, valuable for cooking. Lindley describes it 
as pretty large, roundish conical, bright yellow with a few small reddish 
spots and patches of russet. Flesh yellow, tender, pleasant, subacid. 
November, December. 

13 



194 THE APPLE. 

GoiJiEN Nonpareil. 

Fruit small, roundisli, golden yellow, with, russet and blush red in 
the sun. Flesh crisp, sharp acid. October, December. 

Golden Pearmain. 
Dutcli Pearmain. Ruckman's Pearmain. Red Russet of some. 

An old English Apple. Tree upright, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, orange in sun. Patches 
and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, sweet. Yery 
good. November. 

Ronalds describes an entirely different Apple under tliis name, as 
follows : 

Fruit small, oblong roimdish conical, yellow, with some slight rus- 
ibet and a good deal of red striping. Flesh firm, rich, and high-flavored. 
December, January. 

Golden Pippin. 

Golden Pippin. London Golden Pippin. 

Old Golden Pippin. Warter's Golden Pippin. 

Balgone Pippin. Bayfordbury Golden Pippin. 

Milton Golden Pippin. Pepin d'Or. 

Russet Golden Pippra. Pomme d'Or. 

Herefordshire Golden Pippin. Koening's Pippelin. 

Reinette d'Angleterre. 

The Golden Pippin of the English is the queen of all dessert Apples, 
in tbe estimation of the English connoisseurs, as it imites the qualities 
of small size, fine form, and color, with high flavor and durability. It 
is a very old variety, being mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, but it still 
thrives well in many parts of England. 

Friiit small, round, and regularly formed, gold color, dotted with 
gray russety dots, with also obscure white specks imbedded under the 
skin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather acid, but with a rich, brisk, high 
flavor. Yery good. A great bearer, but requires a strong, deep, sandy 
loam. November to Marcb. Does not succeed well here. 

There are many varieties of the English Golden Pippin, difiering but 
little in general appearance and size, and very little in flavor, from the 
old sort, but of rather more thrifty growth ; the best of these are 
Hughes', and Elirke's new Cluster Golden Pippins. 

Golden Pippin. 
Pittstown Pippin. 

This is an old Apple, grown many years ago in Adams, Mass., from 
whence it was brought to Pittstown, and has been recently christened 
after that place. The tree is an upright vigorous grower, with large 
strong branches. Shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, sometimes conic, and sides im- 
equal, gi-eenish yellow with a blush in sun exposure. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Core rather large. Good for cooking, 
September and October. 



THE APPLE. ■ 19ft 

Golden Pippin. 

Pound Koyal of some. York Pippiu. 

Butter Pippin. Large Golden Pippin. 

Mammoth. 

This Apple is considerably grown in the New England States and 
Western New York, and is one of the largest of its class, specimens 
sometimes weighing 20 ounces. Tree very vigorous and very productive 
on deep rich soils ; on light soils it is often a shy bearer, the fruit much 
smaller. 

Fruit very large, roundish, ribbed, greenish yellow, becoming quite 
yellow at full maturity, slight blush of brown crimson in sun-exposed 
specimens. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core 
small. Good to very good. November, December. 

There is another Golden Pippin sometimes known as Porter in Mich- 
igan, which is of medium size, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, mild 
subacid. Pipe in September and October. 

There are also several other Apples under this popular name, many 
of which doubtless will be found identical with named sorts. 

Golden Red. 

From Long Island. Origin imknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and mottled nearly over the whole surface. Flesh yellowish, crisp, moder- 
ately juicy, pleasant subacid. Core small. December, January. Fruit 
liable to rot on the tree, not profitable. 

Golden E,einette. 

Heine tte, G-olden. Wyker Pippin. 

Aurore. Elizabet. 

Kirke's Golden Reinette. Wygers. 

Yellow German Reinette. Megginch Favorite. 

Reinette d'Aix. Dundee. 

English Pippin. • Reinette Giden. 

Court pendu Dore. Princesse Noble, of the French. 

The Golden Reinette is a very popular dessert fruit in England and 
on the Continent, combining beauty and high flavor. 

Fruit beloM^ medium size, very regularly formed, roundish, a little 
flattened. Skin smooth, golden yellow, washed and striped with fine 
soft red on the sunny side, mingled with scattered russet dots. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, with a rich, brisk subacid. Good. October to January. 

Golden Reinette of Vanderlaans. 
Reinette dorce de Van der Laans. 

Originated with Van der Laans of Rynland, in Holland. Tree strong, 
stout branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, with indistinct grayish 
brown spots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Flesh 
greenish white, fine, firm, perfumed, subacid. October to December. 
(Verg.) 



196 THE APPLE. 

The German Golden Reinette may possibly prove identical with th« 

ii.l>ove. 

GoLi>EN Russet. 
English Golden Russet. English Golden. Eusset Golden. 

This is an old English Apple described by Ronalds and Lindley as Gol- 
den Russet, and as that is its commonly accepted name in this country we 
have followed it. It is one of the popular Apples, succeeding in nearly 
all sections, and especially in rich Western soils. The tree is thrifty, 
vigorous, spreading, rather irregular, forming a bushy head. Young 
shoots slender, dull reddish brown, slightly downy, with numerous small 
white dots. An early bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, or roundish oblate. Skin rough. 
Color yellow, mostly covered with dull russet, and having a bronzed 
cheek in the sun. Stalk short, small. Cavity medium, or rather deep. 
Calyx closed. Segments rather long, often a little recurved. Basin 
broad, rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh whitish yellow, fine- 
grained, rather compact, sprightly, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December to March. 

Golden Russet, or Massachusetts. 

Tree vigorous, upright, and productive. Yoimg shoots clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conic. Skin golden russet, with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk small and short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments small, recurved. Basin deep, round, and 
open. Flesh yellowish white, tender, rich, mild, sweet subacid. Very 
good. January, April. 

There are many Golden Russets about the country, and it is difficult 
to identify them. This is from Massachusetts, and distinct from those 
grown in New York, and West. 

Golden Seedling. 

Supposed origin, Missouri. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow blush in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, sharp subacid. February to May. 

Golden Stkeak. 

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear yellow, with stripes of red. 
Flesh yellow, brisk, pleasant acid. (Hogg.) 

Golden Sweet. 
Orange Sweeting. Early Golden Sweet. 

A celebrated Connecticut fruit. Tree very vigorous, spreading, 
forming a tree of moderate size, hardy and very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit above the medium size, roundish, scarcely flattened, fair, and 
well formed ; when fully ripe, pale yellow or straw color. Stalk about 



THE APPLE. 



197 



an inch long, slender at its junction with the fruit. Calyx closed, ann 
set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh tender, sweet, rich, and e>:cel- 
lent. Good to very good. August and September. A valuable sort 
for cooking, market, or stock feeding. 




Golden Sweet. 



Golden Wilding. 



Origin, near Fayette ville, N. C. Tree thrifty, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little oblique, golden yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather short and small. (!)avity 
deep, russeted. Calyx open. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Core small. Good. November to March. 

Golden Worcestek. 

A small dessert Apple described by Ronalds as perfectly round, rich 
golden, slightly tinged with red. Flesh firm, yellow. January. 



Gold Reinette von Bordeaux. 
Bordeauer Gold Remette. 



Hogg describes 



this as a valuable and beautiful sort. "We d» not 
know of its having fiaiited in this country. 

Fruit very large, obtuse pearmain shaped, greenish, becoming rich 
yellow and washed with bright red in the sun, traces of russet, and gray 
russet dots. Stalk short, tleshy. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, 
fine, tender, juicy, rich aromatic. December to March. 



198 the apple- 

Goodyear. 

Goodyear's Seedling. 

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa, Tree a fine grower, and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, fine red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. Good 
December to April. 

GOOSEBEERY. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, sometimes slight tinge 
of red in sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good for cooking. Core large. December, February. 

Gooseberry Pippin. 

A handsome little English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with splashes and marblings of red. 
Flesh fine-grained, tender, juicy, brisk, sweet subacid. November to 
February. 

Gould's Sweet. 

Origin unknown. First brought to notice from Mercer Co., Pa. 
Tree of rather slow spreading growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, deep orange in the 
sun, brown dots. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, mild, rich, 
sweet. Core rather small. A good cooking fruit. December to 
March. 

Goternor. 

American. Large, yellowish, tinged with red, juicy, acid, cooking. 
October, January. (Elliott.) 

Governor Charter. 
Governor Charter's Seedling. 

A variety described in the Prairie Farmer as a valuable market 
Apple. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obscurely ribbed, light yellow, with 
blush in the sun. Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant, scarcely acid, 
slightly aromatic. Core small. October. 

Gracet. 

Origin, Greenville, 111. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, light green, with greenish 
white specks. Flesh greenish white, coarse, mild subacid. August, 
(Gar. Mon.) 

Grange. 

Origin, Herefordshire, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow. Flesh yellow, firm, orisp 
brisk. October, November. (Ron.) 



the apple. 199 

Grange's Pearmain. 
Grange's Pippin. 

An Euglish « ulinary Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, yellow, with broken stripes of red. 
Flesh yelloN\'ish white, tender, juicy, brisk pleasant acid. November, 
Februai-y. (Hogg.) 

Graniwinkle. 

Originated in one of the eastern counties of New Jersey. Tree vig- 
orous, upright, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, 3'ellowish, shaded with 
light red, and striped and splashed with a deeper shade. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, juicy, moderately tender, rich pleasant honeyed sweet. 
Core small. Very good. Valuable for stock, cider, or for cooking. 
October to December. 

Grastite Beauty. 
Aunt Dorcas. Grrandmother's Apple. Clothes-yard Apple. 

Origin, on the farm of Z. Breed, Weare, N. H. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, upright, spreading. An annual bearer. Young wood light reddish 
bi'own, slightly downy. 

Fruit meclium to large, roundish oblong, largest at the centre, and 
narrowing toward stalk and calyx, uneven surface, or obscurely ribbed. 
Skin somewhat oily. Color pale yellow, mostly overspread, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with two shades of red, brown dots. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity uneven, or ribbed, acute. Calyx closed. Segments 
shoi't, erect. Basin medium, corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, 
mild pleasant subacid. Core large, open. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to February. 

Granjty Earle. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, green, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender. Very good. November, January. (Hov. 
Mag.) 

Gravenstein. 
Grave Slije. 

A superb-looking German Apple, which originated at Gr'avenstein m 
Holstein, and is thought one of the finest apples of the North of Eu- 
rope. It fully sustains its reputation here, and is, unquestionably, a 
fruit of first-rate quality'. Tree very vigorous, spreading, forming a 
large, broad head. Very productive. An early bearer. Young wood 
reddish bi-own. 

Fruit large, rather flattened, and a little one-sided or angular, broad- 
est at the base. Stalk quite short and strong, deeply set. Calyx large, 
closed, in a wide, deep, rather irregular basin. Segments long, irregu- 
lar, recurved. Skin greenish yellow at first, but becoming bright yel- 
low, and beautifull}'^ dashed and pencilled, and marbled with light and 



200 



THE APPLE. 



deep red and orange. Flesh tender and crisp, with a high- flavored, 
somewhat aromatic taste. Yery good. September and October. A 
valuable apple for market or cooking, succeeding admirably wherevei 
grown. 




GraTenstein. 



Great Unknown. 



Origin unknown. Pound in the orchard of S. McDowell Ma- 
con, Ga. 

Fruit large, regular, oblate roundish, inclining to conic, yello"v\ sha- 
ded and marbled with carmine. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Mesh 
yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid. Very good. December. (White.) 




Green Cheese. 



the apple. 201 

Gkeen Cheese. 

Green CrauK. Yellow Crank. Southern Gi eon .ng. 

Southern Golden Pippin. Winter Greening. Carolina Greenuig. 

Green Skin. Winter Cheese. Turner's Cheese. 

Greening. 

An old vairiety, grown largely in Kentucky and other Southwesterc 
States. It has been extensively propagated by suckers, but the exact 
place of the original tree is unknown. Although not best in quality, it 
has so many good properties adapting it to the South and Southwest, 
that it is widely disseminated under the various synonyms given above. 

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and has the habit of blooming 
late, which gives it a special value. A good bearer and long keeper. 
Young shoots slender, grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, occasionally oblique, pale greenish yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
large, deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments slightly recurved. 
Basin broad, deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, ci-isj^, juicy, 
rich, sprightly subacid. Core small, compact. Very good. Novem 
ber to March. 

Green's Choice. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped vdth red. Flesli 
tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost sweet. Good. Ripe last of 
August and first of September. 

Green Domine. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, washed or obscurely striped 
with dull red. Flesh whitish, firm, with a pleasant, peculiar flavor. 
Good. December, February. 

Green Mountain Pippin. 

From Georgia, and much grown there as a market fruit. 

Fniit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at base and 
crown, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant sub 
acid. Good. November, February. 

Green Newtown Pippin. 

Hunt's Fine Green Pippin. Newto^v^l Pippin. American Newtown Pippin. 

Brooke's Pippin ? Green Winter Pippin. Pefcersburgh Pippin. 

Hunt's Green Newtown Pippin ? 

The Newtown Pippin stands at the head of all Apples, and is, when 
in perfection, acknowledged to be unrivalled in all the qualities which 
constitute a high-flavored dessert apple, to which it combines the quality 
of long keeping without the least shrivelling, retaining its high flavor to 
the last. It commands the highest price in Covent Garden INIarket, Lon- 
don. This variety is a native of Newtown, Long Island, and it requires 
a pretty strong, deep, wai-m soil to attain its full perfection, and in the 
orchard it should be well manured every two or three yeai-s. Tlie tree 



202 THE APPLH'. 

is of rather slender and slow growth, and even while yoiing is always 
remarkable for its rough bark. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little irregular in its outline, caused 
by two or three obscure ribs on the sides — and broadest at the base, next 
the stalk ; about three inches in diameter, and two and a half deep. Color 
dull green, becoming olive green when ripe, with a faint, dull brownish 
blush on one side, dotted with small gray specks, and with delicate rus- 
set rays around the stalk. Calyx quite small and closed, set in a narrow 
and shallow basin. Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, deeply sunk 
in a wide, funnel-shaped cavity. Flesh greenish white, very j uicy, crisp, 
with a fine aroma, and an exceedingly high and delicious flavor. Best. 
When the fruit is not grown on healthy trees, it is liable to be spotted 




Green Newtown Pippin. 

with black spots. This is one of the finest keeping apples, and is in eat 
ing from December to May, but is in the finest perfection in March. 
This is entirely distinct from Yellow Newtown Pippin. 

Geeen Keinette. 

Reinette Verte. Groene Franse Renette. 

Groene Renet. Grune Reinette. 

Tree vigorous and healthy, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base, ribbed at apex, yellowish 
greon with a tinge of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, aroma 
tic December to May. (Hogg.) 

Green Seek-no-Further. 
White Seek-no-Further. Flushing Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further of Ooxa 
Origin in the garden of the late Wm. Prince, Flushing, L. I. 



THE APPLE. 203 

Tree while young very slow ixi ita growth, but makes a compact, well- 
formed head in the orchard. 

Fruit ajit to be knotty and unfair. Eather lai-ge, roundish conical, 
yellowish green, sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk short, 
in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed, in a rather deep basin. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. Octo- 
ber, Januaiy. 

Green Tiffin. 
Mage'a Johnny. 

From Lancashire, England. Tree a fair grower and bearer. 

Fruit medium, round conical, yellowish green with a few russet and 
red dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, acid. September, December. 
(Hogg.) 

Green Sweet. 

Honey Greening. 

Tree vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, somewhat conic. Skin green, some- 
times becoming a little yellow at maturity, covered with greenish or 
light russet dots. Stalk of medium length. Cavity rather deep, cover- 
ed with russet. Basin shallow and abrupt, somewhat furrowed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. December to March. 

Green Sweet of Indiana. 

This Apple is somewhat grown in Indiana^ and we have not met with 
it elsewhere. 

Fruit medium to large, rotmdish conical, greenish yellow, with brown 
dots. Flesh yellowish, teiider, juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Greenup's Pippin. 
Greenus's Pippin. 

This English Apple is described by Hogg as popular and highly 
esteemed, the tree being hardy and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, rotmdish, with on one .side a prominent rib, 
pale straw color, bright red next the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, sweet, brisk. October to December. 

Green Woodcock. 

Origin, Sussex, England ; described by Hogg as follows : 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate yellowish, mottled and striped with 
red in the s\m. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk. October, December 

Greist's Fine "Winter. 

From York, Pa. Tree a strong grower, regular, moderate bearer. 

Fruit rather large oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, splashed and 
shaded in sun with light red. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, juicy, brisk 
subacid. Good. December, February. 



204 THE APPLE. 

Grey Canada Reinette. 
Canada Beinette Gris. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellow, covered with yellow russet, and moder 
ately sprinkled with gray dots. Flesh white, crisp, brisk subacid. Nc 
vember, December. 

Grey French Reinette. 

Eeinette Grise. Reinette Franche Grauwe. 

Reinette Grise Fran9aise. 

There are a number of varieties of Reinette Grise, or Gray Reinette. 
The one here, however, is considered by Lindley as distinct, and among 
the most valuable of its class. It is of French origin. Tree a mod- 
erate grower and good bearer. Young wood of a chestnut color. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, broadest at base, covered with 
brownish gray russet. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich subacid. 
November, December. 

Greyhouse. 
Hoopes. }Iopst>j. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey. Has been long grown and highly 
valued for cider-making. Tree strong, erect grower^ and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly globular, dull red, with faint stripes. 
Flesh firm and dry, poor in quality. A long keeper. 

Grey Leadington. 
Leadington's Grauer Pippin. Grey Leadington Pippin. 

A favorite Scottish Apple. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, greenish yellow, with cinna- 
mon russet and red in the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, very juicy, 
aromatic. October, December. (Lind.) 

Grey Reinette. 

Reinette Grise Extra. Reinette Grise. Belle Fille. 

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Prager. 

An old French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brownish red in sun. 
Fiesh yellow, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, February. (Hogg.) 

Griffith. 
Sweet Maiden's Blush. 

Raised by Caleb Mendenhall, West Milton, near Dayton, O. Tree 
hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear pale yellow, with light blush 
red cheek in the sui.. Stalk short. Cavity rather large. Basin snioll. 
Flesh fine-gi-ained, tender, juicy, a Uttle tart. September. (L. S. 
Mote's MSS.) 



the applb. 205 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. 

Grimes Golden. 

This valuable Apple originated many years since, on the farm of 
Thomas Grimes, Brooke Co., Va. In its native locality it is highly 
prized for the peculiar hardihood of the tree, withstanding uninjured the 
most severe winters, and never breaking in its limbs. Also for its uni« 
form regular annual productiveness. 




Grimes' Golden Pippin. 

Tree vigorous, hardy, upright spreading, very productive, branches 
with peculiar knobs at the base of each, connecting it with the main 
limbs. Young wood dark dull red brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical. Skin uneven. 
Color rich golden yellow, sprinkled moderately with small gray and 
light dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity rather deep, some- 
times slightly russeted. Calyx closed, or partially open. Basin abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh yellow, compact, crisp, tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, 
spicy subacid, peculiar aroma. Core rather small. Very good to best. 
December to March. 

Gros Faros. 

Faros. 

Fruit medium, oblate, roundish, yellow, with considerable red in tlie 
sun. Flesh greenish white, j nicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 



Gkosh. 

Originated in Snufftown, Lancaster Co., Pa. 
stout brown shoots ; an annual bearer. 



Tree upright, with 



206 THE APPLE. 

Fruit very large, oblate, oblique, greenisli white, striped with lighl 
and dark red. Flesh white, loose, soft texture, jmcy, acid. September, 
Good. Cooking. (Gar. Mon.) 

* Grouzier. 

Received from ISTew Jersey. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish, partially striped and 
splashed with light red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild subacid 
Good. November, December. 

Grooveland Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sKghtly conic, a little oblique, sidea 
unequal, yellow, a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Gruver's Early. 

Originated on the farm of Mayer, Springfield, Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, with stripes and splashea 
of red. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. August. 

Guernsey Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, brown russet on yellow, bronzed in the SUTU 
Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sweet. December, January. 

GULLETT. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with dull stripes. Flesh 
juicy. February. 

GULLT. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, white blush in the sun. Flesh white, jxiicy. August. 

Habershasi's Pearmain. 

Tree of upright growth. 

Fruit medium, ovate form, bright crimson. Stalk short, slender. 
Calyx medium. Flesh white, rather dry, firm, subacid. September. 

(White.) 

Hagloe Crab. 

Thio is a celebrated old English cider fruit. 

Fruit small, ill-shaped, something between an apple and a crab, 
more long than broad, wide at the base and narrow at the crown, which 
is a little sunk, and the eye flat, pale yellow, a little marbled in difi"erent 
direction?, with a russet gray, and having a few red specks or streaks on 
the sunny side. 



the apple. 207 

Hague Pippin. 

Originated in 1816, by Samuel Hague, Centreville, Ind. Tree 
liai'dy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young shoots strong, L'glit 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fi'uit medium to lai'ge, roundish conical, pale yellow, mostly covered, 
shaded, splashed and striped with red, thickly sprinkled with light dots. 
Stalk short. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, crisp, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid. Core large. Good. January, February. 

Hain. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. A vigorous grower and profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblong, yellow, striped, marbled, 
and mottled with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, rich sweet. Good. 
Kovem.ber, March. 




HalL 

Hall. 

Hall's Seedling. Hall's Eed. Jenny Seedling. 

Origin, on the grounds of Mr. Hall, Franklin Co., N, C. Tree of 
moderate growth, hardy, upright, with long, slender, reddish brown, 
grayish branches, and remarkably firm wood. The tree never attains a 
very large size ; is very productive, and is considered in North Carolina 
the best long-keeping dessert apple they cultivate. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conic. Skin smooth, thick, mostly 
shaded with crimson, and covered with various colored dots. Stalk of 
medium length, slender, curved, inserted in a round, deep, open cavity. 
Calyx closed, generally in a small uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, fine- 
grained, juicy, with a very rich, vinous, saccharine, aromatic flavor. 
Very good. December to April. 

Hall Door. 
An English A.pplo described by Ronalds as desirable for cooking. 



208 THE APPLE. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish, with few red stripes. Flesh white, 
coarse, subacid. December, January. 

Hall's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, many light dots. Flesh sometimes a little stained, not very 
juicy, rich, sweet. Good. September. 

Hambledon Deux Ans. 

Origin, Hampshire, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread and in- 
distinctly splashed with red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. November. 

Hamilton. 
Wonder ? 

Origin unknown. Came from the South. 

Fruit large, roundish, irregular, somewhat ribbed, red on yellow, 
splashed with purple. Dots large, yellow. Calyx large, open. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, rather juicy, subacid. Good. September, October. 
(Am. Hort. An.) 

Hammond. 

Fruit medium to large, green. Flesh juicy. November, and keeps 
to March (Sumner, MS.) 

Hampton Bellflowek. 

A seedling from the Bellflower, grown by "W. C. Hampton, Mt. Vic- 
tory, Ohio. 

Fruit large, light yellow ground, speckled and splashed with carmine, 
red in the sun, few russet gray dots and marblings. Stalk medium. 
Calyx partially open. Segments recurved and with fine points. Basin 
open, slightly uneven at base. Flesh white, tendei-, breaking, rather 
coarse, mild pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November and 
December. 

Hampton's Fall Sweet. 

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh tender, 
sweet, rather dry. Good. October. 

Hampton's Honet Sweet. 

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, elongated truncate conic, yellow, faintly striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender, sweet. Good. December to ApriL 



the apple. 209 

Hampton's Late Sweet. 
Sweet Jersey. 

Origin, W. (1 Hampton, Ohio. Tree vigorous, witli slender branch- 
es, hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

Hampton's Russet. 

Origin, W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium to small, roundish conical, yellowish, thinly covered 
with light russet, splashes and stripes of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, lively subacid. Good. November, January. 

Hancock. 

Originated in Chester Co., Pa. Tree a strong upright grower, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellowish green, shaded and rather indistinctly 
splashed \^dth light red. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, 
coarse, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good, December to March. 

> 

Hannah. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, pale yellow, with stripes and 

splashes of dull red. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, subacid. Hardly 

good. Cooking only. October, November. 

Hanwell Soubing. 

Origin, Oxfordshire, England. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow, faint blush in the sun. 
Flesh white, crisp, fine, brisk acid. Good. Cooking. December to 
April. 

Hare. 
Watermelon. 

We received this desirable Apple from New Jersey, but have been 
anable to learn its history. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Wood 
grayish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, greenish, sprinkled with 
a few gray dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, very tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Very good. Core 
rather large. October, November. 

Harbord's Pippin. 

Colored Harbord's Pippin, 

Origin, Norfolk, England, 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale yellowish green, partially russeted. 
Flesh white, soft, juicT, brisk, acid, November to March, (Hogg,) 

14 



210 the apple. 

Hargreave's Gkeen Sweet. 

An Englisli variety, somewliat valued there. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, ridged at apex, yellow, with, faint streaks ol 
red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. September, 
October. 

Haenish. 

From Pennsylvania, said to have originated in Lancaster Co. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly shaded with dark red, and 
sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh compact, tender, not juicy, almost 
sweet, pleasant. Good. September to October. 

Harris. 
Ben Harris. 

Originated with Marston Harris, Rockingham Co., N. C. Tree vigo- 
rous, erect, productive, popular in its native locality. Young wood 
grayish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright straw color, occasionally wdth a 
pink blush. Stalk very short and stout. Cavity deep. Basin large 
and deep. Flesh white, coarse, pleasant subacid, continues a long time, 
valuable for market and culinary purposes. Good. September to No- 
vember. 

Harrison. 

New Jersey is the most celebrated cider-making district in America, 
and this Apple, which originated in Essex County of that State, has 
long enjoyed the highest reputation as a cider fruit. Ten bushels of the 
Apples make a barrel of cider. The tree grows thriftily and bears very 
large crops. 

Fruit medium size, ovate or roundish oblong. Skin yellow, with 
roughish, distinct black specks. Stalk one inch or more long. Flesh 
yellow, rather dry and tough, but with a rich flavor, producing a high- 
colored cider, of great body. The fruit is very free from rot, falls easily 
from the tree about the first of November, and keeps well. 

Harry Sweet. 

Originated in Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of slow, upright growi^h. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides sometimes ut!- 
equal. Skin thick, greenish yellow, dull blush in the sun, and nettings 
of russet. Flesh whitish, crisp, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet. Good. December to April. 

Hartford Sweet. 

Spencer Sweeting, Keney's Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Spencer, near Hartford, and introduced by Dr. 
E, W. Bull. Tree moderately vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly flattened. Skin smooth and 



THE APPLE. 2il 

fair, almost covered and striped with fine red over a yellowish green 
ground, and sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk nearly three-quarters 
of an inch long, slender, inserted in a rather shallow, round cavity. 
Calyx broad, closed, with few segments, set in a slightly uneven basin 
which is but little sunk. Flesh yelloAvish, very juicy, tender, rich sac 
charine. Good. December to May or June, A valuable market 
apple. 

Harvest Eed Streak. 
Early Eed Streak. Striped Harvest. 

An old variety, origin unknown. Tree a free grower, upright, spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish, striped and splashed with two shadeg 
of red. Flesh white, coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Valuable for 
cooking. August and September. 

Harvey. 

Doctor Harvey. 

One of the oldest of English Apples. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, greenish yellow, with russet tracings. 
Flesh whitish, firm, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. October to 
January. (Lind.) 

Harvey's Pippin. 
Dredge's Beauty of Wilts. 

Of English origin. Hogg says : — " Tree a free grower and excellent 
bearer." 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, washed with fine red, and marked 
with crimson dots. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, rich. December to Feb- 
ruary. 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance. 

This Apple is described by Hogg as very handsome and of first-rate 
quality. 

Fruit very large, conical, distinctly five-ribbed, yellow, with many 
minute russety dots, and some patches of russet. Flesh yellowish, fixm, 
crisp, juicy, sugary, vinous. Core very small. October to January. 

Haskell Sweet. 
Sassafras Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Deacon Haskell, Ipswich, Mass. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, spreading and productive. Young wood light grayish broAvn. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate. Color greenish yellow, sometimes 
with a blush. Stalk short, inserted in a rather broad, deep cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin broad and large, of medium depth. Flesh 3'ellow- 
ish, tender, juicy, very sweet, rich, aromatic Very good to best. Sep- 
tember, October. 



212 the affle. 

Haute Bont6. 
Keinette griae haute bonte. Blandilalie. 

An old French, dessert Apple. 

Fruit mediuni, roundish, ribbed, yellow, with faint tinge of red ii: 
the sun. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Deceo) 
her to February. 




Haskell Sweet. 



Hawley. 



Origia, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, and bears annually. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic. Skin fine yellow, somewhat 
waxen or oily, and considerably dotted. Stalk short, inserted in a 
rather deep cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed, in a moderate, some- 
what furrowed basin. Flesh, whitish, very tender, juicy, rich, mild 
subacid. Ripe September. 

A fruit of very good quality, but as it soon decays, its value is thereby 
much depreciated. 

Hawthornden. 
White Hawthomden. 

A celebrated Scotch Apple, which originated at Hawthornden, the 
birthplace of the poet Drummond. It resembles, somewhat, our 
Maiden's Blush, but is inferior to that fruit in flavor. An excellent 
bearer, a handsome fruit, and good for cooking or drying, and exceed- 
ingly profitable for market. 

Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, and, when in bearing, somewhat 
peijdulous. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish bi'own. Buds 
prominent. 



THE APPLE. 312 

Fruit rather above the medium size, jiretty regularly formed, round- 
ish, rather flattened. Skin very smooth, })ale light yellow, nearly 
white in the .«hade, with a tine blush where exposed to the sun. B'lesh 
white, juicy, of a simpiL-^. ])leasaut flavor. Good. September. 

There is a iVeiW, or winter Hawthornden, the wood of which in 
brownish red, tree more robust, the fruit larger, and a longer kee])er 
than the above. 

Hay Boys. 

JFruit Jarge, oblate, pale yellow. Flesh yellow, breaking, sweet. 
Good to vexy good. August. (Warder.) 

Hector. 

A seedling of Chester Co., Pa. 

Fruit lai-ge, roundish, conical, striped and mottled with red on a 
yellow ground. Flesh yellowish, breaking, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
December to March. 

Helen's Favorite. 

From Troy, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red shades. Flesh white, streaked 
with red, tendex-, juicy. January, February. (Elliott.) 

Hemphill. 

From Person Co., N. C. An erect, vigorous grower, and bears 
profusely. 

Fi'uit oblate, slightly conic, wliitish yellow, very much shaded with 
red, and thickly sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish white, 
compact, mild subacid. Good. November, May. 

Henry Apple. 

A strong, vigorous grower, and productive, from Vermont. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, yellow, with a slightly bronzed cheek, and i 
many small, grayish dots. Flesh yellow, tender, not very juicy, pleas- 
ant. Good. October, January. 

Henwood. 

Originated in Indiana. Tree in growth and appearance much re- 
sembling Yellow Belleflower. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, clear smooth yellow, with rarely a blush 
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, jiucy, sharp subacid. Very good 
January to April. 

Hepler. I 

Raised by Mi*. Hepler, of Reading, Pa. 



214 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color light yellow, shaded with dull red 
Flesh white, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to April. 

Herefordshire Peakmain. 

Royal Pearmain, of some. Parmin Royal. Old Pearmain. 

Royale d'Angleterre. Parmin. 

An old and popular English Apple, about which, as connected with 
other Pearmains, there is much confusion. The variety we have re- 
ceived, and grown for many years, is of a strong, vigorous, spreading 
growth. Young shoots dull grayish brown, slightly downy, moderately 
•strong. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and marbled with dark red, and thickly sprinkled with conspicuous 
light aroole dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, slight russet. Calyx 
partially open. Basin rather abrupt, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic, subacid. Very good. Novem- 
ber to February. 

Herman. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Herman, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous 
and spreading, quite prolific. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, i-ed striped on green ground. Flesh 
greenish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good, November to February. 

There is also another Jlermann, which originated at Hermann, Mo., 
from seed of Rawles Janet. Tree a fine grower, upright, and very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright red, with gi'ay dots. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. December to May. 

Hess. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, form variable, sometimes roundish, often conical, 
red, in stripes of different hues. Flesh greenish white, tender. Good. 
December, February. 

Hetterich. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree an irregular grower. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow. Flesh whitish, 
tender, acid. Good. November, January. 

Hewe's Virginia Crab. 

Hughe's Virginia Crab. 

The Virginia Crab makes a very high-flavored dry cider, which, by 
connoisseurs, is thought unsui-passed in flavor by any other, and retains 
its soundness a long time. It is a prodigious bearer, and the tree ia 
very hardy, though of small size. 



THE APPLE. 216 

Fruit quite small, about an inch and a half in diameter, nearly round 
Skin dull red, dotted with white specks, and obscurely streaked with 
greenish yellow. Stalk, long and slender. Flesh fibrous, with an acid, 
rough, and astringent flavor, and, when ground, runs clear and limpid 
from the press, and ferments very slowly. The Virginia Ci'ab is often 
mixed with rich pulpy apples, to which it imparts a good deal of its tino 
quality. 

The Roane's Wliite Crab is a sub-variety of the foregoing, about the 
same size, with a yellow skin. It makes a rich, strong, blight liquor, 
and keeps throughout the summer, in a well-bunged cask, perfectly 
sweet. 

Hewitt's Sweet. 

Large, oblate, yellow, splashed with red. Flesh whitish, sweet, ten- 
der and pleasant. Good. October, November. Productive. 

Hick's. 
Buckram. 

Originated with Isaac Hicks, North Hempstead, L. I. Tree an up- 
right, strong grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots stout, 
very short-jointed, dark brown, fine downy. Buds broad, flat, prominent, 
especially at ends. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, color pale greenish yellow, some- 
what striped and splashed with crimson, thinly sprinkled with light and 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity deep, slightly russeted. Calyx 
closed. Segments short, often a little I'ecurved; Basin rather large and 
uneven. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, rich, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Core rather large. Very good. August. A uev/ Apple, of 
good promise. 

HiESTEK. 

Heaster. Heister. Baer. 

Stehly, MiUer. 

Originated in Reading, Berks Co., Pa. Tree large, vigorous, spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots very dark blackish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed and mottled with two shades of red, few light gray dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
March. 

HiGBY Sweet. 
Lady Cheek Sweet. Ladies' Blush. 

Originated in Trumbull Co., O. This is one of the most delicate of 
Bweet Apples, valuable either for the table or market. Tree a thrifty, 
upright gi'ower, an early and good bearer. Young shoots very short- 
jointed, moderately stout, dark rich reddish brown, with very few light 
Bpecks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, sometimes oblique. Colot 



216 



THE APPLE. 



light waxen yellow, shaded with fine clear rich red in the sun, thinlj 
sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity acute, rathei 
deep, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx closed. Segments short, erect. 
Basin narrow, deep, ujieven. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, sweet, 
excellent. Core small. Very good to best. November to January. 




Higby Sweet. 



Highlander. 



Origin, Sudbury, Vermont. Tree a good grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, greenish, mottled, and 
striped with red. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a pleasant vinous 
flavor. Good. September, October. 

HiGHTOP. 

Supposed origin, Wayne Co., Ind. 

Fruit medium to large, flat, roundish, regular. Surface smooth, 
mixed diill red, striped carmine, dots scattered, minute. Flesh pale 
yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. December, Janu- 
ary, (Warder.) 



HiGHTOP Sweet. 
Summer Sweet. Sweet June. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. An old variety, highly prized at the West, 
Growth upright, vigorous. Tree hardy, very productive, light reddish 
brown shoots. 

Fruit medivim or below, roundish, regular. Skin very smooth. Color 
light yellow, partially covered with green dots. Stalk medium, inserted 
in a deep narrow cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx small, 



THE APPLE. 217 

Closed. Basia sliallo-w, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellowish, very sweet, 
not very juicy, but pleasant and rich. Yery good. August. 




Hightop Sweet, 



Hill's Favorite. 



Origin, Leominster, Mass. A thrifty grower, and very productive: 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and striped with red, covered with thin bloom and numerous whitish 
dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium, uneven. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
shallow. Flesh yellow, fine-gi'ained, tender, juicy, pleasant, slightly 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. Middle of September, and in 
use for a month. 

Hill's Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered with 
two shades of red, many light dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh yellowish white, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. Core 
small. January to April. 

Hilton. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, yelloTvish gi'een. Flesh tender, juicy, subacid, 
excellent for culinary ptirposes. Good. September to October. 

Hinnersley. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Ba. 

Fruit rather small, roundish oblong conical, greenish, thickly sprink 



218 THE APPLE. 

led witli light and brown dots. Flesh greenisli -white, fine-grained, 
rather tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

HOAHY MOKNING. 

Ditinty Apple. Downy. Sam. Eawlinga. 

An English fruit for culinary purposes, large, oblate conic, yellow, 
splashed and striped with red, and covered with a bloom. Flesh white, 
firm, brisk subacid. Good. October, December. 

HoBBs' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of Samuel Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, with a round head, productive, valuable for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, gTeenish yellow. Flesh tender, sweet. 
October, November. (Hobb's MS.) 

Hockett's Sweet. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit profitable 
for stock feeding. _ 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with deep red. Flesh yellowish white, moderately juicy, crisp, rather 
rich, sweet. Good. December to March. 

Hodge's Limber Twig. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish, whitish, thinly shaded, splashed, and striped in 
the sun. Flesh white, rather fiirm, juicy, sprightly subacid. Yery 
good. October, December. 

Hog Island Sweet. 
Canada Sweet. Sweet Pippin. English Sweet, erroneously. 

Origin, Hog Island, adjoining Long Island. Tree vigorotis and pro- 
ductive. Wood dark brown, slightly downy, short-jointed, valuable for 
family use and stock feeding. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate, yellow, striped with red, Avith a bright 
crimson cheek. Stalk rather short, slender, inserted in a deep, abrupt 
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
j-ellow, juicy, crisp, tender, slightly aromatic, with a very sweet, rich, 
excellent flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 

Holbert's Yictokia. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as small, ovate, yellow, with 
pale gray russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, vinoufi, aromatic. De- 
cem})er to May. 

HOLCOMB, 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed wibli 



THE APPLE. 21 S 

red in the sun. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, 
abnosfc sweet. Good. December to March. 

HOLLADY. 

Raised by John Hollady, Spottsylvania Co., Ya. A -very thrifty, up 
right grower, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Color yellow, with a faint blush, and sprinkled 
with, gray dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, aromatic. Good. 
November to March. 

HOLLANDBURY, 

Hollingbiiry. Hawberry Pippin. Horsley Pippin. 

Beau Rouge. Bonne Rouge. Howburry Pippin. 

Kirke's Scarlet Admirable. 

An old English culinary Apple. Tree strong, vigorous grower. 
Fruit very large, roundish, flattened, ribbed, yellow, much red in the 
gun. Flesh'white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. October, December. 

Holland Pippin. 
Beinette d'HoUande. Summer Pippin. Pie Apple. 

This and the Fall Pippin are frequently confounded together. They 
are indeed of the same origin. One of the strongest points of differ- 
ence lies in their time of ripening. 

The Holland Pippin begins to fall from the' tree and is fit for pies 
about the middle of August, and from that time to the first of Novem- 
ber is one of the very best kitchen apples. 

Fruit very large, roundish, a little more square in outline than the 
Fall Pippin, and not so much flattened, though a good deal like it, a 
little narrowed next the eye. Stalk half an inch long, thick, deeply 
sunk. Calyx small, closed, moderately sunk in a slight plaited basin. 
Skin greenish yellow or pale green, becoming pale yellow when fully 
ripe, washed on one side with a little dull red or pale brown, with a few 
scattered, large, greenish dots. Good. 

HoLLAin) Sweet. 

Fruit medium, conic, green, with stripes of dull red. Flesh firm. 
Bwoet, and valuable for long keeping and culinary uses. Good. Jan- 
uary to May. 

Hollow Core. 

There are two varieties under this name. One gi-own in NeAV J er- 
sey, of medium size, roundish oblong, yellow, with shade of light red. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core very 
large and hollow. December, January. 

The other, described by Hogg, is medium size, conical, ribbed, gi-een. 
ish, with pale red next the sun. Flesh white, tender, brisk, pleasant. 
Core very large, with open cells. September. 



220 the apple. 

Hollow Crown. 
Hartford. Tyler. Kelsey 

^n old New England Apple, commonly grown there, origin un.» 
known. Tree a strong, upright grower. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, splashed, striped, and 
marbled with red, tbialy sprinkled with light dots. Flesh yellowish, 
somewhat coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. Valuable for cooking or market. 

Hollow Crown Pippin. 

Hollow-Byed Pippin. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a blush cheek in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid, October, November. 

Holly. 

Hardskio. Northern Hardskin. 

Persimmon. Simmon. 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, healthy, and 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, red, on a yellow ground, 
somewhat striped. Calyx closed. Flesh deep yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Good. November to March. 

Holmes. 

This is an old variety, first described in Thatcher's Treatise on Or- 
charding, and yet considerably grown in Massachusetts. The tree is 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, with bright 
blush in the sun, and many large russet specks. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity shallow. Calyx large, partially open. Basin ribbed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, fine, juicy, sweet subacid. December, January. 

Holmes's Sweet. 

Origin, Niagara Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, waxy yellow, red cheek in the 
sun. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh yellow, tender, rather juicy, spicy, sweet subacid, Yery good. 
November and Februaiy. 

HoLSTEN Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy. Flesh 
whitish yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, very sweet, aromatic, rich, 
December, February, (Warder.) 



the apple. 221 

Honey Greening. 
Poppy Greening. Honey Sweet, incorrectly. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, of rather a straggling, spreading 
habit, very productive. Yoviug shoots light clear reddish yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, gi-eenish yellow, a slight 
blush in the sun, few light and g; ay dots. Stalk rather long, slender 
Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, veiy tender, moderately juicy, with a honeyed sweet. Very 
good. Core small. November, February. 

Honey Sweet. 

Origin unknown. There are a number of sorts under name of 
Honey Sweet, it being a popular application for every good sweet 
apple. The one we now describe, however, we have found more gener- 
ally grown than any other, and therefore our application of the name 
to it. 

Tree very upright, vigorous. Young shoots light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, 
bronzed, crimson in the sun, with a few green and gray dots. Stalk 
rather long. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, rather compact, honeyed sweet. Good. 
Valuable for baking or stock. August. 

Hood. 

Hood's Seedling. 

A nice and handsome little fruit, oblong conical in form, yellow, 
mottled, marbled, and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh whitish, 
firm, pleasant, sweet. November, December. 

Hooker. 

Origin, Windsor, Conn. Growi;h upright, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, conic, slightly oblique, greenish yellow, shaded with 
diill crimson, striped with red, and sprinkled with large russet dots. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
January. 

Hoover. 

Wattaugah. 

Originated in South Carolina. It is pretty extensively disseminated 
and much favored where grown. The trees are quite distinct, having 
large foliage and retaining it until quite late into winter. It forms a 
beautiful upright spreading tree. Young shoots clear reddish bro^^^l, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, rovindish, sometimes roundish oblate, slightly oblique, 
yellowish, mostly overspread, splashed, and striped with two shades of 
red, some conspicuous light dots, and patches of russet. Stalk rather 
long. Cavity large, thinly russeted. Calyx open. Basin slightly fur 



222 THE APPLE. 

rowed. Flesli yellowisli, rathpr firm, tender, juicy, rich subacid. Oor« 
small. Very good. November to February. 




Hoover. 



Hopkins. 

Supposed origin, Maryland. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an eariy 
bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, sometimes with unequal 
Bides, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and mottled with light and dark red. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx small. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

HOPPEK. 

From South Carolina. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, sides imequal, greenish yellow, with 
a brown orange cheek in the sun, and a little russet about the stem. 
Flesh white, fixm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. 

HOKMEAD PeARMAIN. 
Arundel Pearmain. Hormead Pippin. 

An English variety, yet but little grown in this country. 

Fruit medium, roundish, or nearly roundish conical, pale yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh 
white, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem 
ber, December. 



THE APPLE. 



333 



Horn. 
Leech's Red Winter. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigoroiis, with stout diverging branches. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded and obscurely striped with light red, many small light dots. 
Flesh yellowish white, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. December to March. 



Horse Apple. 



Haas. 
Summer Horse. 



Yellow Hoss. 
Trippe's Horse. 



Origin supposed to be North Carolina. Tree vigorous, an annual, 
early and abundant bearer, valuable for drying and culinary jmrposes. 
Young wood light reddish bro"svn. 




Horse. 



Fruit large, roundish, yellow, sometimes tinged with red, and small 
patches of russet. Flesh yellow, rather fii*m and coarse, tender, pleasant 
subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

There is said to be another Horse Apple, ripening a month or more 
later ; we have not examined it. 

Horsham Russet. 

Origin, Norwich, England. Tree hardy and productive. 
Fruit small, roundish, warm yellowish gray russet, bronzed in sun. 
Flesh white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. November, December. 



224 THE APPLE. 

HOSKREIGER. 

Heidelocher. 

Eruit large, oblate, yellowish green, with streak? of red in the san 
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. November, March. (Hogg.) 

Housum's Red. 

Originated in Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, shaded and obscurely 
splashed with red, light dots. Flesh white, rather compact, crisp, mod- 
erately tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Howard's Edgemont. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, partially splashed and 
striped with red, light gray dots. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November, December. 

Hubbard. 

Origin tmknown. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong conic, yellow, with a few brown 
dots. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. October. 

Hubbard's Pearmain. 
Hubbard's Russet Pearmain. Golden Vining. 

This little English fruit is described by Lindley as one of the richest 
of dessert Apples. Tree healthy, with slender young wood of a pale 
grayish brown color. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, I'egular, yellow, sometimes covered 
with pale brown russet, mottled red, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellow, 
firm, very rich, sugary, aromatic. November to March. 

Hubbard's Sugar. 

Origin, GiTilford Co., N. C. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 
Young shoots, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, striped with red. Flesh 
rich, jxiicy, and fine. September. 

HUBBARDSTON NONSUCH. 
Jobn May. Old Town Pippin. Hubbardston. 

A fine, large, early winter fruit, which originated in the town of 
Hubbardston, Mass. The tree is a vigorous grower, forming a handsome 
branching head, and bears very large crops. Young shoots dull grayish 
brown, slightly downy. It is worthy of exteufive orchard culture. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, much narrower near the eye. Skin 
smooth, striped with splashes, and irregular broken stripes of pale and 
bright red, which nearly cover a yellowish ground. The calyx open, 
and the stalk short, in a russeted hollow. Flesh yellow, j'oicy, and ten- 



THE APPLE. 22." 

der, with an agreeable mingling of sweetness and acidity in its flavor 
Very good to best. October to January. 




Hubb.irdston Nonsuch. 



HUBBARDTON PiPPIN. 



Origin uncertain. Tree thrifty, spreading, irregular, strong growei, 
and productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit large or very large, variable in form, globular, inclining to 
conic, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded and striped with red. Stalk 
short, inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small, cor- 
rugated. Flesh tender, yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Core large and open. Very good. November to 
March. 

Hughes. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, said to be 
an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, with a blush, and numerous 
gray dots. Flesh fine, tender, juicy, agreeable, saccharine without being 
sweet. Good. March, April. 

Hughes' Golden Pippin. 

Ae English Apple, described by Ronalds as an excellent table sort. 
Tree hardy, with long slender shoots, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with some russet 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, brisk, spicy aro- 
matic. December, January. 

15 



226 the apple. 

Hull Blossom. 

Origin unkiiown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, pale yellow, much, shaded, 
splashed and striped with red, many light dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. October. 

Hull Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, mostly overspread with shades of 
light and dark red, few large light dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. October. 

HUNGE. 
Hunger 

Origin uncertain, popular, and long cultivated in North Carolina. 
Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, green, with a blush. Flesh soft, subacid, 
pleasant, valuable for drying and culinary uses. Good. September, 
October. 

Hunt. 

Supposed origin, Eastern Indiana. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mixed, striped, bright red, 
numerous yellow dots. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aro- 
matic. December, January. (Warder.) 

HUNTHOUSE. 

A Yorkshire English Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, tinged with red in 
the sun, and crimson dots and faint streaks. Flesh white, firm, coarse, 
acid. December. (Hogg.) 

Hunt's Connecticut. 
Guttry. Baldwin, erroneously. 

An old variety. Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, round oblate, yellow, marbled and shaded with dull 
red, gray specks. Stalk short. Cavity often russeted. Calyx large. 
Basin quite shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather dry, breaking, subacid. 
Good. November to March. 

Hunt's Deux Ans. 

An English dessert Apple, which has the character of keeping two 
years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, russeted, with gray and 
large brown russet dots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fii-m, juicy, 
aromatic. 



the apple. 227 

Hunt's Duke op Gloucester. 
Hunt's Nonpareil ? 

This variety is claimed by Hogg as distinct fi-om Hunt's Nonpareil, 
which is a synonym given it by Lindley. We have not examined them. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish, almost covered with thin 
russet, reddish brown in sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, high flavored 
December January. 

Hunt's Eusset. 

Supposed to have originated with the Hunt family, of Concord, 
Mass., many years since. Tree hardy, moderate grower, upright, 
spreading when in beaiing, an annual and good bearer. Young shoota 
light reddish brown, slightly grayish. 




Hnnt's Bnsset. 

Fruit medium, or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic. Colo: yel- 
low, mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a blush of bright rich 
red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk varying in length. Cavity large, 
deep, acute. Calyx partially open. Segments medium, a little reflexed. 
Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, 
tender, juicy, rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic. Yery good or best. 
Core compact. January to April. 

HURLBUT. 

Hurlbut Stripe, 

Origin, farm of General Hurlbut, Winchester, Conn. Tree very 
vigorous, and great bearer. Young wood dark brownish red, slightly 
clo^vTly. Buds prominent. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, angular. Skin yellow, shaded 



228 THE APPLE. 

■with red sbripes, and splashed with darker red, and thinly sprinkled 
with light dots. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a broad deep 
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to 
very good. Core small. October, December. 

HUTCHESON. 

Origin, supposed Logan Co., Ky. Tree of rather slow growth, 
.Healthy and productive. Esteemed, where known, for its fine appearance 
and long keeping. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, overspread with 
rich red, large light dots. Stalk short. Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. 
Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, 
almost sweet. Core small. Good to very good. December to April. 

HuTTON Square. 

A coarse culinary Apple, from England. 

Fruit large, roundish, sides unequal, yellowish, with dull red in the 
sun. Flesh white, coarse, brisk, sweet. Good. November, December. 

Imperial. 
Magnifique. Maltranche. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red, deepest in the sun. Stalk short. 
Caly.. cosed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, refreshing subacid. 
Good. October, November. (Warder.) 

Indiacta Beauty. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblong, unequal, yellow, partially covered 
mixed scarlet, splashed carmine. Flesh yellowish, breaking, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. September, November. 

Indiana Favorite. 

Supposed to have originated on the farm of Peter Morrits, Fayette 
Co., Indiana. Growth healthy, spreading, and a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish, flattened at the ends, slightly one- 
sided, yellowish, shaded and streaked with red, and covered with russet 
specks. Flesh white, tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, and very 
pleasant. Good. January to April. 

Indian Prince. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, sprinkled with whitish dots. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, with a pleasant aromatic flavor. 
Hardly good. September, October. 



the apple. 220 

Ingram. 

A new variety, gro"wn fi-om seed of ]lawls Janet, by Martin Ingram, 
of Greene Co., Mo. Tree productive, and the fruit especially valued for 
its long keeping. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, orange yellow, mostly 
overspread with broken stripes of rich Avarm red, gray russet dots, and 
slight marblings. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, 
moderately juicy, crisp, mild subacid. Core above medium. Seeds 
dark brown. February to June. (Hort.) 

Irish Peach Apple, 

Early Crofton, 

Fruit of medium size, round or a little flattened, yellowish green, 
■with small dots in the shade, washed and streaked with brownish red in 
*;he sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and pretty well flavored. Hardlv 
good. August. 

Irish Reinette. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, ribbed, yellowish green, dull brown- 
ish in the sun, and with patches of russet. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
juicy, brisk sharp acid. Hardly good. November to February. 

Island Beauty. 

Chicago ? 

Origin \inknown. Tree vigoroiis, upright, spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with a shade of brown in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with indistinct light dots. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core rather large. September. 

Isle of Wight Pippin. 
Isle of Wight Orange. Orange Pippin. Pomme d' Orange. 

A very old Apple, described in Ronalds as fine for dessert. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, bright orange in sub, with sometimes 
a brownish cheek. Flesh firm, jxricy, rich, aromatic, acid. January, 
February. 

Isleworth Crab. 

Brentford Crab. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, brownish tinge in sun. 
Flesh white, crisp, juicy. Poor. October. 

Italian Rose. 

Weisse Italianische RosmarinapfeL 

An Italian dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red, som^ 



230 THE APPLE. 

what striped in tlie sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sugary, vinous, 
December. (Diel.) 

Jabe. 

Originated in Boxford, Mass. Tree thrifty, hardy, and a regular, 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, light straw color, beautiful blush cheek, and 
crimson spots in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. September, November. (Me. Hep.) 

Jabez Sweet. 

Originated on the premises of Jabez Barnes, near Middletown, 
Conn. Tree healthy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a few dark specks. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber, February. 

Jackson. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright grower. Young wood dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with many dark 
green blotches and gray dots, a very few faint stripes, and warm mot- 
tled brown cheek. Flesh greenish, fine texture, tender, juicy. Good to 
very good. October, February. 

Jacques Lebel. 

An English fruit of much beauty, but ordinary quality. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, lemon yellow, shaded with red in the 
sun, many gi'ay dots. Stalk large. Cavity deep. Calyx half closed. 
Flesh white, tender, mild stibacid. January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Jane. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree of medixmi upright growth, an annual 
bearer. 

Fruit mediurS, roundish, yellowish, shaded with deep red in the sun, 
lighter in the shade, some obscure splashes and stripes, few light and 
gray dots. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. Good. December to March. 

Jarminite. 

Origin, Highland Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate roundish, green, partially covered with mixed 
and striped dull red. Flesh breaking, firm, mild subacid, almost 
sweet. December to March. (Warder.) 

Jefferis. 
Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Growth moderate, very productive. A fail 



THE APPLE. 231 

and liandsome fruit of excellent quality, in use all of September. Young 
wood light reddish browii, smooth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with ci-imson, and thickly covered with large whitish dots. Stalk very 
short, inserted in a rather large cavity. Calyx closed, set in a round 
open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a rich, mild, subacid fla- 
vor. Very good. September. 

Jefferson County. 

Origin, Jefferson Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading, an 
early and great bearer. Young wood dull grayish bro'svn. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, splashed and 
shaded Avith fine red, minute light dots and some blotches of russet. 
Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to vei-y 
good. Core small. October, November. 

Jenkins. 

Originated with John M. Jenkins, Montgomery Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, red, interspersed with numerous large 
white dots on yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, fine texture, 
juicy, agreeably saccharine. Good. January ^o March. 

There is another J'enhins apple which ripens in summer. It is small, 
roundish, yellow, striped with red. 

Jennings Sweet. 

Originated at Marietta, Oliio. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped with bright red. Flesh 
whitish, sweet, fine for baking or stock. Good. October, November. 

Jersey Pippin. 

Foreign. 

Fi'uit medium, round oblong conical, yellowish green, stripes of red 
in. the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, jiucy, vinous, subacid. Good. 
November, February. (Elliott.) 

Jersey Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a handsome 
round head, productive. Young wood dark reddish brown, downy. 

A very popular Apple in the Middle States, where it is not only 
highly valued for the dessert, but, owing to its saccharine quality, it is 
also planted largely for the fattening of swine. 

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate, tapering to the eye. The calyx 
iis small, closed, very slightly sunk, in a small plaited basin. Stalk half 
an inch long, in a rather narrow cavity. Skin thin, greenish yellow, 
washed a.nd streaked, and often entii-ely covered with stripes of pale and 
dull red. Flesh white, fine-grained, and exceedingly juicy, tender, 
sweet, and sprightly. Good to very good. Young wood stout, and 
short-jointed. This apple commences maturing about the last of 
August, and continues ripening till frost. 



252 



THE APPLE. 



Jewett's Best. 

Origin, farm of S. W. Jewett, Weybridge, Yt. Same habit as Rliode. 
Jsland Greening. 

Fruit large, oblate or nearly globular, yellowish green, mostly 
shaded with deep red. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in a very small basin. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, almost 
melting, pleasant, rich subacid. Yery good. December to February. 

Jewett's Fine Red. 
Nodhead. 

Origin, Hollins, New Hampshire. Tree of moderate growth, and 
productive, requires high culture to produce fair fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish white, striped, splashed, and 
shaded with crimson, having a dull grayish bloom. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx firmly closed, in. an exceedingly 
small basin. Flesh tender, juicy, very pleasant, sprightly, almost sweet. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

Joel. 

Of Pennsylvania origin. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow with patches of russet and rus- 
set dots. Flesh greenish yellow, dry, and poor. 




Jonatlwn. 

Jonathan. 



King Philip. 



Philip Rick. 



The Jonatlian is a very beautiful dessert Apple, and its great beauty, 
good flavor, and productiveness in all soils, iinite to recommend it to 



THE APPLE. 233 

orchard planters. The original tree of this variety is growing on the 
farm of Mr. Philip Rick, of Kingston, New York. It was first described 
*by the late Judge Buel, and named by him, in compliment to Jonathan 
Hasbrouck, Esq., of the same place, who made known the fr\iit to him. 
It succeeds wherever grown, and proves one of the best in quality, and 
most profitable either for table or market. The tree is hardy, moder- 
ately vigorous, forming an upright spreading, round head. Yovmg shoots 
rather slender, slightly pendulous, grayish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly formed, roundish conical, or tapering 
to the eye. Skin thin and smooth, the ground clear light yellow, nearly 
covered by lively red stripes, and deepening into brilliant or dark red 
in the sun. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, insertea 
in a deep, regular cavity. Calyx set in a deep, rather broad basin. 
Flesh white, rarely a little pinkish, very tender and juicy, with a mild, 
sprightly, vinous flavor. This fruit evidently belongs to the SpitzeH 
burgh class. Best. November to March. 

John Carter. 

Origin uncertain, grown in Connecticut. Tree "\TLgorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, marbled, striped, and splashed 
with crimson. Flesh white, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid flavor. 
Good. September. 

Johnson. 

Origin, Brookfield, Coim. A strong, upright grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conic, smooth, striped vn.th red on a 
yellow ground, dark red in the sun. Flesh remarkably tender, crisp, and 
juicy, with a brisk, sweet flavor, very soon becomes mealy after ripen- 
ing. Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

There is another J'ohnson Apple which is said to have originated in 
Massac Co., 111., and described in the Chicago Hepublican. We have not 
seen it. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened, greenish yellow, almost 
entirely covered with rich dark red. Flesh yellow, subacid. December 
to March. 

Johnson Russet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a crooked grower, moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, light golden ru.sset, few 
light and gray dots. Flesh white, tender, dry, poor, mealy. December, 
February. 

John's Sweet. 

-Origin, Lyndsboro, New Hampshire. Tree a good gi'ower, somewhat 
straggling, a prolific bearer. Young shoots, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, sprinkled, striped, and 
splashed -svith i-ed. Stalk short, inserted in a naiTOw cavity, surrounded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt basin. Flesh j uicy, tender, 
sweet. Good. January to May. 



234 THE APPLE. 

Jolly Beggab. 

Hogg describes this as a first-rate early cooking Apple^ Tree a pro* 
digioTis and eaiiy bearer. 

Pruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, becoming orange in the sun. 
Flesh white, tender, brisk subacid. August to October. 

Jubilee Pippin. 

From Norwich, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with gray and brownish specks. 
Flesh white, crisp, mild, almost sweet. Core large, open. October, 
December. (Lindley.) 

Judge Andeews. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh tender, aromatic. 
Good. August. 

Juicy Bite. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded and splashed with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, lively 
subacid. Good. September. 

Julian. 

Julirig. Julien. 

An Apple of Southern origin. Tree moderately vigorous, very pro 
ductive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat grayish, many 
white dots. 




Julian. 



Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Sides unequal. 
Color waxen whitish, striped, splashed, and mottled with rich red. 



THE APPLE. 235 

uioderalel} sprinkled with light dots, some having dark centres. Stalk 
short, small. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. Calyx small, closed. 
'Segments long, slender, slightly recurved. Basin deep, slightly corru- 
gated. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good. July and August. 

JUNALUSKEE. 
Junaliska. Journal askia. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. Young 
shoots dark brownish, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, lightly shaded on 
the sunny side, and sprinkled with brown and gray dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity large, a little green russet. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, 
nearly smooth. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, moderately juicy, rich 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. 

EIaighn's Spitzenburgh. 

Red Peannain. Long John. 

Red Spitzenburg. Red Pippin. 

Red Winter Pearinain, erroneously. Red Phoenix. 

Long Pearmain. Sheepnose of some. 

Lady Finger, erroneously. Russam. 

Scarlet Pearmain, erroneously. Hudson Red Streak. 

Origin, Gloucester Co., N. J. Tree vigorous, spreading or straggling 
habit, productive, and valued only because of its showy fruit. 

Fruit rather large, oblong oval, approacliing conic, whitish yellow, 
mostly shaded and striped with red, and thicMy sprinkled with minute 
dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November to January. 

Kane. 
Cane. Gain. 

Origin, Kent Co., Delaware. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 
A beautiful little Apple, of pleasant flavor. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, regular, whitish yellow, waxen, 
beautifully shaded and lightly striped with fine crimson. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, crisp, with a pleasant flavor. Good. October, November. 

Keddleston Pippin. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds. 
Fruit small, conical, straw color, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sugary, aromatic. October to January. 

Keeping Red Streak. 

An English culinary sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, mostly striped with two 
shades of red, some russet and gray dots. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, 
brisk subacid. December, February. (Hogg.) 



236 inE APPLE. 

Ke:eping Russet. 

This is a dessert Apple described by Hogg as of first quality. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellowish brown russet, with a red 
cheek in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, rich mellow flavor, Oc- 
tober, January. 

Keim. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous-. Young shoots 
reddish brown. 

Fruit small to medium, oblate. Color light waxen yellow, thickl^f 
sprinkled with light russet dots. Stalk long, slender, in a broad, shallow 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh white, tender, 
crisp, fine, brisk, delicate aromatic subacid. Very good. December to 
March. 

Keiser. 
Red Seek-no-Further. 

An old variety, much grown in Jefierson Co., Ohio, and highly 
prized ; growth of tree like Rambo. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, angular. Skin pale 
yellow, shaded with red, indistinctly striped and thickly sprinkled with 
large, grayish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx 
small, closed, in a broad, shallow, corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, 
not very juicy, but mild subacid. Good. November to February. 

Kelsey. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the premises of John Kelsey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conical, 
greenish yellow, with occasionally a faint blush, and numerous gray dots. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, greenish white, mild subacid. Good. March. 

Kelsey Sweet. 

Origin, Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a tinge of brown in 
the sun, green and gray dots. Flesh greenish white, moderately tender, 
juicy, sweet. Good. October, November. 

Kennebec Russet. 

From Maine. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, partially netted with russet, 
and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, 
slosed. Flesh moderately tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Kennedy's Red Winter. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree an upright gi'ow(,r and regular 
Wearer. 

Fruit large, joundish conical yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 



THE APPLE. 237 

wit] I light and dark red, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed 
Flesh whitish, moderatel}'' juicy, a little coarse, pleasant subacid. Good, 
December, February. 

ELenney. 

From Connecticut. 

Fi'uit medium or below, roundish oblate, gi-eenish yellow, shaded 
and splashed Avith red, large light dots. Flesh white, rather tender 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. December tc 
March. 

Kenrick. 
Kenilck's Autunm. Kenrick's Eed Autumn. 

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Kenrick, Newton, Mass. Tree mod' 
erately vigorous, coinpact, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellowish green, striped and stained ■with 
bright red. Flesh white, a little stained with red, tender, juicy, sprightl; 
acid. Good. September. 

Kentish Broading. 

A fine sho"\vy old English Apple. Tree a free grower and good beanjr. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with broken stripes or splashes- 
of clear red. Flesh white, tender, a little coarse, subacid. Good. No 
vember, December. 

Kent. 

Originated on the premises of Walker Kent, near Plymouth, Mich. 
Tree a strong grower, and very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale greenish yellow, sometimes a slight blush 
cheek, few greenish dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, sprightly, subacid. Core rather large. Good to ver^ 
good. October. 

Kentish Fill-Basket. 
Potter's Large Seedling-. Lady de Grey's. 

An immense English fruit, properly named, and much a'^imired by 
those who like great size and beauty of appearance. The fliivor is tol- 
erable, and it is an excellent cooking Apple. The tree grows strongly, 
and bears well. 

Fruit very large — frequently four and a half inches in diameter — I'ound- 
ish, slightly ribbed or irregular. Color j^eilowish green in the shade, 
but pale yellow in the sun, with a brownish red blush on the sunny side, 
slightly streaked or spotted with darker red. Flesh tender, juicy, with 
a subacid, sprightly flavor. Good. October to January. 

Kentish Pippin. 

Red Kentish Pippin. Vauu's Pippin. 

An old English Apple esteemed abroad for cooking, but is here qmt« 
good for dessert. Tree hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 



238 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundisli oblate, sides often unequal, green ish yel- 
low, with, a slight blush next the sun, small gi'a\' dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity deep, large, and with thin russet extending out upon the 
fruit. Calyx partly open. Flesh yellowish white, crisjD, tender, juicy, 
rich, brisk subacid. Good. Core small. December to May. Valua- 
ble as a late keeper. 

Kentucky. 

Of unknown origin, and probably a local name. An early and abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit large and very uniform, roundish, slightly conical. Color yel- 
lowish, marbled and mottled, with dull red in the sun, with. ii'regi;lar 
greenish splashes or specks. Cavity narrow, acuminate. Calyx large, 
in a narrow abrupt basin. Flesh not very fine, but juicy, very tender, 
agreeable subacid. Good. October. 

Kentucky Ckeam. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, an 
early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, largest at the crown or apex, and 
tapering slightly toward the stalk, yellowish mostly overspread with 
rich clear red, thickly sprinkled with large areole dots, and some gray- 
ish marblings next the stalk. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. 
Calyx large. Segments partially closed, divided. Basin broad, deep, 
somewhat corrugated. Flesh yellowish, breaking, not very juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky King. 

From Kentucky. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellow, mixed and striped with car- 
mine. Flesh yellow, breaking, fiiie-grained, juicy, subacid, aromatic. 
Good to very good. December, February. (Warder.) 

Kentucky Red Streak. 
Winter Eed Streak ? Bradford's Best. Selma ? 

Origin obscure, sxipposed Tennessee. Tree upright, vigorous, and 
productive annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly inclining to conic, greenish yellow, 
sbaded with dull purplish red, and indistinctly splashed and striped, 
thickly sprinkled with large light dots, having gray centres, sometimes 
the number of dots give appearance almost as if mottled. Stalk medi- 
um. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, jxiicy, mild subacid. Core 
Email. Good to very good. December to March. 

Kentucky Sweet. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium, conic, regular, deep red, stripes obscured and scarcely 
visible. Dots scattered, large, yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, fin© 
grained, juicy, very sweet, rich, slightly perftimed. November, January 
(Warder.) 



THE APPLE. 



239 



Kerry Pippin. 
Edmonton's Aromatic Pippin. 
An Irish dessert Apple, 

Fniit middle size, oval, a little flattened at the eye, pale yellow. 
Flesh yellow, tender, crisp, Avith a sugary flavor. Good. Ripens in 
8eptember and October. 

Keswick Codlin. 

A noted English cooking Apple, which may be gathered for tarts as 
early as the month of August, and continues in use till November. It is 
an early and a great bearer and a vigorous tree, and is one of the most 
profitable of orchard sorts for cooking or market. Tree very hardy, 
forming a large, regular, upright, spfreading, round head. 




Eeswiok Codlin. 



Fruit a little above the middle size, rather conical, with a few obscure 
ribs. Stalk short and deeply set. Calyx rather large. Skin greenish 
yellow, washed with a faint blush on one side. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, with a pleasant acid flavor. 

Ketchum's Favorite. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Ketchum, in Sudbury, Yt. Ti-ee vigorous and 
productive. 

Fmiit medium, roundish oblate, liglit waxen yellow, slightly shaded 



uo 



THE APPLE. 



with rosy blust, irregularly sprinkled with carmine dots. Flesh white^ 
mild, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. September to January 

KiKITA. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, greerdsh yellow, shaded with 
dull red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet. Good. November, December. 

KiLHAM Hill. 

A native of Essex Co., Mass., raised by Daniel Kilham. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, ribbed, narrowing to the eye, pale yel 
low, slightly splashed with red in the shade, deep red in the sun. Flesh 
of sprightly, rather high flavor, but is apt to become diy and mealy. 
Good. September. 

KiNELLAN. 

From Ross-shire, Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish green, some red in the sun. 
Flesh white, firm, juicy, pleasant. Good, December, January. 




King of TompMnB Connty. 

King of the Pippins. 

Hampshire Yellow. 
An English fruit of poor quality, medium size, roundish oblate, pale 
yellow, washed and striped with red. Flesh very firm, shai*p subacid. 
Good. October, November. 



the apple. 241 

Kino op Tompkins County. 
King Apple. Toms Red. Tommy Red- 

Origin uncertain ; said to have originated with Thomas Thacher, 
Warren Co., N. J. A valuable market fruit. Tree very vigorous, 
spreading, an abundant bearer annually. Young shoots very dark red- 
dish brown, quite downy, especially toward the ends. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, angular. 
Color yellowish, mostly shaded with red, striped and splashed with 
crimson. Stalk rather stout and short, inserted in a large, somewhat 
irregular cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a medium, slightly cor- 
rugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, tender, with an 
exceedingly agreeable, rich, vinous flavor, delightfully aromatic. Very 
good to best. December to March. 

KiNGSLET. 

Origin, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree an erect moderate grower, an early 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, striped and splashed with red. 
Flesh fine-gi-ained, juicy, melting, subacid. Very good. November, 
February. 

Kingston Black. 

A small English cider frviit of little value. 

Fruit roundish, pale yellow, striped with red. Flesh white, stained 
with red, tender, juicy, sweet. November, December. 

King Tom. 

From North Carolina. Origin unknown. Tree a crooked, twisting, 
tangled grower, forming a low head, with stout, distinct, blunt shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, orange yellow. Flesh yellow, rather tough, 
spicy. August. (G-a. Hort. S. Rep.) 

Kinney. 

A Southern variety, little known. 

Fruit medium, ]-oundish conic, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with gray dots and some russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

KiRKBRIDGE WhITE. 

Tree of rather slow upright growth, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate, very u-regular, ribbed, yellowish 
white. Stalk short and small, in a narrow cavity. Calyx small and 
closed. Segments long, reflexed. Basin narrow. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Core rather large. Good. August and September. 

KiRTLAND. 
Kirtland's Seedling. 

Tree vigoroiTS, and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, oblong, deep rich yellow at maturity. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, spicy, subacid. Mid autumn. (Am. Hort. An.) 

16 



242 the appxjs. 

Kirk's Lord Nelson. 
English, 

Fruit large, roiindish, light yello-w, striped and mottled with bright 
red. Flesh firm, juicy, but not rich. October, November. 

KiTTAGESKEE. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading. Young shoots short-jointed, grayish. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, sides unequal, fine yellow, with a tinge 
of brown in the sun, few dark or brown gray dots. Stalk rather short 
and slender. Cavity broad, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx partially 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, 
brisk, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. 
November to March. 

Klaproth. 

This beautiful Apple, a native of Lancaster Co., Pa. (on the farm 
of Mr. Brennaman), was brought into notice by Dr. J. K. Eshleman, of 
Downington, Pa., and promises to be an excellent fruit, especially for 
market purposes. It bears carriage remarkably well, a most prolific 




Klaproth. 

bearer and vigorous grower. We give the Dr.'s description. Young wood 
very grayish dull reddish brown. Size medium, form oblate. Skin 
gre<^nish yellow, streaked and stained with red, deepened on the sunny 
side, dotted all over with light specks, and occasional russet spots near 
the stalk, which is short and inserted in a smooth deep cavity. Calyx 
small and closed. Segments reflexed, set in a wide, regular, and weJl- 
formed basin. Flesh white, very crisp, juicy, tender, and pleasant sulh 
acid flavor, and until quite ripe acid predominates. Very good. August 
:o October. 



the afpus. 243 

Knickerbocker. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, greenish, yellow, sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep, uneven. Caly^c 
closed. Basin broad, shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, oris[), 
brisk subacid, pleasant aromatic. Good to very good. September, 
October. 

Knobby Russet. 

Knobbed Eusset. Old Maid's. Winter Russet. 

A dessert Apple from Sussex, England, which Lindley describes as of 
medium size, roundish oval, yellow, nearly covered with russety knobs 
or warts. Flesh yellowish, crisp, not jviicy, but sweet and high flavored. 
December to March. 

Knowles' Eauly. 
Oat Harvest ? 

Introduced by John Knowles, near Philadelphia. Tree of moderate 
growth, forming a round head, an early, annual, and abundant bearer, 
and the fruit continues in use a long time. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, smooth, pale greenish yellow, partially 
striped and splashed wdth dull crimson. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, very tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good to very good. AuUgust. 

Knox Russet. 

Found in the orchard of J. Knox, Pittsburgh, Pa. Origin unk;nown= 
Tree spreading, productive, shoots slender. 

Fruit small to medium, globular, somewhat conic, yellow green, 
blushed, covered with light russet. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, mild 
subacid, aromatic. Good to very good. December, January. 

Kohl. 

From Germany. Tree thrifty, forming a regular top, a good and 
regular bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crisp, juicy. Good keeper. (A. Pom. Rep.) 

Konig's Reinette. 

Reinette Dor6e. Reinette du Roi. 

Royale. Winter Citronenapfel. 

This is said to be a beautiful long-keeping dessert Apple, of Ger- 
man origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, lemon yellow, with a 
dch red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, very fine, firm, and juicy, lich 
subacid. December to March. (Diel.) 

Krauser. 

Krowser. Krouser. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, a handsome grower and an 
abundant and regular bearer. Young wood dark reddish brown. 



244 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic. Color wlutish yellow, striped and 
splashed with bright red. Stalk rather short, inserted in a medium 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild subacid. Good to very good. December, March. 

KeAUTER E.EIKETTE. 

A German Apple, highly praised in its own home. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk long. Cavity 
russeted. Flesh white, very fine, juicy, highly aromatic. December tr. 
March. 

Labute. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, mostly shaded, 
and somewhat splashed with rich red. Stalk rather short. Cavity 
deep. Calyx closed. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Lacker. 
Laquier. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, pale red, striped 
and splashed with crimson. Stalk short, slender, inserted in a narrow 
russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin wide, deep, corrugated. Flesh 
white, tender, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. November to 
March. 

Lady Apple. 

Api. Api Petit. Pomme Rose. 

Pomme d'Api Rouge. Petit Api Rouge. Gros Api Rouge. 

An exquisite little dessert fruit, the pretty size and beautiful color 
of which render it a universal favorite ; as it is a gi-eat bearer, it is also 
a profitable sort for the orchardisfc, bringing the highest price of any 




Lady Apple. 



fancy apple in the market. It is an old French variety, and is nearly 
always known abroad by the name of Api / but the name of Lady 
Apple has become too universal here to change it now. No amateur's 
collection should be without it. 



THE APPLE. 248 

Fruit quite small, but regularly formed auci flat. Skill smooth and 
glossy, vitli a brilliant deep red cheek, contrasting with a lively lemon 
yellow ground. Stalk of medium length, and dee2)ly inserted. Calyx 
small, sunk in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, cii.sp, tender, and 
juicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has upright, almost black shoots, 
with small leaves ; forms a very upright, small head, and bears its fndt 
in bunches. The latter is very hardy, and may be left on the tree lil! 
severe frosts. The Lady Apple is in use from December to May. 

Tha A pi Noir, ov Jilach Lady Apple^ difliers from the foregoing sort 
only in the color, which is nea)'ly black. In shape, size, season, and 
flavor, it is nearly the same. It is, from its uniisually dark hue, a sin- 
gular and interesting fruit — poor flavor. 

The true Api Etoile, or l^itcur Lady Apple, figured and described by 
Poiteau, in the Pomologie franyaise, is another very distinct variety ; 
the fruit is of the same general character, but having fl^ve prominent an- 
gles, which give it the form of a star. This variety is rather scarce, the 
common Lady Apple being frequently sent out for it by Fiench nursery- 
men. It keeps until quite late in the spring, when its flavor becomes 
excellent, though in winter it is rather dry. The growth of the tree re 
sembles that of the other Ajjis. 

The Api Gros, or Large Lady Apple, is of a similar habit in growth 
of the tree to the true Lady Apple, the fruit a trifle larger, more round 
ish, less brightly colored, and quite inferior in quality. 

The Api Gros Pomme de Pose, or Rose-colored Lady Apple, is also 
another variety, with fruit of medium size, roundish, pale yellow, washed 
vdth bright rosy red. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, juicy, crisp, 
aromatic. 

Lady Blush. 

Received from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded in the sun with 
bright red, many light and gray dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellovnsh, rather firm, moderately juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. November, December. 

Elliott describes a Lady or Lady's Blush as medium, yellow, with red 
blush. Flesh dry. 

Lady Finger. 

Under this name Hogg describes an Apple as : 

Fi-uit below medium, pyramidal, rounded at base, dull greenish yel 
low, with minute gray russety dots, dull blush and spots of lively red 
in the sun. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, pleasantly acid, November to 
March. 

Coxe describes an apple as Lady Finger or Long Pippin, as remarka- 
bly long, greenish yellow. Flesh pleasant, early winter, but does not 
keep well. 

Elliott describes under name of Lady Finger, synonym Sheep Nose, 
*n apple as medium size, oblong, pale yeUow, faint blush. Flesh firm, 
watery. .November, December. 

We have also received an apple from Maryland under this name which 
is of medium size, roundish conical, yellowish, shaded ovei the whole 
surface with deep crimson, thinly sprinkled with light dots. Stalk 



246 THE APPLE. 

short. Cavity rather deep. Calyx closed. Basin large, deej.1, corru- 
gated. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicyj pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. Core small. August. 

Lady Haley's Nonsuch. 

An Eastern variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, light waxen yellow, shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin 
medium, corrugated. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, slightly aromatic. 
Good. Cooking. September. 

Lady of the Wemyss. 

A large and handsome Scotch Apple. 

Fruit roundish, pale green, red next the sun. Flesh white, juicy, 
subacid. October, December. 

Lady's Delight. 

An English culinary Apple, the habit of the tree like that of the 
Weeping Willow. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, with red 
next the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk, aromatic. October, De- 
cember. (Hogg.) 

Lady's Fancy. 
King of some. 

Origin unknown. Much grown in Vermont, Northern New York, 
and Canada. 

Fruit above medium, oblong conical, whitish yellow, splashed, 
shaded, and mottled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity narrow. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, agree- 
able, subacid. Core large. Good. November to February. 

Lady's Seedling. 

Origin, Delaware Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, with a blush cheek. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, pleasant subacid. October. 

Lady's Sweet. 
Pommeroy. Lady's Sweeting. Roa Yon. Ladies' Sweet. 

We consider this one of the finest winter sweet Apples for the des- 
sert yet known or cultivated in this country. 

Its handsome appearance, delightful perfume, sprightly flavor, and 
the long time whicli it remains in perfection, render it universally ad- 
mired wherever it is known, and no garden should bo, without it. It is 
a native of this neighborhood. The wood is not very strong, but it 
grows thriftily, and bears very abundantly, making a round spreading 
head. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. Buds small. 



THE APPLK. 247 

Fiiiit large, roundisli ovate, narrowing pretty rapidly to the eye. 
Skin vei-y smooth, nearly covei'ed with red in the sun, but pale yellowish 
green in the shade, with broken stripes of pale red. The red is sprin- 
kled with well-marked yellowish gray dots, and covered, when first gath- 
ered, with a thin white bloom. There is also generally a faint mar- 
bling of cloudy white over the red, on the shady side of the fruit, and 




Lady's Sweet. 

rays of the same around the stalk. Calyx quite small, set in a narro iv, 
shallow, plaited basin. Stalk half an inch long, in a shallow cavity. 
Flesh greenish white, exceedingly tender, juicy, and crisp, with a deli- 
cious, sprightly, agreeably perfumed flavor. Yery good or best. Keeps 
without shrivelling, or losing its flavor, till May. 

Lady's White. 

Origin, Franklin Co., O. Tree a good grower and bearer. 
Fruit medium or below, roundish, whitish, very smooth and fair. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to February. 

Lafayette. 

Originated in Chester, N. H., on the farm of William Jenney, and 
first fruited in 1824, the year of General Lafayette's visit to this coun- 
try, hence its name. It is much esteemed in its native locality, but has 
been little disseminated. Tree a good grower and an annual bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, whitish yellow, shaded, splashed, and mar- 
oled with crimson, moderately sprinkled with light dots. Stalk rather 



248 THE APPLE. 

long, slender. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments rather sliori 
to a point. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, tender 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Lak:e. 

Origin, D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree of strong upright 
growth, productive. Young shoots stout, short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, striped, splashed, 
and shaded with deep red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, pleasani 
subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Kipe September and Oc 
tober. 

Lamb Abbey Pearhiain. 
Laneb Abbey Pearmain. 

An old variety, from Kent, England. Tree not healthy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red. Flesh whitish, compact, juicy, subacid. Good. 
November. 

Lancaster Gkeening. 
Lancaster Pippin. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading. Young 
wood smooth, reddish brown. Buds prominent, flattened. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, approaching conic. Color greenish, 
but when fully mature quite yellow, occasionally a blush of crimson in. 
the sun, and pretty thickly sprinkled with russet and crimson dots and 
patches of russet. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, sometimes russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin very shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
compact, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Very good. De- 
cember to May. Much valued as a long keeper. 

Lancaster Sweet. 

Origin, probably Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish, splashed and marbled with 
red. Flesh whitish, not very tender, juicy, sweet. Good. September, 
October. 

Land ON. 

Origin uncertain, found on the farm of Buel Landon, Grand Isle, 
Vt., and by him introduced to notice. Tree vigorous, with low spread- 
ing branches, and bears moderately every year. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic. Color yellow, mottled 
and shaded with red or deep ci-imson, and covered with numerous graj^ 
ish dots. Stalk short. C!avity large, surrounded by russet. Calyx open, 
basin corrugated and shallow. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, with 
a rich, mild subacid flavor, aromatic. Veiy good. February to May. 



THE APPLE. 



249 



Lane's Red Streak 

Origin, oi'cliard of Mr. Lane, Edgar Co., Illinois. Tree of moileraU 
growth. 

Fruit large, round conical, regular. Color yellow, with very fine 
short stripes, and specks of bright red, beautiful. Flesh white, fine, ten- 
der, 2)leasant subacid, of fair quality. Good. Octobei-. 

Lane's Sweet. 

Origin, Boylston, Mass. Tree a good gi-ower and productive. 
Young shoots smooth, light reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with red, moderately sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk medium, 
slender. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant sweet. Good to very good. September. 

There is another Lane's Sweet which originated in Hingham, ]\Tass. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dark reddish brown, 
slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, with a sunny 
cheek. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx closed, basin small, 
open. Flesh yello^vish, not very tender, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Lansingburgh, 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, vigorous, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, largely overspread vnth grav- 




liaijre Yellow Bouglu 



250 THE APPLK. 

ish red. Flesh firm, mild subacid. Good. Valuable mainly be jaise 
of its long keeping quaKties. 

Large Yellow Bough. 

Early Sweet Bough. Sweet Harvest. Bough. 

August Sweet. Washington, incorrectly. Sweet Bough. 

A native Apple, ripening in harvest time, and one of the fii'st qua- 
lity, only second as a dessert fruit to the Early Harvest. It is not so 
much esteemed for the kitchen as the latter, as it is too sweet for pies 
and sauce, but it is generally much admired for the table, and is worthy 
of a place in every collection. 

Fruit above the middle size, and oblong ovate in form. Skin smooth, 
pale greenish yellow. Stalk rather long, and the eye narrow and deep. 
Flesh white, very tender and crisp when fully ripe, and with a rich, 
sweet, sprightly flavor. Ripens from the middle of July to the tenth 
of August. Tree moderately vigorous, bears abundantly, and forms a 
round head. Young shoots grayish brown, very slightly downy. 

Larue's Big Green. 

Origin, Hardin Co., Ky. 

Fruit very large, yellow. Flesh vinous, sprightly subacid. Feb- 
niarv, March. Superior for cooking. (Ky. Hort. Soc. Trans.) 




Late Strawberry. 

Late Strawberry. 

Autumn Strawberry. 

Origin, Aurora, N. Y., on lands formerly owned by Judge Phelps. 
Tree vigorous, upright, spreading, hardy. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown, a legular and early bearer. 



THK APPLE. 2fil 

Fruit medium, rovindish, inclining to conic, sometimes obscurely rib- 
bed. Color whitish, striped and splashed with light and dark red, and 
often covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long, slender, curved. 
Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, juicy, pleasant vinous, subacid. Very good 
October, December. 

Late Sweet. 

A variety somewhat grown in Connecticut, origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly shaded, splashed, and mar 
bled with red, light and gray dots. Flesh white, compact, not juicy 
sweet. December, March. A long keeper and good for cooking. 

Late Wine. 

A very excellent Apple, the origin of which we have been unable to 
trace, nor can we identify it with any known sort. Tree ujiright, vigor- 
ous, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots smooth, light red- 
dish brown, Avith buds large, round, and prominent. 

Fruit rather below medivim, roiindish conical. Sides unequal. 
Color mostly shades of light and dark crimson, sometimes almost pur- 
ple, a thin light bloom and light dots. Stalk short, slender. Cavity 
acute, slightly russeted, sometimes lines or traces of russet outwards. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Very good. October, November. 

Latham. 

Origin, Sag Harbor, Long Island, N. Y. . Tree a good grower, very 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, almost entirely 
overspread with light and dark red, small light dots. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November, December. 

Lauren's Greening. 

Origin, Laurens Co., Ga. 

Fruit large or above medium, oblate, greenish, with tinge of red in 
che sun. Flesh white, crisp, acid, pleasant. Good. September. 

Lawyer. 

Origin uncertain. Introduced by George S. Park, of Parkville, 
Mo., and said to have been found in an old Indian orchard in Kansas. 
Tree vigorous, spreading, an early and annual bearer, a beautiful fruit, 
and a long keeper. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Color dark bright red, covered with 
small dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, regular. Caljrx small, closed. 
Basin medium, furrowed. Flesh white, firm, crisp, sprightly, aromatic, 
mild subacid. January to May. (Prairie Farmer.) 

Leaver. 

Received from South Carolina. Tree remarkably vigorous and a 
good bearer. 



252 THE APPLE. 

"Fruit mediuin, roundish, slightly conical, yellow, shaded aui ob 
Si^urely striped and splashed with red. Stalk slender. Calyx nearlj 
closed. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, rich, slightly aromatic sul> 
acid. Good to very good. Core small. November to March. 

Ledge Sweet. 
Portsmouth Sweet. 

Origin, Portsmouth, N. H. Tree vigorous, productive, regular bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, thinly shaded with red, 
splashed and striped with dark red, thinly sprinkled with light and gray 
dots. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity broad, not deep. Calyx closed. 
Segments short. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, tender, juicy, mild, half sweet, pleasant. Core small. 
Good or very good. December to March. 

Leicester Sweet. 

Potter Sweet. 

Origin, Leicester, Mass. Tree vigorous, not veiy productive. 
Fruit rather large, flattish, greenish yellow and dull red. Flesh 
tender, rich, excellent, fine for dessert or baking. Winter. 

Leithemer Streipling. 

Of German origin. 
* Fruit large, roundish conical, lemon yellow, overspread, shaded, and 
striped and splashed with varying shades of red. Calyx closed. Basin 
ribbed. Flesh white, tinged with red, firm, aromatic, sweet. December. 

Lelant) Spice. 

Leland Pippin. New York Spice. 

Origin, Sherburne, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish. Color yellow, nearly covered with bright red. 
Stalk short, inserted in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellowish, rather tender, juicy, with a very rich aromatic 
subacid flavor, excellent for dessert or kitchen. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Lemon Pippin. 

Kirke's Lemon Pippin. Pepin Limon de Galles ? 

An English variety, of medium si^e, oval. Skin lemon yellow. 
Flesh firm, brisk subacid. Good. October. 

Lesher. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sides unequal, whitish, shaded in the 
sun with light purplish crimson, few small gray and light, dots. Flesh 
white, crisp, moderately tender, pleasant subacid. Good, Decembei 
CO February. 



the apple. 263 

Lewis. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. A good grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellowish, striped with crimson, and 
partially covered with thin cinnamon rasset, and sprinkled with gra^^ 
and brown dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx closed 
or nearly so, in a moderate basin. Fiesh yellow, compact, with a rich 
subacid HaA'or, not very juicy. Good. November, February. 

It is claimed by some that there is another Lewis, but our experience 
in fruiting them does not enable us to so decide. 

Lewis's I jtcomp arable. 

An English sort, mostly valued for cooking. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medii;m to large, roundish oblate, yellow, with streaks and 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, brisk subacid. De- 
cember. 

Liberty. 

Originated in Delaware Co., O. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fi'uit medium, roundish oblong, oblate, oblique, conical, yellowish, 
shaded, splashed, and sti'iped Avith shades of dull red. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, mild sxibacid. Core small. Good. Yalued mainly for 
its keeping qualities. December to May. 

LiGOZ. 

Origin tinknown. 

Fruit large, roundish, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, crisp, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. Core small. December, January. 

Limber Twig. 
James River. Red Limber Twig ? 

An Apple much cultivated South and West. Origin, supposed North 
Carolina. Tree hardy and productive, roundish, spreading, somewhat 
drooping. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, greenish 
yellow, shaded and striped with dull crimson, and sprinkled with light 
dots. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a broad, deep canity, sur- 
rounded by thin, green russet. Calyx closed, set in a small, uneven 
basin. Flesh whitish, not very tender, jnicy, with a brisk, subacid 
flavor. Good. January, April. 

Lincolnshire Holl.vnd PipPfN. 

Striped Holland Pippin, 

A second-rate cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, s+ripes of 
red in the sun. Flesh white, subacid. November, January. 



264 THE APPLE. 



LiNDENWALD. 



Origin, orcliard of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Tree moderatelj 
v^igorous, upriglit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, surface oUy, yellow, light shades of 
red in the sun, few indistinct dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, often 
russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, slightly furrowed. Flesh yellow- 
ish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. September. 

Lindley's Nonpareil. 

Origin, Chatham, N. C. Tree delicate, slender, poor grower, great 
bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh yellowish, rich, 
crisp, aromatic, nearly sweet. Good to very good. August, Septem- 
ber. 

LiPPiNCOTT Sweet. 

Origin, New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, thin shade of crimson 
in the sun, many brown and russet dots. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, pleasant mild sweet. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

Litchfield Pippin. 

Raised by Wm. Hutchins, of Litchfield, Me. 

Fruit medium to large, oval, yellow, with red in sun. Flesh white, 
mild subacid. (Me. Rep.) 

Little Beauty. 

This little Apple, says Ronalds, has the property of holding firmly 
to the branches, so as not easily to be dislodged. Tree upright, and a 
great bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow bronzed in the sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish, rich, but rather dry. December, February. 

Loan's Pearmain. 

An old variety. Tree a poor grower. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, greenish, with stripes of dark red 
Flesh firm, juicy, crisp. Good. September to November. 

LocY. 

, Fruit globular, sometimes inclining to oblate, and sometimes oblong 
or conic, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh greenish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, J (leasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

LODGEMORE NONPAREIL. 
Clissold's Seedling. 
An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep yellow, with blush in sun. Flesli 
yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, aromatic. February, March. (Hogg.) 



the apple. 256 

London Pippin. 
Pive-Crowned Pippin. New London Pippin. Royal Somersefc. 

A very old Englisli Apple, mostly valued for cooking or drying 
Tree a moderate grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base, yellow, with 
a tinge of red in the sun. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, rathei 
firm, siibacid. Good. November to February. 

London Sweet. 

Heicke's Winter Sweet. Mrs. Weaver's Sweet ? 

Clark's Seedling. London Winter Sweet. 

Origin supposed near Dayton, O. Tree vigorous, productive, valu- 
able in rich deep soils. Young wood, dull grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with very slight 
indications of russet, a little green russet around the stalk, and sparsely 
covered with brown specks. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx 
closed, set in an abrupt, open, slightly uneven basin. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, tender, fine, delicate, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very 
good. November to February. 

Long Island Pearmain. 
Hollow Crown Pearmain. 

An old variety, described by Coxe, and while it is somewhat exten- 
sively grown, has been sometimes confounded with Winter Pearmain, 
which is an entirely difierent fruit. 

Frviit large, roundish oblong, having a large hollow basin or crown, 
yellow, splashed and streaked with red, and some faint rtisset spots. 
Flesh coarse, tender, somewhat dry, aromatic. Good. October to 
February. 

Long Island Pippin. 

Origin -unlaiown. Specimens from T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Mich. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, yellowish green. Flesh gi-eenish 
yellow, breaking, fine-gi'ained, juicy subacid. Almost best. January. 
(Warder.) 

Long Island Russet. 

An old Apple, much grown in New Jersey and Long Island, an.l 
valued highly for cider purposes. Tree vigorous, spreading, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread with dull 
rxisset, black spots or blotches when fully ripe. Flesh yellowish, tough, 
rather dry, almost sweet. October to February. 

Long John. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish white, rather 
dry, subacid, valuable only for its size and long keeping quality. March 
to May. 



256 the apple. 

Long's Red "W inter. 

H. R. Robey, of Fredericksburg, says this was found in the forefil 
about fifteen miles from that place. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, sprinkled with a few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to Feb 
vuary. 

Long Start. 
Westmoreland Longstart. 

An English culinary Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, mostly overspread and streaked 
with red. Flesh white, crisp, tender, pleasant subacid. October, De' 
camber. 

Long Stem. 

There are four distinct Apples under this name, easily distinguished 
by the wood of the young shoots. 

The Long Stem of Connecticut is, perhaps, the oldest variety. The 
young shoots are dull reddish brown, somewhat downy, with prominent 
rounded, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with greenish dots, and 
small patches of russet. Calyx small, in a small basin. Flesh yellow, 
fine-grained, somewhat spicy, sweet, and rich. Good. September to 
January. 

The Long Stem of Massachusetts has rather slender young shoots of 
reddish brown, somewhat grayish, and slightly downy, with small clear 
red buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with a slight bkish in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots. Calyx medium, 
closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, aromatic. 
Good. October, February. 

The Long Stem of Pennsylvania has young shoots, of a yellowish 
brown, with very small short buds. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oblong, trimcated, 
yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with red mostly over the whole 
surface, many small light and gray dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, 
with bracts. Calyx closed. Segments a little recurved. Basin corru- 
gated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. November to February. 

The Long Stem of Kentucky has reddish grayish brown young 
wood, slightly downy, with short, round, flattened buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish obliate, greenish, shaded, mottled, and 
rather indistinctly splashed and striped over all with dull dark red, and 
with many large light gray dots. Flesh greenish white, rather compact, 
mild, almost sweet, subacid. Core small. Good to very good. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Longville's Kernel. 
Sam's Crab. 
English. Fruit rather below medium size, oval, rather flattened, 



THE APPLE. 25 < 

greenish yellow, streaked with pale brownish icd, with a few streaks of 
bright red. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly jjerfumed, subacid. Good 
August and September. 

LoRB Burleigh. 
Lord Bur^hley. 

A new celebrated English dessert A^jple, as yet untested here. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, and ribbed, yellow, with a 
bright crimson cheek, and many russet specks. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, j nicy, sweet pine-apple flavor. January to May. (Hogg.) 

Lord Suffield. 

A valuable English kitchen Apple, described as an imiirovement on 
Keswick Codlin. The tree hardy, and a great bearer. 

Fruit above medium, conicajl, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red in 
the sun. Flesh white, firm, tender, brisk subacid. August and Sep- 
tember. 

Lorigk Cluster. 

Said to have originated in Georgia. Tree a poor grower, but a 
great bearer and keeper. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale green, with a brown tinge in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. January to April. 

LORING S'VVEET. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded with red, and sprin- 
kled with brown specks. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. 
November to June. 

Loudon Pippin. 
White's Loudon Pippin. Lady Washington ? 

Origin, farm of Mr. White, Loudon Co., Ya., and much cultivated 
and valued in that section. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, light yellow, sometimes blush 
of red in the sun, sprinkled with a few grayish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a large cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, open. Ba- 
sin smooth and even, rather deep. Flesh yellowish, compact, tender, 
juicy, subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 

Louise Renard. 

Originated in Belgiiim. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, conical, yellow, shaded with 
bright red in the sun, small reddish gray spots. Stalk short. Cavity 
deep, irregular. Calyx open. Flesh very white, tender, subacid, aro- 
matic. (An. Pom.) 

17 



258 



THE APPLE. 

Lovett's Sweet. 



Origin, Beverly, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic. Skin yellow. Flesh yellcw, 
moderately juicy, sweet and pleasant. Good. October to February. 



Queen Anne. 
Orange. 



Lowell. 

Michigan Golden. 
Tallow Apple. 



Greasy Pippin. 
Golden Pippin of some. 



Young 



Origin unknown. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, productive, 
wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oval or conic, bright waxen yellow, oily. 
Stalk of medium length. Cavity deep, uneven. Basin deep, abrupt, 
and furrowed. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, with a brisk, rich, 
rather acid flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 




Lowell, 



Lowre Queen. 
Loure Queen. 

Origin unknown, somewhat extensively grown in Central Ohio. 
Trees upright, early bearers. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened, yellow, striped and splashed with 
dull red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy. Yery good. Novem- 
ber, February. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. Sfi9 

Luce's Early Joe. 
Early Joe, incorrectly. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit raediiim, roiindish oblate, whitish, Avith a blush in the sun, few 
brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy, mild, pleasant siib- 
acid. Good. September. 

Lucombe's Pine- Apple. 

Pine-Apple. Pine-Apple Pippin. 

An English Apple, rather below medium size, ovate conical, ob- 
scurely ribbed, pale yellow, bronzed in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic. Good. October, December. 

Lucombe's Seedling. 

English. Fruit large, i-oundish, angular, whitish, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh firm, juicy, good for cooking. October, 
November. 

LUDWIG. 

Haas. 

Originated on the land of Ludwig, Bucks Co., Pa., and consid- 
erably grown in its native locality. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, whitish, splashed, mottled, 
and shaded with light red, many dots, with dark centres. Stalk short, 
slender. Cavity rather large, a little greenish russet. Calyx closed. 
Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, sometimes a little stained next 
the skin, fine-grained, juicy, mild subacid. Core rather small. Good to 
very good. November to March. 

Lyman's Large Summer. 
Large Yellow Summer. 

A large and handsome American fruit, introduced to notice by Mr. 
S. Lyman, of Manchester, Conn. The bearing trees are easily recognized 
by their long and drooping branches, which are almost wholly without 
fruit-spurs, but bear in clusters at their extremities. They bear poorly 
until the tree attains considerable size, when it yields excellent crops. 

Fruit quite large, roundish, flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, 
pale yellow. Flesh yellow, tender, subacid, and good for the table or 
for cooking. Last of August. 

Lyon's Sweet. 

Originated in Connecticut. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, striped, 
and splashed with red, light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, rather compact, juicy, tender, sweet. Good. December. 

Lyscom. 

Osgood's Favorite. Matthew Stripe. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young 
Bhoots dark brown, downy 



260 THE APPLE. 

Fruit large, rotindisli, greenish, yellow, witli a few broken stripes (ti 
splashes of red. Stalk short, planted in a deep, round, even cavity. 

Calyx large, in a broad, plaited basin. Flesh fine-grained, and exceed- 
ingly mild and agreeable in flavor. Good to very good. September to 
November. 

. McAfee's Nonsuch. 
McAfee's Red. 

Originated at McAfee's old Fort in Kentucky. Good grower, very 
productive. Young shoots smooth reddish brown. 

Fruit large, globular, inclining to oblate. Skin yellowish green, 
shaded and striped with crimson and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large ca\T.ty. Calyx closed, set in a small basin. 
Flesh whitish, solid, crisp, subacid. Good to very good. December to 
March. 

McCoy's Pippin. 

Origin, Loudon, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree of medium upright growth, 
productive, valued as a showy market sort, and also for cooking. 

Fruit large, oblate, a little oblique, greenish white, a shade of dull 
red in the sun, brown dots. Flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately juicy, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, December. 

McDaniel. 

Origin, Green Co., Ohio. 

Fruit full m^edium, regular, oblate, yellow, covered with rich, crim- 
son, indistinct stripes. Dots light gray. Flesli yellow, solid, juicy, sub- 
acid, rich, piquant. October, November. (Warder.) 

McDowell's Sweet. 

Origin, North Carolina. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, fine yellow, mostly over- 
spread, shaded, and splashed with light and dark red, almost purplish in 
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin narrow, corrugated. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, refreshing, sweet. Good to very good. 
October, December. 

McHenky. 

Origin, Elizabethtown, Indiana. Growth upright and free, mode- 
rately productive. Color and quality similar to American Summer 
Pearmain. September to December. 

JSIackay Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, slight tinge of red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Cavity large, slightly russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, tendei, juicy, mild, sweet, pleasant. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 



the apple. 261 

McKim's Vandervere. 

Oi-igin, on the grounds of Robert McKim, Centi-e Co., Pa. Tree 
vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, i-ouudish obhite, deep yellow, splashed, striped, and 
mottled with shades of red, light and brown dots. Flesh white, ten- 
dor, not very jiiicy, acid. Good. September, November. 

McKlNLEY. 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, slightly conic, dull red on green- 
ish yellow. Stripes indistinct. Flesh breaking, fLne-grained, juicy, sub- 
acid. Good. December, Januar'y. 

Maclean's Favorite. 

An English Apple of little value. 

Fruit medium, roimdish, yellow. Flesh crisp, acid. November to 
February. 

McLellan. 

Martin. 

Origin, "Woodstock, Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, very produc- 
tive, anniial bearer, and handsome. Young shoots, dull grayish red 
dish brown, slightly downy. 




McLellan. 

Fruit mediitm or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, very re- 
gular, and fair. Color yellow, mostly striped, marbled, and splashed 
with red. Stalk short, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Calyx small, 
nearly closed. Basin moderate, slightly uneven. Flesh white, very ten- 
der, juicy, with a fine vinous flavor, almost saccharine. Very good. 
December to March. 



262 THE APPLE. 



Macomber. 



Origin, Guilford, Maine. Tree a good annual bearer. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, angular, yellowish, shaded and striped 
with red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin large and re- 
gular. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, subacid. Good. Core smalL 
December, January. 

Magnolia. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Growth moderate, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, beautifully striped 
and mottled wi& crimson. Stalk short, in a broad, uneven cavity. 
Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, aromatic, 
subacid. Good to very good. October. 

We have also received from J. W. Dodge, Tennessee, an apple undei 
this name, the origin of which cannot be well traced. It is large, 
roundish oblate, inclining to conic, irregular, yellow, striped, mottled, 
and splashed with red. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant, 
slightly aromatic. Yery good. December, January. 

Maiden's Blush. 

A remarkably beautiful Apple, a native of New Jersey, and first de- 
scribed by Coxe. It begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and con- 
tinues until the last of October. It has all the beauty of color of the 
pretty little Lady Apple, and is much cultivated and admired, both 
for the table and for cooking. It is also very highly esteemed for 
drying. 




Maiden's Bltish. 



This variety forms a handsome, rapid-growing tree, with a fine 
spreadiag head, and bears large crops, It is very valuable as a profita- 
ble market sort. 



THE APPLE. 263 

Fruit of medium size, very regularly shaped, and a little naiTower to- 
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance, pala 
lemon yelloAV in the shade, with n brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often joining in b)-illiant red. Stalk short, planted in a 
rather wide deep hollow. Basin moderately depressed. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, tender, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. 

Maiden's Favorite. 
Maiden's Apple. 

Origin, farm of J. G. Sickles, Stuyvesant, N. Y. Its delicacy and 
beauty will make it desirable for the amateur. Tree of rather slow 
groAvth, upright slender branches, an annual and good bearer. Young 
shoots smooth, clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes slightly conic, gene- 
rally cylindric, but often very obscurely ribbed, whitish or pale 
waxen yellow, shaded and sometimes slightly mottled with crimson, and 
sparsely sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk short, small, suiToiinded by 
thin russet, in a deep, uniform cavity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin 
slightly corrugated, deep, open. Flesh whitish, tender, crisp, with a 
pleasant, very delicate, vinous subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small. October to January. 

Majob. 

Originated with Major Samuel McMahon, Northumberland Co., 
Pa. This is a showy market Apple of really excellent quality. The 
tree is a rapid and vigorous grower, with rather irregular, upright, 
spreading shoots, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, often oblate, slightly inclining to conic. 
Sides sometimes unequal. Color gi-eenish, shaded and i-ather obscurely 
striped and splashed with deep red, many light russet gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, withstiif, short segments. Basin large, 
broad, and furrowed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich 
Bubacid. Core small. Very good. November to April. 

Mala Carle, 

Pomme Finale. Charles Apple, 

Mela di Carlo. Mela Carla. 

Pomme de Charles. 

Tlie Male Carle is the most celebrated of all Apples in Italy and the 
South of Europe, whence it comes. Here or in New England it does 
not always attain perfection, but south of New York it becomes beauti- 
ful and fine, as it needs a warm and dry soil. 

Fi-viit of medium size, veiy regularly shaped, a little narrow to- 
wards the eye. Skin smooth, with a delicate waxen appearance^ pale 
lemon yellow in the shade, with a brilliant crimson cheek next the sun, 
the two colors often joining in strong contrast. Flesh white, not very 
juicy, but tender, and with a delicate, slightly rose-perfumed flavor. 
Good. September to January. 

Mamma. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree a very thrifty, compact 
grower. Young wood reddish. 



264 THE APPLE. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, crimson red. Flesh yellowisb, rich aro 
tnatic subacid. October, November. 

Mammoth June. 

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree an upright, moderate grower ; not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with shades of red, light dots. Flesh very white, tender, not 
■very juicy, mild subacid. Good. July, August. 

Manaen. 

This variety was grown from seed of the'Talman Sweet, by F. Il« 
Miller, Sugar Grove, Warren Co., Pa., and first fruited in }€67. The 
tree is said to be a thrifty, upright grower. Young wood dark reddish 
brown, with a few white raised dots, and slightly downy. Leaf broad, 
roundish oval, coarsely serrated. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate conical, irregular, or partially 
ribbed, pale whitish yellow, with deep carmine dots and marblings in 
sun, russet lines radiating from the stalk, scattering minute, raised, gray, 
or russet dots in the shade. Stalk slender. Cavity deep, broad, open, 
russeted. Calyx partially closed, with erect recurved, divided segments. 
Basin rather deep, abrupt, generally irregular in form, usually clean and 
Bmooth, but occasionally with russeted broken lines. Flesh yellowish 
white, granulated, tender, moderately juicy, mild sweet, aromatic. Very 




Mangum, 



good. Core small. Seeds dark rich brown, oblong, pointed. Season, 
last of August and September. A new variety of fine promise as an 
amateur's fruit. (Rural New Yorker.) 



the afplb. 26p 

Manqum. 

Fall Cheese of Va. Cheese.* Seago. 

Gxilly. Carter of Ala. Maxfield. 

Carter's Winter. Patten. Johnston's Favorite. 

Alabama Pearmain ? Sam Wingard. Blakely. 

A Southern variety of uncertain origin. It is extensively cultivated 
South, where it is counted as one of the most desirable and reliable 
apples. Tree a good, fair grower, with young shoots of a grayish brown, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, yellowish, striped and mostly 
shaded with red, thickly sprinkled with whitish and bronze dots. Stalk 
short and small, inserted in a broad cavity surrounded by russet. Ca- 
lyx partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellow, very ten- 
der, juicy, mild subacid. Very good to best. October, November. 

Mank's Codlin. 

Irish Pitcher. Frith Pitcher. Irish Codlin. 

Eve of Scotland. Frith Pippin. 

An old English culinary Apple, long cultivated and esteemed here as 
well as abroad for its productiveness, hardiness of tree, and early bear- 
ing habit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, one side of apex end higher 
than the other, clear pale yellow, with a bronzed cheek in sun. Flesh 
yellowish white, fine crisp, brisk subacid. Good. August to Novera- 
ber. 

Mannington's Pearmaik. 

Origin, Sussex, England. A dessert fruit of considerable esteem 
abroad, and here fully sustains its foreign character. Tree hardy, and 
early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, truncated, yellow, partially 
russeted, shaded and splashed with red, prominent, rough, light gray 
dots. Flesh yellowish, cri^:5p, tender, brisk subacid. Very Good. Core 
medium. October, December. 

Manomet. 
Horse Block. Manomet Sweet. 

Origin, Plymouth, Mass. Tree vigorous and px'oductive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. This is one of the finest of sweet apples, 
esteemed highly wherever grown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, fine yellow, with a richly shaded cheek. 
Stalk rather slender, inserted in a shallow cavity, slightly surrounded by 
russet. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh tender, juicy, 
sweet, and rich. Very good. Core small. August, September. 

Mansfield Russet. 

Brought into notice by Dr. Joseph Mansfield, of Groton, Masa 
Tree vigorous, upright, and very productive. 



266 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, roundisli oblong, inclining to conic, cinnamon nisset 
Stalk long, inserted in a deep furrowed cavity. Calyx partially closed, 
set in an open basin. Flesh not very juicy, ricb, aromatic, saccharine, 
vinous. Good to very good. Keeps till April or May. 




Makble Sweet. 

Virginia Sweet. Mclntire's Sweeting. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, marbled dull red and yellow, 
Flesh sweet, dry. November, February. (Elliott.) 

« March's Red Winter. 

March's Red Seedling. 

Origin, on the farm of George B. March, near Chillicothe, Ohio. 
Tree a moderate grower. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, overspread and shaded 
with rich bright red. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, pleas- 
But subacid. Good. November to January. 

Margil. 
Neverfail. Munche's Pippin. 

An old English dessert Apple, of slender growth. 
Fruit small, roundish oblate, j^^ellow, striped with red. Flesh yel 
ow, firm, aromatic. Good. October, November. 

Maria Bush. 
Origin, Lancaster, Co., Pa. A healthy grower and good bearer. 



THE APPLE. 20 7 

Frxiit large, roiiiidisli oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and splashed 
with red, and thinly sprinkled with iMsset dots. Stem slender Cavity 
large. Basin abrupt and open. Flesh white, very tender, juicj, subacid 
Good. October, November. 

Marks. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa., on the lands of Mr. Klinger. Tree vigorous, 
upright, productive. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, tapering slightly to the crown, yellow- 
ish white, with a few russet dots, and nearly covered with a faint orange 
blush. Flesh whitish, tender, brisk subacid. Good. January to March. 
The fruit drops badly. 

Marmalade Pippin. 
Althorp Pippin. Welsh Pippin. 

This is an English Apple, from Derbyshire. Tree hardy, and profuse 
bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, truncated, yellowish, 
bronzed in the sun, numerous dots and some pearly white specks. Flesh 
yellowish white, firm, juicy, sweet. October to February. There is 
another apple under this name, which is striped with red and ripens in 
August. 

Marshall. 

Largely grown in some parts of New Hampshire, as a profitable 
market Apple, on account of its productiveness and very late keeping. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, a little flattened, deep green, mostlj 
overlaid with a fiLoe thick sprinkling of whitish green specks, a little 
blush and crimson specks next the sun. April, May. (Me. E,ep.) 

Marshall's Sweet. 

Originated with S. B. Marshall, Ohio. Tree a moderate stocky 
grower, forming a round head. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, yellow, 
splashed and striped with light and dark red. Flesh white, a little 
stained next the skin, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. 
November, December. 

Marston's Red Winter. 

Origin, Greenland, N. H. Tree hardy, of modei-ate growth. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. Great bearer, and keeps as well 
as Baldwin. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish conic. Stalk rather slender, in a 
narrow, deep, compressed, slightly russeted cavity — sometimes with a 
lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments long, in a deep corrugated basin. 
Color whitish yellow, shaded and strijied with bright red and crimson, 
thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Flesh whitish yellow, very juicy, 
•render, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. December to March. 



368 THE APPLE. 

Mabtin. 

Origin, supposed Oiiio. Tree thrifty, vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow mixed and striped 
red. Stalk short. Flesh light yellow, rather tender, juicy, subacid, 
agreeable. Almost good. August, September. (Am. Hort. An.) 

Martin Nonpareil. 

An English Apple. The tree a vigorous grower, hardy, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish or roundish oblate, yellow, with many traces 
and patches of russet, and small gray and brown dots. Flesh yellow, 
compact, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Very good. Core small. Novem- 
ber to March. Too small for profit. 

Mart. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, overspread with light red, 
striped and splashed with crimson, few light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, tolerably juicy, 
mild subacid, almost sweet. Good to very good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Maryland Beauty. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish shaded, splashed and marbled with 
light and dark red, light dots. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. Core large. October, November. 

Masten. 
Masten's Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of R. C. Masten, Pleasant Valley, Dutchess 
Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, with a broad, spreading, well-formed head, 
productive. Young shoots grayish brown. 

Friiit rather below medium, roundish conical, oily, yellow, brownish 
or faint blush in the sun, brown and light dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow. Caljrx: closed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to 
March. 

Master's. 
Master's Seedling-. 

An old Kentish, England, Apple. Tree hardy, vigorous, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, round, yellowish green, red cheek in the sun. FlesL 
white, firm, acid. November, January. 



* 



THB APPLE. 



269 



Fniit large, oblate, 
splashes and stripes. 
August. 



Matlock's Summer. 

white, sometimes with a blush or indistinct 
Flesh tender, juicy, almost sweet. Good 



Matson. 
Fruit large, red streaked, showy, acid, cooking. (A. Pom. S.) 

Mattamuskeet. 

Origin, Eastern North Carolina. Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and splashed 
with light and dark red. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, brisk subacid. 
Good. December to March. Valued principally for its keeping quali- 
ties. 

Mauck. 

A Pennsylvania Apple. 

Fruit large, conical, greenish yellow, blush in the sun. Flesh tender, 
pleasant. Good. Core large, hollow. October, November. 




UftTSiaok'i Swwt. 



Maverack's Sweet. 

Raised by Dr. Maverack, Pendleton District, S. C. Tree vigorous 
ftpright, spreading, sometimes irregula)-, an early and good beaa-er 
Y"otmg shoots reddish gra\T.sh brown, slightly downy. 



270 THE APPLE. 

Fi'uit large, roundisli oblate, yellow, mostly sliaded witli rich deep 
red, and sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short, inserted in an open ca vity. 
Calyx open, set in a deep corrugated basin. Flesh yellowish, rather 
coarse-grained, breaking, tender, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to February. A valuable sweet apple for market or 
cooking. 

Maxey. 

This variety we received from A. L. Woodson, Hart Co., Ky., 
by whom the tree is described as a good grower, an annual but not earl\' 
bearer, producing fair, even-sized fruit, that keeps well into May and 
June. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, approaching conical, light greenish 
ground, with broken red stripes and splashes, from the stem end, of 
pinkish red, light dots and indistinct dark specks. Stalk medium length 
and size. Cavity regular, round, smooth, lightly russeted. Calyx large, 
open, with divided recurved segments. Easin shallow, broad, regular. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy or tender, subacid. Good. Core small. 
May to July. 

May. 

May Apple. Pillkin. Plymoutli Greening. 

Rhenish May. Winter May. May of Myers. 

May Seek-no-further of some. 

A.n old Apple, considerably grown at the West. Origin unknown. 
Its only value is because of its long keeping quality. Tree a poor 
grower, biit a good bearer. Young shoots dark reddish brown, downy 
somewhat towards the end. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, pale greenish yellow, slight brown- 
ish in sun. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, compact, not very juicy, mild 
subacid. Core rather large, and open. Good. February to June. 

May Seek-no-Fabthek. 
Lop-sided Pearmain. Pilliken, May, erroneously. 

Origin unknown. Considerably grown in some parts of the West, 
and valued only because of its productiveness and long keeping. 

Tree spreading, hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, dull greenish, mostly overspread and 
shaded with obscure stripes and marblings of dull dingy red. Flesh firm, 
dry, subacid. Good. February to May. 

Meach. 

From J. M. Ketchum, Brandon, Vt. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, striped and 
mottled with light red, and sprinkled with brown dots. Flesh yellowish, 
rather fine, juic^^, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Meadow Sweet. *' 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, pale yellow, gray and light 
dots. Flesh whitish, moderately tender and juicy, rathf;r rich, sweet. 
Core small. Good. November, February. 



THE APPLE. 



371 



Meau's Sweet. 
Mear's Seedling. 

Origin, near Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, brownish in 
the sun. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
mild, sweet subacid. Core small. Good. January to March. 

Meister. 

From Berks Co., Pa. I 

Size below medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, striped with 

red, with numerous white spots, and russet dots. Flesh tender, pleasant 

subacid. G ood. October. 

Melon. 
Norton's Melon. Watermelon. 

Origin, East Bloomfield, N. Y. Tree of rather slow growth while 
young, a good bearer. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. One 
of the best and most valuable sorts for the dessert ; a little too tender for 
shij^ping long distances. 

Fruit medium or above. Form roundish oblate, slightly conic, ob- 
scure ribs towards apex. Color pale yellow, nearly covered with light 




Melon. 



crimson, splashed, striped, and mottled with carmine, some traces of 
russet, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots. Stalk me- 
dium, slender. Cavity large, deep, regular, often considerably russeted. 
Calyx partially closed. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little re 



272 THE APPLE. 

curved. Basin rather abrupt, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very 
tender, juicy, refreshing, lively vinous subacid. Core sutall. Best 
November to March. 

Melrose. 
White Melrose. 

An old Scotch, Apple little known. Tree a strong, healthy grower 
and a free bearer. 

Frviit large, roundish oblate conical, much ribbed toward the apex, 
pale yellow, becoming deeper in the sun, and at times many crimson 
spots. Flesh yellowish white, firm, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

Melt in the Mouth. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading 
Young shoots long, slender, dark reddish brown, downy at ends. 

Fruit medium or rather below, roundish, slightly conic, deep red, 
splashed and marbled on a yellow ground, with a few small white dots. 
Stalk long, very slender, curved, in a small cavity. Calyx closed, in a 
rather abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, with a mild, 
rather rich, pleasant subacid, somewhat resembling Summer Pearmain. 
Yery good. September to November. 

Melvin Sweet. 

Origin, Concord, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, striped with pale red. 
Flesh rich and sugary. November to February. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Menagere. 

"We received this fruit from Mr. Manning, who, we believe, had it 
from Germany ; it is only fit for cooking. - 

Fruit very large, regularly formed, but very much flattened, pale 
yellow, with sometimes a little red in the sun. Flesh tolerably juicy. 
Good. September to January 

MeNONISTEN E.EINETTE. 
Reinette des Menonites. 

A German dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, some rixsset, and a flush of 
red in the sun. Flesh fiLue, firm, juicy, aromatic, brisk subacid. No- 
vember, February. 

Mensfeld Calville. 

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfeld. Mensfelder Gulderling. 

Mensf elder Winter CalviUe. 

Originated in Mensfeld, in the Duchy of Warsaw. Tree a strong, vig> 
jrous grower, with long jointed branches. 



THE APPLE. 273 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, slightly ribbed, yello-wish gi-een, with 
distinct small brown dots. Calyx large. Stalk short. Flesh half firm, 
rather tender, sugary, vinous. Good for table or cooking. December 
to February. (Ver.) 

Mercer. 

Origin unknown. Specimens received from Western New York. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, sprinkled with a few 
gray dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October. 

Mere de M^inage. » 

Fruit very large, conical, yellow, overspread, shaded, and striped with 
red. Flesh firm, crisp, brisk, juicy, subacid. October, December. A 
very showy market Apple, and good foi: cooking. 

Merrill's. 
Merrill's Apple. 

Origin, Smyrna, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, -svith a blight red cheek. Flesh yel- 
low, rather firm, rich, spicy, subacid. Good. December to March. 

Merritt's Sweet. 

Frnit medium, oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. Flesh com- 
pact, very sweet, good for culinary use and stock feeding. Good. 
Last of August. Productive. 

Merwin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, faintly striped, 
splashed, and shaded with red. Flesh yellowish, rather compact, mod- 
erately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Methodist. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous and productive, medium size, 
oblong oval, gi-eenish, marbled and striped -with red. Flesh white, ten- 
der, mild subacid, not rich. Good. November 

Metoir^e. 
French Crab. 

An old variety, of litle value. Tree of moderate growth, holding its 
fruit qnite late in autumn. 

Frviit medium, oblong, yellow, shaded over with red. Flesh juicy. 
Good flavor for baking. 

Mexico. 

Origin, Canterbury, Conn. Tree of moderate growth, productive, 
hardy. Young shoots dull grayish bro^vn, downy. 

IS 



274 THE APPLE. 

Fruit meditnn, roundish oblate, crimsoii, striped, splashed, and shaded 
with very dark red, a little yellow in the shade, with a few large light 
dots. Stalk medium length. Cavity broad, shallow, russeted. Calyx 
closed in a narrow basin. Flesh whitish, stained with red, tender, 
rather juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Sep- 
*^cimber, October. 




Mexico. 

Michael Henry Pippin. 

Rariton Sweet. ' 

A New Jersey fruit, a native of Monmouth County, first described by 
Coxe. The tree forms a very upright head, with pretty strong shoots. 
Very productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong ovate, narrowing to th?^ eye, 
when ripe, of a lively yellowish green. Stalk short and rather thick. 
Calyx set in a narrow basin. Flesh greenish white, very tender, juicy, 
mild tame sweet. Good. November to March. 

Middle. 

MltteL 

Origin, Herkimer, N. Y. A moderate grower, not very produc- 
tive. 

Fi-uit medium or below, roundish oblong, inclining to conic, greenish 
yellow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, mild subacid. Good. De- 
cember, February. 

Middlebourg Reinette, 
Reinette de Middlebourg. 

A new variety, originating in Holland. Tree upright, prodTictive, 



THE APPLE. 275 

Fruit medium, i-oundish oblong, greenish yello"\r, with many grayish 
spots. Calyx small, half closed. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish -white, tiue^ 
firm, rather dry, subacid. December to March. (Ver.) 

MiFFLiK King. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Koffman, Mifflin Co., Pa. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish with a slight blush and a few gray dots. 
Stalk short, small. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
juicy, pleasant, lively subacid. Good. November and December. 

MlGNONNK d'HiVER. 

A new varietv, probably of French origin. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate depressed, slightly conic, greenish 
yellow, with shade of rich bright red in the sun, few light and gray 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, almost sweet. December, February. 

Milam. 

Harrigan. Winter Pearmain of some. Blair. 

Thomas. Rusty Coat Milam ? 

Origin uncertain, much grown in some sections at the West, very 
productive, and keeps well. 

Fruit medium or below, roimdish, greenish, shaded and striped with 
red. Flesh rather firm, pleasant, subacid, not rich. Good. December, 
March. 

Milch. 

Braunschweiger Milch. Milch Apfel. 

An extremely beautiful German Apple, recently introduced. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, waxy white, with crimson stripes 
and dots on the sunny side. Flesh white, tender, crisp, subacid. 
Augiist. 

Miller. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. 
Young shoots grayish dull reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, shaded, splash- 
ed, and striped with shades of red. Flesh white, sometimes stained with 
red next the skin, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core larg^.. 
September, November. 

Miller. 

Introduced by James O. Miller, Montgomery, Orange Co., N. Y 
Ti-ee vigorous and productive. Young wood smooth, light reddish 
brown. 

Fi uit rather large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with rich red, large light or areole dots. Stalk short 



276 THE APPLE. 

Cavity deep. Caljrx large, partially clcsed. Basin deep, fuiTOwed 
Flesh jellowisli, tender, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to very good 
October, November. < 

MiNCHALL Crab. 

Mmshul Crab. Mincham's Crab. 

Lancashire Crab. Lancaster Crab. 

An English Apple, valued mainly for cooking. Tree hardy, and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with traces of rus« 
set, and shades of red in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. (Ron.) 

Minieb's Dumpling. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower and good bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish, with dull red in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid. November, February. (Lind.) 

Minister. 

A New England variety, introduced to notice by the late E,. Man- 
ning. It originated on the farm of Mr. Saunders, Rowley, Mass. Tree 
moderately vigorous, upright spi-eading, very productive. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oblong, tapering to the eye, around which are a few fur- 
rows — and resembling the Yellow Belle-Fleur in oiitline. Skin strij)ed 
and splashed near the stalk, with bright red on a greenish yellow ground. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, curved to one side, and pretty deeply in- 
serted. Calyx small, closed, inserted in a very narrow plaited or fur- 
I'owed basin. Flesh yellowish white, very tender, with a somewhat 
acid, but very agreeable flavor. Good to very good. Core large and 
open. October to February. 

Minkler. 
Brandywine ? 

This is an old variety which was first exhibited before the Illinois 
Horticultural Society, and because it could not be identified, received, 
for the time being, the name of its exhibitor. At some future time it 
will probably be found identical with some variety long since named 
and described. Tree an irregular grower, good bearer and keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, pale gi'eenish yellow, 
striped and splashed with two shades of red. Flesh yellowish, compact, 
moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to March. 

Mishler's Sweet. 

From Pennsylvania. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous and produ'> 
tive. Young shoots light reddish brown, somewhat downy. 

Fmit large, roundish oblong ovate, greenish yellow few gray dots 



THE APPLE. 277 

Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant sweet. Good. Core lai'ge. 
October. 

MlTt'HELSON. 
Mitchelsou's Seedling. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as beautiful, and suitable foi 
dessert or cooking. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, deep yellow, slight patches 
and traces of russet, with a reddish cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
fii'm, crisp, brisk rich subacid. December, February. 

Molasses. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous, and hardy. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Skin thick, rough, greenish yellow, shaded 
with dull red, thickly covered with large crimson or lilac dots, and dull 
lilac bloom. Flesh yellow and exceedingly sweet. January to April. 

Thei'e are, besides the above, three or four distinct apples jinder this 
name. One is claimed to have originated in Pennsylvania. 

Fruit niedium, roundish, pale yellow, tinge of crimson in the sun. 
Flesh yellow, compact, not very juicy, sweet. Tree a slow grower. 
October, November. 

Elliott describes a Molasses, giving as synonyms, Priest's Sweet, 
Sutter, Dlue Sweet. 

Fruit small, roundish, red. Flesh dry, sweet. October. 

Another we liave met is roundish conical, yellow, mostly shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with dark red. Flesh rich, sweet. Fine for 
cooking. None of this class are valued, except for the pui-pose of 
cooking and feeding stock. 

MONAKCH. 

Monarch Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, a good and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular. Skin light red, splashed 
md striped ^vith dark red, and numerous light dots. Flesh juicy, not 
v^ery tender, biit rich, pleasant subacid. Good. September, October. 

MoNKLAND Pippin. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, soft^ 
ooarse. Poor. November. 

Monk's Favorite. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree vigorous, iipi-ight spreading. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellowish, striped and sjjlashed with red. Flesh 
fellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. November, December. 

MONKTON. 

A cider Apple from Somersetshire, England. 

Friiit below medium, oblate, slightly ribbed, clear red, with stripes of 
orimso}!. Flesh yellow, juicy, brisk acid. (Hogg.) 



278 the apple. 

Monmouth Pippin. 
Red Cheek Pippin. 

A native of Monraoutli Co., N, J., of moderate upright growth, and 
productive. Yoimg shoots dark olive. 




Monmoutli Pippin. 



Fruit large, oblate, a little inclining to conic, obscurely five-angled, 
slightly flattened at base and crown. Color pale yellow, with a beautiful 
warm cheek, and numerous russet dots. Stalk rather short, inserted in 
a large, slightly russeted cavity. Calyx partially closed. Basin, deep, 
abrupt, and corrugated. Flesh juicy, fine, brisk, aromatic subacid. Yery 
good to best. November to March. 

Monstrous Bbllflower. 

An old variety, little grown. Tree a strong, irregular, vigorous 
grower, not pi-ofitable. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow blush in the sun, 
Flesh whitish, brisk, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October, No- 
vember. 

MONTALIVET. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, deep yellow, with small nsset 
dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Janiiaryj 
February. Core small. 



the apple. 279 

Moore. 
Moore's Seedling 

A good culiuaiy Apple. 

Fruit lai'ge, roundish oblate conical, greenisii yellow, witli broken 
streaks of red. Flesh yellowish, tender, pleasantly sweet. October 
December. (Hogg.) 

Moore's Extra. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, not an early but a good beai'er. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, flattened at base. 
Color yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, 
laxge light dots. Stalk short, small. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx 
open. Segments short, erect, separated. Basin large, deep, irregular. 
Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, tender, mild subacid. Core small. 
Very good. December, March. 

Moore's Greening. 

Raised by R. Moore, of Southington, Conn. Very productive. 

Friiit medium, globular, inclining to oblong or conic, greenish yel- 
low, sometimes Avith a slight blush. Flesh white, juicy, tender, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. Good. December, March. 

Moore's Sweet. 

Sweet Pippin. Polliemus. 

Red Sweet Pippin. Pound Sweet of some. 

Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Although not a first- 
class Apple, it is a very profitable and valuable one for all cooking or 
stock-feeding purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dark dull red, with a slight bloom, 
small light-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, rich, pleasant sweet. Good. 
Core small. November to May. 

Moorhen Pippin. 

An English dessert Apple, below medium size, roundish oblate, 
greenish, with splashes of red and russet in sun. Flesh firm, rich, pleas- 
ant. January to April. (Ron.) 

Moreland. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree very productive. 
Fruit medium, yellow, with a red cheek, pleasant acid. Good for 
cooking. October. 

Morgan "White. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, globular, somewhat flattened, irregularly ribbed, uneven, 
gi-eenish, marked with gray stripes, rarely a feint blush. Dots white, 
large. Flesh greenish white, breaking, tender, juicy, acid to subacid. 
Good. September to January. (Warder.) 



280 ~ the apple. 

Morrison's Red. 

Origin, supposed to be a native of Medfield, Mass., on the farm of 
Mr. Fisher. Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish 
brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, light yellow, shaded and obscurely 
striped with deep red. Stalk very short, stout. Cavity small. Calyi 
closed, in a very small basin. Flesh tender, crisp, with a very mild, 
pleasant subacid. Yery good. November to March. 

Morrison Sweet. 

Origin, Clinton Co., N. Y. Tree small, hardy, round regular head 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, with slight blush in sun 
Flesh white, rather dry, sweet. Poor. October, November. 

Morris's Court of Wick. 

A variety esteemed in England, too small for Americans. 
Fruit small, oblate, greenish, with light red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
tender, jmcy, rich, vinous. October, January. 

Morris's Russet. 

Origin, Brentford, England. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, brownish russet, becoming ruddy in 
the sun. Flesh firm, tender, jtiicy, brisk, aromatic, subacid. October, 
February. (Hogg.) 

Morton. 

Morton's Seedling. 

Origin, supposed Clermont Co., Ohio. Tree vigorous, tipright 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, greenish yellow, with a reddish 
blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, sweet subacid. 
Good. November, December. 

Moses "Wood. 

Origin, Winthrop, Maine. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped vdth red. Cavity and basin 
Bhallow. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Moss's Incomparable. 

Originated in England. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, golden yellow, washed with pale red, 
and splashed with bright red in the sun, many small dark brown specks. 

Stalk slender. Cavity large. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, 
aromatic subacid. January to February. 

An appl(5 of good promise. (An. Pom.) 



the apple. 281 

Mote's Sweet. 

Originated on tlie property of L. S. Mote, Miami Co., Ohio. A valua- 
ble, but as yet comparatively new Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. Young shoots light reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large. Form roundish, somewhat roundish oblate conic. Color 
[)ale whitish yellow, with_ a tinge of red in the sun, and moderately 
sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, deep. 
Calyx closed or partially open. Segments short, erect. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, rich honeyed sweet. 
Very good. Core small. September, October. 

Mother. 
Queen Anne. Gardener's Apple. 

Origin, Bolton, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots grayish brown, downy. One of the best of 
Apples for the dessert, rather too tender for shipment. 




Mother. 



Fruit medium. Form roimdish, slightly conical. Color yellow, 
almost entirely overspread -with light, clear, rich red, splashed and mar- 
bled with many deeper shades, many minute light dots. Stalk short, 
small. Cavity acute, often a little russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, 
corrugated. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, rich, aromatic subacid. Best. 
November, February. 



282 the apple. 

Mother Davis. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundisli conical, whitisli yellow, shaded and ot> 
scurely splashed with light red, many small and large light dots 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh fine, yellowish, tender, j uicy , 
spi-ightly, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. Core rather small. 
November, December. 

Mountain Belle. 

A native of Habersham Co., Ga. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, orange gi'ound, shaded and 
striped with red. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx medium. Flesh 
white, hard, juicy, tough, subacid. Good. November to May. (White.) 

Mountain Sweet. 
MoTintaiiieer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow. Dots minute. Calyx small, closed 
Stalk short, slender. Flesh white, breaking, very tender, fine-grained, 
juicy, sweet. Good to very good. December. (Warder.) 

Mouse Apple. 
Moose Apple. 

Origin, Ulster Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit, in weight, light ; in size, large, roundish, slightly conical, pale 
greenish yellow, with a brownish blush on one side, and a few scattered, 
russety gray dots. Flesh very white and fine-gi-ained, moderately juicy, 
delicate, faintly perfumed, mild subacid. Good. October, Novem- 
\>er. 

MuNSON Sweet. 
Orange Sweet. Eay Apple. Meachem Sweet. 

Origin uncertain, probably Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, spreading, 
an annual and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow, sometimes with a blush. Stem 
short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, sweet. Good. September to February. 

Murphy. 

Raised by Mr. D. Murphy, of Salem, Mass. Tree moderate gi'ower, 
spreading, tolerably productive. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish, pale red, streaked vdth darker red, and 
marked with blotches of the same color. Flesh white, tender, with, ac 
agreeable flavor. Good. November to Februaiy. 

Muscat Peinette. 
Reinette Musquee. 
A new German A.pple, said to be superior. 



THE APPLE. 283 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mucii striped with red, 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, rich, aromatic, subacid. November to 
March. (Hogg.) 

Muster. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit oblate, yellow, mostly covered with mixed red and splashes of 
crimson. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid, aromatic 
Best. Core small. August and September. (Warder.) 

Naigle's Winter. 

Origin, Missouri. Tree upright while yoiing, becoming drooping 
wnen in fruit ; very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at ends. Color a bright yellow, 
covered with two shades of red, many large yellow gray dots, light blue 
bloom. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
mild subacid. Core small. Very good. December, February. (Hort.) 

Nanny. 

An English Apple, which Hogg describes as of excellent quality. 
Tree a moderate grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, striped and splashed with shadea 
of deep red, russet dots. Flesh yellow, rather soft, juicy, subacid. Oc- 
tober. 

Nantahalee. 
Maiden's Bosom. - 

Originated in Macon Co., Ala. Tree a rapid grower, of rather a 
straggling, drooping habit. Young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit mediiim, broad oblate conic, often contracted near the apex, 
ribbed, pale yellowish green, sprinkled with a few gray dots. Stalk 
medium. Cavity large, uneven. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, 
a little recurved. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
sprightly acid. Good. Core large. July, August. 

Nectar. 

Origin, near Raleigh, N. C. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green. Calyx closed. Stalk short. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, rich, saccharine. August. (Gar. Mon.) 

Ned. 

Saylor. Libhart. 

Originated at Marietta, Pa. Tree vigorous, rather straggling, with 
slender shoots, dark reddish brown, slightly grayish, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and splashed with two shades* of dark rich red, and sprinkled 
with large light conspicuous dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx large. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good 
to very good. December to February. 



284 THE APPLE. 



Needle. 



Supposed an old Englisli Apple, not yet identified. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, gi-eenish yellow, with smaU 
brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Neisley Bellflower. 
Neasley Bellflower. 

From Salem, Columbiana Co., O. Tree rather upright, vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, pale whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with light and dark red, few light and gray dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid. Good. Core small and close. December to March. 

Nelson. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate, regvilar. Color dull 
green, becoming yellow, sometimes bronzed with dull brown. Stalk 
rather long, slender. Cavity medium, acute, regular, green. Calyx me- 
dium, closed. Segments reflexed. Basin small, uneven. Flesh greenish 
yellow, firm, fine-grained, juigy, sweet. Core medium. Good. May to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Nelson's Codlin. 
Backhouse's Lord Nelson. 

A culinary English Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, light yellow, deepening in the sun and 
with russet specks and traces. Flesh yellowish white, tender, brisk, 
sharp subacid. Good. October, November. 

Nequassa. 
Nequassa Sweet. 

Origin, Franklin, Macon Co., N. C. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit large, oblate. Color yellow, striped with red. Stalk of moderate 
length, inserted in a large, open cavity. Basin smooth and open. Flesh 
white and very sweet. Good. November to January. 

Neversink. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, beautiful waxen orange- 
yellow color, with a few russet dots, and a delicately striped and richly 
mottled carmine cheek. Stalk short. Cavity narrow, acuminate, shallow, 
Oalyx lai-ge. Basin deep, rather wide, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, some- 
what tough, moderately juicy, subacid, quince-like. Good. December 
to March. 

Newark King. 

Hinckman. 
Origin, New Jersey. The tree is spreading, and bears well. 



THE APPLE. 286 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, smooth, red, with a few jellow 
Btreaks and dots on a greenish gi'ound. Calyx set in a narrow basin. 
Flesh tender, with a rather rich, pleasant flavor. Good. November tc 
February. 

Newark Pippin. 
French Pippin. Yellow Pippin, 

A handsome and excellent early winter variety, easily known by the 
crooked, irregular growth of the tree, and the drooping habit of the 
branches. Not profitable. Young shoots slender, dull brownish red, 
smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblong, regiilarly formed, greenish 
yellow, becoming a fine yellow when fully ripe, with clusters of small 
black dots, and rarely a very faint blush. Calyx in a regular and rather 
deep basin. Stalk moderately long, and deeply inserted. Flesh yellow, 
tender, very rich, juicy, and high flavored. Very good. November to 
February, 

Newbury. 
Cat's Head. 
Origin uncertain. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, greenish, with a brownish cheek in the 
sun. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh greenish, coarse. Core large. 
Poor. December, February. 

New Late Reinette. 

Eeinette Tardive Nouvelle. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped, splashed, and veined 

with reddish brown and shaded Avith gray. Calyx half closed. Flesh 

yellowish, fine, tender, jtiicy, agreeable, aromatic, subacid. April to 

June. (Alb. Pom.) 

New Pock Pippin. 

From England. 

Fruit below medium, dull green, becoming brownish in the sun, 
slight tinge of red and considerable russet. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, 
sweet. Good. November to Februaiy. 

New Small Lemon Pippin. 

An old English Apple, described by Ronalds, Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblong, clear yellow, with many 
small red dots. Flesh whitish, fii-m, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Newtown Spitzenbukgh. 

Vandevere of New York. Spitzenburg'h. 

Ox Eye. Burlington. 

Matchless. Kountz. 

Joe Berry. Barrett's Spitzenburgh. 

Spiced Ox Eye. Wine, erroneously. 

This old and valuable Api)le has been long known in New York as 
the Yandevere, but as it was first described by Coxe as Newiown Spit- 



286 



THE APPLE. 



zenburgh., we continue that name. It had its origin in Newtown, Long 
Island. Ti^ee moderate, vigorous, spreading, and productive in rich, light 
soil, of most excellent fruit, which is suited to more tastes than any other 
Apple of its season. 




Kewtown Spitzenbnrgh. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, fine yellow, washed with lighi 
red, striped and splashed with deeper red, and richly shaded with car- 
mine on the sunny side, covered with a light bloom, and sprinkled with 
peculiar gray specks. Stalk short, inserted in a wide cavity. Calyx 
small, closed, set in a regular basin of moderate depth. Flesh yellow, 
crisp, tender, with a rich, sprightly, vinous flavor, scarcely subacid. 
Best. October to February. 

Nichols Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, shaded and faintly 
splashed with red, few light dots. Flesh whitish, compact, moderately 
juicy, sweet. Good cooking. Core small. December, January. 





NiCKAJACK. 




Caroline. 


Aberdeen. 


Alleghany. 


Berry. 


Trenham 


Chaltram Pippin. 


Summerour. 


Big Hm. 


Gowden. 


Accidental. 


Caroliaa Spice. 


Graham's Eed Warrior. 


Eed Pippia. 


Cheatan Pippin. 


Walb. 


Howard. 


Chatham Pippin. 


Winter Horse. 


Hubbard. 


Winter Eose. 


Missouri Pippin. 


Mobbs. 


Eed Hazel. 


Missouri Eed. 


Cheataw. 


Wander. 


Leanham. 


Edward Shantee. 


Eed Warrior, erroneously. Winter Horse. 


Pound. 


Forsythe's Seedling. 


Jackson Eed. 


Wall. 


Euckman's Eed. 


World's Wonder. 



This Apple is very widely disseminated in sections of the South and 



THE APPLE. 



287 



Southwest, it having as it were the habit of reproducing itself from seed, 
or at least so nearly identical as to be impossible to distinguish the seed- 
ling from the parent, hence one cause of so many synonyms. The first 
disseaiination of it known was by a Oolonel Summeronr, of Lincoln 
County, N. C, under the name of Winter Kose ; but as it was found on 
Nickajack Creek, it soon took that name, and is now best known there- 
by. The habit of the tree is upright spreading, fo lining a veiy large 
head. On branches two, three, or four years old, there are woody knobs 
or warts of vaiious sizes, which, when cut from the branch, are found to 
contain kernels entirely detached from the regular grain of the wood. 
The great value of the variety consists in the hardihood and productive- 
ness of the tree rather than the character of the fruit, which is not more 
tlxan good in quality. Young shoots bright clear dark reddish. 




Nickajack. . 

Fruit lai'ge. Form roundish to roundish oblate, slightly conic, some- 
times oblique. Color yellowish, striped, shaded, and splashed with two 
shades of red, and with a grayish appearance, as if covered with a thin 
-bloom, many large areole dots. Stalk short. Cavity large, medium 
depth. Calyx partially open. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately tender and juicy, negative subacid. 
Good. Core small, closed. December to April. 



Nieman's Red Eeinette. 
Nieman's Rothe Reinette. Eeinette Rouge de Nieman. 

Originated at Hanover, Germany. Tree a strong, vigorous grower. 

Frvxit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly oversjjread and 
gplashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, vinoiis, subacid. "November, February. (Vcrg.) 



288 THE APPLE. 

ISTix Green. 
Queen Apple, erroneously. 

Origin, Habersham Co., Ga. Tree profuse bearer. 

Frviit medium, oblate roundish, greenish yellow, with many light 
dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. November, February. 

Noblesse de Gand. 

An English sauce Apple, described by Ronald as large, roundish, 
slightly conical, straw-colored. Flesh firm, heavy, brisk subacid. Jan- 
uary, February. 

Nonpareil. 

English Nonpareil. Old Nonpareil. Original Nonpareil. 

Hunt's Nonpareil. Loveden's Pippin. Reinette Nonpareil. 

Nonpareil d'Angletsrre. Due d'Arsel. Grune Reinette. 

An old English variety. Tree free upright grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with patches of 
dull russet, and red in the sun. Flesh crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic^ 
mild acid. Good. December, March. 

Nonpareil E,usset. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, conical, greenish yellow, cover© I with 
thin dull russet. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. 
January to May. 

,^ Nonsuch. 

Nonsuch. 

An old English sort, valuable as a sauce Apple ; productive. 
Fruit of medium size, regular form, flat, greenish yellow, striped and 
spotted with dull brick red. Flesh white, soft, with a plentiful subacid 
' juice. Good. September, November. 

Norfolk. ' 

From Massachusetts. 

Fruit small, flat, yellow, pleasant. August. (Cole.) 

Norfolk Beaufin. 

Read's Baker. Catshead Beaufin. Norfolk Beefing. 

A large English fruit, only fit for cooking purposes, dull red, on 
greenish ground. Flesh firm, subacid. Good. January to May. 

Norfolk Paradise. 

An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong, greenish yellow, brownish red in sun, with 



THE APPLE. 



stripes. Flesh wliite, firm, juicy, rich subacid. 
(Lindley.) 



289 



October to February 



Norfolk Stone Pippin. 
Stone Pippin. White Stone Pippin. White Pippin. 

A valuable long-keeping cooking fruit. Tree a free grower and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellowish green, slight tinge of rea 
in the sun. Flesh white, firm, brisk, rich, sweet. November to 
March. 

Norfolk Storino. 

An EngHsh Apple, valuable for market or cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with yellow red cheek 
in the sun. Flesh white, tender, juicy, crisp, brisk subacid. Novem- 
ber, January. 




Northern Spy. 



Northern Spy. 

This beautiful American fruit is one of the most delicious, fragi'ant, 
and sprightly of all late dessert apples. It ripens in January, keeps till 
June, and always commands the highest market price. The tree is of 
rapid, upright growth, and bears moderate crops. It originated on tha 

19 



:290 THE APPLK. 

fariP of Heman Cliapin, of East Bloomfield, near Hocliester, N". Y. T]i(» 
trees require high culture, and open heads to let in the sun, otherwise 
the fruit is wanting in flavor, and apt to be imperfect and knotty. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown. The tree blooms late, often escaping vernal 
frosts. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin thin, smooth, in the 
tihade gi'eenish or pale yellow, in the sun covered with light and dark 
stripes of purplish red, marked with a few pale dots, and a thin white 
1 tloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, planted in a 
\ery wide, deep cavity, sometimes marked with russet. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin narrow, abrupt, furrowed. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
t(;nder, slightly subacid, with a peculiarly fresh and delicious flavor. 
Core large and open. Very good to best. December to June. 

Northern Sweet. 
Northern Golden Sweet. Golden Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of the late Nathan Lockwood, of St. George, 
Chittenden Co., Vt. Tree healthy, spreading, and productive, but needs 
high culture for the perfect development of the whole crop. Young 
wood reddish, smooth. 

Fruit mediuim, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes with a blush. 
Stalk rather long, in a moderate cavity. Calyx small and closed, in a 
narrow, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
rich, and excellent. Core medium. September, October. Not profit- 
able. 

NORTHFIELD BeATTTY. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous grower. Young shoots rich red- 
dish brown, with few prominent dots. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yellow, with 
stripes, shades, and splashes in the sun. Flesh white, crisp, brisk sub- 
acid. Core small. Good for cooking. August, September. 

NOTTIKGHAM PiPPIN. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with slight markings of russ- 
set. Flesh white, marrowy, sugary, vinous. November to February. 
(Hogg.) 

Nursery. 

Origin unknown. 

Fru^it below medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, 
slight blush or brown in the sun, gi^ay dots. Stalk short, slender. Ca- 
lyx closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, compact, mod- 
erately juicy ,_ mild subacid, almost sweet. Coi'e small. Good. Decem- 
ber to Febi-uary. 

Oakes. 

From Danvers, Mass. Origin unknown. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, and fear bearer. Young shoots clear reddish, smooth. 



THE APPLE. 291 

Frait medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a shade of 
red in the sun, few gray dots, ytalk short, slender. Calyx closetl. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Core small. Good tc 
very good. November, January. 

There is an English culinaiy Apple of this name described by Liudley, 
which is medium, roundish, with ribs, pale green, with broken streaks 
of pale brown, and russety specks. Flesh soft, greenish whito, slightly 
sweet. November, December. 

Oconee Greening. 

Origin, banks of the Oconee river, a little below Athens, Ga. Tree 
vigorous and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, rou-ndish flattened, yellow, a little browrdsh in the sun. 
russet about the stem, with a few scattei'ed russet dots. Calyx open, 
in a shallow, slightly furrowed basin. Stalk very short, in a rather 
regular, deep cavity. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, abounding 
in a delightful aromatic, Kvely, subacid juice. Good to very good. 
Octobei-, November. 

Ofine. 

Of English origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical. Skin oily. Color lemon yel- 
low^ washed and splashed with red in the sun, many large reddish gray 
spots. Stalk large, short. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, tender, 
sweet subacid, aromatic. November. (An Pom.) 

* Ogdensburgh. - 

Originated with A. B. James, Ogdensburgh, N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, brownish red 
in sun, few light and brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, tender, very 
mild subacid. Yery good. Core medium. New. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Ogleby. 

From Spottsylvania Co., Ya. Tree a rapid grower. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, sometimes a slight 
blush in sun, with gray and green dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, crisp, 
juicy subacid. Good. October, November. 

Ohio Nonpareil. 

Myer's Nonpareil. Cattell Apple. 

Western Beauty, erroneously. Rusty Core. 

This is one of the most valuable of autumn Apples, whether for mar- 
ket or table use. Its origin is in doubt, the first known trees of it being 

in the orchard of Bowman, Massillon, Ohio. The yoiing trees are 

very vigorous, with stout, straight shoots, while the orchard trees are 
very wide, regular, open, spreading, requiring little or no thinning, and 
bearing the fruit evenly over the whole tree, and all fail' sized, smooth 
fruit. Young shoots smooth, rich, dark reddish brown. 



292 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium to large. Form roundish oblate. Color yellow, shade J, 
marbled, and splashed with two shades of rich red, thinly sprinkled with 
light and gray dots. Stalk medium, rather slender. Canity large, deep, 
regular. Calyx rather large, partially open. Segments rather short 
Basin medium. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, rich, 
slightly aromatic subacid. Core small. Yery good. October, Kovem 
bar. 




Ohio NonpareiL 

Ohio Pippin. 
Ernst's Pippin. Shannon. 

Origin in doubt. Supposed Dayton, Ohio. It was first disseminated 
by the late A. H. Ernst, of Cincinnati. Tree healthy, vigorous, spread- 
ing, moderately productive. Young shoots strong, dull reddish brown, 
quite downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, with mottled red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, pleasant, sharp subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Ohio Red Streak. 

Originated with James Mansfield, Jefierson Co., O. Growth vigor 
ous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large, russeted. Calyx large, closed. Basin 
shallow, uneven. Flesh rather compact, juicy, rich subacid. Good 
January to April. 



THE APPLE. 293 

OULINGER. 

Origin, Pennsylvania, Berks County. 

Fruit below medium, yellow, with a brownish cheek, with many are- 
ola specks. Flesh yellowish white, tender, subacid. Good. October, 

Old English Codlin. 
English Codlin. Trenton Early ? 

The trees are very vigorous and fruitful. A large and fair cooking 
Apple, in use from July to November. 

Fruit generally above medium size, oblong or conical, and a little 
irregular, clear lemon yellow, with a faint blush next the sun. Stalk 
stout and short. Flesh white, tender, and of a rather pleasant subacid. 
Much esteemed for cooking, ripens gradually upon the tree. 

Old Field. 

Oi-igin, Coimecticut. A good grower, bears well, an old variety. 
Fruit medium, oblate conic, yellow, with a slight blush. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, oleasant, mild subacid. Good. January to April, 

Old House. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to ob.-eonic, yellow, with a blush. 
Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy, flavor agi*eeable, aromatic. Good. 
December. 

Old Hundked. 

Oiigin unknown. Specimens received from J. W. Manning, Read- 
ing, Mass. Tree upright grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellowish, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with shades of red. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid. Good. November to February. 

Old Eoyal Busset. 

Leather Coat Russet. 

Fruit medium, roundish, gray russet on green. Flesh greenish 
white, sharp subacid. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Old Town Crab. 

Spice Apple of some 

Fruit small, greenish yellow, with brown specks. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
sweet. December, March. 

Old Toavn Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, shaded and 
B]>lashed with red, few brown dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, not very 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking. Januaiy to March. 



294 the apple. 

Oline. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit very large, roundisli, yellow, -washed with red. Flesh tender, 
fine, subacid. Yery good. November, December. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Olive. 

Origin, Wake Co., IST. C. Tree vigorous, upright grower. 

Fruit medium, slightly conical, crimson, with gray dots. Calyx 
open. Stalk long, stout. Flesh crisp, juicy, subacid, October, No- 
vember. 

There is another Olive Apple, from Yermont, which is medium, ob- 
late, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
shades of red, few areole dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, mild subacid. November to January. (Gar. Mon.) 

Omah Pasha. 

An EngKsh cooking Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, deep yellow, dotted with rus- 
bet. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh white, firm, crisp, juicy, pleas- 
ant acid. December to March. 

Orange. 

There are several Apples under this name ; but as it is almost im- 
possible to decide which has prior right to the name, we enumerate and 
describe in the order they are known to us. 

The Okange of New Jersey origin is a vigorous grower, and mode- 
rately productive. Young shoots clear, reddish brown, buds i eddish, 
prominent. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Skin orange yellow, with a 
few gray dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin moderate. Flesh yellow, juicy, subacid, 
pleasant. Yery good. September, October. 

The Orange of Reading, Pa., has fruit roundish, slightly oblate, 
faintly ribbed, of a warm yellow orange color. Flesh yellowish, 
sprightly. Good. 

The Orange of France, received from A. Leroy, Angers, is of me- 
dium size, roundish, fine yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, mode- 
rately sprinkled with gray and light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
October, November. 

Orange Pippin. 
Marigold Pippin. Isle of Wight Orange. 

An old Apj)le, originated in Normandy, and valued mainly as a cid( r 
fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish, rich orange yellow. Flesh firm, crisp, plea« 
sant acid. October to January. 

There is also an Orange Pippin grown in New Jersey difiering from 
tliis, but we have been uuable to obtain its history or description. 



the apple. 295 

Orange Sweet. 

There are several varieties under this name, but we have been un 
able to examine and compare them closely. The one we have most 
knoAvn came from Ohio, and has young shoots of a light reddish brown, 
smooth, the fruit large, roundish, greenish yellow, sometimes traces of 
russet, few gray and green dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, 
tender, juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Valuable for baking. Octobei", 
November. 

Another we have from Massachusetts, is a good grower and bearer. 
Young shoots smooth, very dark reddish brown. Buds very small. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow. Calyx small. Flesh yel- 
^JO\vish white, rather coarse, but rich, sweet. Good for cooking. Au* 
gust and September. 

Another Orange Sweeting, grown in Maine, is described as a tree of 
upright habit, healthy, thrifty, and productive. Young shoots dark 
brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, bright yellow, with a blush cheek in 
the sun, small greenish dots in shade, and crimson dots in the svm. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and rich. September, October. 

Wardei", in his American Pomology, describes an Orange Sweet or 
Russet as large, round, greenish yellow, bronzy orange russet. Flesh 
green, rather tough, fine-grained, sweet. Good for baking. December. 

Okd. 
Ord's Apple. Simpson's Pippin. Simpson's yeedling. 

An English Apple, grown from a seed of the Newtown Pippin. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, somewhat ribbed, dull green, washed 
and splashed with dull red, and many star-like russet specks. Flesh 
greenish white, tender, crisp, brisk subacid. December to April. 

Orleans Reinette. 

Reinette d' Orleans. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, deep yellow, with stripes of bright red 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, fine, jviicy, brisk acid. December. 

Orndorp. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., O. Tree a vigorous, spreading, iipright 
growler, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, striped, and spla.shed 
with two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
whitish, tender, mild subacid. Good. Core small. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Orne's Early. 
Origin unknown, supposed foreign. Tree vigorous, upright sj^read. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Color whitish, thickly sprinkled with gray 
and light dots. Stalk long and slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, tender, fine-grained, moderately juicy, pleasant, sprightly sul> 
acid. Good. Core small. August, September. 



•296 THE APPLE. 



Oetley. 



Ortley Pippin. White Bellflower. Ohio Favorite. 

Woolman's Long. White Detroit. Willow Leaf PippiiL 

Greasy Pippin. Hollow Cored Pippin. White Pippin. 

White Bellefleur. Green Bellflower. Detroit. 

Van Dyne. Jersey Greening, Davis. 

Melting Pippin. Crane's Pippin. Warren Pippin. 

Yellow Pippin. Inman. Golden Pippin. 

Woodward's Pippin. Tom Woodward Pippin. White Seek-no-Further. 

Davis White Bellflower. Marrow Pippin. Tod's Golden Pippin. 

Origin, orcliard of Michael Ortley, South. Jersey. It grows pretty 
strongly, with upright slender shoots, and bears abundantly. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, be- 
coming fine yellow at maturity, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk 
slender, of medium length, inserted in a deep, acute cavity, surrovmded 
by russet. Calyx closed, set in an abrupt, somewhat corrugated basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy subacid, very pleasant. Good 
to very good. Core large. November to February. 

Osceola. 

Origin, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young 
shoots dark reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with red, large light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh 
whitish, firm, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

OSKALOOSA. 

Jack Apple, 

Origin unknown. Tree a moderate grower, forming a handsome head, 
an early but not an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, round, somewhat flattened, yellow. Flesh juicy, mild 
subacid. November. (Gard. Month.) 

OSLIN. 
White Oslin. Arbroath Pippin. 

An excellent Scotch Apple. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit below medium size. Form oblate. Skin rather tough, clear 
lemon yello iv when quite ripe, and sprinkled with a few grayish gi'een 
dots. Flesh } ellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, spicy aromatic. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

OSNABRUCKER EbINETTE. 
Reinette d'Osnabruck. Grau Osnabrucker Reinette. 

A foreign variety, not apparently of much value. 

Fruit small, roundish, rich yellow ground, somewhat russeted, with 
a red cheek in sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh white, 
fine, juicy, perfumed. Yery good, December, February. (Yer.) 



THE APPLE. 297 

OSTERLEY. 
Osterley Pippin. 

A seedling of the Ribston Pippin, from Middlesex, England, de- 
•icribed by Konalds as a free grower and good bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with tuin ruuset 
and red in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, aro- 
matic, sharp subacid. November to February. 

OSTOGATE. 

Supposed French origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, with many gray russet dots. 
Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, deep. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yel- 
low, fine, aromatic, sweet subacid. November. (An. Pom.) 

Overman's Sweet. 

Origin, Illinois. Tree hardy, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, mottled, 
and splashed with red, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, not very tender, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. 
Core small. Good. November, March. 

OVIATT. 

Origin, Warren Co., O. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, shaded with red 
in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whit- 
ish, a little coarse, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. September. 

Ox. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large roundish conical, whitish, slightly bronzed in the sun, few 
gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core small. November to 
January. 

OXNEAD PeARMAIN. 
Earl of Yarmouth's Pearmain. 

From England. Tree hardy, with slender drooping branches, pro 
ductive. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a tliin russet, brownish in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, rich, acid. November, Feb- 
ruary. 

Ox Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish, sometimes a little 
bronzed in the sun, many light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good 
Core rather large. October, November. 



298 the apple. 

Padley's Pippin. 
Compote. Padley's Royal George I'ippin. 

An old English Apple, of moderate growth, but quite producii-va 
Young shoots grayish chestnut red. 

Fiuit medium, or small, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellow, ye] 
low in the sun, with some russet. Elesh yellowish, juicy, rich, larLsk 
acid. December, January. 

Panden Sweet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, some 
gray and red dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Plesh white, 
compact, crisp, sweet. Good. Cooking. November. 

Park Spice. 
Park Apple. 

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree thrifty, upright spreading, 
very productive. Young shoots pretty smooth, dark reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblique, whitish yellow, shaded with red, 
obscurely splashed and striped, moderately sprinkled ^Tith light and 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic. Core 
medium. Very good. December to March. 

Parmentier Eeinette. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, golden yellow, dotted with reddish gray, and 
striped with bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, fii-m, shai'p 
subacid, aromatic. March to May. (S. Y. M.) 

Parrot Reinette. 

Supposed of German origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, lightly splashed, 
shaded, and marbled with light red, few brown dots. Stalk medium, 
rather slender. Cavity broad, deep. Calyx closed, or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. Core large and 
open. New, promises valuable for market or cooking. 

Parry's Pearmain. 

An English dessert Apple. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, truncated, greenish yellow, shaded 
and striped with red in the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, I'ich, and sweet. 
Good to very good. January to March. 

Passe Pomme d'Automne. 

Passe Pomme Rouge d'Automne. Generale. 

Pomme d'Outre Passe. Passe Pomme Cotellee. 

Herbststrich Apfel. Pother HerbststrinhanfeL 

Of German origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, loundish, slightly oblatj, ribbed, yellowi.sh, shaded 



THE APPLE. 299 

vnd striped with ricli red in tte sun. Flesli very white, tinged with red, 
tender, juicy, vinous, excellent for cooking. September. (Hogg.) 

Passe Pomme Eouge. 

Rother August Apf el. Rothe Sommerpasspomm. 

Tree slender growei-, hardy, productive. 

Fniit small, roundish oblate, yellow, entirely overspread and shaded 
with red. Flesh white, tiuged with red next the skin, crisp, juicy, soon 
decays. Poor. August. 

Patch's Russet. 

Of English origin. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with thin 
gray russet. Calyx small. Stalk long. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, 
brisk aromatic. Good. November, December. (Lind.) 

Patekson's Sweet. 

Origin iinkno"\ATi. Considerably grown in Western New York, and 
esteemed valuable for its season. Tree upright, thrifty, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly covered and indis- 
tinctly splashed and striped with dark rich red, many conspicuoxis light 
dots. Flesh white, tender, Juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Pawpaw. 
Western Baldwin. Rubicon. Ball Apple. 

Origin, Pawpaw, Mich. Tree hardy, a good and regular bearer, 
young shoots dull grayish reddish brown. 

A new Apple, esteemed in its place of origin for its productiveness 
and beauty of appearance. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly oblique, yellow, shaded 
and mostly overspread with bright rich red, faintly splashed and mot- 
tled, moderately sprinkled with areole dots. Stalk medium. Cavity 
deep, narrow. Calyx partially open. Segments a little recurved. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, fu'm, rich, brisk subacid. Very good. Decem- 
ber to June. 

Pawsan. 

An English cider Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dull green, with network of russet. Flesh 
6rm, juicy, acid. October. 

Peach. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderate grower. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with 
blush of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, lively brisk 
subacid. Good to very' good. Coi-e small. December to April. A 
good keeper. 



300 the apple. 

Peach-Pond Sweet. 

This is a most excellent autumn variety, from a small village of thia 
name in Dutchess Co., N. Y. It appears well worthy of a more gen- 
eral dissemination. Tree vigorous, spreading. Young shoots dull gray- 
ish brown. 




Peach-Pond Sweet. 



Fruit of medium size, rather flat, striped light red. Stalk . ong and 
slender. Flesh tender or very mellow, moderately juicy, 'serj rich, 
sweet, and agreeable. Yery good. September to November. 

Pear. 
Pear-Apple. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblong, pale yellow, with a blush 
in the sun, few gray dots. Flesh wliite, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. Core small. December, February. 

Peaesall's Sweet. 

Supposed to have originated in Queens Co., Long Island. Tree up 
right spreading, quite productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes oblique, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled ^vith light red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, moderately jmcy, sweet. Good. Core large 
and open. November, January. A good keeper, and valuable for 
baking. 

Pearson's Early. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, pale yellow. Flesh yellowish 
white, sharp subacid. Aiigust, September. (Elliott.) 



THE APPLE. 



301 



Pearson's Plate, 

A variety from England, wliicli has a very high replication. 

!^ruit small, about two and a half inches in diameter, regularly 
formed, flat, greenish yellow, becoming yellow, with a little red in the 
sun. Flesh white, crisp, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. February, 
March. Core small. 

Peck's Pleasant. 

Waltz Apple. 

A first-rate fruit in all respects, belonging to the Newtown Pippin 
class. It has long been cultivated in Rhode Island, where, we think, it 
originated, and in the northern part of Connecticut, and deserves ex- 
tensive dissemination. It considerably resembles the Yellow Newtown 
Pippin, with more tender flesh, and is scarcely inferior to it in flavor 




Peck's Pleasant. 



The tree is a moderate, upright spreading grower, but bears regu- 
larly and well, and the fruit commands a high price in the market. The 
apples on the lower branches of old trees are flat, while those on the 
upper branches are nearly conical. Young shoots reddish brown, slightly 
do^vny. 

Fniit above medium size, roundish, a little ribbed, and slightly flat- 
tened, Avith an indistinct furrow on one side. Skin smooth, and when 
first gathered, green, with a little dark red ; but when ripe a beautiful 
clear yellow, with bright blush on the snnny side and near the stalk, 
marked with scattered gray dots. The stalk is peculiarly fleshy and 
flattened, short, and sunk in a Avide, rather wavy ca\T.ty. Calyx woolly, 
sunk in a narrow, abruptly, and pretty deeply sunk basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish, fine-grained, juicy, crisp and tender, with a delicious, high aro 
tnatic sprightly subacid. Veiy good or best. November to March. 



302 the apple. 

Pelham Sweet. 
Green Sweet. 

From Massaclitisetts. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Frmt below medium, roundisb oblate conic, greenish, sometimes 
shaded with red in sun, splashes and patches of russet. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, moderately tender, sweet. Good. Core 
small. December to March. 

Peitoingtox's Seedling. 

An English fruit of medium size, nearly flat, a little angular, mostly 
covered with rough yellow russet, with a little pale brown in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, with a brisk acid juice. Hardly good. 
November to March. 

Pennock. 

Pomme Eoye. Big Romanite. Red Pennock 

Large Romanite. Neisley's Winter Penick. Pennock's Red Winter. 

Proliiic Beatity. Pelican Gay's Romanite . 

Roman Knight. Red Ox. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading 
grower, and very productive. 

Fruit quite large, oblique, generally flat, but occasionally roundish 
oblong, fine deep red, with faiut, indistinct streaks of yellow. Flesh 
yellow, tender, and juicy, with a pleasant half sweet flavor. Good. 
Nov^ember to March. 

• Pennsylvania Sweet. 

Pennsylvania Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, oblong, greenish yellow. Flesh tender, fine-grained, 
very sweet. Good. Early winter. (Warder.) 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, conical oblate, truncated, yellow, blushed, very little 
splashed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. De- 
cember, January. (Warder.) 

People's Choice. 
Melt-in-the-Mouth of some. 

A Pennsylvania fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young 
shoots g]'ayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Color red, sometimes 
obscurely striped, thickly sprinkled Avith large whitish dots of peculiar 
appearance. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid. Good 
December to March. 



the apple. 303 

Pepin Kusse. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, -vsith reddish gi'ay dots, 
bright red in the sun. Flesh fine, half fii-m, yellowish white, subacid. 
December, January. (S. V. M.) 

Perry Russet. 
Golden Russet. 

The origin of this is in obscurity. It was, many years since, car- 
ried from Perry, Wyoming Co., N. Y., to the West, iinder the name 
of Golden Russet, but as it was entirely distinct from the true Golden 
Russet, it soon became known as the Perry Russet, which name we con- 
tinue. It is of " good " qviality for table or kitchen, but does not keep 
late, and sometimes drops its fruit from the tree early. Tree a moderate, 
upright spreading grower, hardy, an early and abu.ndant bearer. Young 
shoots light brownish red. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes a little oblique, pale 
yellow, netted with russet on the sunny side, and sometimes bi'ownish. 
Stalk short; cavity narrow, sometimes with a lip. Calyx closed. Basin 
abrupt. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
November, December. 

Petit Jean. 

From Jersey, England. Tree an abundant bearer. 
Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, pale yellow, shaded and striped 
with red. Flesh white, tender. Good. November, February. 

Petworth Nonpareil. 
Green Nonpareil. 

Ronalds describes this English fruit as larger than the old Nonpa- 
reil, of the same shape, green. Flesh crisp, juicy. February, March. 

Phillippi. 

Origin, supposed Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous. Young shoots 
reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, greenish yellow, with numerous 
blotches and gray dots, and a blush on the exposed side. Stalk short 
and slender, inserted in a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small, closed, set 
in a narrow superficial basin. Flesh tender, fine texture, juicy. Good 
to very good. October to January. 

Phillips' Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of George Phillips, Coshocton Co., Ohio. 
Tree thrifty, upright, very productive. Young wood smooth, light, 
clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, whitish 
yellow, shaded with light red, and striped and splashed with dark, 



304 THE APPLE. 

large light dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Caljx closed. 
Segments sliort. Basin abruj^t, deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good to very good. Core small. December, 
March. 

Phcenix. 

From Illinois. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblate, light yellow, faintly shaded, 
splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown and light dots. Flesli 
yellowish, coarse, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. December, March. 

Pickard's Reserve. 

Origin, Parke Co., Ind. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit rather lai'ge, oblate, sides uneqiial, yellow, shaded with red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. 
Basin large, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, 
juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. Core small. 
December, January. 

PiCKMAN. 
Pickman Pippin. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull brown, 
downy. Buds knobby at base. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow,. with scattered shades of 
russet, and small russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity medium. Calyx, 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, pleasant subacid. Good to verv 
good. January, April. 

PiFER. 

Pfeifer. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree rapid grower, -upright spreading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sparsely streaked with red on a yel- 
lowish green ground, fawn-colored next the sun. Flesh white, tender, 
subacid. Good. January to July. 

Pigeon. 

Jerusalem. Coeur de Pigeon. Pigeon Rouge. 

Gros Cceur de Pigeon. Passe Pomme. Duif Apfel. 

Rother Taubenapfel. Arabian Apple. 

This old Apple is described by Bonalds as a free but not robust 
grower. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, straw color, flushed with red in the 
sun. Flesh white, delicate, crisp, pleasant subacid. December to 
February. 

PiGEONETTE. 

Pigeonet Blanc. Pigeonette Blanc d';6t^. 

Pigeonette Gros de Rouen. Museau de Levre. 

American, Peach. Taubenf arbige ApfeL 

This is described by Hogg as of only second quality, and here pro- 
bably of little value. 



THE APPLB. 306 

Fruit below medmm, oblate roundish, yellow, striped and rayed with 
red. Flesh white, delicate, agreeable acid. August, September 

PiGEONETTE DE RoUEN. 

This is described in the Aimals of Pomology, by M. Bivort, as tree 
very productive. 

Fruit lar-ge, oblong conical, truncated, pale yellow, spotted with gray, 
washed and blotched -with bright red. Flesh white, tendei-, subacid 
Good. December to March. 

PiKETON E.USSET. 

Origin, near Piketon, Ohio. 

Fruit large, conical, reddish green, and russety. February to April. 
(O. P. S. Rep.) 

Piles Russet. 
Pyles Eusset. 

An old English Apple. Tree %dgorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, covered with russet, be- 
coming dull brown or orange in the sun. Flesh, greenish, breaking, 
brisk, slightly aromatic subacid. November to April. (Lindley.) 

Pine Apple Russet. 
Hardiagham's Russet. 

Tree of moderate growth, fruit not fair or very valuable. 

Fruit medium, conic, angular. Skin whitish yellow, faintly striped. 
Stalk rather long and slender. Cavity uneven, and slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, 
subacid, slightly aromatic. Very good. Last of September and Oc- 
tober. 

Pine Creek Sweet. 
Hamilton 

Origin, Pine Creek, Clinton Co., Pa. Tree very vigorous, upright 
spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with a few 
brown dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, large, uneven. Calyx small, 
closed. Basin abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, 
tender, juicy, rich, honeyed sweet. Very good. Core small. October. 

Pine Strawberry. 

Ti-ee healthy, vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, pale yellow, blushed and splashed, 
light carmine. Dots large, yellow. Calyx open. Stalk short. Flesh yel- 
low, tough, juicy, sweet. Good. Winter. (Am. Hort. An.) 

Pink Sweeting. 

Originated with William Keller, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigor- 
ous, spreading, producing enormous crops. 

20 



306 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, greenish, nearly covered with bright red, j>erfect in form, 
rich, pleasant, sweet. Good. September, October. 

Pinner. 
Carrell's Seedling. Pinner Seedling. 

Origin, Middlesex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed slightly, yellowish brown russet, be- 
coming reddish brown in the sun. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, brisk 
subacid. December, February. 

Pioneer. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded with light red, 
and splashed and striped with dark red, many small light and gray dots. 
Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core small. October, No- 
v^ember. 

PiTMASTON Golden Pippin. 

Fruit small, round, rough, pale yellowish brown russet. Flesh deep 
yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sweet. December. (Hogg.) 

PiTMASTON KONPAREIL. 
St. Jolin's Nonpareil. Pitmaston. Russet Nonpareil 

Origin, near Worcester, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull green, with russet and taint rect 
in the sun. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rich, aromatic subacia. No- 
vember, December. (Lind.) 

PiTMASTON Pine-Apple. 

Fruit small, conical, yellowish brown russet. Flesh yellowish, firm^ 
crisp, sugary. December, January. (Hogg.) 

Pittsburgh Pippin. 

Flat Pippin. Swiss Pippin. Swiss Apple. 

Father Apple. WUliam Tell. Schwitzer Apple. 

Greasy Back. Pippin. Wythe. 

Origin, supposed to be Pittsburgh, Pa. An irregular grower, some- 
what drooping in habit, and generally a good bearer. Young shoots 
dull reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, oblate, obscurely ribbed, pale yellow, rarely with a blush, 
sparsely sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short and small, in a large 
cavity, sometimes a little russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Basin broad 
and corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good 
to very good. November to April. 

Platt's Sweet. 
Origin, Addison Co., Yt. Tree a strong grower, and productive. 



THE APPLE. 307 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides imequal, greenish, yellow, 
shaded and striped with dull red. Flesh yellowish, juicy, peculiar, 
sweet. Good. Core small. January to jNIarch. 

Pleasant Yalley Pippin. 

Of unknown origin. Received from New Jersey. Tree moderately 
\n.gorous, upright spreading. 

Pruit medium, roi;ndish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, with 
brown or gray dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. October, Novembei 

Plum. 

Origin \inknown. Tree upright, moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with a tinge of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. 
Very good. Core small. August. 

Polish. 
Eed Polish. 

Originated in the neighborhood of Boston, Mass. Tree very produc- 
ti\e, moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped 
with dark rich red, light gray dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, sometimes stained next the skin, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good to very good. October, November. 

Polly Bright. 

Origin supposed to be Virginia. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fi-uit elongated conic. Skin light yellow, shaded with carmine, ob- 
scurely striped. Stalk of medium length, in an acute cavity, russeted. 
Calyx in a small furrowed basin. Flesh tender, Juicy, with a pleasant 
subacid flavor. Good. September, October. 

POMEROY. 
Taunton. 

There are two Pomeroy Apples from England — one from Somerset- 
shire and one from Lancashire ; neither of them proves of much value 
here. The first is medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
strip(!s of red and russet in the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sugary, 
October, December. 

The second is medium, roundish oblate, fibbed at apex, pale yellow, 
shaded cheek of red in the sun, russet dots. Flesh whitish, tender, 
brisk subacid. September, October. 

There is another Pomeroy from Massachusetts, which is of medium 
size, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and marbled in sun with 
light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good or very good. October, 
November. 



308 THE APPLE. 

POMME GbISE. 

Pomme de Cnir. Grise. 

Gray Apple. Leather Apple of Turic. 

A small gray Apple, from Canada., probably of Swiss or French 
origin, and undoubtedly one of the finest dessert Apples for a nortbera 
climate. It is not a strong grower, but is a good early bearer, and baa 
an excellent flavor. Young wood reddisb brown. 




Pomme Grise. 

Fruit below medium size, oblate roundish. Skin greenisb gray or 
cinnamon russet, with a little red towards the sun. Calyx small, set in 
a round basin. Flesh tender, rich, and high-flavored. Yery good to 
best. December to February. 

There is an Apple under name of Pomme Gris d'Or which is claimed 
as of more upright growth. The fruit more oblong and quite distinct, 
We have been unable to so decide. 

Pomme Water. 
Pomme Water Sweet. 

An old Apple, described in Kenrick, Hogg, and others. It has 
travelled considerably, but is not generally known, nor very highly 
appreciated. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish yellow, 
shaded and splashed with red or crimson in the sun. Stalk rather sb ort. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, pleasant, sweet. 
Good to very good. Fine for baking. October, December. 

PoNTO Pippin. 

An English variety, described by Hogg as of medium size, roundish, 
slightly conical, greenish yellow, red in the sun, with spots of dark russet, 
Flesh gi-eenish white, ciisp, tender, brisk subacid. November to Feb' 
ruaiy. 



THE APPLE. 

POORHOUSE. 



309 



A new variety, received from A. L. Woodson, of Kentucky^ by liira 
obtained from Tennessee. 

Fniit large, roundish oblate, pale yellowish green, with russet dots 
Stalk short. Flesh yellowish, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Very good. December. Promises a good keeper. 

Pope. 
Pope's Apple. 

This is described by Hogg as originating in Kent, England, and 
there highl}' esteemed. The tree an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, clear yellow, with patches of 
green, dark dots and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, sugary, 
jviicy, rich, and excellent. November to March. 

Porter. 

A first-rate New England fruit, raised by the Rev. S. Porter, of Sher- 
burne, Mass., and wherever grown a decided favorite. The tree is hardy, 
a moderately vigorous grower, forming a low, round, spreading head and 




producing abundantly, if in good soil, a fruit uniformly fair and even in 
size and form. It is a valuable market fruit, and continues a long time 



310 THE APPLK. 

Fruit rather large, regular, oblong, narrowing to the eye, Coloi 
clear glossy bright yellow, and, when exposed, with a dull bhish next 
the sun. Calyx closed. Segments irregular, set in a narrow and deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender, not three-fourths of an inch long. Flesh 
finegrained, and abounding with juice, sprightly, agi-eeable aromatic 
subacid. Very good to best. Ripens in September, and deserves general 
cultivation. 

Porter Spitzenburgh. 

Origin uncertain. A free grower and very productive. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, globular, slightly inclining to conic, red, shaded with 
deep crimson. Stalk very short, inserted in a large cavity, surroimded 
by thin russet. Calyx small, closed, set in an open basin. Flesh white, 
much stained, very compact, crisp, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Good 
to very good. November to March. 

Portugal Gray Reinette. 

Reinette Grise de Portugal. Graue Portagiesische Reinette. 

Origin unknown. A very singular-colored fruit, small to medium, 
green, covered with a peculiar dirty reddish brown. Calyx large, closed. 
Flesh greenish white, tender, pleasant subacid, January, February. 

Posey's Red. 
Posey's Eed Winter Sweet. 

Origin ujaknown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Flesh whitish, tender, mild subacid, almost sweet. 
Good. Core small. November to April. 

POSTELEY. 
Posteley's Seedling. 

Origin unknown. Tree a fair grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, greenish yellow, shaded 
in the sun with dull red, many gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, compact, juicy, brisk subacid. Good to 
very good. Core medium. December to March. 

Potter's Large. 

Potter's Large Apple. Potter's Large Seedling. 

A very large English sauce Apple, roundish oblong conical, obscurely 
ribbed, greenish yellow, with a blush red in the stm, and many red and 
gray dots. Flesh white, subacid. October to December. 

Pottinger. 

Big Red. 

Origin and distinctiveness uncertain. Tree vigorous, large. Branches 
upright. Shoots purple, warty. Buds long, pointed. 



THE APPLE. 311 

Fmit large, regular, oblate, dull red, shaded and striped, covering 
the yellow groimtl. Dots small, prominent, with some roughness. Flesh 
yell ow, bretiking, granular, j uicy , subacid, aromatic. Only good for kitchen 
and drying. December, January. (Warder.) 

Pound Cake. 
Royal Pearmain ? 

A Southern Apple, not much known. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, golden yellow, mot* 
tied and shaded with red, netted and patched with russet. Flesh yellow- 
ish, rather crisp, tender, a little granular, vinous, pleasant. Good to 
very good. November, December. 

Pound Royal. 
Winter Pound Royal. 

Probably of French origin. Fruit apt to be unfair, unless with high 
culture. Tree spreading, with long slender branches. Young shoots 
light brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, with a slightly uneven surface, 
pale yellowish white, rarely with a faint blush, and marked when ripe 
■>vith a few large ruddy or dark specks. Flesh very tender, breaking, 
fine-grained, with a mild, agreeable, aromatic subacid. Good, In use 
*'rom December to April. 

Pound's July, 

Origin, Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. Young shoots 
light reddish brown. 

Frait large, roundish conic, sides unequal, greenish white, with a 
dull blush, and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk very short. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, tender, not very juicy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Good 
to very good, July, August, 

Pound Sweet. 

There are several sorts under this popular name, as applied to any 
large sweet apple. One is large, roundish conical, greenish yellow, with 
slight red in sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately juicy, sweet, Sep- 
tember, October, Another is large, roundish, red. Flesh whitish, mod- 
erately juicy, aromatic, sweet. 

POVESHON. 

An old New Jersey Apple, valued mainly for making early cider. 
Fruit small, oblate, deep red. Flesh yellow, dry, sweet. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Powell's Russet, 

A little English Apple, described by Ronalds as roundish oblate, 
\ight bi own russet. Flesh white, firm, brisk subacid, December, Jan« 
jary. 



312 the apple. 

Powers. 
Miller's Apple. 

Origin, Perrysburgh, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundisli oblate, waxy yellow ground, shaded "with reJ, 
and splashed with carmine. Stalk short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx 
closed. Basin abrupt, somewhat corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, aromatic subacid. Very good. October, IsTovember. 
(O. P. S. Trans.) 

There is another Powers, or Powers Seedling, which originated on 
the farm of C. W. Powers, Amenia, Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Flesh white, a little stained next the 
skin, crisp, juicy subacid. Good. November. 

POWNAL SpITZENBURGH. 

Origin, Vermont. An old variety, not much esteemed. Tree a rapid 
grower, but late coming into bearing. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, 
yellow, marbled and striped with red. Flesh yellowish, not very tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Prairie Calville. 
Calville des Prairies. Renetten. Wilden ApfeL 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light yellow, overspread and blotched 
with red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. November, December. 
(An. Pom.) 

Pratt's Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of Daniel Pratt, Richland, Oswego Co., N. T. 
Tree vigorous, with an open spreading head, an annual bearer, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, with broad yet slight ribs. Color rich 
pale yellow ground, marbled, striped, and shaded over two-thirds the 
surface, with two shades of cfear bright pinkish red, and dotted with 
inconspicuous light dots. Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity deep, 
broad, and open. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, moderately deep, round, 
and slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, breaking, tender, 
rather fine-grained and juicy, mild, pleasant, rich, sweet. Very good. 
Core medium. December to March. 

President. • 

Origin, farm of Capt. John White, Salem, N. H. Tree vigorous, 
])roductive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the 
sun, few gray dots. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. Septem- 
ber, October. 

The original tree of the President is said to have been in bearing at 
the inauguration of Washington as President, and to be yet in a healthy 
condition. 



the apple. 313 

President De Fay's Dumonceau. 

Ongin, Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. A new variety, of 
good promise. 

Fnxit very large, oblate, broadly ribbed, rich yellow, splashed and 
marbled with bright red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. November, February. 
(A.n. Pom.) 

Press. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit rather large, oblate. Skin whitish yellow, striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
March. 

Press Ewing. 

Oiiginated in Christian Co., Ky., and introduced to notice by J. S. 
Downer. Tree hardy, vigorous, ii'regular, spreading. Young shoots 
dark bro^vn, pi-oductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, shaded and obscurely splashed with 
ci-imson, and thickly covered with dots, having a dark centre. Stalk 
medium, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed, set in an un- 
even, deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, crisp, tender, 
mild, agreeable subacid. Good to very good. February till April. 

Priestly. 
Priestley's American. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigoroiis, upright, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, smooth, dull red, with small streaks of 
yellowish green. Flesh white, moderately juicy, with a spicy, agreeable 
flavor. Hardly good. December to March. 

Priest's Sweet. 
Blue Sweet. Molasses Sweet. 

Origin, Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium, globular inclining to conic, yellow, cMefly covered 
with dull red stripes and numerous red dots. Stalk short, set in a rather 
deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin small. Flesh white, fine, tender, and 
pleasant, not very juicy, a late keeper. Good. January to May. 

Primate. 

Rough and Ready. Early Tart Harvest. 

Sour Harvest. Zour Bough. 

July Apple. Powers. 

Scott . North American Best. 

The true origin of this delicious amateur's Apple is unknown. It ap? 
pears to have been long known and gi'own in various sections of our 
States under different names. The tree is hardy, a strong and stocky 



311 THE APPLE. 

grower, and forms a beatitiful head, very productive. Young shoofj! 
short-jointed, reddish brown, quite downy. Buds rather prominent. 




Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish white, with a crimson 
blush on the exposed side. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a rather 
large, deep, irregular cavity. Calyx closed ia an abrupt, open, somewhat 
corrugated basin. Flesh white, very tender, sprightly, refreshing, mild 
subacid. Very good or best. An excellent dessert Apple, ripening the 
last of August, and continuing in use till October. 

Princely. 

Origin, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a good grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
marbled, and indistinctly splashed with red, small light dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild 
almost sweet subacid. Core small. Good to very good. October, 
January. 

Prince of Orange. 

Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong, ribbed, pale yellow, with 
blotches of red. Flesh yellowish white, tender, soft, subacid. Good. 
October, NoTOmber. (An. Pom.) 

pRiNCEssE Noble. 

Grosser Edler Prinzessinapfel. 

An excellent Dutch Apple. Tree a good grower, an early and good 
bearer. 



THE APPLE. 315 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat conical, yellowish, with many 
broken stripes of red. Flesh yellowish white, fii-m, j uicy, pleasant, vi- 
nous. November, (Hogg.) 

Princesse Noble des Ch.vrtreaux. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, bright green, with many indistinct spots, 
greenish brown around the stalk. Stalk short. Calyx small. Flesh 
yello^vish white, firm, sugary, agreeable acid. January, February. 
(Verg.) 

Prinz. 

Of German origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright, a good grower, 
and productive. Young shoots reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit large, roiandish conical, obscurely ribbed, yellow, shaded with 
pale red in the sun, few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, tender, breaking, mild, pleasant subacid. Good 
to very good. October, November. 

rxoGRESs. 
" Esquire MUler's Best Sort." 

A native of Middlefield, Conn. Tree a moderate grower, and forms 
a handsome head, bears early, and very productive. The original tree 
stands on the land ol Enoch Coe, formerly of Isaac Miller Esq., and for 
some time was called " Esquire Miller's best Sort." 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Stalk short, inserted in a round 
cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, partially closed, set in. an 
open basin. Skin smooth, yellow, with a sunny cheek, sometimes with 
a few scattered gray dots. Flesh solid, tender, crisp, juicy, refreshing, 
sulyacid. Good to very good. Core small. Eipe, October to April. 

Prolifeeous Reinette. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, roundish, obscurely ribbed, dull yellow with broken 
stripes of crimson, small russety specks. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, 
rich brisk flavor. October, December. 

Prolific Beautt. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, with dull stripes of red. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, acid. Poor. September, December. 

Prolific Sweet. 

From Connecticut. Tree a good grower, very productive, fine for 
cooking. 

Fruit roundish conic. Skin greenish. Flesh whitish, tender, witl) 
a pleasant, sweet, spicy flavor. November to February. 



316 



THE APPLE. 



Prop, 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate oblique, pale yellow, with a few large splashes 
and stripes of light red, feAv large brown dots. Stalk short. Calys 
large, open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. December. 



Pitzer HiU. 



Pryor's Ped. 
Big Hill. 



Prior's Red. 



Origin unknown. Tree upright, spreading, not very vigorous, nor 
an early bearer, requires a deep, rich soil, and a warm season or a south- 
ern climate for the full development of its excellence. Young wood 
and buds clear reddish brown, many large conspicuous gray dots. 




Pryor's Red. 

Fruit medium, somewhat globular oblate, obliquely depressed. Color 
gieenish yellow, shaded with red, striped with dark crimson, and thickly 
sprinkled with greenish gray dots, and some seasons much covered with 
russet. Stalk short and tliick, inserted in a small acute cavity, sur- 
roimded by traces of russet, which sometimes considerably overspread 
the fruit. Calyx firmly closed, set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, very rich, pleasant subacid. Yery good. January to 
March. 

There is an apple under name of Pryor's Blue, which may be distinct 
fraui the above, and may prove identical. 

Pucker End. 

From Long Island. Tree thrifty and prodxictive. Fruit large, 
roundish, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often shaded with crimson in 



THE APPLE. 317 

the snn, few dark gray dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesli 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. Core large. October. 

Pumpkin Russet. 

Sweet Russet. Pumpkin Sweet. Flint Russet. 

York Russet . 

Origin unknown. Trees large and s})i"eading. 

Emit large, round. Flesh pale yellowish green, slightly covered 
with russet. Stalk long, set in a wide, shallow cavity. Eye narrow, 
slightly sunk. Elesh exceedingly rich and sweet. Good. September 
to January. 

Pumpkin Sweet. 
Vermont Pumpkin Sweet. Lyman's Pumpkin Sweet. Pound Sweet 

A very large sweet Apple, which we received from Mr. S. Lyman, 
of Manchester, Conn. It is, perhaps, inferior to the Jersey Sweet or 
the Summer Sweet Paradise for the table, but is a veiy valuable apple 
for baking, and deserves a place on this account in eveiy orchard. Tree 
upright, sj)reading. Young wood brown. 

Fruit very large, roundish, more or less furrowed or ribbed, espe- 
cially near the stalk. Color pale green, with obscure whitish streaka 
near the stalk, and numerous white dots near the eye, sometimes becom- 
ing a little yellow next the sun. Elesh white, very sweet, but not verv 
juicy. Good. September to December. 

There is also in Connecticut and Massachusetts another Pumpkin 
Sweet, the tree of which is a strong, upright grower, and very produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, rich yellow, fre(^uently with consider- 
able russet. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, rich, sugary, sweet, ripen- 
ing in September and October. Yery valuable for baking or stock feed- 
aig. 

There are also several other Apples txnder the name of Pumpkin 
Sweet, but we consider the two above described as the best we ha.v^> 
known. 

Pushmataha. 
Sloan's Seedling, 

Originated near Tuscaloosa, Ala. Ti-ee stottt, upright, moderately 
spreading head, early and abundant beayer. Young shoots grayish, 
downy at end. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yel- 
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with rich red, few brown dots. Stalk 
medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. November to January. 

Putnam Harvey. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, gi'eenish, with patches ol 
i-usset. Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid. A jgust, September, 
(Elliott.) 



318 the apple. 

Putnam Keeper. 

From Kentucky. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, yellowish, shaded and splashed vith red. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
noid. Good, Core small. December to March. 

Putnam Sweet. 

Originated near Marietta, Ohio. 

Frxiit large, flat, regular, surface smooth, mixed, splashed, and 
striped deep red. Dots numerous, large. Calyx small, closed. Stalk 
short. Flesh tender, sweet, very good. Kitchen, stock. August, Sep 
tembei . ( War der^ ) 

PUTNEYITE, 

F i-uit mediumi, rouudisli, ^a,bt yellow, coarse, dry, acid. December, 
January. (Elliott.) 

Quaker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, an early 
and great bearer, regarded by some as a valuable market sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, sjDlashed and 
striped with rich red, light dots. Stalk medium, slender. Cavity 
large. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, pleasant, slightly aro- 
matic subacid. Good. ISTovember, February. 

Quaker Pippin. 

Fruit medium, greenish yellow. Yery acid. Poor. October. 
(Elliott.) 

Queen Charlotte. 

An old German Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
Fruit small, conical, greenish, with a facing of brown in sun. Flesh 
brisk, pleasant. March, Ajjril. 

Queen of Sauce. 

A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, striped and flushed with red, 
patches and specks of russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, fixm, crisp, 
juicy, sugary, brisk, pleasant. Good. November, January. 

Queen of the Pippins. 
B,eine des Heine ttes. 

Origin unknown. Foreign. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, truncated, fine yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with red, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
open. Basin large. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, slightly aro- 
matic. Good to very good. November, December. 



the apple. 319 

Queen of the Valley. 

Origin unkuown. Received from Cdiinecticiit. Tree vigoroiis, up- 
right spreading. Young shoots brownish, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather lai-ge, roundisli conical, yellow, mostly shaded, striped, 
and sphvshed with rich red, many whitish dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh wliitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good to vei^ 
good. November, December*. 

Quince. 
Seneca Spice ? Pear Apiile. 

Origin uncertain ; first described by Coxe. In appeai-ance this Apple 
is much like a large yellow Newtown Pippin ; grown at the West it ia 
larger than in New England, of a rich high flavor, and by some es- 
teemed very laighly. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, and 
productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown. Buds small, reddish, 
pointed. 

Fruit medium to large, roundisJi oblate, yellow, rarely with a blusti, 
somewhat broadly ribbed. Stalk short. Cavity broad, open, deep. 
Calyx closed. Basin large, rather deep, furrowed or uneven. Flesh 
yellowish white, crisp, tender, a little coarse, with a brisk, pleasant 
subacid quince aroma. Core rather large. Very good. October, De- 
cember. 

There is another Quvitce, or Coles Quince, which is claimed to have 
originated in Cornish, Maine. The fruit of the two is very similar, 
and we have at times questioned its identity. The young wood is, 
however, different in shade of color, being clear rich reddish brown, 
with buds short, abrupt, prominent. 

Kabine. 

This English Apple is described by Hogg as valuable for culinary 
or dessert purposes. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, ribbed, greenish yellow, mot- 
tled, splashed, and striped "svith red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, ten- 
der, crisp, sugary, brisk, pleasant acid. October, December. 

Ragan. 
Ragan's Red. 

Originated with Reuben Ragan, Putnam Co., Ind. Tree hardy, 
vigoi'ous, and fruitful. Young wood dull reddish bro\yn, grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conic. Color mai-bled and striped 
with red on a green gi'ound. Stalk medium length, inserted in a very 
deep, narrow cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a deep, abrupt basin. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, pleasant, rather rich, spicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. October to November. 

Rambo. 

Fall Romanite. Romanite. Trumpington ? 

Gray Romanite. Seek-no- Further. Large Rambo ? 

Striped Rambo. Bread-and-Cheese Apple. Terry's Redstreak. 

Delaware. Rambouillet. 

The Rambo is one of the most popular autumn or early winter 



320 THE APPLE. 

fruits. It is a MgUy valuable Apple for the table or kitchen, and the 
tree thrives well on light sandy soil, being a native of the banks of 
the Delaware. The tree is of a vigorous, rather spreading habit, quite 
productive. 




Fruit of medium size, flat, smooth, yellowish white in the shade, 
streaked and marbled with pale yellow and red in the sun, and speckled 
with large rough dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved to one side, 
and deeply planted in a smooth funnel-like caAdty. Calyx closed, set 
in a broad basin, which is slightly plaited around it. Flesh greenish 
white, very tender, rich, mild subacid. Very good. October to De- 
cember. 

There is claimed to be a distinct or sub-variety of this, called Med 
Hamho, the fruit of which is more red, otherwise there is no percepti- 
ble difference. 

E.AMBOUR GrOS. 

An old Apple, described by Ronalds as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, slight projecting ribs, yellow, 
marbled and faintly striped with rich warm red. Flesh white, crisp, 
juicy, sharp subacid. Good. December, January. 

E,AMBOUR PaPELEU. 
Eambourg Papeleu. 

Of Russian origin. Tree vigorotis, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conical, deep rich yellow, spotted, 
striped, and splashed with shades of rich red, small light russet dots. 
Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, 
breaking, sharp subacid. Good. November, January. An Apple of 
good promise for market. 



the apple. 321 

Rambour Rose. 

Rambour Rouge. La Mere des Pommes. Kool-appeL 

Tree moderately vigorous, with large strong branches. Very pro 
ductive. 

Fi-uit large, roundish conical, truncated, rich yellow, mostly over- 
spread, splashed, and shaded with I'ich red, traces of fawn russet. 
Stalk large, short. Flesh greenish white, half crisp, sugary acid, agree- 
able. Good for cooking. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Ram's Horns. 

A large dark red Apple, imperfectly described by Cole. Poor. Out 
of use. 

Randel's Best. 
Randel Best. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly flattened, greenish yellow, mostly 
striped and overspread with dark red. Stalk short. Calyx small. 
Flesh white, tender, sweet. November, February. (Elliott.) 

Rasche. 

Originated with W. Rasche, near Hermann, Mo. A new variety, of 
good promise. Tree a strong grower, productive, and hardy. Young 
wood dark brown red, with prominent buds. 

Fruit medixim, roundish oblate, obscure ribs. Color greenish yellow, 
with small irregularly scattered gray dots, a shade of deeper green suf- 
fused, faint traces of russet at the stem end. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, mild subacid. Very good. December to 
March. 

Rattle-Box. 

Hollow Core. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, thinly striped and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, tender, jticy, mild subacid. Good. Core 
large. August. 

Ravelston Pippin. 
Itevelstone Pippin. 

An Apple from Scotland. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, irregularly ribbed, greenish yellow, 
with stripes of red, and many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Rawle's Janet. 

Missouri Janet ? Rock Remain. Jennett. 

Red Neverfail ? Rock Rimmon. Neverfail. 

Rawle's Jaimet. Yellow Janett. Indiana Jannetting. 

Raule's Jannetting. Winter Jannetting. Raul's Gennetting. 

Rawle's Genet. Jeniton. 

Originated in Amherst Co., Va., on the farm of Caleb Rawle. Tree 

21 



322 THE APPLE. 

hardy, vigorous, spreading; it puts forth its leaves and blossoixs much 
later than other varieties in the spring, and consequently avoids injury 
by late frost ; it is, therefore, particularly valuable for the South and 
Southwest, where it is much cultivated. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, yellowish, shaded with red and 
striped with crimson. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a broad open 




Rawle'B Janet. 

cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a rather shallow basin. Flesh 
whitish yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. 
February to June. So far has not succeeded well at the North. 

Rawling's Red Streak. 

Eawling's Fine Red Streak. ^ Eed Streaked Rawling. 

An old English sauce Apple, described in Ronalds. 
Fruit large, roundish, yellow, striped with red. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good for cooking. December to March. 

Rebecca. 
Daddy. 

An old variety, originating with a family by name of Stidham, in 
Delaware. Tree upright spreading. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 
Terminal bud large, blunt. Productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, whitish yellow, sometimes vdth a crimson 
cheek. Stalk short, inserted in a deep, narrow cavity. Calyx closed. 
Basin broad and deep. Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to 
very good August, September. 



THE APPLE. 



323 



Red and Green Sweet. 

Red Pound Sweet. Bedford Sweet. 

Wheelock Sweet. Large Early Red- 

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower, upright spreading, a moderata 
annual bearer. 

Fruit very lai-ge, oblong conic, ribbed, greenish white, with stripes 
of red. Flesh Avhite, tender, sweet ; a good fruit for baking and stock 
feeding. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Red Apple. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, striped and marbled with 
bright red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx large. Flesh whitish, slightly 
stained with red, tender. Good. January to March. (Am. P. S. Rep.) 



Red Astraghan. 



Deterding's Early. 
Astrachan Rouge. 



Vermilion d']&t6. 
Abe Lincoln. 



Rother Astrakan. 

A fruit of extraordinary beauty, first imported into England, with 
the Wliite Astrachan, from Sweden, in 1816. It bears abundantly 
with us, and its singular richness of color is heightened by an exquisite 
bloom on the surface of the fruit, like that of a plum. It is one of the 




Red Astxachan. 



handsomest dessert finits, and its quality is good, but if not taken from 
the tree as soon as ripe it is liable to become mealy. Tree a "vigoroiis 



324 THE APPLE. 

grower, iipriglit spreading. An early and abundant bearer. Yoiing 
shoots clear reddish brown. 

Pruit pretty large, rather above the middle size, and very smooth 
and fair, roundish, a little narrowed towards the eye. Skin almost en- 
tirely covered with deep crimson, with somietimes a little greenish yellow 
in the shade, and occasionally a little russet near the stalk, and covered 
with a pale white bloom. Stalk rather short and deeply inserted. Ca- 
lyx partially closed, set in a slight basin, which is sometimes a little 
irregular. Flesh quite white, crisp, moderately juicy, with an agreeable, 
rich, acid flavor. Good to very good. Ripens from last of July to mid- 
dle of August. 

Red Autumn Calville. 

Calville Rouge d'Automne. Calville Rouge. 

Calville d'Automne. Pomme Violette. 

Erd Beere, or Strawberry of Switzerland. Rosseau, incorrectly. 

An old French Apple of unknovni origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood dark reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, deeply ribbed, pale yellowish, washed 
and overspread with shades of rich dark, or very dark red. Flesh white, 
tender, juicy, often stained with red, sprightly aromatic, subacid. Good. 
September to December. An unprofitable variety. 

Red Belle-Fleur. 

Belle-Fleur. Striped Belle-Fleur. BeUe-Fleur Rouge. Wigwam. 

A French variety, scarcely worth cultivation. 

Fruit large, regular, oblong conical, pale greenish yellow, but nearly 
covered with red, striped with dark red. Flesh white, tender, of tol- 
erably mild flavor, apr. to become mealy. Poor. November to Jan- 
uary. 

Red Canada. 

Old Nonsuch, of Mass. Poland. Richfield Nonsuch. 

Steele's Red Winter. 

An old fruit, formerly much grovra in Connecticut and Massachu- 
setts, but is not now much planted, on account of its small size and poor 
fruit ; succeeds well in Western New York, Ohio, and Michigan. Tree 
thrifty, but of slender growth ; very productive. Young wood brown- 
ish olive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic. Skin yellow, mostly 
shaded with deep red or crimson, somewhat striped or splashed on the 
sunny side, and thickly sprinkled with gray, and sometimes greenish 
dots. Stalk short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity. Calyx closed. 
Segments long, in a small, narrow, somewhat irregular basin. Core 
small, close. Flesh white, tender, crisp, abounding with a brisk, refresh- 
ing juice, and retaining its fine, delicate flavor to the last. Very good 
to best. January to May. 

Red Cathead. 
Cathead of some. 
Tree upright, vigorous, and productive, extensively grown in the 



THE APPLK. 326 

eastern and sotithw'^stern counties of Yirginia. Young -wood dull red- 
dish broAvn. downy. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, partially shaded with dull red^ 
and sometimes deeper red in the shade, and thickly Rj)rinkled with 
whitish dots. Stalk short, inserted in a deep cavity. Calyx open, 
set in a large basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good to very good, October, November. 




Bed Canada. 



Red Cedar. 



Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit medium, dark rich red. Flesh yellow, mild subacid. Yalued 
for its long keeping quality. 

Red Cheek. 

There are claimed to be three distinct Apples under this name. One 

IS said to have originated on the fai^m of ■ Hull, Sharon, Conn. ; 

the tree forming a small branching head, a great bearer, and the fruit a 
long keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish, shaded in the sun with 
light red. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
mild subacid. Core medium. December to February. 

Another Red Cheek is said to have originated near Dracut, Mass. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish conical, whitish, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Core rather large. November, December. 

Another comes from New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong oval, inclining to conic, whitish yel- 
low, shaded with ciimson in the sun, gray and light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. Core rathsj 
small. December, January. 



52tf THE APPLE. 

Red Favorite. 

Origin near Carlisle, Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblate, juicy, subacid. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

Red GiLLIFLOWER. 
Eed Seek-no-Farther. Harkness New Favorite. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, fine red. Flesh white, mild, ri ih. sub- 
acid. November to January. Tree a poor bearer. (ElKott.) 

Red Horse. 

Received from Kentucky. Tree of upright gi'owth. 

Fruit medium, oblate, with broad ribs, mostly covered with dark 
red, and obscure splashes and stripes, and pretty thickly sprinkled with 
light gray dots, and nettings of russet. Stalk short. Cavity large, 
irregular. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, jiiicy, mild sub- 
acid, aromatic. Very good, October, Janiiary. 

We have had but little opportunity of comparing this with other 
varieties, and it may prove a variety known by another name. 

Redick. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Core small. November, December, 

Red Ingestrie. 

Raised by Mr. Knight. This is greatly admired as a dessert Apple 
in England, but not here. 

Fruit small, oblong or ovate, with a wide basin at the eye, and a 
short and slender stalk. Bright yellow, tinged and mottled with red on 
the siinny side. Flesh very firm, juicy, and high flavored. Good. 
Ripens in September and October. 

Red Jewell. 

Originated in Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good and handsome grower, 
an early bearer, and uniformly productive, A new promising sort. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Sides often unequal. Color very dark 
crimson red, with many white conspicuous dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
closed, or partially open. Flesh yellowish, firm, compact, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid. Good to very good, December to February. 

Red June S\\rEET. 
June Sweeting. 

Origin unknown. Received from Pennsylvania. Tree a fine 
grower and abund xnt bearer, continuing a long time in use. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish inclining to oblate, greenish yellow, stripeA, 
«plashed, and shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 



THE APPLE. 327 

white, tender, moderately jtnoy, rich, pleasant, sweet. Very Good. 
July, August. 

Red Mormon. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly splashed 
^vith red, small dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, juicy, slightly aromatic subacid. Good to very good. 
Core small. Jauuai-y to March. 

Red Must. 

An old Herefordshire (England) cider fruit, of large size, roundish 
oblate, yellow, with red cheek in the sun. Flesh rich. October, No- 
vember. 

Red Rance. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright spreading grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly conic. Color fine yellow, 
shaded witli red and thickly covered with whitish dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a small cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, rich, with a mild Spitzenburgh flavor. 
Good to very good. December, February. 

Red Republican. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, striped and shaded 
with red, and sprinkled with large wMtish dots. Stalk short, in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, deep, and furrowed. Good. Flesh 
coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. 

Red Romakin. 
Pomme Romarin Rouge. . Mela di Rosmarino rossa. 

An Italian fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate oblong conic, bright yellow, shaded with red, and 
dotted with small brown spots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, crisp, sugary acid, perfumed. Core small. Decem- 
ber to March. (Aja. Pom.) 

Red Russet. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Sanborn, Hampton Falls, N. H. Tree very 
vigorous, upright spreading, and productive. Young wood clear reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with dull red and deep 
carmine in the sun, and thickly covered with gray dots, with a slight ap. 
pearance of rough russet on most of the surface. Stalk rather short and 
thick, inserted in a medium cavity, surrounded with thin russet. Calyx 
nearly closed. Segments long, recurved, in a naiTOw, uneven basin. 
Flesh yellow, solid, crisp, tender, with an excellent rich, subacid flavor, 
somewhat rescuibUng Baldwin. Very good. January to Aiiiil, 



328 the apple. 

Red Seek-no-Farther. 

OrigiiJL unknown. From Pennsylvania. Tree open, spreading, good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenisli yellow, splashed, striped, and shaded 
with red. Flesh whitish green, crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. December, January. 

Ked Streak. 
Herefordahure Red Streak. Scudamore's Crab. Johnson. 

A capital English cider Apple, which thrives admirably in this 
country, and is very highly esteemed, as it makes a rich, high flavored, 
strong liquor. It is a handsome grower, and a great bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Calyx small, set in a rather deep 
basin. Stalk rather slender and short. Skin richly streaked with red, 
with a few yellow streaks and spots. Flesh yellow, rich, firm, and 
dry. Good. 

Red Stripe. 
English Red Stripe. Carolina Red Stripe. Rockhill's Summer Queen. 

Origin unknown. Comes to us from Indiana. Tree hardy and pro- 
ductive. Valuable fruit for mai'ket or cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, almost ribbed, whitish, considerably 
striped, splashed, and mottled with crimson. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
August. Core large and open. 

Pi,ED Sweet. 

Origin, on the farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree upright, 
vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, yellowish, striped and shaded with 
light red, and sprinkled with greenish dots. Flesh whitish, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. November to February. 

Red Warrior. 

Origin, North Carolina. Distinct from Nickajaok, which is some- 
times grown under this name. Tree tipright, with young shoots dark 
reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and marbled with two 
shades of red. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy. Good. November to 
jNIarch. 

Red Winter Calville. 

Calville Royale d'Hiver. Calville Rouge d'Hiver. Calville Rouge Normande. 
CalvUle Rouge d'Anjou. Calville Rouge. Sanguinole. 

CaiUot Rosat. Red Calville. Calville vxaie des Allemands 

Cushman's Black? 

An old French variety, quite superseded. 

Fruit meditim, roundish conic, ribbed, pale and dark red. Flest 
lender, mild subacid. Poor. No-s'ember to February. 



THE APPLE. 



329 



Red Winter Pearmain. 



Red Lady Finger. 
BuiLkum. 

Robertson s Pearmain. 
Jackson's Red. 



Buncombe. Red Fall Pippin. 

Red Vandevere. Meig's. 

Batchelor. Tinson's Red. 

Southern Fall Pippin. Powers. 



Origin unknoAvn. An old variety. Tree of moderate upright 
growth ; a regular bearer. Young shoots clear rich reddish bx-own 
slightly downy. 




Red Winter Pearmain, 



Fruit medium size, ]-oundish oblong conic, yellowish white, mostly 
shaded with maroon and thickly sprinkled with large light dots. Stalk 
very short, in an acute deep cavity, slightly russeted. Oaljrx closed, set 
in a small, round, open basin. Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild 
subacid, or nearly sweet, slighfly aromatic. Good to verv good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Bed Winter Sweet. 

Origin unkno^vn. Specimens from Kentucky, although the fii'uit 
is there stated to have come from Virginia or Maryland. 

Fruit medium, i-oundish conic, deep crimson on yellow, •with indis- 
tinct splashes and stripes, large and small light dots. Stalk short. 
Cavity small. Calyx small, clesed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, rich, 
honeyed sweet. Fine for cooking. December, February. 

Reed. 

Originated on the premises of George Reed, Leedsville, Dutches? 
Co., N. Y. 



330 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, whitish, shaded, splashed, and mottled ^vit^ 
light aud dark red. Stalk medium. Calyx small, closed. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Good. November. 



Reinette Calville. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, rich yellow, with broad 
stripes of dull red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, perfumed. 
November January. (Diel.) 

Reinette Coulon. 

A new Apple, originating with M. L. Coulon, Liege, in 1856. Tree 
vigorous, with dark reddish gray young shoots. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, golden yellow, 
washed and splashed with rich blight red, many prominent reddish gray 
dots. Stalk stout, short. Cavity deep. Calyx closed. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh creamy white, semi-crisp, brisk subacid, agTeeable. Core 
open, large. November, January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Daniel. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Sides unequal, whitish yel- 
low, nearly covered with thin dull russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh whitish, moderately tender, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. 
Good. November to Febriiary. 

Reinette D'Anjou. 

Of French origin. New. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, shaded 
and indistinctly splashed with rich red, few light or areole dots. Stalk 
rather slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx large, open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid. 
Yery good. Core medium, hollow. December, February. 

Reinette de Bateux. 

A Belgian Apple of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conical, golden yellow, shaded with 
red around the stalk, and with scattered red dots. Stalk short. Cavity 
large. Calyx half closed. Flesh white, half tender, sharp subacid. 
December to January. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette de Breda. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rich yellow, with russet aud red in 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, vinous, aromatic, 
December to March. (Diel.) 



the ajpple. 33 i 

Reinette de Caux, 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly oblate, yellow, sjDlasheil and mottled 
with bright red in the sun, many gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx half 
closed, Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, agreeable aromatic, sub- 
acid. January, February. (Alb. Pom.) 

Reinette de Clare val. 

Of French oi-igin. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, clear lemon yellow, with a slight 
tinge of I'ed iu the sun. Flesh fine, while, fia-m, juicy, aromatic, vinous. 
December, Maj-ch. (Diel.) 

Reinette de Hongrie. 

An old Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, rough gray russet, with faint orango 
in the sun, numerous warty specks. Flesh greenish white, firm, crisp, 
aromatic. November to April. 

Reinette de Thorn. 

Supposed to have originated in Holland. It is described in the An- 
nals of Pomology as a vigorous, upright, productive tree. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish trimcated, yellowish, washed, shaded, 
and mottled -with bright red, gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
with long segments. Flesh creamy white, tender, juicy, rich subacid. 
December. 

Reinette Dore. 
Reinette Jaune Sardive. Reinette Rousse. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, with a tinge of red in the sun, 
nettings of russet, and large brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, not very juicy, firm, subacid. Good. Core small. 
October, November. 

Reinette du Yigan. 

Of foreign unknown origin. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich yellow, with many red and gray 
dots, faint blush of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh yellow, tinted with rose, fine-grained, firm, juicy, ricli subacid. 
December to March. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Grain d'Or. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish, vnth. gray spots and dots, 
bronzed in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish^ 
firm, juicy, brisk subacid. December, Januarv. (Alb. Pom.) 



332 THE APPLE. 

E.E1NETTE Pippin. 

Origin, supposed France. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, with light and 
gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
medium or small, corrugated. Flesh white, crisp, moderately juicy^ brisk 
subacid. Good. Core rather large, December, Jamiary. 

Reinette Quarrendon. 

French origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, golden yellow, washed and 
splashed with two shades of red, small black dots. Stalk slender. 
Calyx closed. Flesh white, half ciisp, sugary acid. December. (Alb. 
Pom.) 

Reinette St. Lambert. 

Supposed to have originated in Liege. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly overspread 
with brilliant rich red or crimson, with a tinge of purple. Stalk short. 
Calyx in a deep basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, delicate, per- 
fumed. September. Of good promise. (An. Pom.) 

Reinette Triomphante. 
Victorious Reinette . 

A. German early winter Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong, pale yellow, thickly dotted with white specks 
and rough, projecting wai'ts. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, pleasant aroma- 
tic. Good. The tree is of thrifty growth, and is said to bear well. 

E.EIMETTE VeRVAENE. 

Originated at Ledeberg-les-Gand. Tree spreading. Young wood 
brownish, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, mottled and shaded with brick red. 
Flesh greenish white, fine-grained, sharp subacid. Good. November. 

Republican Pippin. 

Origin, Lycoming Co., Pa. First discovered by George Webb, who 
gave it the name. Tree of strong, but crooked growth, only moderately 
productive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, dull yellow, mostly shaded with red, 
somewhat striped and marbled, and thinly sprinkled with large gray 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Cooking and drying. Septembei, 
October. 

Rhode Island Greening. 

Burlington Greening. Russine. Bell Duboia, 

Jersey Greening. Griinling von Rhode Island. 

The Rhode Island Greening is such a universal favorite, and is sc 
generally knoA\'i:i, that it seems almost superfluous to give a description 



THE APPLE. 333 

of it. Tt succeeds well in almost all of the noi'thern sections of the 
States, and on a great variety of soils, and where it does succeed is one 
of the most esteemed and profitable among early winter fruits, lu 
Southern Ohio, Indiana, and farther south it drops too early. Tree a 
very vigorous, strong, spreading grower. Young shoots reddish brown. 
Very productive. 




Bhode Island Grreening. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little flattened, pretty regular, biit often 
obscui-ely ribbed, dai-k green, becoming greenish yellow when ripe, when 
it sometimes shows a dull blush near the stalk. Calyx small, woolly, 
closed, in a slightly sunk scarcely plaited basin. Stalk three-fotu'ths of 
aa inch long, curved, thickest at the bottom. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, 
tender, crisp, with an abundance of rich, slightly aromatic, lively, acid 
juice. Very good. November to February. 

Rhode's Orange. 

Raised by Col. Mercer Rhodes, Newton Co., Ga, Tree a slow 
grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, washed, striped, and mot- 
tled with light red, many light and gray dots. Stalk rather long. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. August. 

RiBSTOK Pippin. 
Glory of York. Travers'. Formosa Pippin. Rockhill's Russet 

The Ribston Pippin, a Yorkshi)-e Apple, stands as high in Great 
Britain as the Bank of England, and to say that an Apple has a Ribston 



334 



THE APPLE. 



fla-\or is there the highest praise that can be bestowed. But it ia 
scarcely so much esteemed here, and must be content to give place with 
us to the JSTewtown Pippin, the Swaar, the Spitzenburgh, or the Baldwin, 
In Maine, and parts of Canada, it is very fine and productive. 




Ribston Pippin. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, greenish yellow, mixed with a little 
russet near the stalk, and clouded with dull red on the sunny side. 
Stalk short, slender, planted in a rather wide cavity. Calyx small, 
closed, and set in an angular basin. Flesh deep yellow, firm, crisp, with 
a sharp, rich, aromatic flavor. Very good. The tree forms a spreading 
top. November to April. 



Derrick's Graft. 
Strawberry. 



Richard's Graft. 

Red Spitzenburgh. 
Wine. 
Uncle Eichard's Graft. 



Derrikinan. 
Dirck's Graft. 



Originated at Greenport, Columbia Co., N. Y. An excellent fall 
Apple, worthy o£ extended cultivation. Tree a free, upright spreading 
grower, productive. Young shoots very dark reddish brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color yellow, nearly covered with 
splashes, marblings, and shades of rich red. Stalk medium length, slen- 
der. Cavity large. Calyx small, closed. Segments sometimes recurv- 
ed. Basin medium, slightly uneven. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
pleasant, rich, aromatic subacid. Yery good. September, October. 

Richardson. 

Origin, farm of Ebenezer Richardson, Massachusetts. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, mostly covered with red, bright in the 



THE APPLE. 335 

sun, with mimerous large, light specks. Stem rather stout, in a largo 
cavity. Calyx large, open, in a deep narrow basin. Flesh greenish 
white, remarkably tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, almost saccharine 
Qavor. Good. Last of August and September. (Cole.) 




RichardV Graft. 



Richmond. 



Origin, farm of D. C. Richmond, Sandusky, O. Tree a free grower, 
and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit large, oblate, light yellow, striped, splashed, and marbled with 
crimson, and thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, jiiicy, vinous, sweet, and rich. Good. 
October to February. 

Ridge Pippin. 

Origin unknown, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree a good grower and 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roTindish conical, very miich ribbed. Yellow, very 
slightly shaded, sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk rather 
short, inserted generally in a large cavity. Calyx closed, set in an ab- 
mpt uneven basin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, with a mild, almost 
saccharine, slightly aromatic flavor. Good. March, April. 

Valued mainly as a long keeper and salable in market. 

RiEST. 

From Simon S. Riest, Lancaster, Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, ribbed at apex, fair yellow. Flesh fine, 
pleasant. Good. August. 



336 THE APPLE. 



RiGLET, 



From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Frxiit mediiim, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded and splashed 
with shades of red. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. December to March. 

ElTTER. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

F]"uit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, striped and splashed with 
two shades of red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, almost sweet. Good. September. 

RiVEB. 

Oiigin, Massachusetts. Tree of slow growth, but productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, ribbed, yellow, 
striped and shaded with dark red, with a slight bloom. Stalk medium, 
deeply planted. Calyx open, set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh 
juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. 

EoADg!rowN Pippin. 

Introduced to notice by James McLean, of Roadstown, N. J., and 
originated in that town. A strong, erect grower, and makes a large 
tree ; a good bearer, and a profitable market fruit, large and uniformly 
fair, excellent for cooking and drying. Size large, oblate oblique. 
Calyx small, and closed. Skin greenish yellow, sparsely sprinkled with 
green dots. Flesh white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good to very 
good. Middle of April to the middle of September. 

Roane's White Ceab. 

Aji old Virginia cider Apple ; valuable only for that purpose. 
Fruit small, round, yellow. September, October. 

Robeeson's "White, 

Origin said to be Culpepper Co., Va., where it is popular. Tree up- 
right, of rapid growth, and bears regular crops. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Color greenish yellow, with many 
dark dots. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, crisp, juicy, subacid. Good. 
October to December. 

RoBEET Beuce. 

Origin, Wake Co., N. C. Ti-ee of vigorous, upright growth, and 
good bearer. 

Fruit rather above medium, oblate, crimson shaded. Calyx open, 
Stalk short. Flesh white, rather coarse, juicy, pleasant. August. 
(Gar. Mon.) 



the apple. 337 

Roberts. 
Roberta Seedling. 

Origin, Muskingum Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with blush cheek in sun. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Very good. November, 
December. 

ROBEY. 

Robey's Seedling. 

Raised by H. R. Robey, Fredericksburgh, Ya. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit large, round, tapei*ing to the eye. Color liA^elj' red, faintly 
striped, on a scarcely pei'ceptible yellow ground, thickly covered with 
creamy spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Robin. 

This is a new Apple, originated in the garden of M. Robin, at 
Corbeil, and described in the Annals of Pomology. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, yellowish, mottled and veined 
with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh 
white, jBrm, juicy, perfumed subacid. April to May. 

Robinson's Pippin. 

An old English Apple of little value. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, bronzed in the sun. 
Flesh greenish, tender, juicy, sharp subacid or acid. December, Feb- 
ruary. 

Robinson's Superb. 

Faxrar's Summer. 

An Apple from Virginia. Tree upright, productive. 
Fruit large. Flesh, crisp, jtiicy. September, October. 

Robinson's Sweet. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree upright, vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, round, light red, striped. Flesh fine-grained, juicy, 
sweet. Too much of the fruit imjierfect to make it desirable. 

ROCHELLE ReINETTE. 
Reinette de la Rochelle. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, brownish blush 
in ST'Ji, many large gray and red spots or dots. Flesh whitish, rather 
coarse, tender, juicy, T>iild subacid. January. (Am. Pom.) 

22 



338 the apple. 

Rock. 

Origin, Peterborough, N. H,, recommended by Robert Wilson, of 
Keene, as an excellent fruit. Tree vigorous, with long, slender branches^ 
very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly flattened, striped and splashed with 
dark and bright red on a yellowish ground. Flesh white, tender, juicy, 
flavor subacid. Good. September, October. 

Another Rock Apple comes from Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, whitish, sprinkled with a 
few indistinct gray and light dots. Flesh white, tender, juicy, lively 
subacid. Good. Core small. August. 

Rock Pippin. 
Lemon. Walnut Stem. 

From (^hio. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, yellow, bronzed in sun. Flesh firm, 
and a good keeper, and in spring profitable market fruit. (O. P. S.) 

RocKPORT Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a strong grower and productive. 
Yoxmg shoots reddish brown, smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish, becoming waxen yellow, 
with a dull red cheek. Stalk rather long, inserted in a cavity some- 
what ribbed, surrounded by russet. Calyx large, nearly closed, set in 
a broad, open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, brisk, sweet. Good to very 
good. January to April. Core small. 

There is claimed to be another Rockport Sweet, originating in Ohio, 
but we fail to discover the distiacfcion by means of the fruit. 

Rock Sweet. 

Origin, farm of Elihu Pearson, ISTewbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, and a constant bearer. Young shoots reddish olive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic, reddish, 
shaded, striped, and splashed with darker red, and sprinkled with large 
whitish dots. Stalk short, set in a broad, deep, russeted cavity. Caly:x 
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Rolen's Keeper. 

Rowland. 

Fruit medium, round, regular, splashed red on russet. Dots scattered, 
small, white. Calyx small, closed. Fiesh greenish yellow, fine grained 
acid, rich. Good to very good. Marcli, Anril. (Warder.) 

ROLLIN. 

Rolla ? 

Origin. Franklin Co., N. C. Tree of moderate growth, bears abuii- 
dantly. 



THE APPLE. 



339 



Fruit medium, rouudish oblate, yellow, stained and sti-iped with 
dull red. Stalk long. Cavity wide and deep. Basin shallow. Flesh 
compact, fine-grained, subacid. Good to very good. October to Janu 
ary. 



KOMANITE. 



Broad River. 



Southern Eomanite. 



The origin of this Apple is unknown. It has been sometimes con- 
founded or placed as identical with Shockley in North Carolina, where 
it is much grown, but it is quite distinct. It is also distinct from Gil- 




Romanlte. 



pin, sometimes known as Romanlte. Tree vigorous, spreading, very 
productive. Branches slender. Wood short-jointed, dull grayish 
brown. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, truncated, yellow ground, mostly 
overspread with clear, light, handsome red, indistinct light dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid. Good to very good. February, April. 
Valuable as a keeper, and for the evenness of its fruit. 

Roman Stem. 

Originated at Burlington, in New Jersey, and is much esteemed 
in that neighborhood. Tree very productive, moderately vigorous, 
spreading, irregular. 

Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, whitish yellow, with a 
faint brownish blush, sprinkled with patches of dark russet, and, when 
ripe, having a few reddish specks, unless the fruit is very fair-. Stalk 



340 THE APPLE. 

tkree-fourtlis of an incli long, inserted in a shallow cavitj nnder a 
fleshy protuberance. Calyx set in a rather narrow basin, with a fe\« 
plaits. Core hollow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich, pleasant, musky 
flavor. Very good. November to March. 

Rome Beauty. 

Gillett's Seedling. 

Origin, Southern Ohio. Tree a moderate grower, succeeds well at 
the Southwest. Young wood clear reddish brown, slightly downy or 
gray. A late bloomer. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, shaded and striped 
with bright red, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk an inch long, in- 
serted in a large, deep cavity, surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in a narrow, deep basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good. Core rather large. October to De- 
cember. 



Rosa. 

An old French Apple. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish, light yellow, shaded and splashed with red in 
the sun, reddish gray dots. Flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, subacid, 
December, January. (Alb. Pom.) 

Rose. 

Coxe calls this the Rose Apple of China, and says he imported it 
from England. Tree vigorous, upiight, abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, rs-ther oblong, striped red and green. Flesh pleasant, 
juicy. October. 

Roseau. 

Foreign. Tree poor grower and unprofitable. 

Fruit large, dark red, irregular in size and form. Flesh crisp, juicy, 
rich. Good. November, February. 

Roseau d'Automne. 

Tree large, vigorous gi'ower, spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, flat at base, yellow, russet at stem, 
blush red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, tender, rich, fixm. September. 



(Cojce.) 



Rose Calville. 



From France. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded and 
rather indistinctly splashed with crimson. Stalk short. Calyx closed, 
or partially open. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, Januarv. 



the apple. 841 

Rose de PIollande. 
Buse de la Benauge. Rose Tendie. Pomme de Codillao 

Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conical, golden yellow, spotted and 
veined with rosy carmine. Stalk small, short. Calyx half open. Flesh 
yellowish white, tender, sugary, acid. Winter. (An. Pom.) 

Rosemary. 

Rosemary Russet. 

An old Apple described by Ronalds as of medium size, roundish 
conical, greenish, with a little red russet. Flesh firm, yellowish, ricli^ 
and good for table or kitchen use. December, February. 

Ross Nonpareil. 

An Irish fruit, rather below medium size, roundish, narrowing a lit- 
tle to the eye, covered with a thin mellow russet, and faintly stained 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish white, tender, with a I'ich 
aromatic flavor. Very good. A profuse bearer. Very subject to rot 
before ripening. Unprofitable. October. 

Rostocker. 

Stetting Rouge. Annaberger. Matapfel. 

Rothe Stetfciner Rothe HernapfeL Bodickheimer ? 

Berliner Glossapfel. 

A large and favorite German Apple, says Hogg, valuable for culinary 
purposes. 

Fruit oblate, ribbed, yellowish, deep red next the sun. November 
to May. 

Rosy Red. 

An old variety, origin unknown. It is grown in Michigan, where it 
is claimed as a seedling of Western New York, and in Indiana, and there 
claimed as a seedling of Cambridge, la. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with light and dark red, light dots. Stalk medi- 
um, slender. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed, medium, irregular. 
Flesh yello^vish, breaking, sometimes a little stained, mild subacid. 
Good. November, January. 

Round Winter Nonesuch. 

A variety described by Hogg as an excellent bearer, and vahiabk 
foT market. 

Fniit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed, greenish yellow, ^\-ith 
broken stripes and spots of red, some i-usset dots. Calyx large, closed, 
Stalk short. Flesh greenish white, tender, juicy, sweet. November to 
March. 



342 



THE APPLE. 



E.OWE. 

Rowe's Seedling. 

An old Uevonsliire sauce Apple, described by Ronalds as : 
FrTiit large, roundish conical, light green. Flesh gi-eenish white, 
juicy, pleasant. August, September. 

EoxBUBY Russet. 

Reinette Rousse de Boston. Boston Russet. 

Howe's Russet. Putnam Russet. 

Marietta Russet. Warner Russet. 

Belpre Russet. Sylvan Russet. 

This Russet, a native of Massachusetts, is one of the most popular 
market fruits in the country, as it is excellent, a prodigious bearer, and 
keeps till late in the spring wherever the soil and climate suit it. South 
and West it drops its fruit too early, and is therefore not valuable. 
The tree is healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, with young shoots 
of a reddish brown, downy. 




Roxbury Russet. 



Fruit of medium size, often large, roundish, a little flattened, anil 
slightly angular. Skin at first dull green, covered with brownish yellow 
russet when ripe, with, rarely, a faint blush on one side. Stalk nearly 
three-fourths of an inch long, rather slender, not deeply inserted. Calyx 
closed, se.t in a round basin of moderate depth. Flesh greenish white, 
moderately juicy, with a rather rich subacid flavor. Good to very good 
Ripens in January, and may be brought to market in June. 



Royal Pearmain. 
Merritt's Pearmain. 
An old Apple described by Coxe and Ronalds. 



It is to be found 



THE APPLE. 343 

in the old orchards of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Ohio. The 
tree a moderately vigorous grower, very productive, the fruit kee{)iug 
well. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical truncated, yellow, mostly overspread 
and indistinctly striped with red, warm rough russet at the apex. Stalk 
slender. Cavity russeted. Calyx with short divided segments. Basin 
irregulai* or broadly fui-rowed. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, mild subacid, 
when fully ripe almost sweet. Very good. November to March. 

Royal Reinette. 
Royal Grise Reinette. 

From Sussex, England. Described by Lindley as : tree an abundani 
bearer. 

Fruit rather small, conical, yellow, striped with red, many gray spots. 
Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, brisk subacid. November to May. 

Royal Russet. 

Leathercoat Russet. Reinette de Canada Platte. 

Reinette de Canada Grise. Passe Pomme de Canada. 

An old variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish green, mostly 
covered with brownish russet, wliich is bronzed in the sub. Flesh 
greenish white, firm, rich acid. Good. November, February. 

Royal Shepherd. 

A. culinary Apple, described in Hogg as : 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, dull red in 
the s\in. Flesh greenish white, crisp, brisk, pleasant acid. November. 

Royal Somerset. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken streaks of 
red in the sun. Flesh yeUo\vish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid 
November to March. Cooking. (Hogg.) 

Rules Summer Sweet. 

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, oblong, yellow. August. Poor. (A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

Rum Apple. 

Origin, Paw let, Yt., on the farm of Brownley Rum. Tree upright, 
vigorous, an eai-ly and profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, slightly shaded with crimson. Stalk 
short. Cavity moderate. Calyx partially closed. Basin broad and shal- 
low. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

RUNinELLS. 

Origin, Maine. Profitable as a market fruit from its great produo- 
liveness and long keeping. 



344 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, deep green in the shade, mostly covered 
with, purplish brown. Flesh firm. Moderately good. April to June 
(Me. Eep.) 

RusHocK Peahmain. 
Charles Pearmam. 

An English Apple. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, with cinnamon russet, becom 
Lug brownish in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid. December, April. (Hogg.) 

Russet Pearmain, 

An old variety from Connecticut. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, mostly covered with russet, 
and a brownish red cheek. Flesh yellowish, breaking, rich, brisk sub- 
acid. Good. December to March. 

Russet Table Pearmain. 

A little dessert Apple, from England. Tree of slender growth, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, yellowish green, slightly russeted, 
with a bright red cheek in sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, rich, aromatic, 
subacid. Yery good. November to February. (Ron.) 

Russian Transparent. 

Ronalds describes this as forming a large broad tree, but a pooi 
i-earer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, faced 
with a flush of rose, and speckled with dark points. Flesh sweet, pecu- 
liar. Good for cooking. November, December. 

Rymer. 

Caldwell. Green Cossings. Newbold's Duke of York. 

Cordwall. Newbold's Admiral Duncan. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, shaded with deep red, 
light dots. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, tender, subacid. Good. De- 
cember to April. 

S^ble Sweet. 

Origin, Vermont. Tree good grower, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish yellow, partially 
splashed and mottled with red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild 
sweet, subacid. Good. August. 



THE APPLE. 34f 

Sack and Sugae. 
Morris's Sack and Sugar. 

A little, old, early English Apple. Tree a fine grower, and good 
b(jarer. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow. Flesh white, soft, juicy 
sweet. Good. August. 

Sailly Autumn. 
SaUe? 

Origin, Plattsburgh, IST. Y., on the farm of J. H, Sanborn. Tree 
upright, vigorous, and pi'oductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, greenish yellow, the exposed 
side frequently deep red. Stalk short, in a medium pavity. Calyx 
small, closed. Basin small, narrow. Flesh very tender. Subacid, 
Good. September. 

Saint Julien 

Saint Jtilian. Seigneur d'Orsay. Concombre des Chartreaux. 

Heilige Julian's Apfel. De Saint Julien. Pomme de Saint Julien. 

An old variety, probably of French origin. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, obtusely ribbed, yellowish russet 
green, slight tinge of red in sun. Flesh yellowish white, firm, rich, 
sweet. December. (Lind.) 

St. Lawrence. 

Origin uncertain. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young 
shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, tapering towards the eye, yellowish, striped and 
splashed with carmine. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a large cav- 
ity. Calyx firmly closed. Basin small and deep. Flesh white, lightly 
stained, crisp, juicy, tender, and vinous. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Saint Sauveur. 
Calville Saint Sauveur. Pomme Saint Sauveur. 

Originated in France. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, pale yellowish, faint blush iii 
the sun, many light dots. Stalk short. Flesh milk white, tender, juicy, 
aromatic, acid. Good. November, (An. Pom.) 

Salem. 
Salem Sweet. 
An "old Massachusetts Apple, somewhat grown in Ohio and west- 
ward. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic, rough, yellow, with 
brown and green dots, sometimes a blush in sun. Flesh yello^vish, 
crisp, tender, mild, almost sweet. Good. Core small. October, De- 
cember. 

Salopian Pippin. 

A Shropshire Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree a compact grower 
constant bearer. 



346 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish green, faint bronzed cheek in sun, 
many small brown specks. Flesh white, iuicy. Valued for cooking, 
October, Decemljer. 

Sam Young. 
Irish Russet. 

Origin, Ireland. 

Fruit small, slightly flattened and regularly formed, bright yeLow, 
a good deal covered with gray russet. Flesh greenish, quite juicy and 
*;ender. Good. November to January. 

Santouchee. 
Panther. Wildcat. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigoroiis, upright grower, productive. 
Foung shoots grayish brown, witli prominent buds. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, oblique, waxen white, with brown dots. 
Stalk medium, slender. Cavity large, furrowed. Calyx partially closed, 
small. Basin naiTow. Flesh white, crisp, tender, j uicy, subacid. Good. 
November to February. 

Sapson. 
Sapsonvine. 

An old but very nice little dessert Apple. Tree an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish, crimson red, stained and striped with purplish 
crimson. Flesh white, stained with pink, crisp, juicy, plea.'sant subacid. 
Good. August to October. 

Sartha's Yellow. 
Pomme de Ja.une. Pomrae d'Argent. Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small or medium, roundish, yellow, spotted with brown spots. 
Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish 
white, firm, crisp, juicy, subacid. (An. Pom.) 

Savage's Cheese. 

Origin, Columbia Co., Ga. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, a 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow, marked and striped with red. Flesh 
white, juicy. October. Good bearer. 

Savewell. 
Putnam's Savewell. Cornell's SaveweU. 

Origin, Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale yellow, often 
shaded with dull red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yello^vish, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. February, March. Yalu 
able keeper. 



THE APPLE. 347 



Sawyer. 



Origin, Amos Sawyer, Hillsborough, 111. Tree vigorous, upright, 
aarly bearer. 

Fruit medium. Form conic truncated, regular. Color waxy yellow, 
^vitll faint blush of crimson, thinly sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk 
medium, si endei". Cavity medium, acute. Calyx rather large, somewhat 
open. Segments reflexed. Basin deep, abrupt, regulai*. Flesh yellow, 
breaking, tender, juicy, subacid. Core small. Quality good. April to 
July. (Am. Jour, of Hort.) 

Sawter Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, healthy grower, upright spreading 
Young wood reddish brown, grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit large, greenish, with blush in the sun. Flesh white, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

Scarlet Crofton. 

Red Crofton. 

An Irish Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish russet, red in the sun. Flesh firm, 
crisp, rich, sugary. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Scarlet Leadington. 

Of Scottish origin. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, four-sided, yellow and red 
striped. Flesh yellowish, veined with pink or lilac, fijm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk, sugary. November, February. (Hogg.) 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

New Scarlet NonpareiL 

Foreign ; medium size, roundish oblate conical, whitish, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh yellowish white, firm, juicy, subacid. Very 
good. November, December. 

Scarlet Pearmain. 
Bell's Scarlet Pearmain. Sigler's Red ? Oxford Peach. 

A showy dessert Apple, of English oxigin. 

Fi-uit medium sized, peai-main or conical shaped. Skin light crimson 
or yellow in the shatb, rich crimson on the sunny side. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, deeply set. Flesh white, stained with a tinge of pink, 
crisp, juicy, subacid. Very good. In eating from the last of August to 
the tenth of October. A plentiful bearer. 

Scarlet Swteet. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark brown- 
ish red, downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shadecl 



S48 THE APPLE. 

and inJistitictly striped and splashed with light scarlet, many light dots. 
Stalk varying. Cavity open, deep. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, juicy, mild pleasant sweet. Core small. Good to very 
good. October to February. 

Scarlet Tiffijtg 

A culinary Apple, from Lancaster, England. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, inclining to oblate, pale yellow, mostlv 
overspread with deep scarlet in the sun. Flesh pure white, tender, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant acid. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Schafper's Early. 
SchafEer's Early Red. Schaffer's G-arden. 

Origin, Lehigh Co., Pa. Tree an upright thrifty grower, and a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped, splashed, 
and marbled with red, sometimes only a red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good, or very 
good. Core small. August, September. 

SCHOONMAKER. 

Schoolmocker. 

An old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, up- 
right spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellow, bronzed blush in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

SCHREVETON GOLDEN PiPPIN. 

From Nottinghamshire, England. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellowish, marked with russet. Flesh yel 
lowish, tender, crisp. Good. December, April. 

ScioTA Beauty. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, whitish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with two shades of red. Flesl; white, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. January to April. 

Scollop Gilliflower. 
Scolloped Gilliflower. Striped Gilliflower ? 

This, according to Elliott, is an- entirely distinct variety from Red 
Gilliflower. Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, flattened at base, tapering 
towards the eye, always much ribbed or scolloped, light yellow, striped 
and splashed with shades of light and dark red. Stalk short, slender. 
Cavity deep, russeted. Calyx with long segments. Basin abrupt, deep, 
dbbed. Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, juicy, slight tinge of sweet. 
Coi'e large, hollow. Good. ISTovember to February. 



the apple. 349 

Scotch Bribget. 

A cooking fruit, Lancaster, England. 

Fruit metlium, roundish oblate, ribbed or knobbed at apex. Flesh 
wliite, tender, soft, juicy. October, January. (Hogg.) 

Scott's Best. 

Origin, farm of Luther Scott, Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., jS". Y. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium to lai'ge, roundish oblate, yellowish shaded and mot- 
tled with light red, stiiped and s|)lashed with crimson. Stalk variable, 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, agreeable, slightly aromatic, subacid. Good 
to very good. November, December. 

Scrivener's Red. 

An admii-ed cider fruit in some parts of Maryland and Delaware. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, bright red, with dark stripes. 
Flesh juicy, breaking, rich. October. 

Seaconk Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree strong grower, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conic, red, with stri])es of darker red. 
few small white dots. Flesh white, compact, sweet. Good. January 
to April. 

Seaman's Sweet. _ 

From Long Island. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish, splashed, striped, and 
shaded with red. Calyx closed. Stalk very short. Flesh white, not 
tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Baking. October. 

Seaver Sweet. 
Grafton Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive, spreading. Young 
wood light reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong conical, pale yellow, blush of red in 
the sun, few gray dots. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, moderately tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Core small. Janu- 
ary to April. 

Seedless. 

Origin in the grounds of Alfred Smith, A idison, Vt. Tree drooping 
habit, healthy and productive. 

Fruit below medium, oblate roundish, light greenish yellow, with 
dark carmine cheek in sun. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh white, dry, very mild subacid. Only good. Core 
without seeds. November, December. 



350 the apple. 

Seever. 
Seever's Eed Streak. 

From Coshocton Co., O. 

Fruit medium, globular, lemon yellow, striped with bright clear red 
Stalk short, slender. Calyx with long segments. Basin deep, open, 
Fleshyellowish, juicy, subacid. October to November. (Elliott.) 

Selby Bellflower. 

A seedling from the Yellow Bellflower. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, approaching conic, pale yellow on rather a 
greenish grovmd. Stalk medium, slender. Calyx medium. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, mild, spicy, subacid. No- 
vember to March. (Gar. Mon.) 

Selma. 

From Clark Co., O. 

Fruit medium to large, roxmdish flattened, yellow, with pale russet 
patches, especially around the stem, dull faint red in sun. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, breaking, mild subacid. Yery good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Elliott.) 

SeLWOOD's E.EINETTE. 

From Lancaster, England. Tree a healthy grower and a good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish, mostly covered and striped with 
red. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk, pleasant. Cooking. Decem- 
ber, March. (Hogg.) 

September. 
Pride of September. 

Origin, Centre Co., Pa., received from W. G. "Waring. Tree hardy 
and vigorous, a good and regular bearer. Young wood smooth, reddish 
brown. Buds prominent. 

Fruit large, globular, somewhat depressed, very slightly conic, yel- 
low, slightly shaded and thinly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk short, 
Inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity, surrounded by thin russet. Calyx 
partially closed, set in an open basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
v^ery agreeable subacid. Yery good. October. 

Sergeant's Sweet. 

Origin, Massachusetts. 

Fruit medium, round, straw color, with a blush next the sun. 
Flesh tender, very sweet, superior for baking. October. (Kenrick.) 

Shaker Greening. 
Hampshire Greening ? Shaker Pippin. 

Origin, Enfield, N. H. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, very pro> 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, ten 
ier, crisp, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. March, November. 



thk apple. 351 

Shakespeare. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Hogg as of medium size, 
roundish oblate conic, greenish, with brownish red next the sun, few 
In-oken stripes of darker red, many russety dots. Flesh greenish yclh 'v 
firm, crisp, juicy, brisk, vinous, December to April. 

Sharpe's Greening. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree thrifty, and upright grower. 
Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, Avith a blush cheek. Fl'^sh 
juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Sheepnose. 

There are several Apples to which this name has been applied : some 
are proved identical with well-kuo'nTi varieties ; others, of which no ori 
gin can be traced, may yet prove only synonyms of well-known kinds. 

Warder describes a Sheepnose as : 

Fruit medium, round, slightly conic, irregular, greenish yellow, white 
strife about the base. Dots minute. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, 
tender, juicy, subacid. Good. December, February. 

Another Sheepnose is grown in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, which 
is medium size, roundish conical, yellow, sometimes a blush in sun. 
Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, rather firm, juicy, subacid. Good. No- 
vember, December. 

Shell. 

Supposed origin, Virginia. 

Fruit large, roundish, greenish yelloAv, becoming clear yellow in the 
Bun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, rich. August. New. 

Shepherd's Fame. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, pale yellow, streaked with a 
deeper shade and rich red. Flesh yellowish, soft, tender, sweet. October, 
March. (Hogg.) 

Sheppahd's Sweet. 

Origin, Windham Co., Conn. Tree thrifty, upright, and a great 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, approaching conic, yellow, striped with 
red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly 
closed, set in a small basin. Flesh "white, tender, sweet and pleasant. 
Good. October, November. 

Shiawassee Beauty. 

Michigan Beauty. 

Originated in Shiawassee Co., Mich. Tree a strong upright grower 
until in full bearing, when it becomes partially pendent, veiy productive. 
Young wood dull reddish brown, slightly downy. This vai'iety resem- 
bles Fameuse, but its wood shows its distinctiveness. 



352 THE APPLE. 

Fruit inedmra, oblate, whitisli, shaded, marbled, splashed, and Btri])ec; 
with rich red, few light dots. Stalk rather short. Cavity large. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin large, oi^en, slightly corrugated. Flesh 
firm, very white, tender, juicy, brisk, refreshing subacid. Very good. 
October, January. 

Shipley Gkeen. 

Origin, Maryland. 

Fruit medium, oblong, rel, and very acid. Good for cooking and 
keeping only. 

Si- ppen's Russet. 

Originated in Philadelphia. It is often found at the West, and as a 
market sort profitable, but inferior in quality to the Eoxbury Eusset. 
The tree is very vigorous, forming a large round spreading head, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, oblate, irregiilar, yellowish green, somewhat russeted. 
Flesh greenish, rather dry, soft, mild subacid. Good. November 
February. 

Shockley, 

Origin, Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, very pro- 
ductive, bearing young and regularly. Young wood reddish, grayish 
on under side. 




Shockley. 



Fruit below medium, roimdish conical, pale yellow overspread with 
red, inconspicuous minute dots. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a deep 



THE APPLE. 353 

acute cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow corrugated basin. 
Flesh crisp, juicy, rich, saccharine, slightly vinous, and pleasant. Good. 
April, May. 

This is one of the most profitable varieties at the South, where it not 
only bears abundantly, but keeps and sells remarkably well. 

Simpson Sweet. 

Origin, Mercer Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, flattened at base and crown, gi'een- 
ish yellow, with a tinge of brown in the sun. Calyx small, closed. 
Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Core small. 
December. 

SlNE-QUA-NON. 

A native of Long Island, named by the late Wm. Prince. 

Fruit roundish conical, about medium size, smooth, pale greenish yel- 
low. Stalk slender. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, and of a delicate 
and very sprightly flavor. Good. The young trees are rather slow and 
crooked in Growth. Aiigust, 

Sink. 

Oi'igin, Boalsburg, Centre Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spread- 
ing, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, whitish, splashed and 
marbled with red. Flesh very wliite, stained next the skin, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good. September. 

Sir William Gibbons. 

An English cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, streaked with light and 
dark red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, slightly acid. Novem- 
ber, Janiiary. 

Skunk. 

An old New Jersey Apple. 

Fruit large, yellow, resembling Newtown Pippin, with red spots and 
blotches. Flesh yellowish, juicy, pleasant. Good. November, Decem- 
ber. (Coxe.) 

Sleeping Beauty. 
Winter Sleeping Beauty. Sleeper. 

Tree an excellent bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat flattened, straw-color, washed 
with li\ ely red. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, juicy, acid. No- 
vember, February. (Hogg.) 

Sleight's Lady Apple. 

This valuable Apple was raised by Edgar Sleight, Dutchess Co., 
N. Y. It is almost a perfect fac-simile of Lady Apple, except being nearly 
twice as large. Tree somewhat more vigorous and spreading than the 
Lady Ap})le, and very jDroductive. The fruit a little earlier in lipening. 

23 



S54 



THE APPLE. 



Slingerland Pippin. 

Raised by Mr. Slingerland, of Albany Co., N. Y. Tree vigorovia, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, roundisb, often oblique, yellow, sliaded witb 
red and sprinkled with, minute dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, par- 
tially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, rather rich subacid 
Good to very good. December, February. 

Smalley. 
Spice. 

From Kensington, Conn. Tree vigorous, spreading, a good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, oblate conic, yellow, with a sKght blxish. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, juicy, brisk, pleasant aromatic. 
Good. September, October. 

Small's Admieable. 

This is described by Hogg as an immense bearer, and adapted foi 
dwarf culture. 

Fruit above medium, roundish ovate, flattened, lemon yellow. Flesh 
firm, yellowish, crisp, subacid. November, December. 




Smith's. 
Fuller. 



Smith's Cider. 

Smith's Cidek. 

Pennsylvania Cider. 
Fowler. 



Popular BlufE. 



Origin, Bucks Co., Pa, This Apple is widely grown, and mucJi es 
teemed as a profitable market sort. The tree is a very vigorous, strag- 



THE APPLE. 



35^ 



gling, spreading grower, and productive. Young wood a rich dark 
brown. 

Fruit medium to lai'ge, roundish oblate conic, yellow, shaded and 
striped with red, sparsely covered with gray dots. Stalk slender, of 
medium length, inserted in a deep, rather narrow cavity. Calyx closed 
set in a broad, rather shallow basin. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, crisp, 
pleasant, mild subacid. Good. December, March. 



Millcreek Vandevere. 



Smokehouse. 
Eed Vandevere. 



English Vandevere. 



Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa., near Millcreek, grew on the farm of 

Gibbons, near his smokehouse, hence its name. An old variety 

and popular in Pennsylvania. It somewhat resembles the old Pennsyl- 
vania Vandevere, and is supposed to be a seedling of it. 

Tree moderately vigorous, with a spreading head, a good bearer. 
Young wood dull dark reddish brown. 




Smokehouse. 



Fruit rather above medium, roundish oblate, skin yellow, shaded 
and splashed with crimson, and thinly sprinkled with large gray and 
brown dots. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a broad cavity. 
Calyx closed, set in a wide basin, of moderate depth, slightly corrugated, 
Flesh yellowish, somewhat firm, juicy, crisp, rather rich subacid. Good- 
September to February. Valued for culinary uses. 

Snediker. 
Origin unknown. Tree an upright vigorous grower, productive. 



356 THE APPLE. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides unequal, yellow, marbled with 
large red dots, few gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx closed or par- 
tially open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, 
tender, brisk subacid. Core rather small. Good. December, February 

Snepps'. 
Jno. Snepps'. 

Supposed origin, Edinburgh, la. Tree vigorous and sufficiently pro- 
ductive. 

Fi'uit above medium, almost large, flat, dull green, becoming pale 
yellow, with many dark dots that often give it a gray appearance. Calyx 
large, closed. Stalk stout. Flesh yellowish, breaking, fine-grained, 
juicy, agreeably sweet. December, March. (Warder.) 

Somerset. 

Origin, Somerset Co., Me. Tree very vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, somewhat flattened, bright yellow, mostly 
covered with splashes and stripes of bright red. Flesh yellowish, some- 
times a little stained with red, tender, juicy, agreeable subacid. Sep- 
tember. (Me. Rep.) 

There is another Somerset grown in Western New York, the fruit 
of which is medium or below, roundish conical, whitish yellow, partially 
netted with russet. Flesh yellow, tender. Good. August, September. 
The wood as well as fruit of these is quite distinct, the former being 
reddish brown, the latter dull grayish reddish brown, downy. 

SOMMERSET LASTING. 

A fine showy English Apple, described by Ronalds as large, round- 
ish oblate, clear yellow, with a blush red cheek. Flesh white, tender, 
brisk, sharp subacid. Valuable for cooking or market. December to 
March. 

Sops of Wine. 

Red Shropsavine ? Worden's Pie Apple. Hominy. 

Bell's Early ? Washington. Dodge's Early Red. 

Bennington. 

An old European variety. Tree vigorous, upright, an early and 
[)roductive variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow and red, splashed and shaded with 
deep red, and sprinkled wdth white and gray dots, and a thin bloom. 
Stalk slender, in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow, 
uneven. Flesh white, often stained, not very juicy, mild, pleasant sub- 
acid. Good. August, September. 

SouissoN Russet. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded with rich red or crim- 
son in the sun, and splashes and blotches of russet in the shade, and 
sometimes russet mixed with the red. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, rich, 
orisk subacid. Very good. Core small. Februarj^, March. 



the apple. 357 

Sour Bough. 

An old variety, grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree tlirifty, 
upright. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, moderately sprinkled with 
gray and light dots. Flesh whitish, brisk subacid. Good for cooking. 
September, Often knotty and unprofitable. 

Southern Lady. 

From North Carolina. 

Fruit small, oblate, whitish, much shaded with bright crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, tender, 
juicy, very mild subacid, aromatic. Very good. September, October. 

Sovereign. 

A little Apple from England, described by Ronalds as : 
Fi-uit small, oblong oblate, light yellowish brown, with a small flush 
of red. Flesh fii-m, rich, and sweet. February, April. 

Spaffoed Russet. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, flattened at ends, yellowish, slightly 
russeted. Flesh greenish white, soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Hardly good. December, February. 

Spark's Late. 
Spark's. 

A variety somewhat grown in Southern Illinois, its origin unknown. 
Tree an upright grower, hardy, and good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, greenish yellow, rarely with a 
shade of crimson in the sun, brown dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh whitish, half tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Valuable' 
for cooking. 

Speckled. 

Westbrook. 

Origin uncertain. Tree a rapid grower and annual bearer. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, yellowish white, red in the sun, small 
msset dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Good. October, January. 

Speckled Oley. 

From Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, striped and mottled with 
red, large white dots. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Hardly good. 

Spectator. 

Originated by J. W. Bailey, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree spreading, 
very productive. 



^58 THE APPLfi* 

Friiit medium, roundisli oblong oval, ribbed, yellow, shaded ■with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, tender, jnicy, subacid. Hardly good 
September. 

Spice Eusset. 
Sweet Russet of some, erroneously. 

Origin unknown. Tree a good grower and productive. 

Fi-uit below medium, roimdish flattened, light yellow russet, wich 
numerous small fine dots, exposed to the sun carmine and yellow 
bronzed. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, fine-grained; 
juicy, almost sweet, aromatic subacid. December to March. (EUiott.) 

Spice Sweet. 
Berry Bough. 

Tree vigorous, productive, medium, oblate, smooth, pale yellow. 
Flesh rather firm, sweet, highly aromatic, apt to be knotty and unfair. 
August, September. 

Sponge. 

There are two varieties under this name, neither of which is at all 
valuable. 

One is : Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin greenish, striped with 
dull red, dotted with whitish spots. Flesh white, coarse, subacid. A 
kitchen fruit. October and November. 

The other is : Fruit medium, oblong conic, green, splashed with 
red. Flesh white, moderately juicy. Poor. November. 

Sprague. 

Fruit rather small, oblong oval, slightly conic, yellow. Flesh yellow, 
'uicy, tender, sprightly subacid. Scarcely good. October. 

Springer. 

Springer's Seedling, 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit small, roundish oblong, yellowish green, with faint stripes of 
red. Flesh firm, negative character. January to May. (Elliott.) 

Spring Grove Codlin. 

An old English cooking Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greenish yellow, deeper in the sun. 
Flesh greemsh yellow, crisp, juicy, brisk, sharp subacid. October. 

Spring Pip'pin. 
Springport Pippin. 

Origin, Springport, Cayuga Co., N. Y. Tree upright, thrifty, unpro 
iuctive. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblong, yellowish green. Flesh yellow 
ish white, crisp, sprightly subacid. December to May. (Elliott.) 



the apple. 359 

Squire's Greening. 

An English cnlinaxy Apple. 

Fruit described by Hogg as above medium, ronndish, flattened, green, 
with dull brownish red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, hi-n., brisk 
subacid. December to April. 

Staats' Sweet. 

Originated in Somerset Co., N. J. Tree a strong, upright, vigorous 
growei', with curved erect branches, forming a beautiful head, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightl)'- corneal, greenish yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and overspread mostly with light and dark red. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, breaking, juicy, mild, plea- 
sant, sweet. Good to very good. December to February. 

Stack. 

Origin, Indiana. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, red, striped with deep red. 
Dots minute and few. Stalk long, slender. Calyx medium, closed. 
Basin medium. Flesh light yellow, fine-grained, juicy. Good. Core 
large, open. December to January. (Ind, Trans.) 

Stackyard. 

Originated in Montgomery Co., Pa. An old variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, covered and marbled with 
yellow and red, and speckled with small spots and patches of russet. 
Flesh white, crisp, tender, juicy. Good. November, December. 

Stamford Pippin. 

An English Apple, described by Hogg as first-rate for dessert. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, yellow, tinge of orange in sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, tender, crisp, sweet, brisk, pleasant aroma. De- 
cember to March. 

Stanard. 
Stanard's Seedling. 

An Apple extensively disseminated in Illinois and West, from Col- 
onel B. Hodge, through " Tlie Grove " nurseries. The ti-ee is ex- 
tremely hardy, enduring uninjured the most severe changes of the 
prairies. It is a crooked, spreading, iri'egular, but rapid grower ; a 
young, abundant, and annual bearer. Young wood reddish bro^sii, 
downy. 

Frviit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, dull green, 
changing to yellow at maturity, splashed and striped with red, lai-ge 
russet specks. Stalk in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, rather coarse, veiy juicy, rather rich subacid. Yery good. De- 
cember to March. Su|>erior for cooking. 



360 the apple. 

Staitlet. 
Stanley's Seedling. 

Originated in Alabama. Tree moderately yigorous, upright. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, ten 
der, moderately juicy, subacid. Good. October, November. 

Stanley's Winter Sweet. 

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, red, streaked and specked with purple. Flesh 
juicv, sweet. December to March. (Me. Rep.) 

StAjNSILL. 

Origin, North Carolina, Tree a good grower and early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, sometimes a blush 
in sun, and occasionally indistinctly striped. Flesh yellow, subacid. 
Good to very good. January. 

Star. 

An old variety, grown in Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded and indistinctly 
splashed with crimson, large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. November. 

Stark. 

Origin unknown, grown in some parts of Ohio, and valued as a long 
keeper and profitable market fruit. Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. 
Young shoots dark brownish red. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes a little elongated, 
and sometimes slightly oblique. Skin greenish yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and 
thickly sprinkled with light and brown dots, a portion of them areole 
dots. Stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx 
closed. Basin rather large, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. Core small. January 
to May. 

Starr. 

From New Jex'sey 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, greenish white. Stalk slen- 
der. Flesh whitish, pleasant subacid. July to September. Cooking 
only. 

Star Reinette. 
Reinette Etoile. CalvUle Etoile. 

A Belgian Apple. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, ribbed at apex end, washed and shaded 
with red, distinct white dots. Flesh white, tender, subacid. Novem- 
ber. (Alb Pom.) 



THE APPLE. 301 



Steel's Sweet. 



Origin, Connecticxit ; productive, keeps well, but not always fair. 
Fruit medium, globular, yellowish, slight blush. Flesh white, com 
pact, juicy, with a peculiar saccharine flavor, December to Max'ch. 



Stephenson's Winter. 

Origin, Marshall Co., Miss. Tree a moderate grower and a good 
bearer. Young shoots smooth, reddish brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, juicy, pleasant, brisk subacid. Core small. Good. Jan- 
uaiy to April. 

Stevens' Gilliflower. 

Originated in Sweden, Me. Friiit large, roundish conical, dull 
whitish groxmd striped with red. Flesh white, tender, pleasant sub- 
acid. November to February. (Cole.) 

Stillman's Early. 

Origin, CHnton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree of moderate upright growth, 
productive. 

Fruit small, roundish conic, yellow, sometimes a slight blush, and a 
few brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, tender, 
pleasant subacid. Good. Last of July and first of August. 

Stillwater Sweet. - 
Grandmother. 

Originated by Caleb Mendenhall, near Dayton, O. Tree an upright 
grower, productive. Yoimg shoots clear reddish brown, very slightly 
downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, faintly ribbed, greenish 
yellow, shaded, miniite black dots, sometimes in the sun it has a pale red 
cheek. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, tender, sweet. Good to very 
good. September, October. 

Stirzaker's Early Square. 

A Lancaster, England, variety, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit below medium, roundish, ribbed, pale yellow, overspread and 

mottled with a dingy brown russet. Flesh white, tender, pleasant. 

August, September. 

Stockade Sweet. 

Origin, Marietta, Ohio. Tree thrifty, very upright, and productive. 

Friiit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
compact, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. CoresmalL Good. Yaluable for 
bakiog and keeping. December to May. 



362 the apple. 

Stone Pippin. 
White Stone Pippin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as wortliy of culti' 
vation. Tree vigorous, hardy, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, pale green, becoming yellow. Flesh 
very firm, almost sweet. November to May. 

Stonewall Jackson. 

A new Southern Apple, mostly valued becatise of its long-keeping 
quality. Tree an upright, stout grower, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides unequal, whitish yellow, 
shaded, and obscurely striped and splashed in the sun with light red. 
Stalk small. Flesh white, firm, not very juicy, brisk su.bacid. Good. 
A long keeper. 

Stonor Park. 

An English dessert Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, 
conical, yellow, with faint stripes and shades of red. Flesh white, ten- 
der, brisk subacid. Good. November, 

Straudt. 

Origin, Berks Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to conical, deep crimson, with stripea 
of paler red, and numerous light dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, 
closed. Flesh fine-grained, tender, white, subacid, pleasant. Good. 
November. 

Strawn. 
Strawn's Seedling. 

Raised by James Strawn, Virginia. Tree a thrifty grower and good 
bearer. 

Fruit rather large, reddish stripes on a pale yellow ground, cream- 
colored spots. Flesh yellow, juicy, slightly acid. Good, December to 
April. 

Streaked Pippin. 

Eed Pippin. Hempstead. Quaker of some. 

Skunk, erroneously. 

Origin, Westbury, Long Island, N. Y. Tree thrifty, hardy, vigorous, 
■spreading, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, pale yellow, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with rich red, few light and gray dots. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity narrow, sometimes russeted. Calyx closed. Basin slightly cor- 
mgated. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic. Good to very good. November to January, 

Striped Beaufin, 

An English Apple. Tree hardy, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, broadly ribbed, greenish jellow, covered 



THE APPLE. 303 

and mottled with broken stripes and dashes of deep red. Flesh yellow 
ish white, firm, juicy, pleasant acid. October to May. (Lindley.) 

Striped Belle et Bonne. 

An old Eastern Apple. Oi-igin ^^nkno^vn. Tree vigorous, uprighi 
spreading, productive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, somewhat 
downy. A profitable market variety. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whiti!^h yellow, mostly covered, striped, 
splashed, and mottled with light and dark red, few light brown dots. 
Stalk short. Calyx closed. I'lesh white, crisp, brisk subacid, moderately 
juicy. Good. Core rather small. August, September. 

Striped Holland Pippin. 

An old Holland fruit. Tree a free grower, and productive ; valued 
mainly for cooking. 

Fruit large, roundish, obscurely ribbed, yellow, striped with red. 
Flesh white, subacid. October, December. (Lindley.) 

Striped Mohawk. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, red striped on yellow. Flesh dry, 
poor. Late autumn. (Elliott.) 

Striped Monstrous Reinette. 

An English cooking Apple. Tree a strong grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, with irregular ribs, terminating in strong 
wrinkles around the eye, greenish yellow, mostly covered, striped, and 
blotched with red. Stalk small. Flesh tender, juicy, agreeable acid. 
October, November. (Ronalds.) 

Striped Porter. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conical, yellow, with stripes and 
splashes of red, red and russet specks. Stalk slender. Cavity deep^ 
russeted. Basin wrinkled. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, subacid. Octo 
ber. (N. E. Far.) 

Striped Shropsavine. 
Curtiss Early Stripe. 

Fruit small, oblong conic, pale yellow, striped with bright red* 
Flesh crisp, pleasant. July, August. A poor grower. 

Striped "Winter Pearmain. 

Striped Sweet Pippin, Large Striped Winter Pearmain. 

Snorter. Striped Pearmain. 

Winter Pearmain of some. Missouri Keeper ? 
Missourian ? 

An old variety, which can only be traced to Kentucky. It is con- 
siderably grown now all through the West, and largely under the name of 
Striped Sweet" Pippin. Tree hardy, vigorous, sj^reading, j^rod-ictive. 
Young shoots clear reddish brown, slight bloom on ends. 



364 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium to large, roundisli, inclining to oblate, yellow, striped, 
siilashed, and shaded with shades of red, numerous gi'ay dots, giving it 
somewhat appearance of bloom. Stalk medium or short, and small, in- 




striped Winter Peannain. 



tserted in a large cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx small, closed, set 
in a broad, uneven basin. Flesh yellow, juic}^, crisp, tender, very roild, 
rich, pleasant, scarcely subacid. Very good. October to January. 

Steoat. 
Straat. 

An Apple formerly in high esteem among the descendants of the 
Dutch settlers on the North River. Not profitable. 

Fruit above the middle size, roundish, and tapering a little to the 
eye, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, very tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
September to December. 

Steode's Bikmingham. 

Strode's. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. A vigorous, upright grower, very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblong oval or conic, yellow, sprinkled 
with a few gray dots. Stalk slender, set in a deep, narrow cavity, 
Basin broad, shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, sub 
acid. Good to very good. September. 



THE APPLE. 365 



Strubel. 



Origin, Pennsylvauia. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and pn)duc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblong conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and marbled with rich red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
compact, yellowish, juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic. Good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Stump. 

Supposed origin, Delaware. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded with light red nearly over 
the whole surface. Stalk short, sAall. Calyx closed or partially open. 
Flesh whitish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid. 
Good. Core small. September, October. 

Sturmer Pippin. 

An English fruit. Below medium, oblate, approaching conic, yel- 
low, with a bronzed or ciimson cheek. Stalk of medium length, insert- 
ed in a large cavity. Calyx closed. Segments long. Basin shallow 
and uneven. Flesh compact, rich subacid. Good. January, May. 

Stymus. 

litis new and really excellent Apple originated on the farm of Jacob 
Stymus, Dobb's Ferry, N. Y. Tree moderately thrifty, upright, and pro- 
ductive. Young shoots dull reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with light and dark crimson. Stalk short, small. Cavity 
large, deep. Calyx closed or partially open.' Segments short, erect. 
Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. Core small. Very good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Styre. 

Forest Styre. 

A famous old English cider fruit, of medium size, roundish, pale 
yellow, with an orange cheek. Flesh firm, and makes a high-colored 
liquor. October, January. 

Sudbury Sweet. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, a good, bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, faintly splashed, 
marbled, and striped with dull red, many light and gray dots. Flesh 
whitish, rather tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet. Good. 
December, January. 

Suffolk Beauty. 

A new variety from H. H. & E. L. Brown, Deer Park, Long Island, 
Tree a free grower and abxindant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, with a few dark 
green dots, and a little russet near the stalk. Stalk slender. Calyx 



30b THE APPLE. 

biuall. Flesh white, agreeable subacid. August, Se|ttember. (Gat 
Mon.'i 

Sugar and Brai^dy. 

A Lancashire, England, Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, rib on one side, deep dull 
yellow, pale red in the shade, bright orange red in the sun. Flesh deep 
yellow, spongy, juicy, very sweet. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Sugar Loaf Pippin. 

« 
Hutching's Seedling. 

A foreign sort. Tree of good growth and productive. 
Fruit of medium size, oblong or conical, smooth, clear pale yellow, 
becoming nearly white on one side when fully ripe. Flesh white, firm, 
very slightly acid, and moderately juicy. Good. Ripens the latter part 
of July, and is very showy on the tree. 

' Sugar Sweet. 

From Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, mostly shaded "svith red, 
and a dark maroon cheek. Flesh white, fine-grained, not very tender, 
but with a rich, honeyed sweetness. Good. December to February. 

Suisse. 
Pomme Suisse. Pomme Rubanee. Pomme de Perroquet. 

An old variety, described in 1665. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly conical, greenish, and 
striped in the shade with yellowish green, which in sun. becomes dull 
reddish. Stalk slender. Calyx small. Flesh white, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid. Good. 

Summer Bellflower. 

Origin, farm of J. R. Comstock, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright, productive. Young shoots clear reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, oval, inclining to conic, clear yellow, with 
rarely a faint orange blush on the side of the sun. Stalk an inch long, 
in a shallow cavity. Calyx closed, with small reflexed segments, slightly 
five-sided basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, excellent subacid. 
Good. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Summer Bellflower of Pennsylvania 

is quite distinct from the above, and very much resembles Yellow Bell- 
flower in shape and color, but has a very Avide and deep cavity, and 
closed calyx. Flesh yellowish white, firm and fine texture, not very 
juicy, ^\'ith a brisk, agreeable, pleasant subacid. Good. Last of August 
and fii-st of September. Young shoots light reddish bro^vn, downy. 



the apple. 3c7 

Summer Broaden. 
Summer Colman. Summer Broadend. 

An old Norfolk, England, cookinf^ Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, dull greenish yellovr, tinged on 
the sunny side with dull pale brown. Flesh greenish white, subacid. 
October, November. (Liudley.) 

Summer Cheese. 
Cheese Apple. Maryland Cheese. Prather Apple. Fmdlay Apple. 

An old variety, of poor quality. Origin unknown. Tree a strong 
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but moderately productive when 
old. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, yellow, occasionally 
with a tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, tender, jnicy, subacid. 
August, September. 

Summer Golden Pippin. 

A nice little English dessert Apple, but inferior to many of our 
own. 

Fruit small, ovate, flattened at the eye, bright yellow, with a little 
orange next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, and rich. Good to very 
good. August. 

Summer Hagloe. 
Hagloe. 

An old sort. Tree vigorous, but slow in its growth while young, 
thick blunt shoots, productive. Young shoots clear light reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, striped and splashed 
with bright red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk short and 
thick, inserted in a broad, open cavity. Calyx closed, set in a small, 
round basin. Flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, subacid. Good 
to very good. An excellent culinary and table variety. August,- Sep- 
tember. 

Summer Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree thrifty, spreading, very productive, an early 
and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes nettings of 
russet and red cheek in the sun, thickly sprinkled with light and green 
dots. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Good, August. 

Summer Janet, 

Fruit medium, round truncated, regular. Surface smooth, pale yellow, 
mixed red, stri2:)ed darker red. Dots scattered, gray. Flesh yellow, 
tender, fine-grained, subacid, aromatic. Good. September. (War- 
der.) 

Summer Limbertwig. 

A Southern fruit from Greensboro', N. C. 

Fruit medium, flat, regular, pale yellow, mixed pink, striped dark red 



368 



THE APPLE. 



Flesli white, tender, fine-grained, jmcjj subacid, aromatic, August, 
September. (Warder.) 

Summer Marigold. 

An old Englisb Apple. Tree a good grower and great bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped with two sliades of 
red. Flesh breaking, juicy, pleasant subacid. August. 



Sour Bough. 
Walworth. 
Haverstraw Pippin. 
Paper Apple. 



Summer Pippin. 

Calkin's Pippin. 

Tart Bough. 

Champlain. 

Large Golden Pippin. 



Underdunk. 
Nyack Pippin. 
Geneva Pearmain. 



Origin unknown. An old fruit, miich cultivated in Rockland and 
Westchester Counties, N. Y. ; a valuable market fruit. Tree vigorous, 
forming a beautiful round head, a regular and good bearer. Young 
Rhoots dull reddish grayish brown, slightly downy. 




Summer Pippin. 



Fruit medium to large, variable in form, generally roundish oblong, 
Lnclining to conic, pale waxen yellow, shaded with a delicate crimson 
blush, and sprinkled with green and grayish dots. Stalk varies in 
length and thickness, inserted in a deep, abrupt cavity. Calyx closed, 
set in a deep, abrupt, corrugated basin. Flesh white, tender, moderate- 
ly juicy, pleasant, refreshing, subacid, valuable for culinary uses, and 



THE APPLE. 369 

profitable for market. Ripens tlie middle of August, and continues a 
month or more. 

There is another Summer Pippin which we have received from 
Towa. Tree very vigorous, productive. 

The fruit is medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
splashed, and striped with crimson in the sun, large light dots. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx closed. Flesh white, pleasant subacid. August, 
September. 

Summer Pound Royal. 

Pound Royale. Pound Royal of the Putnam List. 

Summer R. I. Greening. Orange. 

An old variety, the origin of which has not been traced. It is now 
pretty -widely disseminated in some parts of Michigan, Ohio, and in the 
South and West. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright spreading grower, 
hardy and productive. Young shoots very dark brown. 




Stunmer Pound BoyaL 



Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes roundish oblate conic<«.l, 
greenish white, and moderately spiinkled with green and light dotp 
Stalk rather short. Cavity large, deep, slightly russeted. Calyx closed 
Segments medium, erect. Basin abrupt, rather deep. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, tender, juicy, mild, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. 
Core small. August, September. A profitable orchard and market 
variety. 

24 



370 



Sharpe's Early. 



the apple. 

Summer Queen. 
Lancaster Queen. 



Polecat. 



This variety forms a large tree with somewhat pendent boughs, and 
is a profitable sort for orchards and marketing over a large territory. 




Smmner Queen. 



The fruit is large and broad at the crown, tapering towards the eye. 
The stalk is rather long, and is planted in a pretty deep cavity, some- 
times partially closed. Calyx but little sunk, in a narrow plaited basin. 
Skin fine deep yellow in its groTind, though well striped and clouded 
with red. Mesh aromatic, yellow, rich, and of good flavor. August 
and September. 



Rambour Franc. 
Summer Rambour. 



Summer Rambo. 

Rambour Gros. 
Rambour d'Ete. 



Frank Ramboui. 



This is an old French Apple which was pretty freely distributed 
many years since, and the old trees of which everywhere prove hardy 
and profitable for early marketing. Tree vigorous, spreading, open 
round head. 

Fruit a little above medium size, flat, generally evenly formed, but 
occasionally a little irregvilar, pale greenish yellow, stained and streaked 
with red on the sunny side. Flesh rather soft, sprightly subacid 
Good. E,ipens early in September. 



the apple. 371 

Summer Red Calville. 

Calville Rouge d'£t6. Calville d'^te. Mudeleine. 

Rother SommercalviUe. 

An old French Apple of medium size, roundish conical, ribbed, yel- 
lowish white, streaked and stained with red, becoming very bright in 
the sun. Flesh white, soft, tender, tinged with red, mild subacid. 
Good. July, August. 

Summer Red Streak. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, produo 
tive. 

Fi-uit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellowish, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with rich red. Stalk small. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
sometimes a little stained next the skin, juicy, brisk subacid. Good. 
Valued for cooking. September. 

Summer Reinette. 
Weisse Wack's Reinette. Weisse Sommer Reinette. Reinette d'^t^ Blanche. 

A beautiful German Apple. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate. Skin oily. Color clear yellow, 
faintly washed with clear bright red. Calyx half open. Stalk very 
short. Cavity russeted. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinous, sweet, aromatic. 
September, October. (Diel.) 

Summer Rose. 

Woolman's Harvest. Lippincott's Early. 

A very pretty and very excellent Apple, highly esteemed as a des- 
sert fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 




Summer Rose. 



Fruit scarcely of medium size, roundish, smooth, rich waxen yel- 
low, streaked and blotched with a Little red on the sunny side. Stallc 



372 THE APPLE. 

rather sliort and slender. Calyx closed, set in an even basin. Flesh 
tender, abounding with sprightly juice. Very good or best. Ripens 
early in August. 

SuMMEK Sweet. 

An old Connecticut Apple. Tree vigorous, very spreading, and pro» 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, yellowish, netted with rus* 
set. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh, whitish, crisp, tender, 
moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Excellent for b ailin g, Coi'e small. 
September. 

Summer Sweet Paeadise. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree very vigorous, spreading, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit quite large, round and regular in its form, a little flattened 
at both ends. Skin rather thick, pale green, sometimes faintly tinged 
with yellow in the siin, and very distinctly marked with numerous 
large dark gi*ay dots. Stalk strong, and set in an even, moderately 
deep hollow. Flesh tender, crisp, very juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic. 
Good to very good. Pipe in August and September. 

Summer Thorle. 
Thorie. Thoral Pippin. Wiorle Pippin. Watson's New Nonsucli. 

A favorite Scotch. Apple. Tree a free grower, rather pendent, very 
productive, bearing in clusters. 

Fruit small, oblate, rich yellow, with mottled stripes of rich red. 
Stalk short. Calyx half open. Flesh yellowish white, firm, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. August, September. (Pon.) 

Summer White Calville. 

CalvUle Blanche d'Ete. White CalvUle. 

Calville Blanc. Wahrer Weiser SommercalviUe. 

An old variety. Tree a strong grower and productive. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish oblate, with prominent ribs, pale straw 
color, with traces of delicate russet in the sun. Flesh white, tender, 
delicate, sweet, and pleasant. August, September. (Hogg.) 

Superb. 

Origin, Franklin Co., N. C. Tree tolerably vigorous, spreading, and 
a prodigious bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular. Skin green, rarely 
with a blush. Stalk of medium length, in a shallow cavity. Calyx 
la,rge and open. Flesh yellow, solid, slightly coarse-grained, rich, sub- 
acid. Good to very good. November to March. 

Superb Sweet. 

Raised by Jacob Deane, Mansfield, Mass. Tree vigorous, proJuc 
tire. 



THE APPLE, 373 

Fruit rather large, roundish, incliuing to conic, pale yellow, shaded, 
splashed and mottled with red. Stalk long, inserted in a deep cav- 
ity. Cal^^x large, open. Basin broad. 1^'lesh white, very tender, 
juicy, sweet, rich. Core large. Good to very good. September, Octo- 
ber. 

Surprise. 

A small, round, whitish yellow Apple, of little or no value, but 
admired by some for its singularity, the flesh being stained with red. 
November to January. 

Surrey Flat Cap. 

Hogg describes this as a veiy excellent dessert Apple. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, pale bluish green, rough veiny 
russet, and deep red next the sun. Flesh yellow, firm, rich, and sugary. 
October, January. 

Susannah. 

Large, oblong oval, greenish yellow. Flesh crisp, rich, aromatic. 
November to April. (Sumner MS.) 

Susan's Spice. 

Originated in Franklin Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, compressed, glossy light crimson, deeper in the sun, 
with fawn-colored dots. Stalk short. Flesh yellowish white, stained 
occasionally with red, juicy, pleasant, aromatic. October, (Gar. Mon.) 

Sutton Beauty. 
Beauty. 

Origin, Sutton, Mass. Tree upright, thrifty, and very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, -oundish oblate conic, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed, mottled, and obscurely striped with fine crimson, and thinly sprin- 
kled with whitish dots. Stem rather short, inserted in a medium cavity, 
slightly surrounded by greenish russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a 
moderate, uneven basin. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly 
subacid. Yery good. November, February. 

SWAAR. 
Hard wick. 

This is a truly noble American fruit, produced by the Dutch set- 
tlers on the Hudson, near Esopus, and so termed from its unusual weight, 
this word, in the Low Dutch, meaning heavy. It requires a deep, rich, 
Bandy loam to bring it to perfection, and, in its native soils, we have 
seen it twelve inches in circumfei-ence, and of a deep golden yellow color. 
It is one of the finest flavored apples in America, and deserves exten- 
sive cultivation in all favorable positions, though it does not succeed 
well in damp or cold soils. 

Fruit large, regularly formed, roundish or loundish oblate. Skin 
greenish yellow when fii'st gathered, but when entirely ripe of a fine, 



574 THE APPLE. 

dead gold color, dotted mth numerous distinct brown specks, and Bome 
times faintly marbled with gray russet on tbe side and round the stalk, 
Stalk slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a very round cav- 
ity. [Sometimes this cavity is partially closed.] Calyx small, greenish, 




Swaai. 

set in a shallow basin, scarcely plaited. Plesh yellowish, fijie-grained, 
tender, with an exceedingly rich aromatic flavor and a spicy smell. 
Very good to best. Core small. The trees bear fair crops, and th« 
fruit is in season from December to March. 

SWASEY. 

Supposed origin, Ohio. Tree hardy, but a poor grower. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, tender, subacid. Good. Core small. December, Janu- 
ary. 

Sweeney Nonpareil. 

An English Apple. Tree a good grower and bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, greenish, with patches of russet 
and brilliant red cheek in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, acid, Janu- 
ary to April. Cooking. 

Sweet and Sour. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, ribbed, the ribs being green, and the intervening 
hollows light yellow ; the ribs bearing the flavor of the fruit, which is 
acid, the intervening hollows being almost flavorless, but sweetish ; this 
portion not having its juice well elaborated. December, February. 



the apple. 375 

Sweet Baldwin. 

Origin unknown. Ti'ee very vigorous, upright spreading, productive 
Fruit medium, roundisli oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red, thin bloom, light dots. Flesh yellow- 
ish, moderately juicy, mild, sweet. Good. October. 

Sweet Belle Bonne. 
Belle et Bonne. 

A very old Apple. Origin unknown. Tree a spreading, moderately 
upright grower, and an annual bearer. Young shoots reddish brown, 
somewhat grayish, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate conic, yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, few large brown dots. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
yellow, moderately juicy, rich, sweet. Good. October, December. 

Sweet Bellflowek. 
Sweet Butter ? Butter of some. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yel 
low, with a few brown dots, slight blush in the sun. Stalk rather long, 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, aromatic, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

Sweet Bellflowek of Wyandot County. 

The origin of this Apple is unknown, but as Elliott has first described 
it as of Wyandot County, we follow him until its history is disclosed. 
The variety is a profitable market sort. Tree a good grower, some- 
what drooping in fruit. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, roixndish oblong conic, rough greenish yellow 
netted and patched with russet. Stalk x'ather short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. Good. Octobei', 
November. 

Sweet Doctor. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and 
striped with light and dark red. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
white, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good. Core small. October. 

Sweet Fall Pippin. 

Grown in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled, with brown 
dots. Stalk short, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a very shallow 
basin. Flesh juicy, sweet, and rich. Good. October, November. 

SWEET Greening. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with dull bronzed red 



376 THE APPLE. 

in tlie sun, many irregular scattered rongh dols and marblings of russet, 
Stalk medium. Cavity broad, acute, regular. Calyx in a broad, deep, 
slightly furrowed basin. Plesh. white, loose-grained, mild, sweet, rather 
dry. Good. Core small. December to February. 

Sweet Janet. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, annually pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat conical, covered with rich red or crim- 
son, mixed and striped. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yel- 
low, breaking, not juicy, sweet. Good. December, January. Fine for 
b?.king, and the tree claimed to bloom late in season and thus escape 
frosts, (0. P. S.) 

Sweet King. 

Origin, Oyster Bay, Long Island. Tree a stout, erect grower, an 
early and abundant bearer. Young wood reddish brown, slightly gray- 
ish. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellowish, shaded, striped, and splash- 
ed with red, few light gray dots. Stalk varying. Calyx large, oj)en. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. October to 
March. 

Sweet Makt. 

Originated with J. W. Dodge, Pomona, Tenn. Tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, and a great bearer. Young shoots dull grayish brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, whitish yellow, very smooth, 
sprinkled with a few light brown dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, sweet. August, Septem- 
ber. 

Sweet Pear. 

Origin unknown. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, very hardy and 
productive. 

Fi'uit medium, roundish conical, pale yellow, with dull blush red in 
the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Yery good. September, October. 

Sweet Pearmain. 

An old variety, of unknown origin. Tree a strong, upright grower, 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic. Stalk short. Cavity broad, 
deep. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, ten- 
dor, brisk, rich, sweet, aromatic. Yery good. January to April. 

Sweet Pippin. 

An old variety. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium, 'roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish, with red in the 
gun. Stalk short. Flesh fii'm, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. Novem 
ber. Decern oer. 



the apple. 377 

Sweet Queen". 
Dale's Swe6t Fall Queen. 

Origin, Pennsylvania, Tree a fair grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, elongated conic, ribbed at apex, whitish, shaded, striped, 
and splashed mth shades of red. Tlesh white, tender, pleasant, sweet. 
Scarcely good. Novembei*. 

Sweet Eambo. 

Origin, supposed Pennsylvania. Tree stout, upright, vigorous, not 
an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with red, and 
thickly covered with large gray dots, a little elevated above the surface. 
Stalk slender, inserted in a deep cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx 
closed, set in an open basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant sweet. Core 
small and close. Good to very good. October to December. 

Sweet Ribbed Gilliflower. 

An old Connecticut variety. 

Fruit large, roundish elongated conic, ribbed, mostly covered with 
light red, stiiped ciud splashed \vith dark. Stalk short. Calyx closed. 
Flesh white, rather compact, moderately juicy, half tender, sweet. 
Good. Core large. November, December. 

Sweet E-omanite, 
Eed Winter Sweet ? Sweet Nonsucli. 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, upright grower, hardy, m.oderato 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greer^sh yellow, shaded, splashed, 
and striped with red, light dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. 
Segments erect, slightly recurved. Basin corrugated. Flesh yellowish 
white, compact, tender, juicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. Core 
small. November to March. 

Sweet Russet. 
Summer Russet. 

Received from Parsons & Co., Flushing, Long Island. Origin unknown. 
A nice little Apple. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood 
reddish olive. 

Fruit small, roundish, inclining to conic, sometimes oblate, yellow, 
mostly covered with light russet, and sprinkled with brown russet dots, 
tinge of red in the sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, very tender, juicy, rich, sweet, aromatic. Very good. Sep- 
tember. 

Another Sweet Russet is grown in Massachusetts, New York, and 
elsewhere. The tree an upright, spreading grower, productive. Good 
for cooking. 

Fruit mediiim, oblate, yellow, mostly covered with nettings and 
patches of i-usset. Flesh whitish, half tender, rich, sweet. Good 
November, March. 

Another Sweet Russet of Kentucky, is described by Warder as : 



378 THE APPTK. 

Fruit small, conical, truncated, rough, dark russet. Dots minute, 
vvliite, prominent. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, not tender, 
sweet. Scarcely good. December, February. 

Sweet Seek-no-Farther. 

Origin, Hanover, N. II. Tree a good grower, an early and abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, roundish conical, yellowish green, with a red 
cheek next the sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Good. A long keeper. 

Sweet Sponge. 

Origin unknown. 

Frxiit medium, oblate, yellowish white. Flesh white, tender, sweet. 
July. (Warder.) 

Sweet Willie. 

Origin, Todd Co., Ky. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit large, greenish, mostly covered with stripes of red. Flesh fine- 
grained, tender, jnicy, rich, sweet. Good to very good. November. 
Decembei'. 

Sweet Winesap. 

Henrick Sweet ? Henry Sweet. Ladies Sweet, of somo. 
Sweet Pearmain, of some. Red Sweet Winesap. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree of moderate, iipright growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly approaching conic. Color red, 
splashed with deep crimson. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a deep 
cavity, surrounded with russet. Calyx partially open, set in a rather 
deep, open basin. Flesh tender, jiiicy, very sweet, rich. Good to very 
good. November to March. 

Sweet Vandervere. 
Sweet Eedstreak. Sweet Harvey. 

Origin unknown. Tree of crooked growth, a profvise bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded and striped with 
dull red. Stalk short, rather slender, inserted in a large, irregular 
cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a broad, open basin. Flesh tender, 
juicy, mild, sweet, aromatic. Good. November, March. 

Sweet Winter Pennock. 

From Ohio, supposed origin Belmont Co. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright, rather slender, a moderate bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and striped with 
red. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, mild sweet. Poor. December 
January. 

Swiss Peinette. 
Reinette Suisse. 
Of foreign origin. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 
Fruit medium or above, oblate, inclining to conic, fine yellow, moder 



THE APPLE. 



379 



ately sprinkled with gi'ay and rather indistinct light dots. Stalk shoi*t. 
Cavity large, slightly rnsseted. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep, 
slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, rather tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. Very good. December, February, 

Syke-House Russet. 

A Yorkshire Apple. Tree spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yelloAvish, mostly covered with light brown 
russet. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, sprightly, juicy, subacid. Novem- 
ber, February. (Ron.) 

Sylvester. 

Originated on the farm of Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Ti-ee 
vigorous, forming a beautiful open, round, spreading head, a profuse 
bearer. Youug shoots dark reddish brown, slightly grayish or downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, regular, waxen white, beauti- 
fully shaded on the sunny side with bright crimson, thinly sprinkled 
with minute light and brown dots. Stalk small, short. Cavity regular. 
Calyx closed. Basin rather shallow. Flesh very white, tender, crisp, 
juicy, brisk subacid. Yery good. September, October. Excellent for 
cooking and drying. 

Table Greening. 

Origin, Cornish, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, dull green. Flesh juicy, imld, pleasant 
subacid. Good. December to March. 




Talman'B Sweet. 



Talman's Sweet. 
Tolmab'e Sweeting. Tallman'a Sweeting. Brown's Golden Sweet. 
A native of Rhode Island. In quality the fruit is scarcely second 
rate as a table sort, but it is a very popular and profitable orchard sort, 



380 THE APPLE. 

from the hardihood of the trees, their great productiveness, and its value 
for stock feeding and various culinary uses. Tree an upright spreading 
grower, vigorous. 

Form nearly globular. When fully ripe, whitish yellow, with a soft 
blush on one side, and generally a line running from stem to calyx. 
Stalk rather long and slender, inclining to one side, and inserted in a 
rather wide, shallow, but regular cavity. Calyx set in a small basin, 
slightly depressed. Flesh quite white, rather firm, fine-grained, with 
a rich sweet flavor. November to April. 

Tardive de Joncret. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical truncated, ribbed, golden 
yellow, with bright red on the sun side. Dots and splashes of gi'ay. Stalk 
short. Calyx closed. Basin deep. Flesh white, tender, sweet subacid. 
December, February. (An. Pom.) 

Tart Bough. 
Sour Bough of some. 

An old variety, originally disseminated, so far as we can learn, by 
Judge Buel, of Albany, N. Y. It much resembles Early Harvest in the 
fruit, but the trees are more rapid in growth, and it ripens much later, 
is more acid, and not considered profitable. 

There is another Tart Bough, the fruit of which is small, roundish 
conical, whitish, thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Calyx closed, with long segments. Basin shallow. Flesh white, firm- 
grained, tender, juicy, sprightly, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. 
August. 

Tarvey Codlin. 

Raised from seed of the Manks Codlin. 

Fruit large, conical, dull olive green, with yellow and yellowish red, 
much spotted with broken rows of blood-red dot, next the sun. Flesh 
white, jiiicy. A good culinary apple. November, December. (Hogg.) 

Taunton. 

Origin unknown. Some claim it for Alabama, others Georgia. The 
tree is a vigorous but straggling grower, very productive. Young 
shoots reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit rather large, oblate conic, greenish yellow, striped and splash- 
ed with red, darkest on sun side, large light dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
deep, russeted. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender. Basin slightly 
corrugated. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, aromatic, acid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Taunton Golden Pippin. 

Tree hardv and productive. 

Fruit belo\v medium, roundish, I'ich yellow, markings and freckles of 
russet in shade, clouded red, and streaked in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, delicate, brisk, vinous, December to March. (Hogg.) 



THE APPLE. 



S81 



Tenderskik. 

Of Southern origin. Tree very vigorous, 1 ealthy, and productive. 
Young wood reddish brown, do-vvny, vexy shoi-t-jointed, with prominent 
buds. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, yellow, striped and splashed 
somewhat with red, some bloom. Stalk long. Calyx closed. Flesh 
yellowish, tender, very juicy, pleasant subacid. Good to very good 
November to January. 

Ten Shillings. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, covered with pale 
brown russet orange streaked Avith red in the sxin. Flesh yellowish 
white, tender, sweet acid. November. (Hogg.) 

Tentekden Park. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, mostly covered with deep 
red, striped with a still deeper shade in the sun. Flesh gi-eenish white, 
tender, crisp, brisk, juicy, not rich. October, February. (Hogg.) 

Terral's Late. 

A Southern Apple of unknown origin. Tree very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong oblique, whitish, shaded with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red, thickly sprinkled with light brown dots. Stalk 
very short. Cavity narrow, deep, partially russeted. Calyx small, 
closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh white, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. October, November. 




Tlie Tetofsky is a Russian Summer Apple, which proves profitable 
foi- market growing. The tree is an upright sjireading grower, forming 



382 THE APPLE. 

an opon head, comes early into bearing, and produces anDtially. Very 
hardy. Young shoots yellowish reddish brown, leaves V6;ry large. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate conic, sometimes nearly round, smooth, 
with a yellow ground handsomely striped with red, and, like most 
apples of that country, covered with a whitish bloom, under which is a 
shining skin. The flesh is white and juicy, sprightly acid, fragrant, and 
agreeable. Good. August. Succeeds at the North. 

Teuchat's Egg. 

Chucket Egg. Summer Teuchat Egg. 

Fruit below medium, varying in shape from ovate to conical, irreg« 
ularly ribbed, pale yellow, washed and streaked with red. Flesh ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant. September. (Hogg.) 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush. 
Tewkesbury Blush. 

Coxe says this Apple was brought from Tewkesbury, Hunterdon 
Co., N. J. 

It is a handsome, fair fruit, with more flavor and juiciness than is 
nstial in long-keeping apples. They may be kept till August, without 




Tewkesbury Winter Blush. 

particular care, quite plump and sound. The tree grows rapidly and 
straight, and the fruit hangs till late in the autumn. Young shoots 
grayish reddish brown. 

The size is small, rather flat. The skin smootn, yellow, with a red 
cheek. Flesh yellow, with more juice and flavor than any other long- 
keeping variety. Mild, pleasant svxbacid. January to July. 

Them's Red Streak. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale green, with red stripes. Flesh acid 
Winter. (Hov. Mag."i 



THE APPLE. 383 



Thomas. 



An old unknown vai'iety, canned many years since from Maryland 
to Illinois, where it has received tlie name of Thomas. The tree is very 
Lardy, moderately vigorous, forming a handsome-shaped top, annuaDj' 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical truncated, greenish, becoming yellow 
when fully matiued. Skin thin. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid. December to February. (N. Lyon : MS.) 

Tift's Sweet. 

Origin, New England. Tree vigorovis, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate, green, netted with russet, sometimes with a 
dull broAvn cheek. Flesh yellowish, exceedingly sweet and rich. A 
regulai*, but not profuse beaver. Unprofitable. September, October. 

TiLLAQUA. 
Big Fruit. 

Origin, North Carolina. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate or oblate, yellowish ground, 
nearly covered, shaded, splashed, and strijjed with red, moderately 
eprinlded with large light dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh 
wliitish, moderately juicy, brisk subacid. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber to March. 

TiNMOUTH. 
Teignmoutli. Vermont Pippin. 

Origin, Tinmouth, Yt. This fine Apple" is much esteemed in the 
region of its origin. The tree is a good grower, very productive, and a 
profitable sort. Young shoots dull brownish red, slightly downy. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, whitish yellow, considerably shaded 
with carmine, and sprinkled with a few brown dots. Stalk short, in- 
serted in a deep ca%'ity. Calyx partially closed, set in a deep open ba 
sin. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant, mild subacid, with a pecu- 
liar melon-like aroma. Good to very good. November to February. 

Titus Pippin. 

Well Apple. Hang-On. Timothy. 

Timothy Titus Sort. 

Origin, near Hempstead, Long Island. Tree an upright, thrifty 
grower, productive, and profitable for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong conic, somewhat ribbed, pale yellow, 
rarely with a biush. Stalk rather slender. Calyx open. Flesh whit- 
ish yellow, a little coarse, breaking, juicy, tender, brisk subacid. Good. 
Core large and open. December to February. 

ToccoA. 
Muskmelon. 
Originated iu Habersham Co., Ga. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellow, with a Hght shade of crim- 



384 THE APPLE. 

son in the sun, few gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Easin 
small, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, mild subacid. Good. 
August, September. ' 

Toker's Incomparable. 

An English ciilinary sort. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed or five-sided, yellowish green, 
with traces and streaks of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, 
tender, j uicy, brisk, pleasant acid. November, Dftcember. (Hogg.) 

TOLBEET. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, roundish, deep red, with indistinct stripes, and light 
dots. Stalk short and small. Cavity narrow, a little russeted. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellomsh, moderately juicy and tender, mild subacid 
Good. Core small. Sentember. 

Tom Potter. 

A Devonshire, England, Apple, described by Ronalds. Tree healthy, 
but uncertain bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, yellow, shaded and striped 
with red in the sun. Flesh juicy, high-flavored. September, October 

Toole's Indian Rareripe. 

Origin tinknown. Tree stout, upright, short-jointed, forming a dense 
round head, moderately productive. Young shoots smooth clear reddish. 

Fruit large, roundish slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a tirige of 
red in the sim. Stalk very short. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium,, 
uneven. Flesh greenish white, tender, brisk subacid, valuable for cook- 
ing. Core large. September, October. 

Tower of Glammis. 
Glammis Castle. Late Carse of Gowrie. Carse of Gowrie. 

A fine culinary Apple from the Clydesdale orchards, Scotland. Tree 
an excellent bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sides sometimes unequal, pale yellow, 
shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk rather slender. Calyx large, 
open. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, sharp sub- 
acid. Good. December, January. 

Tower's Glory. 

A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as of medium si2;e, roundish, 
with obtuse angles, yellow, covered in sun with red, and streaked with 
darker shades. Stalk very short. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish, 
tender, juicy, brisk, acid. October to AprD. 

TOWNSEND. 
Hocking. Eieager. 

Originated in Bucks Co., Pa., found over one hundred years ago, in 



THE APPLE. 385 

an Ijidian clearing by Stephen Towiisend, when he first settled in that 
then wild country. Tree healthy, vigoro\is, upright spreading, produc- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fi'uit medium, oblate, slightly conic, pale yellow, striped and 
splashed with red, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk i-ather long, 
slender, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx closed, set in a basin of 
moderate depth. Flesh white, tender, very mild, agreeable, subacid. 
Good to very good. Kipe middle of August to middle of September. 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty. 

An excellent kitchen Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, yellow, with a brownish red 
cheek. Calyx closed. Flesh tender, fine-grained, juicy, agi-eeable acid. 
October to April. (Hogg.) 

Trader's Fancy. 

Originated in the nurseries of Solomon Phillips, Washington Co., 
Pa. Tree a ^^.gorous grower, a good and regular bearer, and pop'alar 
where knoAvn ; valued as a late keeper and market fruit at the South- 
west. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, striped and shaded 
with dull red, covered with a bloom. Stalk short, slender. Calyx 
closed. Basin broad and corrugated. Flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juicy, 
with a mild, pleasant, subacid flavor. Good to very good. January to 
May. 

Transparent Codlin. 

Lindley describes this as a handsome Apple, forming a spreading 
tree, and an excellent bearer. 

Fi-uit medium, roundish oblong conic, lemon yellow, tinged with 
salmon or red in the sun. Flesh tender, semi-transparent, jxiicy, sweet. 
September, November. 

Transparent de Zurich. 

Fruit small or medium, beaatiful waxen white, clear, translucent. 
September. (Elliott.) 

Transport. 

Origin, Indiana. Tree poor in the nursery, good in the orchard, 
very productive. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened, angular, pale yellow, blushed car- 
mine. Dots scattered, green, with white bases ; purple where exjjosed, 
bloom white. Flesh yellowish white, tender, melting, fixie-grained, 
juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. December to February. 
Not very profitable. (Warder.) 

Trenton Early ? 

A variety somewhat gi-own in Ohio and the West, the origin or identi 

25 



386 THE APPLE. 

ty of -which has not yet been discovered. The tree is a moderately vigor 
ous grower, hardy, and quite productive. Young wood reddish browQ. 
Fruit above medium, irregular, ribbed. Color yellowish, with slight 
undulations over the surface, which are green. Skin smooth and oily. 
Cavity wide. Basin furrowed. Flesh not very fine-grained, very light 
and tender, with a pleasant, subacid flavor. Good. August. 

Tkescott Russet. 

Originated in Sharon, Conn. Tree a strong grower, good bearer ; 
and the fruit keeps well, but inclines to shrivel. 

Frviit roundish conic oblique, yellow russet, with a dull red cheek. 
Stalk short, thick. Calyx closed. Flesh tough, mild subacid, vinous, 
almost sweet. Good. February, April. 

Trumbull Sweet. 
Fenton Sweeting. Trumbull Sweeting. 

Originated in the orchard of Aaron Fenton, Trumbull Co., Ohio. Tree 
a healthy, spreading, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, whitish yellow, with a blush in the 
sun, and a few brown and indistinct green or gray dots. Stalk rather 
short and slender. Cavity broad, uneven. Calyx closed. Flesh white, 
juicy, tender, mild, sweet. Very good. Core rather large. Septem- 
ber, October. 

Trumpeter. 
Treadle-Hole. 

An Apple esteemed in the orchards of Lancaster, England. 

Fruit large, oblong, ribbed, pale green, with a tinge of yellow in the 
sun. Flesh greenish white, crisp, juicy, sweet subacid. October, De- 
cember. 

• Tucker. 

A cooking Apple, described by Cole as medium, flattish round, green- 
ish yellow, crisp, jnicy, acid. July, August. 

Tuebner's Cider. 

Origin, Missouri. Valued only for cider. 

Fruit below medium, roundish truncated, dull yellowish red. Flesh 
vellow, acid. October. 

Tuebner's Golden. 

Originated in Missouri. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow. Flesh acid. Valued only for itf 
productiveness. September. 

Tuft's. 

l^if t's Baldwin. 

Originated in Cambridge, Mass, The tree is vigorous, forming a 
handsome head, and bearing annually. Young wood dark brown. 



THE APPLE. 387 

Fruit large, roimdisli oblate, yellowish, mucli shaded and sometimes 
striped with red. Stalk in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a plaited 
basin of moderate depth. Flesh crisj), rather juicy, with a flavor scarcely 
subacid, and slightly aromatic. Good. September, October. 

Tulip. 
Tulp. Tulpen. Dutch Tulip. Calville Tulipee. Tulipen Calville. 

A Dutch Apple. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, yellow, nearly overspread with 
deep, almost purplish red. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellow 
ish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Good. November, J*i.nuary. 

Turkey Greening. 

From Connecticut. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit fail- and very productive, large, oblate, slightly conic. Skir 
green, with a dull blush and many light dots. Flesh greenish, tender, 
juicy, subacid, not valuable. January, February. 

Turk's Cap. 

A cooking Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, ribbed, golden yellow, some russet and 
a brownish tingo of red in the sun. Calyx large, open. Stalk long. 
Flesh yellow, firi'^, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. November, Decem- 
ber. 

Turn off Lane. 

Winter Strawberry. 

Origin, Salem, N. J. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, a regular 
and good bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, striped and 
shaded with red. Flesh white, tender, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good.. 
Prized in the neighborhood of its origin as a late keeper. 

Tuscaloosa. 
Tuscaloosa Seedling. 

A variety originated by Andrew Clements, of Tuscaloosa Co., Ala. A 
new seedling of good promise as a market sort for the South. Tree 
moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, yellow, shaded, 
striped, and marbled with red russet near the stalk, few gray dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity slightly russeted. Calyx closed. Basin corrugated. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core 
small, October to February. 

Tuscaloosa Sweet. 

Supposed a native of Kentucky. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
spreading. 

Fndt large to very large, oblate, slightly ribbed, yellowish green, 
becoming deep yellow in the sun, small white suffused specks surrounded 
with crimson red. Stalk mtdium. Cavity broad and russeted. Calyx 



388 THE APPLE. 

small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, tender, brisk, sparkling, 
sweet. Core medium, compact. Very good. October, December. 

TUTTLE. 

Origin unknown. A strong, vigorous, upright, spreading grower. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly shaded 
and splashed with dark and light red, few whitish dots. Stalk very 
shoi-t and stout. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
rather firm, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. 
December, February. 

Twenty Ounce. 

Morgan's Favorite. Coleman. 

Twenty Ounce Apple. Cayuga Red Streak. 

Eighteen Ounce Apple. Lima. 

Aurora. Wine of Connecticut. 

A very large and sho^wy Apple, well known in Cayuga Co., N. Y., but 
an old fruit from Conaiecticut. It is a good, sprightly fruit, though not 
fery high flavored, but its remarkably handsome appearance and lai'ge 
size render it one of the most popular fruits in market. The tree is 
thrifty, and makes a compact, neat head, bears regular crops, and the 
fruit is always fair and handsome. Young wood rich brownish red. 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly uneven, greenish yellow, boldly 
splashed and marbled with stripes of purplish red. Stalk short, set in 
a wide, deep cavity. Calyx small. Basin moderately deep. Flesh 
coarse-grained, sprightly, brisk subacid. Good to very good. October 
to January. 

Twin. 

A variety introduced and disseminated in IMichigan by a nursery- 
man, who, having lost its true name, applied the above, because of its 
bearing its fruit in pairs. It has not yet been identified, but will pro- 
bably prove some old variety. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, yellowish white, neai-ly covered with 
bright red, shaded and striped with dark red, usually a patch of russet 
next the stalk. Flesh fine-grained, crisp, juicy, with occasional pink 
lines or threads through it, aromatic. October, November. Core small, 
close. (T. T. Lyon, MS.) 

Twitchell's Sweet. 

Origin, Dublin, N. BT. ; a vigorous grower, with slender branches, 
and very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, red, shaded with prurple, and partially 
sprinkled with small gray dots. Stalk long and slender, inserted in a 
deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in an abrupt, plaited liasin. 
Flesh very white, veined with red under the skin, and sometiiaes at 
the core, tender, very sveet and pleasant. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Tyre Beauty. 
A new variety, origii\ated on the farm of Jason Smith, Tyre, Senecfi 



THE APPLE. 389 

Co., N. Y. Troc a good grower, productive of fruit unifoiinly even in 
size, and valuable as a market sort. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with broken lines 
and splashes of deep crimson, shaded and marbled intermediate, mouldy 
bloom, light gray dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx with almost 
erect segments. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, tender, breaking, 
slightly acid, pleasant. Good. Core small. Seeds broad, pointed. 
Season, early September. (Rural New Yoi'ker.) 

Tyroler Pippin. 
Reinette der TyroL 

A Swiss Apple. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, yellow, with dull red, broken 
stripes in the siui. Flesh white, veined with green, firm, sugary. Win- 
ter. (Verg.) 

Uncle John. 

Origin, Eastern Pennsylvania. Tree a strong, upright grower, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, oblate obliqiie, whitish, shaded with light, and 
splashed and strijied with dark red or lake, thickly sprinkled with large 
light dots. Stalk short and small. Calyx closed. Flesh qmte white, 
tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core small. Novem- 
ber, December. 

Unique. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, ribbed, pale -yellow, lightly shaded in 
the sun with red, and thickly sprinkled ^vith small gray and light dots. 
Stalk short. Cavity medi^^m. Calyx small, closed. Segments short to 
a point. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh white, firm, moderately juicy, 
subacid. Good. Core small. November, December. 

Union. 

Originated in the County of Way, la. Tree a good bearer. 
Fruit medium, roimdish oblong conical, yellow, with pale red stripes. 
January. (Lewis Jones' MS.) 

Updegraff. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigoi'ous, spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, inclining to conic, pale 
yellow, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, darkest in 
Bun, few areole dots. Stalk slender. Calyx large, open, or partially 
closed. Basin corrugated. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid. Core small. Good. November. 

Utter. 

A popular Applfi in Wisconsin and some othtir Western sections 
Tree a regular bear*^r, and 1 «.rdv 



590 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medixim to large, oblate, lemon yellow ground, mottled^ shaded, 
and striped with light red, small russet dots. Stalk short and slender. 
Calyx small, closed. Basin open, furrowed. Flesh white, tender, juicy 
mild, pleasant subacid. Good. November, December. 



I Vale Mascal Pearmain. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with bright red in 
the sun, and many spots of russet. Flesh yellow, crisp, sugary. 
(Hogg.) 

Van Bueen. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit medium to large, globular, a little conical, yellow, shaded with 
dark red, specks and patches of russet. Stalk short, fleshy. Ca^dty 
narrow. Calyx small, closed. Basin shallow. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
tender. Good keeper. October to April. (White.) 

Vance's Harvest. 
Vance's Early. 

Origin, Edgar Co., 111. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded with orange red 
in the sun, few gray and light dots. Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August. Core 
small. 

Vandekabeele. 

Originated in Flanders. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, oblong conical truncated, ribbed at apex, golden yellow, 
Bplashed and marbled with red in the sun, many gray dots and shades. 
Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish wliitr?, 
half tender, agreeable subacid. December to February. (An. .Fom.) 

Vajsuernoot. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, clear yellow, splashed and clouded with 
deep I'ich red in the sun, greenish mould toward the apex. Stalk long. 
Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh white, lender, 
juicy, subacid. November, December. (Alb. Pom.) 

Vandeespiegel. 
Seek-no-Furtlier of some. 

Origin, Bennington, Vt. Tree a good grower, and productive. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conic truncated, yellowisli, shaded 
and splashed with red, few light dots. Calyx partially closed. Flesh 
jrellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, February, 



THE APPLE. 30i 

Yandevere. 

White Yandevere. Vandevere of Pa. Green Vandevere. 

Little Yandevere of Indiana. Stalclubs. Yandiver. 

Yanderveer. Yellow Yandervere. Striped Yandervero. 

Pennsylvania Yandevere. Lasting Yandervere ? Fall Yandevere ? 

Red Yandevere. 

The Yandevere is an old fruit, a native of Wilmington, Del., and 
took its name from a family there by name of Yandiver, which should 
be by right the name of the Ap])le ; but it has so long been known and 
groNvn imder the spelling Yandevere, that we deem it best not to 
change it. There is much confusion existing respecting this Ai)ple and 
its sub-vaiieties, which possibly some of those may be, grown under 
what we give as synonyms. Tree of moderate horizontal growth, not 
very productive. Young shoots smooth, dark grayish reddish brown, 
with bold, full, projecting, rounded conical buds. 

Fruit of medium size, oblate. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in 
a deep cavity. Calyx small and closed, set in a round, moderate basin. 
Color waxen yellow, striped with I'ed, and covered with numei*ous green 
dots. Flesh yellowish, compact, but tender, with a fine, rich, subacid 
flavor. Good. October to January. Yaluable for culinary purjioses. 

There is a Yandevere which we have received from Yirginia, the young 
wood of which is slender, with verj- small inconspicuous buds. 

Yandervere Pippin. 

Indiana Yandevere. Watson's Yandevere. Big Yandevere. 

Mountain Yandevere. Imperial Yandevere ? 

Origin unknown. Tree a strong, rapid gi'ower, spreading, a mode- 
rate bearer. Young wood smooth, light reddish brown, medium sized, 
buds reddish. 

Fruit large, oblate, approaching conic, yellow, flaked all over with red, 
striped on the sunny side, and covered with rough brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a broad, deep cavity, often russeted. Calyx partially 
closed, set in a moderate basin. Flesh crisp, with a brisk subacid 
"flavor. Good. September to February. Yaluable for. cooking and 
drying. 

Vandyke. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright, vigorous grower, productive. 
Young wood smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, yellowish, -with a tinge of red, 
and slightly sprinkled with brown and reddish dots. Stalk rather slen- 
der, in a large cavity. Calyx closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh 
white, tender, jmcy, subacid, agreeable. Good September, October. 

YaN MoNS E.EINETTE. 
Eeinette Yan Mone. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, slightly conic, rich yellow, with a rich 
red cheek in sun, considerable russet. Stalk rather shoi't. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellow, rich subacid. Yery good. December, March 
Not profitable. 



392 the apple. 

Vaughn's "Winter. 

Origin, Christian Co., Ky. Tree hardy, vigoro lis, and produdive 
Introduced by J. S. Downer, of Elkton, Ky. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Sides viu equal, wliitisb, waxen yellow, shad- 
ed with crimson and lilac, and sometimes obscurely striped, and thickly 
covered with conspicuous light dots. Stalk small and short. Deep, 
uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin deep, abrupt, open, slightly cor- 
'Fugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, mild subacid. Good. Janu- 
ary to March. 

Vaughn's Pippin. 
Colonel Vaughn's. 

Fru.it small, conical, waxen yellow, with bright crimson in the sun. 
Calyx small, closed. Stalk short. Flesh white, tinged with red under 
thfi skin on the side, crisp, juicy, sweet. September, October. (Hogg.) 

Vaugoyeau. 
Cadeau du Genexal. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, roimdish conical, flattened at base, dull yellow, shaded 
and splashed with red, spotted with gray. Stalk short. Cavity deep 
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, subacid. December to 
March. (An. Pom.) 

Vermillon POYl^E. 

A French Apple. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered, shaded, splashed, and striped with red, few gray dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity russeted. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid. Very good. Core small. December, March. 

Versaillaise Peinette. 
Reinette Versaillaise. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, mostly covered with 
dull russet, a slight tinge of red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
closed. Basin corriigated. Flesh white, line, tender, moderately juicy, 
brisk subacid. Good to very good. Core small. December, February. 

Victuals and Drink. 
Big Sweet. Pompey. 

An old Apple, which originated in the neighborhood of JSewark, 
N. J., about 1750. Tree of vigorous, upright spreading habit, and a 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit lai-ge, oblong, rather irregular, and varies a good deal in size. 
Skin thin, but rough, dull yellow, marbled with russot, with a faiii< 



THE APPLE. 393 

ruHset blush on the sunny side. Stalk moderately long and slender, 
deeply insei-ted in an irregular cavity. Calyx small, set in a rather 
shallow basin. Flesh yelloAvish, tender, breaking, rich, sprightly, sweet. 
Very good. In perfection from October to January, but will keep till 
April. 

ViOLETTE. 

A sauce or cooking Apple, described by Ronalds as of medium size, 
oblong conical, dark copper or p\irple color, covered with a fine bluish 
bloom. Flesh white, tinged with red under the skin, juicy, brisk acid. 
December to March. 

Virginia Greening. 
Ross Greening. Green Mountain Pippin. Virginia Pippin ? 

Origin iinlcnown, supposed Southern. Tree a vigorous grower and 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellowish, thinly covered vdih large 
brown dots, and a slight blush. Stalk rather long, in a large cavity. 
Calyx open. Basin broad, corrugated. Flesh yellow, compact, a rather 
pleasant subacid. Esteemed at the South as a lato keeper and a good 
market apple. 

Virginia Quaker. 

Origin not known. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit quite small, globular, slightly conic, greenish yellow. Dota 
scattered, minute, black. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, 
firm, breaking, subacid. Good. Midsummer. (Warder.) 

Virginia Spice. 

Origin unknown. Tree an erect, slender, moderate gi-ower. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic, whitish, thinly sprinkled with brown 
dots.' Stalk very short. Cavity russeted. Calyx small, closed. Basin 
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, crisp, sprightly subacid. Good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Voss' Winter. 

Southern. 

Fruit medium to large, globiilar, unequal, smooth white, with leather 
tracking, and a heavy bloom. Dots minute, brown. Calyx small, 
ilosed. Basin abrupt, deep, wavy. Stalk long. Cavity deep. Flesh 
(ivhitish yellow, firm, juicy, subacid. Good. December. (Warder.) 

Wabash. 
Wabash Bellflower. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, or somewhat conical, deep yellow, cov 
ered with clear orange red, brightest on the sunny side, and screaked 
with russet in the cavity around the stalk. Stalk short, slender Calyx 



394 



THE APPLK. 



rather large, open. Flesh white, firm, crisp, tender, s\ibacid. Cora 
large. November, December. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Waddell Hall. 

A South(?rn Apple of unknown origin. Tree moderately Yigorous, 
Young wood brownish. 

Fruit small, roundish conical, pale yellow, shaded, striped, and 
s})lashed with light red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid. Good. December to March. 

Wadhurst Pippin. 

Origin, Wadhurst, Sussex, England. A valuable cooking Apple. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, ribbed at apex, yellow, splashed and 
marbled with red in sun, small gray dots. Stalk very short. Calyx 
closed, with long segments. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, brisk acid. 
November, February. 

■Wageneb. 

Origin, Penn Yan, Yates Co., IST. Y. Tree thrifty, upright, hardy, 
and early bearer ; requires thinning to produce good-flavored fruit ; 
when grown in the shade is wanting in flavor. Young wood light 
reddish brown, slightly downy. Buds prominent. 




Wagener. 



Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, yellow, mostly shaded with 
crimson, obscurely striped, and sprinkled with light dots. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a large, broad, irregular cavity, 
Calyx small and closed, set in a rather abrupt somewhat corrugated basin 
Flesh yellowish, very tender, juicy, excellent, brisk, somewhat vinous 
Very good to best. A very delicate apple. Ripe, November to February 



the apple. 395 

"Walker's Yellow. 
Walker's Winter. 

This Apple is a nutive of Pulaski Co., (Jeorgia, and introduced 
by Geox-ge Walker. Tree upright, vigorous. 

Fruit large, roundish couic, fine golden yellow, with a faint blush on the 
Bonny side. Stalk of moderate length, in a deep, acute cavity. Basin 
small. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, hard, rather too acid for a dess(irt 
fruit. Good. November to April. 

Walpole. 

Origin, "VValpole, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
gi-ayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and striped with bright 
red. Stalk short. Cavity large. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
velloAi^sh, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid. Very good. Last of August 
and fix'st of September. 

Waltham Abbey. 

Waltham Abbey Seedling 

Origin, Essex, England. 

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, slightly conic, yellow, with dull red in the 
Bun, many minute russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity russeted. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet. October, January. 
(Lindley.) 

Wanstall. 

Green Street Apple. 

Originated in Kent, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, ribbed at apex, golden 
yellow, striped and mottled with dark red in the sun, patches and 
veins of russet, and russet dots. Calyx half open. Basin furrowed. 
Flesh yellow, firm, crisp, juicy, sugary, rich. December to May. 
(Hogg.) 

"Ward. 

Origin, "Westville, Champagne Co., Ohio. Tree healthy and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit large, oblong, flattened at ends, yellow, streaked and spotted 
with mottled red. Flesh yellowish white, subacid. (O. P. S.) For- 
syth describes an apple under this name as of medium size, flat, green, 
with some red in sun, sharp acid, and keeps till June. 

Warfield. 

Originated in Muscatine, la. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous grower, 
an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, light waxen yellow, with a blush in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk slender. Cavity 
slightly russeted. Cal}Tc large, open. Segments shorl . Flesh whitish, 
moderately juicy, mild suba;;id. Good. Core small. Valuable foi 
cooking. September, October. 



396 



THE APPLE. 



Warner's King. 

Tree a free and vigorous grower, and a good bearer ; hardy, valxia 
ble for culinary use. 

Fruit very large, roundisli ovate, deep yellow, with russet dots and 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh white, tender, crisp, 
brisk subacid. November to March. (Hogg.) 

Warraschke de Guben. 

A Russian variety, new. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, greenish 
yellow, with considerable brownish red at apex end. Flesh white, fine, 
tender, mild, sweet, agreeable. Early Winter. (Yer.) 

Washington Royal. 
Palmer Greening. 

Originated in Leominster, Mass. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with 
numerous small gray dots, and a clear red in the skin. Calyx closed, in 
a broad basin. Stalk short. Flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, subacid, slight- 
ly aromatic. Core small. Good to very good. Keeping till July. 




Washington Strawberry. 



Washington Strawberry. 
Oiiginated on the farm of Job Whipple, Union Springs, Washing- 



THE APPLE. 39 < 

ton Co., N. Y. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright spreading, an early and 
abundant bearei'. Young wood reddish. Buds prominent, rounded. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, flattened at base, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, and mottled with rich red, or crimson. Stalk short. Cavitv 
thinly russeted. Calyx closed. Segments rather long, reflexed. Basin 
abrupt, deep, furrowed. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, crisp, tender, 
juicy, brisk s\ibacid. Very good. September, October. 

Washington Sweet. 

Origin, Berlin, Mass. Tree a thrifty grower and annual bearer. 
Young wood reddish brown, slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly oblong conic, flattened at 
ends, yellow occasionally with crimson cheek in the sun, few green dots. 
Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant 
sweet. Good. October, November. 

Water. 

Originated in Durham Township, Bucks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, 
ei"ect, forming a round somewhat close head, blooms nearly two weeks 
later than other varieties, and produces abundantly every other year- 
Young wood very dark, blackish brown. 




Water- 



Fruit medium, roundish conical, sometimes oblong conic triTncated^ 
whitish yellow, shaded with rich purplish crimson in the sun, few 
brown dots. Stalk short, slender. Calyx closed. Basin small, abrupt, 
slightly corrugated. Flesh white, very tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Yery good. October, November. 



398 the apple. 

Waterman's Sweet. 

Fruit me'iitim, oblate inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, splaslied 
and mottled with crimson, few light gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx 
small, closed. Flesh yellowish, crisp, tender, jni'^v, moderately sweet. 
Good. December to March. 

Watson's Dumpling. 

A large English kitchen Apple, nearly round, yellowish green, faintly 
striped with dull red. Flesh juicy, pleasant, subacid. Good. Octo- 
ber to January. 

Watson's Favokite. 

From Maine. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, reddish blush on yellow. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, pleasant subacid. Yery good. (Cont. Gent.) 

Waugh's Ceab. 

Claimed to have originated in Culpepper Co., Va. Tree thrifty, 
verj productive, valued mainly for cider and long keeping. 

Fruit small, roundish conic trvincated, shaded with light red, splash- 
ed and striped with deep red in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
in an abrupt basin. Flesh whitish, very firm, moderately j uicy, sweet 
subacid. Good. February to April. 

Wax. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, yellowish green, slightly shaded with 
red. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, a little coarse, sweet. 
Good. December, February. 

Waxen. 

Origin, supposed to be Yirginia. Tree thrifty. Young wood dark. 
Fruit mediu.m, roundish, slightly oblate, pale yellow, oily, sprinkled 
with a few dots. Stalk slender, in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
shallow. Flesh whitish yellow, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild sub- 
acid. Good. November, December. 

Wealthy. 

A new variety originated by Peter M. Gideon, near St. Paul, Minn., 
from seed gathered in Maine about 1860. So far the tree has proved 
hardy, vigorous, and healthy. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, whitish yellow ground, 
shaded with deep rich crimson in the sun, obscure broken stripes and 
mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with crimson, many 
light dots. Stalk short to medium, slender. Cavity green, russet. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, fine- 
grained, stained with red, tender, juicy, lively, vinous, subacid. Yerj 
good. Core small. Season, December, February. 



the apple. 399 

Wealthy's Favorite. 
Winter Seedling. Bradley's Winter. 

Origin, Town of riyniouth, Mich. 

Fruit medium, voniulish oblate, pale waxen yellow, shaded in snn 
with ci'imson, and thinly sprinkled with brown and white dots. Stalk 
short. Cavity deep, acute. Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, uneven. 
Flesh whitish yellow, tender, juicy, mild subacid, pleasant. Very good 
December to February. An amateur's fruit. 

Webb's Winter. 

A Soiithern, probably Mississippi, variety. Tree slender, with droop- 
ing branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellow, shaded and rather faintly splashed 
and striped -with red. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, 
fine-grained, moderately tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December, February. 

Wellford's Yellow. 

Origin, Essex Co., Virginia. A rapid gi-ower and a great bearer. 

Fruit rather small, roundish flattened, pale yellow, with faint red 
streaks on one side. Flesh yellow, fine-grained, juicy, subacid, aroma- 
tic. Keeps well until June. 

Well's S\veet. 
Sweeting, Well's. 

Origin unknown. Tree upright spreading, .productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, broadest in the middle, and lessen- 
ing each way, pale dull green, with a dull red or brownish cheek. 
Stalk rather slender and short. Calyx short, set in qtiite a shallow 
basin. Flesh very white, and veiy tender, abounding with a rich, 
agreeable, sprightly juice. Good to very good. November to January. 

Western Spy. 

Origin, fai^m of John Mansfield, Jefferson Co., O. Tree a slendei 
spreading, moderate grower, but very productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, yellow, often much shaded with 
crimson. Stalk short and stout, inserted in a large cavity. Calyx open, 
set in an abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. 
Tllxcellent for cooking. Good. October to June. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further. 
Connecticut Seek-no-Further. Seek-no-Further. 

The Westfield Seek-no-Further is the Seek-no-Further of Connecti- 
cut, and is an old and highly esteemed variety of that district. It has 
a pearmain flavor. 

Fruit large, pretty regularly round conical, pale or dvill red over a pale 
clouded green ground — the red sprinkled mth obscure russeted yel 



400 



THE APPLE. 



low dots. Stalk very slender, three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in 
an even cavity. Calyx closed, or with a few reflexed segments, and set 




Westfield Seek-no-Further. 

in an even basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, fine-grained, tender 
with a rich pearmain flavor. Yery good or best. A first-rate fruit 
October to February. 

West Grinstead Pippin. 
East Grinstead. 

A Sussex, England, Apple, described by Ronalds as of great excel- 
lence. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, greeni?h, with broken stripes and 
splashes of red brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh green ■ 
ish white, soft, tender, brisk subacid. November, February. 

"Weston. 

Origin, farm of Major Weston, Lincoln, Mass. Tree vigorous 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, light yellow, shaded, striped, and 
splashed with red. Flesh white, moderately juicy, mild pleasant flavor. 
Good. Core large. October. 



Wheeler's Extreme. 

Origin, Gloucester, England. 

Fruit small, oblate, greenish yellow, shaded and mottled "with red, 
and traced with russet. Flesh yellowish white, tender, fweet. No- 
v^ember, February. (Hogg.) 



the apple. 401 

Wheeler's Russet. 

An Apple originated in Gloucester, England, and described by 
Lindley, as : 

Fniit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, gray russet brown in the 
sun, and darker russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish white, brisk, sac- 
charine. November to March. 

Wheeler's Sweet. 

Origin, Harding Co., O. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, with a red cheek in the sun, 
minute brown and light dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep, furrowed. 
Calyx closed. Basin abrupt, deep. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, mode- 
rately juicy, pleasant, sweet. Good. Core rather small. October, No- 
vember. 

Whig. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, inclining to conic, often oblique, yellow, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red, sometimes very 
dark, large light dots, often with a brown centre. Stalk short, small. 
Cavity russeted. Calyx closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, almost sweet. Good. Core small. December. 

White Astrachan. 

Pyrus Astracanica. Transparent de Moscovie. 

.Glac6 de Zelande. Weisser Astrakan. 

Astracanischer SommerapfeL 

A nearly white, semi-transparent Russian Apple. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin very smooth, nearly white, 
with a few faint streaks of red on one side, and covered with a white 
bloom. Flesh quite white, partially transparent, tender, and of delicate 
6avor, but rather dry. Poor. First of August. 

White Beauty. 

Origin, Ashtabula Co., O. Tree a good grower, yoiing shoots, red- 
dish, with gray specks. 

^Fruit medium, roundish, smooth, dull greenish, with grayish specks. 
Flesh very white, tender, sprightly subacid. Good. September, De- 
cember. (Elliott.) 

White Calville. 

White Winter Calville. Calville Blanche d'Hiver. 

Weisser Winter Calville. 

The White Calville is a celebrated old French sauce and cooking 
Apple ; but, like most others of its class, is not worthy of cultivation. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, ribbed, yellow, faint blush. Flesh 
coarse, tender, pleasant. Hardly good. November, February. 

26 



402 the apple. 

White Doctor. 

Origin, Pennsylvama. A profitable market sort, and valuable foi 
culinary uses. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundisb oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk short, set in 
an acute cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh 
white, tender, brisk subacid. Good. September, October. 

White Incomparable. 
Large White Incomparable Crab. 

An Apple described by Ronalds as above medium size, clear creamj 
yellow. Stalk slender. Flesh crisp, juicy, acid. October, December 
Valuable for culinary uses. 

White Juneating. 

Joannetlng-. Owen's Golden Beauty. Juneating. 

Juniting. Jennetting. G-inetting. 

Gennetting. Juneting. Early Jennetting. 

Primiting. May Pippin. Yellow May. 

May of Virginia. Caroline. Carolina of some. 

Early May. 

This is an old variety, mentioned by Evelyn in 1660, and described 
by Ray in 1688, and is a very tolerable little Apple, ripening among the 
very earliest, during the last of June and the first of July. It is very 
distinct from the Early Harvest, sometimes called by this name. Tree 
a moderate grower, and forms a roundish upright spreading head. Pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, round, a little flattened. Calyx closed. Stalk rather 
long and slender. Pale green at first, light yellow, with sometimes a 
faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh crisp and of a pleasant flavor, but 
soon becomes dry. Good. 

White ISTonpareil, 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at the ends. Skin gi-eenish yel- 
low, almost entirely covered with reddish gray. Flesh white, half firm, 
sugary, acid. May. (Soc. "V". Mon.) 

White Paradise. 

Paradise Pippin, Lady's Finger. Long May. 

May. Egg. Eve. 

A Scotch fruit of some beauty, but of little value except for ctdiaary 
use. Tree a free grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong roundish conical, broadest at base, clear yel 
low, splashed and mottled with red, brown russety dots. Flesh yellow 
ish, tender, crisp, pleasant acid. October. 

White Pippin. 
Canada Pippin. 
This Apple is much cultivated at the West, but of unknown origin, 



THE APPLE. 403 

It is of the Newto"WTi ripi)in class, distinct from Canada lleinette. Tree 
tlu'ifty, upright, a regular and good bearer. Young shoots dark clear 
reddish browu, downy. 

Fruit large, form variable, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, gi-eenish 
white, waxen, si)rinkled with green dots, and becoming pale yellow at 
maturity, sometimes having a dull blush and a few brown dots. Stalk 
short, inserted in a large cavity, surrounded by gieen russet. Calyx 




Wliite Pippin. 



ismall, nearly closed, set in an dbrnpt furrowed basin. Flesh white 
tender, crisp, juicy, fine, rich subacid. Very good to best. Core small 
January to March. 

White Rambo. 

Origin, Huntington Co., Pa. Tree of medium growth. Branches 
remarkably slender. Very productive. 

.Fruit medium, oblate, approaching conic, yellomsh white. Stalk 
short, in a russeted cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow, surrounded by 
prominences. Flesh yellowish, fine, pleasant subacid. Good. Core 
small. November. 

White ."Romaiiin. 
Romarin Blanche. 

An Italian Apple. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, clear light yellow, faint red in the 
sun, large gray dots. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, fine, aromatic subacid. Core large, open. December to March. 
(An. Pom.) 



104 the apple. 

White Eusset. 

An Irish, dessert Ajjple. 

Fruit large, roundish, oblate, yellowisli russety green, intermixed 
with white, and having a little light red on the sunny uide. Stali 
short. Flesh firm, good. Apt to grow mealy. November. (Lindley.) 

White Spanish Eeinette. 

D'Espagne. Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. 

Fall Pippin, erroneously. Eeinette d'Espagne. 

Large Fall Pippin. Camnesar. 

Cobbett's Fall Pippin. Elgin Pippin ? 

A very celebrated old Spanish variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish oblate, with broad ribs on its sides, ter- 
minating in an uneven crown, where it is nearly as broad as at the base. 
Calyx large, open, very deeply sunk in a bi-oad-angled, oblique, irregular 
basin. Stalk half an inch long, set in a rather small, even cavity. Skin 
smooth, yellowish green on the shaded side, orange, tinged with brown- 
ish red next the sun, and sprinkled with grayish dots. Flesh yellowish 
white, crisp, tender, rich subacid. Yery good. The tree has the same 
wood, foliage, and vigorous habit as our Fall Pippin, and the fi'uit keeps 
a month longer. This is quite distinct from Fall Pippin. 

White Spice. 

Origin, Cumberland Co., Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Flesb subacid, good. September. 
(A. Pom. S. Rep.) 

White Spitzenberg. 

Origin, Northampton Co., Pa. Tree an annual productive bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, yellow, interspersed with large gray 
dots, with a blush on the exposed sides. Stalk short, in a deep, open 
cavity. Calyx small, closed, narrow basin. Flesh breaking, sufficiently 
juicy, subacid, agreeable aroma. Good. December to March. 

White's Bed Winteiv. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, oblong, shaded and striped with red. Flesh rich, juicy. 
Good keeper. (Cont. Gent.) 

White Summer Pippin. 

An early dessert Apple, described in Eonalds as of medium si^e, 
roundish, straw color, mottled and variegated with some russet and pur- 
ple spots. Flesh tender and delicious, if eaten ofi" the tree in August. 

White Sweet. 

WithenU'a White Sweet. Honey Sweet of some. 

Origin, supposed New Jersey, Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, whitish with a blush of crim 



THE APl'i.K. 405 

son in tlie sun. Stalk slender. Calyx closed. Flesh white, not very 
tender, moderately jiiiey, mild sweet. Good. September, October. 
Valuable for stock, cider, and cooking. 

White Virgin. 
Scotch Virgin. 

A culinary Apple, described by Hogg as : 

Fruit medium, oblate, pale yellow to rich orange, and streaked with 
red in the sun, a few dark dots and veins of russet. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, closed. Flesh white, soft, tender, juicy, brisk acid. October tc 
February. 

White's Winter. 

Origin, Guilford Co., N. C Tree thrifty, a great and early bearer. 
Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish white, somewhat rich, 
juicy, and very good. Keeps well. (Count. Gent.) 

Whitewater Sweet. 

From Southern Ohio. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with a few gray and 
many indistinct light dots. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, compact, 
juicy, crisp, mild sweet. Good. December to March. 

White Wine. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, yellowish, with rays, patches, and 
specks of r\;sset. Stalk short and fleshy. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
firm, crisp, pleasantly acid. October, December. 

White Winter. 

Origin, fai'm of Mr. Cocklin, Cumberland Co., Penn. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, light yellow, with a dull crimson cheek. 
Stalk medium, in an acute cavity. Calyx firmly closed, a little sunk, in 
a yery small basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, ahnost buttery, mild subacid. 
Good. January to May. 

White Winter Peaemain. 
Campbellite. 

Origin unknown, by some thought to be an old Eastern variety, 
iiighly esteemed at the West. Tree spreading, hardy, and thrifty, a 
regular and good bearer. Young shoots very short-jointed, dull reddish 
brown, slightly gra}dsh or downy at end. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong conic, somewhat oblique. 
Stalk short, in a deep cavity. Calyx neai'ly closed. Segments long. Basin 
uneven. Skin pale yellow, with a slight blush or warm cheek, thicklj 



iOG THE APPLE. 



sprinkled with minute brown dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, crisp, juicy 
very pleasant subacid, Yery good. January to April. 




Wliite Winter Pearmain. 



Whitman. 



From South Abington, Mass, 

Fruit a little above medium, oblong, greenish yellow, with msset 
blotches. Stalk slender. Flesh sweet. December. (N. E. Farm.) 

Whitmoee's Pippin. 

Fruit medium, conical, ribbed, yellowish green, dark green specks, 
and slight tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish green, breaking, 
brisk, slight aromatic. November, January. (Lindley.) 

Whitnis" Russet. 

Origin unknown. Supposed Canadian. Tree a vigorous grower, 
productive. Young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly inclining to conic, yellow, mostly 
covered with thin light russet, sometimes a shade of crimson in the 
sun. Stalk long, often with bracts. Cavity large, deep. Calyx 
'closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, rich, 
mild subacid. Yery good. Core small. December to AprU. 

"Wickham's Pearmain. 
Wick Pearmain. 

This variety, says Hogg, was grown at Wickham, near Winchester, 
Hampshire, England. It is an excellent dessert Apple, 



THK APPLE. 407 

Friiit small, roundish conical, flattened at base, yelloA^ tinged 
ancl shaded with red, patches and s]:<;cks of russet. Flesh greenish 
yellow, tender, crisp, juicy, high flavored. October to December. 

WiER Sweet. 

Oi'igin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round, 
regular head, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, greenish yellow or j'^ellow, often with a shade 
of bronze in the sun, moderately sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant, 
rather rich sweet. Good. Core medium or rather small. December 
to March. 

WiLFONG. 

From North Carolina. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, depressed, greenish yellow, shaded with 
dark purplish red, indistinct splashes and stripes, light dots. Stalk 
short, stout. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, i-ather firm, moderately 
juicy, tendei', pleasant subacid. Good. Core small. December to 
March. 

William Penn. 

From Columbia, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, yellow, shaded, 
splashed, striped, and mottled with bright red, many light dots. Stalk 
very shoi-t. Cavity considerably russeted. Calyx closed. Basin large, 
deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, crisp, juicy, pleasant sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Core small. December 
to March. 

William's Favorite. 
William's Early. William's Red. 

A large and handsome dessert Aj^ple. It originated at Roxbury, 
near Boston, Mass., bears abundantly, and ripens from the last of July to 
the first of September. An excellent market variety. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblong conic, and a little one-sided. 
Stalk an inch long, slender, slightly sunk. Calyx closed, in a furrowed 
basin. Skin very smooth, of a light red ground, but nearly covered 
■vtith a fine dark red. Flesh yellowish white, and of a very mild and 
agreeable flavor. Good. Requires a strong, rich soil. 

William's Pippin. 

Fruit below medium, somewhat conical, pale yellow, mottled with 
pale red in the sun. Flesh pale yellow, soft, pleasant subacid. Good 
to eat from the tree, and for baking and roasting. October, December. 
(Lindley.) 

William's White. 

Origin, supposed Cumberland Co., Pa 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly conic, whitish yellow, sprin- 



408 



THE APPLE. 



kled with a few brown dots. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
light yellow, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. August, September. 

Willis's Eusset. 

Origin, farm of Mr. Willis, Sudbury, Mass. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit small, oblate conic, russet on a yellow ground, and occa- 
sionally a sunny cheek. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a large 
cavity. Calyx closed. Basin shallow. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich 
pear-like flavor. Yery good. December, January. 

Willis Sweet. 

Pear Lot. Pear-Tree Lot. 

Origin on the farm of Edward Willis, Oyster Bay, Long Island. 
Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, productive. Young shoots rich, 
warm brown, slightly grayish. 



./O 




WSUb Bweet 



Frviit rather large, roundish, whitish, somewhat shaded with a thin 
light red, and blotched with crimson, few brown dots. Stalk short and 
stout. Calyx small, closed. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, 
crisp, juicy, tender, sweet, and rich. Very good. Core large. Augustj 
September. Valuable for table, market, and culinary purposes. 



the apple. 409 

Willow Twig. 
Willow. James River. 

Of unknown origin. The tree is a poor grower in the nursery, but 
makes a good spreading, somewhat drooping, orchard tree, quite hai'dy, 
and very productive, and althougli of only good quality, its kee])ing 
qualities, productiveness, and hardihood make it a profitable market 
Apple for rich praiiie and bottom lands in the West. Young shoot? 
slender, reddish bro\vn, downy. Buds inconspicuous. 




Willow Twig. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, slightly conic, somewhat oblate, light 
yellow, shaded and marbled with dull red, and sprinkled with numerous 
russet dots. Stalk rather short and slender. Cavity narrow, sometimes 
partially closed, with a lip. Calyx partially closed, in a somewhat cor- 
rugated abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish green, not very tender, pleasant 
Subacid. Good. Yaluable for late keeping. 

WiLLSBORO. 

Supposed origin, WHlslioro, Essex, Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, yellow, shaded, mottled, and marbled 
mostly with dull red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, tender, 
sprightly subacid. December, February. (J. W. BaUey.) 

WiLMOT, 

Wilmot's Seedling. 

A. sauce or cooking Apple described by Ronalds. Tree an upright, 
strong grower, productive. 



410 THB APPLE. 

Fruit medium, conical, yellow, with marblings of gray, and splasL.es 
of red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, fragrant subacid. July, August. 

WiiiSON. 

Of Michigan. 

Fruit large, round, slightly conic, regular. Surface smooth, golden 
yellow. Dots scattered, dai'k. Flesh yellow, breaJdng, fine-grained, juicy, 
subacid, rich. January, February. (Warder.) 

The same author describes another Apple under this name as from 
Western Virginia. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate or oblate, smooth, nearly covered with 
very deep red, in which the stripes are almost obscured. Dots minute, 
white. Flesh white, fine-grained, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid. 
January. 

Wilson's Summer. 

Origin, Forsyth Co., N. C. Tree upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, thickly 
striped with clear red. Flesh rich, juicy, fine-flavored. August, Sep- 
tember. (Count. Gent.) 

Wilson's Volunteer. 

Fruit large, globular truncated or flattened, regular, yellow, mostly 
covered with mixed red, striped darker. Dots large, gray, and yellow. 
Flesh greenish yellow, tender, juicy subacid. December j February. 
(Warder.) 

WiNCHELL Sweet. 

Origin, Hartford Co., Conn. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, greenish yellow, with a brownish 
shade in the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
rich. Good. Core small. February to May. Valuable for cook- 



WiNDHAM Russet. 

An Apple from Massachusetts. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic, yellow, mostly covered 
with du.ll rough russet, often mixed with red in the sun, gray rough or 
raised dots. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, large. Calyx partially open. 
Flesh yellowish, rather firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. 
Core small. December to April. 

Wine. 

Hay's Winter. Winter Wine. Pennsylvania Red Streak. 

English Red Streak, incorrectly. 

The Wine Apple is a very handsome, and an admirable winter 
fruit, a most abundant bearer, and a hardy ti-ee. It is a native (if Del- 
aware. The tree has small leaves, grows thriftily, and makes a fine 
spreading head. Young shoots smooth grayish i-eddish bro^vn. 



THE APPLE. til 

Fruit rather above medixim size — in rich soils large ; form regular, 
nearly round, a little flattened at the ends. Skin smooth, of a lively 
deep red o^er a yellow groimd, or more frequently with a few indis- 
tinct stripes of yellow. Stalk .short, inserted in a round, smooth cavity, 
^vith a little russet around it. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and crisp, 
mth a rather vinous, rich, and pleasant flavor. Good to very good. 
Core small. October to Mai'ch. 

WlKESAP. 

Wine Sop ? Potpie Apple. 

This is not only a good Apple for the table, but it is also one of the 
very finest cider fruits, and its fruitfulness renders it a great favorite 
with orchardists. The tree grows rather irregularly, and does not form 
a handsome head, but it bears early, and the apples have the good 
quality of hanging late upon the trees withoiit injury, while the tree 
thrives well on sandy, light soils. The tree is very hardy, and one of 
the most profitable orchard varieties wherever grown. Young wooa 
reddish brown, with smooth red buds. 




Winesap. 

Fruit of medium size, rather roimdish oblong. Skin smooth, of a fine 
dark red, Avith a few streaks, and a little yellow ground, appearing on the 
shady side. Stalk nearly an inch long, slender, set in an irregular cav- 
ity. Calyx small, placed in a regular basin, with fine plaits. Flesh 
yellow, firm, crisp, with a rich, high flavor. Very good. November to 
May. 

Wing Sweet. 

An old \*ariety, of unknown origin, profitable for stock feeding and 
jooldng. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, and productive. 



4:12 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium or below, roundisli oblate conical, yellow, mostly 
shaded, splashed, and striped with dark red. Stalk long, slender, Calys 
closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh yellowish, tender, moderately 
juicy, sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good. September tc 
December. 

Winn's Russet, 

Origin, Sweden, Me. Tree of slow growth, hardy and productive. 

Fruit large. Cavity deep. Basin broad and shallow. Color dark 
russet, with obsciu-e stripes of red, covered with whitish spots. Flesh 
fine-grained, subacid. Good. Keeps tiU May. 

"WlNSLOW. 

From Virginia. 

Fruit large, globular, flattened at base, dark and light red streaked, 
light brown specks and dark flakes. Stalk short, slender. Calyx open. 
Flesh yellowish white, tender, juicy, subacid. Fall and early winter. 
(Elliott.) 

"Winter Codlin. 

An English culinary Apple. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, whitish yellow, partially sj^lashed, 
striped, and marbled with light red, few gray dots. Calyx closed. Basin 
slightly furrowed. Flesh white, rather firm, moderately juicy, subacid. 
Good. October to March. 

Winter Colman. 

Norfolk Colman. Norfolk Storing. 

A culinary Apple, described by Lindley as : 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, pale yellow, deep red in the sun. 
Flesh firm, crisp, sharp subacid. November to March. 

" Winter Gray Reinette. 

Reinette Grise d'Hiver. Reinette Grise Extra. Belle Fille. 

Prager. Reinette Grise. Grauwe Fianse Rennett. 

Reinette Grise Fran^aise. 

Among the Reinettes there is a world of confusion, and we feel no 
confidence in correctness until such time as they may be gathered and 
grown all in the same grounds. The present description of this variety 
is taken from Hogg. Tree healthy, vigorous, productive. 

Frtiit medium, roundish, flattened on the sides, broadest at- base, 
dull yellowish green in the shade, with a patch of thin dull bro^vnish 
red in the sun, which side is so covered with brown russet that little 
color is visible. Stalk very short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellow, firm, 
crisp, rich, juicy, sugary. ISTovember to May. 

We have received and fruited a Winter Gray Reinette from Rivers, 
which is small, oblate, depressed, dull yellowish gray russet, indistinct 
raised dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, firm^ 
moderately j uicy, rich, brisk su^bacid. Good. Decem^^er to May. 



THK APPLE. 413 

The Album of Pomology also describes a Winter Gray Reinette as 
large, roundish, dull pale yellow, overlaid with dull greenish russet. 

Winter Harvey. 
Winter Pippin. Autumn Pippin 

An old Eastern variety. Tree vigorous, upright, Bpreading, produc- 
tive. Young shoots dark grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, slightly ribbedj greenish yellow, 
rarely with a shade of dull red in the sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
partially closed. Flesh white, tender, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. 
Good. Core rather small. January to March. 

Winter Hog Island Sweet. 

Origin, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate inclining to conic, slightly ribbed, 
pale yellow, striped, splashed, and shaded with light and dark red, few 
light and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx closed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, tender, moderately juicy, rather rich sweet. Good. Core small 
November to February. 

Winter Lading. 

A sauce Apple, from Sussex, England. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, green, with patches and dots of 
thin russet. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, sweet subacid. Octo- 
ber, December. (Hogg.) 

Winter Maiden's Blush. 

From Bucks Co., Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblong conic, yellow, covered with large, distinct, 
carmine dots. Stalk, short. Calyx closed. Flesh white, crisp, tender, 
subacid. Very good. Core large. (Gar. Mon.) 

Winter Majettin. 

A Norfolk, England, Apple, described by Lindley as valuable for 
culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, yellowish green, vdth 
a dull brownish red in sun exposure. Flesh greenish white, firm, brisk, 
sharp subacid. December, February. 

Winter Pearmain. 

Old Pearmain. Parmain d'Hiver. 

Pearmain. Great Pearmain. 

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver. Pepin Parmain d'Angleterre. 

Peremenes. 

This is one of the oldest Apples on record. The tree a free and 
healthy grower, and productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, greenish, with lively deep red in the sun, 
russety dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, crisp, juicy, slightly aromatic. 
November to March. 



Hi THE APPLE. 

There is grown in Illinois, and other Western States, an Apple uudei 
the various names of Wintek Pearmain and Red Pearmaik, entirely 
distinct from above. The tree is vigorous, spreading, with slender branches. 
Young shoots mpderately slender, grayish reddish brown, with downy 
buds. 

Fruit medium, oblate, a little inclining to conic, yellowish, shaded, 
s] .lashed, and striped with light and dark red. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed. Flesh yellowish, rather firm, crisp, juicy, rich subacid. Good. 
Cure small. November, February. 

There is another Winter Pearmain, grown in Pennsylvania, the 
fruit of which is below medium, oblate or roundish oblate, yellow, shaded 
and obscurely splashed with brownish red, few light dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh yellow, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid. 
Good. Core small. January to May. 

Winter Pippin of Vermont. 

Origin unknown, much cultivated in Vermont; a fair grower and 
productive. 

Fruit large to very large, nearly globular, inclining to conic, ob- 
scurely ribbed, greenish yellow, sprinkled with star-like crimson dots, 
cheek shaded with dull crimson. Stalk short, inserted in a deep com- 
pressed cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Segments long, in a rather 
deep, uneven basin. Flesh white, tender, and agreeable. Good. No- 
vember to March. 

We have received a Winter Pippin from Michigan, where it was 
introduced from Western New York, but have not sufficiently tested 
it to decide as to its identity with the above. 

Winter Reinette. 
Weisse AntiUische. Winter Reinette. 

A beautiful and excellent German dessert Apple. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, lemon yellow, with blush red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, firm, juicy, sugary, vinous. December to March. 
(Diel.) 

Winter Strawberry. 

This variety is described by Ronalds as above medium size, roundish, 
yellow, splashed, shaded, and striped partially over with rich red. Flesh 
whitish, tender, juicy, subacid. December, January. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. 

Paradise Winter Sweet. Grandmother. 

From Pennsylvania. The Winter Sweet Paradise is a productive and 

excellent orchard fruit, always fair, and of fine appearance. Tree 

hardy, upright, vigorous, not an early bearer. Young shoots reddish 

gray. 

Fruit rather large, regularly formed, roundish oblate. Color dull 
gi-esn when pickrd, with a brownish blush, becoming a little paler at 



THE APPLE. 416 

maturity. Stalk short, set in a roinul cavity, often russeted. Calyx 
closed, small. Basin rather deep, slightly corrugated. Fledi white, 




Winter Sweet Paradise. 

fine-grained, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and very good. Core rather small 
November to March. 

WiNTHROP Greening. 
Lincoln Pippin. Howe Apple. 

Origin, Winthrop, Me. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish yellow, with nettings 
and patches of russet, thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk 
rather short. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rather 
rich subacid. Good. Core small. September. 

Winthrop Pearmain. 

• Origin, AVinthrop, Me. Size large, roundish ovate. Skin yellow, 
striped with red, and deep red in the sun. Stem in a large cavity. 
Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy. Flavor spicy and pleasant. Septem- 
ber to January. (Me. P. S. R.) 

WiSNER. 

Originated on the farm of Wisner, Middletown, Orange Co., N. Y. 

Fruit small, conical, greenish, shaded and striped with dull red. 
Flesh tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. December, March. 

Woodland. 

A Southern variety. 

Fruit full medium, oblate, yellowish green, sometimes striped red. 



416 THE APPLE. 

Dots few, minute. Calyx small, closed. Stalk medium to long. Flesli 
yellow, rather tough, but juicy, subacid. Good. Midwinter. (Am. 
Hort. An.) 

WOODRING. 

Originated in Fairfield Co., O. Tree a moderate grower, siendei 
branches, early bearer. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, yellow, mostly covered with red 
Flesh white, juicy, subacid. Good. January to March. 

Wood's Greening. 
Coate's Greening. Onstine. Cooke's Grreening. 

A native of ISTew Jersey. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, somewhat 
spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish green, with rough spots oj 
patches. Stalk short. Calyx large. Flesh greenish white, fine-grained^ 
tender, juicy, slightly subacid. Very good. Core small. January, 
February. 

Wood's Sweet. 
Hyde's Sweet. 

Origin, Sudbury, Yt., and there considered the best fall sweet 
Apple in cultivation. Growth nearly equal to Baldwin, and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit lai'ge, irregularly oblate. Color whitish yellow, waxen or 
oily, shaded and striped with fine rich red. Stalk rather short, inserted 
in a broad, deep, furrowed cavity. Calyx small, closed, set in a rather 
deep open basin. Flesh white, tender, juicy, rich saccharine. Good to 
very good. September, November. 

WOOLFOLKS. 

Supposed Kentiicky origin. 

Fruit full medium, truncated, regular, yellow green, scattered gray 
dots. Flesh white, tender, breaking, juicy, subacid. Good. Table, 
kitchen. December to March. (Warder.) 

WoRMSLEY Pippin. 

Knight's Codling. 

An English Iruit, middle-sized, roundish, tapering a little towards 
the eye, pale green or straw color, darker next the sun. Flesh white 
crisp, firm, with a sharp subacid juice. Good. September. 

Wright. 

Origin, Hubbardton, Vt. Tree vigorous and productive. Youag 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon yellow. Stalk short, inserted 
in a deep cavity. Calyx closed. Basin rather large and corrugated. 



THJi APPLE. 4J7 

Flesli white, very tender, juicy, vinous, almost sweet, aromatic. Go(»d 
to very jjood. JVIiddle of September to middle of October. 

Wkight's Janet. 

Supposed to have originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Fruit medium to large, round, sometimes flat, regular, waxen yel- 
low, mixed, striped, splashed carmine. Dots minute, prominent, 
scattering. Flesh deep yellow, breaking, fine-grained, juicy, subacid. 
Good to very good. January to June. (Warder.) 

Wyken Pippin. 

Warwickshire Pippin. Girkin Pippin. Arley. 

An old variety, originated near Coventry, England. Tree upright, 
hardy, and productive. 

Friiit below medium, oblate conical, gi-eenish yellow, with dull 
orange blush in sun, mottled and marbled and dotted with light russety 
patches and dots. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, sweet subacid. De- 
cember, February. (Ron.) 

Yacht. 

Origin, Montgomery Co., Pa. Tree of moderate growth, a regular 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellowish, shaded, splashed, and striped with 
two shades of red, large light dots. Stalk medium. Calyx partially 
closed. Flesh white, tender, pleasant, mild subacid. Good. Core 
small. November, January. 

Yadkin. 

Southern. 

Fruit large, round, regular, red striped. Flesh white, dry, subacid. 
Only good. August. ("Warder.) 

Yahoola. 

• 

Origin, Lumpkin Co., Ga. Tree with slender, wiry limbs, a good 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, yellow green, specked and streaked with rus- 
set. Stalk long, slender. Calyx and basin medium. Flesh juicy. 
Good. September to January. (White.) 

Yankee Spy. 
Seedsville Sweet ? Dutchess County Sweet. Ox Sweet. 

Of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, prodiictive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes a little conic, deep yellow, some- 
times a tinge of red in the sun, large brown dots. Stalk medium. 
Calyx closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, rich, 
sweet. Good. Core sma,ll. October, November. A valuable culinary 
sort. 

27 



418 the applk. 

Yates. 

Originated in Fayette Co., Ga. Tree very upright grower, great 
bearer and good keeper. 

Fruit small, oblate or oblate conic, whitisb yellow, overspread, 
shaded, splashed, and striped with shades of red, many light dots. Stalk 
slender. Cavity lai-ge, slightly russeted. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, sometimes stained next the skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid. 
Good. March to May. 

Yellow Bellflowek. 

BeUefleur Yellow. Belle Fleur. 

Bishop's Pippin of Nova Scotia. Lady Washington. 
Reinette Musque. Warren Pippin. 

The Yellow Belle Fleur is a large, handsome, and excellent wintej 
Apple, everywhere highly esteemed in the United States. It is most 
abundantly seen in the markets of Philadelphia, as it thrives well in the 
sandy soils of New Jersey. Coxe first described this fruit ; the original 
tree of which grew in Burlington, N. J. Tree a moderately vigo- 
rous grower, forming a spreading, roundish, rather drooping head. 
Young wood yellowish brown. A regular and excellent bearer. 




Yellow Bellllower. 



Fruit very large, oblong, a little irregular, tapering to the eye. Skin 
smooth, pale lemon yellow, often with a blush next the sun. Stalk long 



THE APPLE. 419 

and slender in a deep cavity. Calyx closed and set in a rather narrow 
plaited basin. Seeds in a large lioUow capsule or core. Flesh tender, 
juicy, crisji, Avith a sprightly subacid flavor ; before fully ripe it is con- 
siderably acid. Very good. December, February. 

Yellow Foster. 

Origin unknow-n. Received from Ohio. Ti-ee very vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, yellow, thinly sprinkled vnth brown and 
green dots. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yellow Ingestrie. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, clear bright gold color, without red. 
Flesh tender and delicate, with a plentiful juice when freshly gathered 
from the tree. Good. October. 

Yellow June. 
White June. 

Of unknown Southern origin. Tree vigorous, upright grower, and 
abundant bearer. Young wood light reddish brown, slightly doAvny, 
very small buds. 

Fruit below medivim, roundish oblate, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with green and bro"WTi dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity sUghtly rus- 
seted. Flesh white, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly subacid. Good. 
Core small. June, July, South. August at North. 

Yellow Meadow. 

A Southern fruit. 

Fruit large, oblate, greenish yellow. Stalk rather slender, in a deep, 
irregular caMity. Calyx large and open, in a shallow basin. Flesh yel- 
low, compact, vinous. Good. November. 

Yellow Newtoavn Pippin. 

Albemarle Pippin. 

The Yellow Newtown Pippin is handsomer in appearance, and has a 
higher perfume than the Green or Newtown Pippin, and its flesh is 
rather firmer, and equally high flavored ; while the Green is more juicy, 
crisp, and tender. The Yellow Newtown Pippin is rather flatter, 
measuring only about two inches deep, and it is always quite oblique — ■ 
projecting more on one side of the stalk than the other. "When fully 
ripe it is yellow, sometimes with a rather lively red cheek, and a smooth 
skin, few or none of the spots on the Green variety, but with the same 
russet marks at the stalk. It is also more highly fragrant before and 
after it is cut than the Gi'een. The flesh is firm, crisp, juicy, and with 
a very ricn and high flavor. Both the Newtown Pippins grow alike, 
and they are both excellent bearers. This variety is rather hardier and 
succeeds best. February to May. 

Yellow Sweet. 
A native Apple of unknown origin. 



420 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, rotuidish, light yellow, witL a few gray dots. Flealt 
white, rather tender, pleasant, sweet. Good. October, November 




Yellow Newtown Pippin. 



Yopp's Favorite. 

From Georgia. Tree moderately vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly conic, greenish yellow, with a blush 
in the sun, sprinkled sparingly with russet dots, and a little russet 
about the stem. Calyx open, in a deep basin. Stalk short. Cavity deep. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, tender, juicy, subacid. Good. Core small. 
November. 

York. 

From Massachusetts. Valuable for culinary purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish conic, pale yellow, with a slight shade of 
red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid. Good to very good. Core small. October, 
November. 

York Imperial, 
Johnson's Fine Winter. 

Origin thought to be York Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. Young wood rich brown, downy. 

Fruit medium, oblate obliqiie, wbitish, shaded vdth crimson in the 
sun, thinly sprinkled with light and gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
closed or partially open. Basin large, deep. Flesh yellowish, firm, 
crisp, juicy, pleasant, mild subacid. Good to very good. Core com 
pact, small. November, February. 



the apple, 421 

Yorkshire Greening, 
Coate's, Yorkshire Goose Sauce. 

An English culinaiy Apple. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fioiit large, oblate, slightly ribbed, greenish, with shades and stripes 
oi" didl red, specks and traces of russet. Flesh greenish white, iirn), 
crisp, brisk subacid. Good. October, November. 

Yost. 

A native of Berks Co., Pa, Tree large and spreading. 

Fruit oblate, vei'y much flattened, yellow, striped and shaded with 
crimson, thinly dotted with bro^vn. Stalk short. Cavity slightly rus- 
seted. Calyx partially closed. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid. Good, December, January. 

Zane. 

Zane Greening. 

Origin, Yii'ginia. 

Fruit lai-ge, roundish, dull greenish yellow. Flesh greenish white, 
tender, soft. Poor, February to June. (ElKott.) 

Zieber. 

Origin, Reading, Pa. 

Frviit below medium, roundish, yellow, with a striped red cheek. 
Flesh dry, pleasant, hardly good. 

ZoAR Greening. 

Origin, Ohio. 

Fruit large, roundish conic, greenish, faintly shaded with dull red in 
the sun. Flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid. Good. 
Core small. NovemlDer, December, 



SIBEEIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN 

APPLES. 

The varieties of Siberian Crab Apples {Pyrus haccata) have, here- 
tofore, been mainly vahied for their handsome flowers and the beautiful 
appearance of the tree when loaded with fruit. 

Within the past year or two, however, considerable attention has 
been given to their ciiltivation by fruit-growers in our Western and 
Northwestern States, because of the superior hardihood of the trees. 
Largo numbers of seedlings have been grown, some bearing full evidence 
of the paternity of the Pyrus haccata, others possessing more or less 
of the Pyrus mains, apj^arent more in the flesh and improved quality 
of the fruit, than in the habit of the ti-ees. They are all valuable for 
cider, preserves, and cooking, and some of the improved varieties, more 



422 THE APPLK. 

truly, perhaps, Siberian Apples than Crabs, are quite pleasant and rict 
for the dessert. The great hardihood of the trees, and their produo 
tiveness, make them highly valuable for sections where the better vari- 
eties of the Pyrus malus do not succeed. In description of these vari- 
eties the terms "medium, large, or small," must be considered as 
applied in comparison with the Siberian Crab. 

The common Siberian Crab is a beautiful little fruit, which is pro- 
duced in rich clusters on the branches, and, at a distance, resembles 
large and handsome cherries. It is highly esteemed for preserving, and 
almost every large garden contains a tree of this variety. It forms a 
vigorous, neat tree, of rather small size, and its blossoms, which are 
white, are produced in beautiful prc)fusion in spring, and a large crop 
of fruit regularly follows. 

Akin's Winteb. 

From Minnesota. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish oblate, light, pale yellow, with a 
rich clear carmine red cheek in sun. Stalk long and slender, set in an 
open acute cavity, often russeted. Calyx closed. Basin deep, broad, 
and somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, somewhat 
too aeid for a pleasant table apple, but not too much so for cooking. 
December. 

AsTracan. 

Evergreen Apple Crab. 

Fruit medium, oblate, compressed, green, specked with white dots. 
Flesh greenish white, juicy. Inferior. • 

ASTBACHAN. 

This is one of the very largest sized of the old varieties. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, bright rich clear red, with 
a fine light bloom. Calyx with long segments, prominent. Flesh 
whitish, crisp, juicy, sharp, brisk acid, tender. September. 

Chase's "Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, rich warm yellow ground, 
caostly overspread with dark rich red, minute dots. Stalk long, slender. 
Cavity broad, open, deep. Calyx half closed, Avith short, almost erect 
segments. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh yellowish, very firm, mod- 
erately juicy, mild, sweet. December. 

Cherry. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, pointed, Kght yellow, spotted and 
shaded with red. Flesh crisp, juicy, pleasant, hangs long, almost even 
to drying on the tree. September, October. 

Chicago. 

Origin near Marengo, 111. 

Fruit similar to Coral in general appearance — a little longer or more 



THE APPLE. 423 

completely oblong. Flesh not as deep colore! as Coral, biit quite crisp, 
sprightly subacid, and by many would be preferred to Coral, although 
it is not as rich. December to Mai'ch. 

Coral. 

This variety has the same origin as Chicago. 

Fruit small, conical flattened at ends ; rich warm yellow ground, 
with a vermilion cheek. Stalk long, slender, set in a narrow, acTxte cav- 
ity, slightly russeted. Calyx closed, surrounded with corrugated 
ridges, but with little or no basin. Flesh yellowish, crisp, sprightly, 
juicy, rich, ndld subacid, almost tender. An early winter sort, keeping 
until about February. 

Currant Crab. 

The fruits of this kind are of the size of currants, and are borne like 
them in clusters ; they are round, a little compressed towards the ends. 
Color red, slightly striped with deep red. It is ornamental in its flowers 
us well as its fruits. 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. 

Double Flowering Apple. 

This very beautiful crab-tree from China, which produces a small 
green fruit, of no value, is highly admired for its showy blossoms. 
These are lai'ge, tipped with deep red in the bud, but when open are of 
a pale rose color, semi-double, large, and produced in fine clusters. It 
is an exceedingly ornamental, small tree, growing from ten to twenty 
feet in height. 

Double White Siberian Crab. 

Fruit roundish, irregular, swollen on one side. Color red carmine 
tm the sunny side, green on the shaded side, covered with a white bloom. 
Flowers large double white, very ornamental. 

FoxLEY Crab. 

Raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, England, from seed of the Cherry 
Crab. Tree hardy. Fruit ])roduced in clusters. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, golden yellow. Stalk long. Flesh 
yellow, crisp, juicy, subacid. 

Fragrant. 

The flowers of this variety are very fragi'ant. 

Fruit small, oblate, green, with whitish dots. Flesh inferior. 

General Grant. 

Size large for a crab, round, oblate, warm yellow gi'ound, Avith 
broken stripes of dark, becoming, on the sun-exposed side, entirely red, 
and very dark, almost black red, with a few minute light dots. Stalk 
Blender. Cavity open, moderately deep. Calyx closed. Basin broad, 



424 THE APPLE. 

not deep, but conspicuously furrowed. Flesh, white, moderately fin^ 
grained, not juicy, very mild subacid. Core large for size of fruit. 
Late Autumn. 

Golden. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow. Stalk long, sleit 
der. Cavity medium. Calyx closed. Segments long, slender, recurv- 
ed. Basin medium. Flesh white, moderately jnicy, brisk acid. Sep- 
tember. 

Hampton's Siberian Crab. 

A beautiful variety, originated with Wm. C. Hampton, Hardin Co., O. 

Fruit large for a Siberian Crab, ovate conical, deep rich crimson, 
blotched and indistinctly striped with clear orange and yellowish red. 
Blossoms large. This is one of the most beautifiil of all th.e crabs, es- 
pecially when in bloom. 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, light yellow ground, with, a 
blush, red cheek in the sun, and many minute dots. Stalk long, slender, 
in a deep open cavity. Calyx closed, with long pointed segments. Ba- 
sin broad, deep, corrugated. Flesh yellowish white, dry, sweet. No- 
vember. 

Hyslop. 

This variety has been long and pretty extensively cultivated. The 
trees are hardy, the growth strong, rather spreading. Wood light col- 
ored, a little downy. 

Fruit large, produced in clusters, roundish ovate, dark rich red, cov- 
ered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Calyx closed. 
Flesh yellowish, suba,cid, good for culinary uses and for cider. 

Lady Crab. 

This is a foreign variety, of great beauty, and the tree a vigorous, 
upright grower, much resembling the Lady Apple. Yeiy productive. 
Young wood grayish reddish dark brown, with conspicuous white or 
gray dots. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, a little oblique, rich dark red, with 
traces of russet, and many apparently rough russet dots. Stalk medium 
length for a crab, quite slender. Cavity open, broad, deep russeted. 
Calyx almost closed, with connected half-recurved segments. Basin broad, 
shallow, distinctly corrugated next the calyx. Flesh yellowish, mode- 
rately juicy, mild subacid. November, December. 

Large Red Siberian Crab. 

This variety is about twice the size of the common Siberian Crab, 
roundish ovate, with a large and prominent calyx, and a pale red and 
yellow skin. It forms a larger tree, with rather coarser foliage than the 
common variety, and is esteemed for the same purposes. September 
and October. 



the apple. 4-25 

Laege Yellow Siberian Crab. 

Fruit similar in size to the foregoing, roundish oval, flattened at base 
and crown, light clear yellow often inclining "to amber, with a warm 
cheek. 

Maiden's Blush. 

Fruit small, flat, somewhat ribbed, pale clear yellow, with clear 
bright carmine red in sun. Calyx large, half closed. Basin broad, 
slightly fiuTOwed. Flesh yellowish white, rather dry, almost sweet. 
Late Autumn. 

Marengo. 

The discoverer of this variety, as well as its identity with the Sibe- 
rian Crabs, Pyrus baccata, as a tree, is attributed to James F. Lester, 
Marengo, 111. It is said to be a seedling found in the rows of an old 
seedling nursery of apple-stocks. The original tree is thought to be 
about eighteen years old. Young shoots vigorous, reddish brown, with 
the gray specks, bloom and scaly cuticle peculiar to the Siberian. 

The fruit is large for its class ; in form rouzadish, flattened at blossom 
end, bright warm red on yellow ground, smooth, with a few scattered 
gray or light russet dots. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, a little 
harsh until fully ripe, when it is a mild and pleasant subacid. Stalk 
long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx closed. Basin broad, open, 
corrugated. Early Winter to late in Spring. 

Meader's Winter. 

Friiit medium size, rormdish oblate ; warm, light yellow ground, 
shaded with clear rich red, many large gray dots. Basin deep, broad, 
slightly ribbed or furrowed. Flesh yellowish, moderately juicy, crisp, 
tender, rich, sharp subacid. Season, Winter. A valuable cooking sort, 
and rich for cider. 

Montreal Beauty. 

This is one of the most beautiful of all Crabs, in appearance. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, bright yellow, mostly covered and 
shaded with rich red. Flesh yellowish, rich, firm, acid. September, Oc- 
tober. 

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab. 

Fruit elongated conic, light yellow, almost white, washed, marbled, 
and striped with crimson and carmine, and covered with a thin bloom. 

Orange. 

Fruit medium, round, slightly flattened at ends ; liglit, warm yellow. 
or light orange-colored. Stalk slender. Cavity open, deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin furrowed. Flesh yellowish white, mild subacid, pleasant^ 
a little dry. 



426 the apple. 

Powers' Lakge. 

Originated -with Hiram Powers, Catskill, N. Y. Tree vigorous, 
hardy, and productive. 

Pruit large, roundish oblate, waxen white, shaded and striped with 
carmine, crimson, and yellow, and covered with a lilac bloom. Flesh 
sharp, yet mild acid. Pine for cooking. Early October. 

Purple Siberian Crab. 

P? nit oblate. Color beautiful reddish purple on the sunny side, 
covert i with a bloom, the shaded side less brilliant, and the whole sur- 
face sp'^ckled with some gray dots. Plesh, like all the crabs, coarse and 
harsh. 

P^ Siberian Crab: 

Pruit about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, very regularly 
formed, and rather flat. Skin smooth, of a lively scarlet over a clear 
yellow ground, and, when the bloom is rubbed off, is highly polished. 
Stalk nearly two inches long, and very slender. Calyx small, slighth 
sunk. Pit for preserving in September and October. 

PouEN Transparent Crab. 

Pruit small, oblate, bright carmine red on light yellow. Stalk slen 
der, very long, set in a deep wide cavity. Plesh yellowish white, acid, 
September. 

Showy Crab. 

Pruit small, roundish oval, yellow, dotted with red in sun. Stalk 
Tery long. Plesh dry. Not valuable. 

SOULARD. 

A sort of little value except in appearance. It is said to have 
originated near St. Louis, Mo. 

Pruit medium, oblate, clear smooth greenish yellow, with many 
minute, suffused, dark gTeen dots. Stalk short for a crab, slender, narrow 
cavity. Calyx small, closed. Basin medium, slightly corrugated. Plesh 
white, bitter, astringent, unfit for anything except cider. 

Striped Siberian Crab. 

Pruit medium size, roundish. Color rose yellowish, red striped all 
over, carmine on the sunny side, more yellow towards the stalk, covered 
with a fine white bloom. 

Transcendekt. 

This is one of the best of early atitumn varieties. 
Pruit medium to large for its class, roundish oblong, flattened at its 
ends, Slightly b\it regularly ribbed, golden yellow, with a rich crimson, 



THE APPLE. 427 

rod cheek in ilic sun, covei-od with a delicate white bloom ; when I'ulJy 
ripe the red nearly covers the whole surface. Stalk long and slender, 
set in an ojien, deep cavity. Calyx closed, with long reflexed segments^ 
Flesh creamy yellow, crisp, subacid, a little astringent \intil fully mel- 
low, when it is pleasant and agreeable. Early Autumn. 

Wakfel Crab. 

Originated with John "Warfel, Lancaster, Pa. Tree vigorous. 
Fruit medium size, oblate, yellow, beautifully striped with red and 
ci'imson. 

^ White Winter. 

Frrnt medium size, roundish oblate, light pale yellow, ■\^dth a faint 
blush and a few scattering, irregular-sized, dark carmine dots in sun. 
Stem short. Cavity very broad, open, yet deep, slightly russeted. 
Calyx closed, with short segments. Basin shallow, with slight broad 
furrows. Flesh yellowish white, crisp, modei'ately juicy, sharp acid. 
December and January, 

Yellow Siberian Crab. 

Amber Crab. 

This scarcely differs from the common Siberian Crab except in its 
fruit, which is rather larger, and of a fine amber or golden yellow. Both 
this and the red are beautiful ornaments to the fruit garden in summer 
and autumn, and are equally esteemed for preserves and jellies. Sep- 
tember. 



SELECT LIST OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE USE, 
MARKETING, COOKING, AND KEEPING. 

In this list it is not assumed that all against which the M'ord market 
is written are equally profitable, but that their size and appearance will 
generally command for them a ready sale. Again, some varieties are 
classed as market sorts mainly because of their long keeping, and there- 
fore coming into use when there are but few sorts with which to com- 
pete. Soil and climate make so great a' change in the growth, quality, 
and period of maturity of varieties, that it is impossible to make a list 
adapted to general cultivation ; and so, kinds which, because of their 
good quality (like the American Golden Russet), which we mark as 
only for table use, in some localities are found also profitable for mar- 
ket. The planter, in selecting from this list, should be guided some- 
what in adopting kinds by a record of the place of origin of the variety, 
which may be found on the page where the Apple is described in the 
book. 

We have appended the words " South " and " Noi-th " to some vari- 
eties, to designate them as of most value in oar Southern or Northeri) 
States. 



428 THE APPLE. 

American Goldeu Pippin. Table and markets 

American Golden E-usset. Table. 

American Summer Pearmain. Table. 

Baldwin. Table and market. 

Baltimore, Table and market. 

Belmont. Table. 

Ben Davis. Market, South and Southwest, 

Benoni. Table and market. 

Bentley Sweet, Market and keeping. 

Bethlehemite. Table and market. 

Bonum. Table and market. 

Broadwell. Table and market. ^ 

Buckingham. Table and market. 

Campfield, Cider, market, and keeper 

Canada Eeinette. Table and market. 

Carolina Red June, Table and market. 

Cogswell, Table and mai'ket, 

Domine. Table and mai'ket, 

Dutchess of Oldenburgh, Cooking and market. 

Dyer, Table, 

Early Harvest. Table and market. 

Early Joe, Table. 

Early Strawberry, Table and market. 

English Russet. Market and keeper. 

Esopus Spitzenburgh, Table and market. 

Evening Party, Table and market. 

Eallowater, Market and cooking. 

Fall Pippin, Table and market. 

Fall Wine, Table. 

Fameuse. Table and market. 

Garden Royal, Table, 

Gilpin, Market and keeper. 

Golden Sweet. Market and cooking. 

Gravenstein. Market and cooking. 

Green Cheese. Table and market. South. 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. Table and market. 

Hall. Table and market, South. 

Haskell Sweet. Table. 

Higby Sweet. Table. 

High Top Sweet. Market, West. 

Horse. Market and cooking. South. 

Hubbardston Nonsuch. Table and market. 

Hunt's Russet. Table. 

Jersey Sweet. Table and market. 

Jonathan. Table and market. 

Keswick Codlin. Market and cooking. 

King of Tompkins Co. Table and marketi 

Klaproth. Table and market. 

Lady Apple. Table and market. 

Lady's Sweet. Table and market. 

Large Yellow Bough. Table and market. 

Late Strawberry. Table and market. 

Lowell. Marls et and cookinsr 



THE APPLE. 429 

McLellan. Table. 

Maiden's Blush. Market and cooking. 

Mangum. Table, South. 

Maverack Sweet. Market and cooking, South. 

Melon. Table. 

Monmouth Pippin. Table and market. 

Mother. Table. 

Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 

NeAvtown Spitzeuburgh. Table and market. 

Nickajack. Market and keeper, South. 

Northern Spy, Table and market. 

Ohio Nonpareil. Table and market. 

Peach Pond Sweet. Table, market, and cooking. 

Peck's Pleasant. Table and market, 

Pomme Grise, Table and mai'ket, North. 

Porter. Table and market. 

Primate. Table. 

Pryor's Red. Table and market, South and West. 

Pambo. Table and market. 

Rawles Janet, Table, market, and keeper, Southwest. 

Ped Astrachan, Market and cooking. 

Red Canada. Table and market. 

Rhode Island Greening, Market and cooking. 

Ribston Pippin. Table and market. North. 

Roxbury Russet, Market and keeper, North and "West. 

Shockley. Market and keeper. South. 

Smith's Cider, Market, 

Smokehouse. Market and cooking. 

Striped Winter Pearmain. Table and market, South and Southwest. 

Summer Pippin, Market and cooking. 

Summer Queen. Market. 

Summer Rose. Table. 

Swaar, Table. 

Tetofsky. Market and cooking. 

Tewksbury Winter Blush. Table, market, and keeping. 

ToLman's Sweet. Market and cooking. 

Wagener. Table, 

Washington Strawberry. Table and market. 

Westfield Seek-no-Further. Table and market. 

White Pippin. Table and market. 

Willis Sweet, Cooking, table, and market. 

Willow Twig. Market and keeper, West and South. 

Winesap. Table, market, and keeper. 

Winter Sweet Paradise. Table. 

Yellow Bellflower. Table and market. 

Yellow Newtown Pippin. Table and market. 



430 THE ALMOND. 

CHAPTER X. 

THE ALMOND. 

Amygdalus communis^ Dec. Ttosaceee^ of botanists. 

Amandier, of the rrenoh ; Mandelbaum^ German ; Mandorlo, Italian ; 

Almendro^ Spanish. 

The Almond-tree, whicli is a native of tlie north of Africa and tho 
mountains of Asia, has long been cultivated, and is mentioned in Scrip- 
ture as one of the charms of the fertile land of Canaan. It so strongh' 
resembles the peach-tree that it is difficult to distinguish it by the leavep 
and wood only ; indeed, several botanists are of opinion, from experi- 
ments made in raising the almond from seed, that this tree and the 
peach are originally the same species, and that the rich and luscious 
peach is the eflect of accidental variation, produced by culture on the 
almond. The chief distinction between the two in our gardens lies in 
the fruit, which, in the almond, consists of little more than a stone 
covered with a thick, dry, woolly skin, while the peach has in addition 
a rich and luscious flesh. The blossoms of the almond resemble those of 
the peach, but are larger ; they are produced in great profusion, early in 
the season, before the leaves, and are very ornamental. 

Uses. The kernel of the sweet almond is highly esteemed as an 
article of food, and is largely used as an ingredient in confectionery, 
cookery, and perfumery. It is raised in great quantities in the south of 
Europe, especially in Portugal, and is an important article of commerce. 
The bitter almond is used in cookery and confectionery, and in medi- 
cine ; it furnishes the prussic acid of the shops, one of the most powerful 
of poisons. From both species an oil is also obtained. 

In France the almond is preferred as a stock on which to bud and 
graft the peach, which in a very dry climate or chalky soil, it is found, 
renders the latter more healthy and fruitful than its owm bottom. The 
sweet hard-shelled variety (^Douce a coque dure) is preferred for stocks 
by French niirserymen. 

Cultivation. The almond thrives best in a warm dry soil, and its 
general cultivation in this country is precisely like that of the peach. 
The sweet almond is the only variety considered of value here, and it is 
usually propagated by budding it on Plum stock, or on the bitter 
almond seedlings. It is rather more hardy at the North when budded 
on the former, and as the biids of the sweet almond are rather slender 
and small, the plum stocks to be budded should be thrifty seedlings, not 
more than a fourth of an inch in diameter at the place where the bud is 
inserted. 

The Common Almond, the Hard-Shell Sweet Almond, and the Bitter 
Almond, are hardy in the latitude of New York, and will bear tolera- 
ble crops without care. The Soft-shell Sweet Almond, or Ladies' 
Almond, will not thrive well in the open garden, as a standard, north 
of Philadelphia ; but they succeed well trained to a wall or on espalier 
rails in a warm situation, the branches being slightly protected in 
winter. 

There is no apparent reason why the culture of the almond should 
not be pursued to a profitable extent in the warm and favorable climate 



THE ALMOND. 431 

of some of tlie Soutlieru States. Especially in the valley of the Ohic 
and Tennessee it would be likely to succeed admirably. 

Bitter Almond. 

The Bitter Almond has large pale blossoms, differing little from tht; 
common almond except in the kernel, which is bitter. There are two 
vai'ieties, one with a hard, and the other with a brittle shell. The fruit, 
which is produced abundantly, ripens in September. The leaves are 
longer and of a darker green than those of most of the sweet-fruited 
varieties. 

Common Almond. 

A. c. dulcis. Amande commune. 
Amandier a Petit Fruit. Common Sweet. 
■ commtin. 

This is the common Sweet Almond of France and the South ol 
Europe, and is one of the most hardy and productive sorts here. Nuts 
hard, smooth, about an inch and a quarter long, compressed and pointed, 
of an agreeable flaA^or, but inferior to the following. Flowers expand 
before the leaves. Ripens last of September. 

Peach Almond. 

Peclier. Peach Almond. 

Amandier-Pecher. 

A rather indifferent variety, nearly sweet, but often slightly bitter. 
It is a true cross between the peach and the almond, and in its leaves, 
flowers, and stone strongly resembles the peach; the fruit is also pulpy 
and of tolerable flavor, like an indifferent peach. The nut scarcely ever 
ripens well as far noi-th as this. 

PisTACHiA Sweet Almond. 

Amande Pistache. Amandier Pistache. 

A variety of Almond with a very small pointed fruit, about the size 
and shape of that of a Pistachia, enclosing a kernel of a delicate sweet 
flavor. The shell not quite so soft as the Soft-Shell Almond. This is 
scarcely known yet in this country, biit is worth further trial at the 
South. 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond. 

Doux a coque tendre. Amandier des Dames, 
Sultan a coque tendre. . Ou Amande Piincesse. 
Amandier a coque tendre. Ladies' Thin Shell. 
des Dames. 

The Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond is the finest of all the Almonds. 
It is the very variety common in the shops of the confectioners, vnih a 
shell so thin as to be easily crushed between the fingers, and the kei-nel 
of which is so highly esteemed at the dessert. It ripens early in the 
season, and is also highly esteemed in a young or fresh state, being served 
on the table for this purpose about the middle of July in Paris. The 



-t'i2 THE ALMOND. 

blossoms of this variety expand at the same time with tlie leaves, and 
ai'e more deeply tinged with red than the foregoing. Several varieties 
are made of tlais in France, but they are (as quoted above) all essentially 
the same. 

Fruit two inches long, oval, compressed. The nut is more than an 
inch long, oval, pointed, one-sided, with a light-colored, porous, very 
tender sliell. The kernel sweet and rich. 

On the plum stock, in a favorable aspect, tliis Almond succeeds, with 
a little care, in the Middle States. 

Sultana Sweet Almond. 

Amande Sultane. Amandier Sultane. 

Sultan. 

A tender-shelled Almond of excellent quality, with smaller frait and 
narrower kernel than the Soft-Shell Almond, but of equally excellent 
flavor, and which is preferred by many. It is thought by Poiteau to 
be scarcely diflerent from the Soft-Shell or Ladies' Almond. 

The TjOng Hard-Shell Almond. 

Amandier a gxos fruit. Amandier a gros fruit dur. 

A variety with handsome, large, pale rose-colored flowers, opening 
before the leaves, and large and long fruit, a third longer than other va- 
rieties. The stone is about as large as the soft-shell variety, but the 
kernel is larger and plumper. This is a good hardy sort, and it is very 
ornamental when in blossom. Ripens about the last of September. 

Ornamental Varieties. The Dwarf Double JFloiuering Almond 
(^Amygdalus pumila. Lin. Drunus sinensis of some) is a beautiful, 
well-known low shrub, extremely ornamental in spring, being covered 
with a profusion of small pink blossoms, very double. There is also 
a Double White, similar in habit of growth. 

The Large Double Flowering Almond [A. d grand Jleur, JSF. Duh.) 
(A. communis j^l^no) is a beautiful French variety, with large nearly 
white flowers, two inches in diameter. It also bears a good small hard- 
shell Almond. 



CHAPTER XI. 



the apricot. 



Armeniaca Vulgaris, Dec. Eosacece, of botanists. 

Abrieotier, of the French ; Aprilcosenbaum, German ; Albercoco, Italian ; 

Albaricoque^ Spanish. 

The Apricot is one of the most beautiful of stone fruit-ti'ees, easily 
knoAvn by its glossy heart-shaped foliage, large white blossoms, and 
emooth-skinned golden or ruddy fruit. In the fruit-garden it is a 



THE AiniR'OT. 433 

highly attractive object in early spring, as its charming (low-.-rs are the 
first to expand. It forms a fine spreading tree of aboiit twenty feet in 
height, and is hardy enough to bear as an open standard south of the 
42d degi-ee of hititudc in this country. 

Tlie native countries of this tree are Armenia, Arabia, and the higher 
regions of Central Asia. It is largely cultivated in China and Japan ; 
and, indeed, according to the accounts of Grosier, the mountains west of 
Pekiu are covered with a natural growth of apricots. The names by 
which it is kuo^vn in various European countries all seem to be cor- 
ruptions of the original Arabic term Herkoclbe. 

Uses. A very handsome and delicious dessert fruit, only inferior to 
the peach, i-ipeuing about midsummer, after cherries and before ])lums, 
at a season when it is peculiarly acceptable. For preserving in siigar 
or brandy, for jellies or pastries, it is highly esteemed, and, where it is 
abundant, an admirable liquor is made from the fruit ; and it is also 
dried for winter \ise. In some parts of Germany, the free-bearing sorts 
— the Turkey, Orange, and Breda — are largely cultivated for this pur- 
pose. 

Cultivation. This tree is almost always budded on the plum stock 
(on which in July it takes readily), as it is found more hardy and du- 
I'able than upon its own root. Many Jiurserymen bud the apricot on the 
peach, but the trees so produced are of a very inferior quality — short 
lived, more liable to diseases, and the fruit of a second-rate flavor. 
Budded on the plum they are well adapted to strong soils, in which 
they always hold their fruit better than in light sandy soils. 

Apricots generally grow very thriftily, and soon make fine heads, and 
produce an abundance of blossoms and young fruit ; but the crop of 
the latter frequently falls off when half grown, from berng stung by the 
plum-weevil or curculio, to which the smooth skin of this fruit seems 
highly attractive. To remedy this, the same course must be pursued as 
is directed for the plum. Seedling apricots are usually more hardy and 
productive here than the finer grafted sorts. 

This is a favorite tree for training on walls or espaliers, and, in town 
gardens especially, we often see it trained against the sides of brick 
houses, and yielding most abundantly. As it bears its fruit in the same 
way as the peach, and requires the same management, we must refer our 
readers to the latter head for direction as to pruning and training. As 
the aj^ricot, however, expands its blossoms ver}' early, it should not be 
placed on an east Avail, or in a situation where it is too much exposed 
to the full morning sun. 

Diseases. When budded on the Plum, this tree is but little liable 
<o diseases, and may be considered a hardy fruit-tree. In order to 
render it fruitful, and keep it for a long time in a productive state, we 
cannot too strongly urge the advantages of the shortening-in system of 
pruning recomxaended for the peach. 

Albergier. 
Alberge. 

Tliis is a vai-iety very common in the interior of France, where it is 
constantly reproduced with but little variation from the seed — Alberge 
being the name of the apricot in some of the provinces. It is a free 
gi'ower, and bears well, but is neither so lai-ge nor fine as many other 

28 



434 THJK APIUCOT. 

varieties Tiie leaves are small, and often have little wing-like ears at 
the base. The Albergiers are much used for stocks in France. 

Fruit small, roundish, deep yellow. Flesh reddish, firm, with a 
brisk, vinous flavor. Stone compressed. Kernel bitter. Esteemed for 
preserving. Ripe middle of August. 



Angoumois. 
Anjou. Rouge. Violet. 

Fruit small, oval, flattened at the apex. Skin clear deep yellow on 
the shaded side, but dark rusty brown on the side next the sun. Flesh 
deep orange, juicy, and melting, separating from the stone, rich, sugary, 
and briskly flavoi-ed, but when highly ripened charged with a fine aro- 
ma. Back of the stone impervious. Kernel sweet. End of July. 
(Hogg.) 

Beauge. 

A foreign variety very much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening 
a little later. 

Black. 

Amygdalus dasycarpa. Purple Apricot. Noit 

Violet. Du Pape. 

This remarkable little Apricot so strongly resembles a dark round 
plum, that at a little distance it might easily be mistaken for one. (It 
was indeed called Prunus dasycarpa by the old botanists.) It is pretty 
good, and very hardy, and its unique appearance renders it sought after 
by amateurs. The tree has a rough, somewhat crooked trunk, and 
small, oval foliage. 

Fruit about an inch and a half in diameter, round. Skin pale red 
in the shade, but dull reddish purple in the sun, covered with a slight 
down. Flesh pale red next the skin, yellow near the stone, adhering 
somewhat to the stone, juicy, with a pleasant, slight astringent flavor. 
Kernel sweet. August. 

Breda. 

De Hollande. Amande Aveline. Persiqne. 

Hasselmissmandel. Ananas. 

This is a very excellent small Apricot, said to be originally from 
Africa, which bears well with common culture, and deserves a place in 
all gardens, as it is not only a high-flavored dessert sort, but it niakea 
one of the richest preserves. The blossom buds are tinged with deep 
red before they expand. 

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, roundish_ 
sometimes rather four-sided. Suture well marked. Skin orange, be 
coming dark orange in the sun. Flesh deep orange, rich, high-flavored; 
and rather juicy — separating freely from the stone. The kernel, which 
is sweet, is eaten in France, whence the name Amande Aveline. First 
of August. 



the apricot. 436 

Brown's Early. 

Origin, Chelsea, Mass. 

Friiit large, short oval, yellow, bright red cheek. Flesh yellow 
melting, rich juicy, luscious flavor. Season, middle to last of July. 
(Cole.) 

Brussels. 

The Brussels Apricot is not a fine fruit in this country, but it is a 
good bearer in light soils. 

Fruit of medium size, rather oval, and flattened on its side. Skin 
pale yellow, dotted with white in the shade, but often marked with a 
little russety bro^vn in the sun. Suture deep next the stalk. Flesh 
yellow, rather firm, with a lively but not rich flavor. Kernel bitter. 
Middle of August. The Brussels of some collections is the JBreda. 

Burlington. 

Raised by Mrs. Woolman, Burlington, N. J. Ti'ee vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong, somewhat comjjressed at the sides^ 
with a distinct suture. Skin golden yellow, with numerous red spots 
and a rviddy tint on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet, and fine. Middle of July to the first of August. This variety is 
probably out of existence. 

Caning Grosso. 

A variety from the Papal States of Italy, introduced by Thomas 
Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree hardy and a vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit qxiite large. Skin orange, becoming red in the sun. Flesh 
rich reddish yellow, melting, high-fiavored. Middle July. 

Claude Bidot. 

From France. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, deep suture, half round. Skin deep 
orange yellow, spotted and shaded with deep red. Flesh deep yellow, 
slightly colored with red on the side of the sun. Flesh fiuae, melting, 
sugary, aromatic. Stone medium, roundish ovate. Kernel very sweet. 
(An. Pom.) 

CoMicE D'E Toulon. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate. Skin very downy, yellow, becoming 
orange in the sun, with deep carmine dots. Flesh orange yellow, fine, 
juicy, aromatic. Kernel sweet. Early July. (An. Pom.) 

Des Faroes. 

Originated near Lyons, France. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oval, golden yellow, covered ^nth a 
dhcjrt do^NTi. Flesh orange yellow, fine, juicy, musky perfumed. Stone 
large. Separates free from the flesh. Last of June. (Yerg.) 



436 the apricot. 

Early Golden. 
Dubois' Early Golden. 

Origin uiiknown. Introdiiced by Charles Dubois, Fishkill Landing; 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, with long, rather slender brancaes. 

JFruit small, roundish oval, with the suture well marked, and ex- 
tending half-way round. Skin smooth, pale orange. Flesh yellow, mo- 
derately j uicy and sweet, with a very good flavor — separates from the 
stone. Middle of July. 

Early Moorpark. 

A variety much resembling the Moorpark, but ripening some weeks 
earlier. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to oval, deep suture on one side, extending 
from the base to the apex. Skin yellow, mottled and dotted with crim- 
son on the exposed side. Flesh in all respects resembling that of the 
Moorpark. Stone oblong, with a covered channel along the back, which 
is pervious. Kernel bitter. 

Golden Drop. 

This new Apricot is described by Rivers as having been raised from 
seed of the Musch-Musch, and is about the size of an Orleans Plum, 
bright orange and crimson. Flesh melting, with a delicious pine flavor. 
Ripe middle July. 

Hemskirke. 

A large and beautiful English variety, of the finest quality. It 
strongly resembles the Moorpark, from which it is known by its stone 
not being perforated like that variety. It also ripens a little earlier. 

Fruit large, roundish, but considerably compressed or flattened on 
its sides. Skin orange, with a red cheek. Flesh bright orange, tender, 
rather more juicy and sprightly than the Moorpark, with a rich and 
luscious plum-like flavor. Stone rather small, and kernel bitter. End 
of July. 

Jaques. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, hardy. 

Fruit small, ovate. Skin with a fine short down or bloom, greenish 
yellow. Flesh orange yellow, melting, juicy, sugary, perfumed. Stone 
medium. July, August. 

Kaisha. 

A variety from Syria, of high reputation abroad, but we have found 
the tree tender and unhealthy. 

Fruit medium, roundish, with a deep suture toward the stalk, pale 
yellow, mottled and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh tender, juicy, 
pale yellowish, parting freely from the stone, sugary, high-flavored 
Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. July and first of August. 

Lafayette. 
Origin, City of New York. Tree remarkably vigorous. 



THE APIJICOT. 437 

Fruit very largo, oval. Skin light yellow, marbled with red next the 
sun. Flesh high-flavored and excellent, liipens in August. (W. K 
Prince.) 

Large Early. 

Gros Precoce. De St. Jean. Precoce d'Esperin. 

Gros d'Alexandrie. Gros Fruhe. d'Hongrie. 

De St. Jean Rouge. 

A fine, large, early variety from France, of vigorous growth, and one 
of the best of the early sorts. 

Fruit of medivini size, rather oblong, and compressed. Suture deep 
Skin slightly do^^^ly, pale orange in the shade, fine bright orange with a 
few ruddy spots in the sun. Flesh separating readily from the stone, 
orange-colored, rich, and juicy. Kernel bitter. Middle of July. 

Large Red. 
Gros Rouge. Gros Rouge Hatii 

This is a variety of the Peach Apricot, the tree hardier than, tlia 
Moorpark. 

Fruit large, deep orange red. Flesh rich, juicy, separating freely 
from the stone. Kernel bitter. Last July. 

LlABAUD. 

Origin, near Lyons, France. 

Fruit large, ovate, depressed at ends. Skin dull yellow, shaded 
with orange in the sun. Flesh orange yellow, translucent, fine, melting, 
sugary. Stone ovate, obtuse at summit. July. (Verg.) 

LUIZET. 

Originated near Lyons, France. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, ovate truncated at apex. Sldn thick, orange yellow, 
washed and dotted with deep crimson. Flesh yellow, firm, sugary, per- 
fumed. Stone large. Freestone. July. (Yerg.) 

Mexico. 

Originated near Lyons, France. 

Fruit medium, ovate elongated. Skin thick, greenish yellow, wash- 
ed with reddish brown. Flesh pale yellow, fijie, tender, sugary, musky. 
Stone obtuse at apex end. July. (Yerg.) 

Montgamet. 
Crotte. Alberge de Montgamet. 

Fruit small, oval, somewhat compressed on the sides, and marked with 
a shallow suture. Skin jiale yellow, with a slight tinge of red on the 
side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, firm, adhei-ing to the stone, juicy, 
and agreeably acid. Wlien well ripened, highly perfumed. Stone round- 
ish. Kernel bitter. End of July. (Hogg.) 



iSS THE APRICOT. 



MOORPARK. 



Anson's. Oldaker's MooriDark. Dunmore. 

Walton Moorpark. Dunmore's Breda. Temple's. 

Sudlow's Moorpark. De Nancy. Hunt's Moorpark. 

This fine variety is the most popular and widely disseminated in this 
country, except the Breda. It has its name from Moorpark, the seat ol 
Sir William Temple, in England, where it was cultivated more than one 
hundred and forty years ago. It is only a moderate bearer here, and 
especially requires the shortening-in mode of pruning, as recommended 
for the peach. 

Fruit large, roundish, about two inches and a quarter in diameter 
each way, on a standard tree ; rather large on one side of the suture 
than the other. Skin orange in the shade, but deep orange or brownish 
red in the sun, marked with numerous dark specks and dots. Flesh 
quite firm, blight orange, parting free from the stone, qxiite juicy, with 
a rich and luscious flavor. Stone peculiarly perforated along the back, 
where a pin may be pushed through nearly from one end to the other 
Kernel bitter. Ripe early in August. 

MuscH-MuscH. 
D'Alexandrie. 

This delicious little Apricot takes its name from the city of Musch, 
on the frontiers of Turkey in Asia ; but it is also comnaon aboiit Alex- 
andria, and in northern Egypt it is said to be raised in such abundance 
that the dried fruit is an article of commerce. The tree is rather deli- 
cate, and requires a sheltered position. 

Fruit rather small, about an inch and a half in diameter, round. 
Skin deep yellow, with a little orange red on the sunny side. Flesh 
yellow, with a translucent pulp, tender, melting, and very sweet. Ker- 
nel sweet. 

Newhall's Early. 

Origin, Lynn, Mass. 

Fruit medium, short oval, bright orange, deep red cheek, tender, 
iuicy, rich delicious flavor. Clingstone. Last July. Early August 
(Cole.) 

Orange. 

Early Orange. Persian. Koyal George. 

Eoyal Orange. Royal Persian. 

An Apricot of only tolerable quality for the dessert, but it is much 
esteemed by many for preserving ; and it makes delicious tarts, even 
before the fruit begins to acquire color. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked siiture, deeply 
jioUowed near the stalk. Skin firm, orange, sometimes tinged with a 
ruddy tint in the sun. Flesh dark orange, moderately juicy, but often 
rather dry and insipid (unless ripened in the house), not separating en- 
tirely from the flesh. Stone small, roundish. Kernel sweet. ]\Iiddlo 
of July. 



THE AVRICOT. 43£ 

OuLLiKS Eaely Peach. 
A variety of the Peach Apricot, differing only in time of iipening. 

Peach. 

Anson's Imperial. Royal Peach. P6che. 

Abricot Peche. De Nancy. Du Luxembourg. 

Peche Grosse. Wurtemburg. Pfirsiche. 

The Peach Apricot, originally fi'om Piedmont, has long been con 
eidered the finest variety ; and it is with vis the largest and most excel- 
lent soj;t cultivated — ^being often as large as a Peach — of medium size, 
handsome, and of delicious flavor. It very strongly resembles the 
Moorpark, bxit the two are readily distinguished by the eye when stand- 
ing near each other, aiid the fruit of the Peach is lather larger and 
finer, and a few days earlier. 

Fruit of the largest size, about two and a half inches in diameter, 
roundish, rather flattened, and somewhat compressed on its sides, with 
a well-marked suture. Skin yellow in the shade, but deep orange, mot- 
tled with dark brown, on the sunny side. Flesh of a fine yellow saftron 
color, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone with the same pervious 
passage as the Moorpark, and with a bitter kernel. 

Pine Apple. 

Ananas. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened, and marked with a rather shallow 
suture. Skin thin and delicate, deep golden yellow in the shade, with a 
high-colored red cheek where exposed to sun, and speckled with large 
and small red specks. Flesh reddish yellow, somewhat firm, juicy, rich 
pine-apple flavor. Stone oval. Kernel bitter. Middle August. 
(Hogg.) 

Portugal. 

Male. 

Fruit small, resembling in shape and size the Red Masculine, round, 
divided on one side by a deep suture. Skin pale yellow on the shaded 
side, deep yellow tinged with red, and marked with brown and i ed rus- 
set spots next the sun. Flesh deep yellow, tender, melting, rich sugary, 
musky, adhering somewhat to the stone. Stone almost round. Kernel 
bitter. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 

Provence. 

Abricot de Provence. 

Fruit small, compressed on the sides, with a deep sutiire, higher ou 
one side, yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, rich, rathei 
:lry, pleasant. Kernel sweet. End of July. 



440 the apricot. 

Red Masculine. 

Early Masculine. Apricot Precoce. 

Brown Masculine. Apricot hatif Musqu6e. 

Abricotier. Abricotier h^tif. 

Friihe Muscateber. 

A- small early sort, hardy, very productive, of tolerable flavor, but 
not rich, growth upright, slender. 

Fruit small and nearly round, scarcely an inch and a half in dia- 
meter, with a well-marked suture on one side. Skin bright yellow, 
tinged with deep orange and spotted with dark red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, with a slightly musky, pleasant flavor. Stone thick, 
obtuse at the ends. Flowers smaller than in most other sorts. Kernel 
bitter. Ripe about the 12th of July. 

RlNGOLD. 

Originated in Athens, Ga. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little oblong, suture slight. Skin light 
orange, darker in the sun, where it is beautifully dotted with carmine. 
Flesh deep yellow, juicy, and excellent. Ripens just after the orange, 
•mrdy and productive. 

Roman. 

Abricot Commun. Germine. 

Grosse Germiae. Transparent. 

This is with us one of the largest growing and hardiest Apricot 
trees, and produces good crops every year in cold or unfavorable situa- 
tions, where none of the other sorts except the Masculine succeed. It 
is therefore, though inferior in flavor, a valuable sort for northern situ- 
ations. The blossoms will bear quite a severe frost without injury. 

Fruit middle-sized, oblong, with the sides slightly compressed, with 
but little or no suture. Skin entirely pale yellow, or very rarely dotted 
with a few red spots on one side. Flesh dull yellow, soft, rather dry. 
When ripened by keeping a few days in the house, the flavor is tolerably 
good. Stone oblong, with a bitter kernel. Ripe the last of July and 
first of August. 

There is a Blotched-leaved Roman (commun a feuilles jyanaclies, of 
the French), precisely like the foregoing in all respects, except the white 
or yellow stain in the leaf — but it is quite distinct from the blotched- 
leaved Turkey, cultivated here. 

Royal. 

A fine large French variety, raised a few years since at the Royal 
Luxembourg Gardens. It is nearly as large as the Moorpark, but with 
larger leaves boine on long footstalks, and without the pervious stone of 
that sort. It is quite as high flavored, and ripens a week or ten daya 
earlier. 

Fruit roundish, large oval, slightly compressed. Skin dull yellow, 
with an orange cheek, very faintly tinged with red, and a shallow suture: 
Flesh pale orange, firm and jnicy, with a rich vinous flavor. Ripe the 
latter end of July. 



the apricot. 441 

St. Ambroise. 

This Li a large early Apiicot, almost the size of and earlier than the 
Moorpark. It is compressed, of a deep yellow color, reddish next the 
sun. Flesh juicy, rich, and sugary. Middle August. (Hogg.) 

Sardinian. 
De Sardaigne. 

Tree a great bearer, ripening its fruit as early as the Red Mas- 
culine, 

Fruit small, with a deep suture on one side. Skin white, with a few 
crimson spots, and sometimes a flush of red. Flesh juicy, sprightly, 
sweet, pleasant. Stone small. Kernel bitter. 

Shipley's. 
Blenueixn. Shipley's Large. 

A very good early variety, of small or medium size, of vigorous but 
rather slender growth. 

Fruit medium, oval, orange, with a deep yellow, juicy, and tolera- 
bly rich flesh. Stone roundish, impervious, with a bitter kerneL 
Ripens here about the 25th of July. 

SuKER Para. 
Green Gage. 

From Syria. 

Fruit medium, roundish, smooth skin, small stone, delicious, rather 
dry, very sweet flesh. 

Texas. 

Originated with Dr. M. A. Ward, Athens, Ga. 

Fruit small, round. Color dark maroon, darker "in the sun. Suture 
slight, a mere line. Flesh juicy and pleasant, except at the stone, where 
it is astringent. Adheres to the stone, (W. N. White, MS.) 

Turkey. 
Large Turkey. De Nancy of some. 

The Turkey Apricot is a fine old vai-iety, which is seldom seen in 
our gardens, the sort generally sold under this name being the Roman. 
It is quite a late sort, ripening after the Moorpark, from which it is 
easily known by its impervious stone and sweet kernel. 

Fruit of middle size, nearly round, not compressed. Skin fine deep 
yellow in the shade, mottled with broM'nish orange in the sun. Flesh 
pale yellow, firm, quite juicy, with a flavor in which there is an excellent 
mingling of sweet and acid. Kernel nearly as sweet as that of an Al- 
mond, which, as well as the form and color, distinguishes this sort from 
the Roman. Ripe the middle of August. 

The Blotched-leaved Turkey, or Gold Blotched [Ahricot macule), 
is a snb-variety, very well known here, resembling tl e common Turkej 



ii'2 THE BERBERRY. 

in all. respects, except that it has in the centre of each leaf a laige /el 
lowish spot. It is a thrifty tree and bears delicate fruil. Ours h noi 
identical with the Turkey, as the last edition of the L. H. S.'s Cata- 
logue arranges it, but is a globular fruit, and a true variation of the 
Turkey. 

White Masculine. 

White Apricot. Early White Masculine. 

Abricot Blanc. Blanc. 

Abricotier Blanc. White Algiers ? 

This scarcely differs from the Red Masculine before described, except 
in color. It is four or five days later. 

Fruit small and roundish. Skin nearly white, rarely with a little 
reddish brown on one side. Flesh white, delicate, a little fibrous, ad- 
heres a little to the stone, and has a delicate, pleasant juice. Kernel 
bitter. 

Curious or ornamental varieties. The BRiANgoN Apricot {A. 
br-igantiaca, Dec), a very distinct species, so much resembling a plum as 
to be called the Briancon Plum by many authors i^Prxme de JBrianpon, 
Poit.), is a small irregular tree or shrub, ten or twelve feet high, a native 
of the Alps. It bears a great abundance of small, round, yellow, plum- 
like fruit in clusters, which are scarcely eatable ; but in France and 
Piedmont the kernels of this variety make the " huile de marmotte," 
which is worth double the price of the olive oil. 

The Double flowering Apricot is a pretty ornamental tree, yet 
rare with us. 

Selection of Apricots for a small garden. Large Early, Breda, 
Peach, Moorpark. 

Selection for a cold or nortlieni climate. Bed Masculine, Roman, 
Breda. 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE BERBEERY. 



Barberis vulgaris, L. Berberacem^ of botanists. 
Epine-vinette^ of the French ; Berberitzen, German ; Berbero, Italian ; Berberts, 

Spanish. 

The Berberry (or barberi-y) is a common prickly shrub, from eight 
to ten feet high, which grows wild in both hemispheres, and is par- 
ticularly abundant in many pai-ts of New England. The floAvers, the 
roots, and the inner wood are of the brightest yellow color, and the 
small crimson fruit is borne in clusters. It is a popular but fallacious 
notion, entertained both here and in England, that the vicinity of this 
plant, in any quantity, to grain fields, caiises the rust. 

The barberry is too acid to eat, but it makes an agreeable preserve 



THE BLACKBERRY. 443 

and jelly, and an ornamental pickle for garnishing sorae dishes.^ From 
the seedless sort is made in Rouen a celebrated sweetmeat, confilurt 
(Tepine-vinette. The inner bai'k is used in France for dyeing silk and 
cotton a bright yellow. 

Culture. The culture is of the easiest description. A rich light soil 
gives the largest fruit. It is easily propagated by seed, layers, or 
suckers. When fine fruit of the barberry is desired, it should be kept 
trained to a single stem — as the suckers which it is liable to produce 
frequently render it barren or make the fruit small. 

Common Reb. 

This is too well known to need descrijition. In good soils it grows 
twelve or fifteen feet high, and its numerous clusters of blight oval 
beiries are very ornamental in autumn. There is a Large Red variety 
of this, which is only a variation produced by cultivation in rich soil. 
There are also varieties of this in Europe with pale j'ellow, white, and 
pui'ple fruit, which are not yet introduced into this country, and which 
scarcely differ in any other respect than the color. And there is a so- 
called sweet variety of the common Berberry from Austria (^. v. dulcis), 
but it is scarcely less acid than the common. 

A variety -with purple foliage differs but little in the fruit, which is 
perhaps not quite as fleshy, but the foliage is extremely ornamental. 



THE BLACKBERRY. 



There are several species of the Bramble indigenous to this country, 
which produce eatable fruit, but the best.for the table, or for cooking, 
are the Low Blackberry, a trailing shrub, and the following varieties 
of the High Blackberry. 

The fruit is larger than that of the Raspberry, with fewer and larger 
grains, and a brisker flavor. It ripens about the last of July or early 
in August, after the former is past, and is much used by all classes in 
this country. There is no doubt that varieties of much larger size, and 
greatly superior flavor, might be produced by sowing the seeds in rich 
garden soil, especially if repeated for two or three successive genera- 
tions. 

Their cultivation in gardens is similar to that of the Raspberry, ex- 
cept that they require to be planted at greater distances apart, say from 
six to eight feet. (See page 961.) 

Adair's Claret. 

Originated with D, L. Adair, Hawesville, Ky. The plant is not 
quite hardy. 

Fmit medium size, claret color, soft, with a mild pleasant flavor. 

Albion. 

A wildling found and introduced by John B. Orange, of Albion, 111. 
Although described as large and productive, we have never been able tc 
gather more than half a crop from our plants, and the fruit of only fair 
size, impei'fect, and without flavor. 



444 the blackberry. 

Cape May. 

Fruit large, black, sweet, qvdte soft, loses color soon after gath()ring_ 
not valuable. 

' Colonel Wilder. 

Introduced by Jobn B. Orange. 

JFruit of medium size, oblong, light cream color, moderately finx^ 
does not fill well. 

Crystal White. 
Orange's Crystal. 

Introduced by Jobn B. Orange, Albion, 111. It is a vigorous grower, 
Huckers freely, and not bardy. Does not set its fruit well. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, light creamy white, translucent, sweet. 
Good. Only desirable as a curiosity. 

Cumberland. 

A New Jersey variety, productive, hardy. 
Fruit medium, black, sweet, early. 

Cut-Leaved. 
Parsley Leaved. 

An old European variety, valued more for its curious foliage than 
for the amount of its fruit. 

Fruit roundish, black, sweet, with a musky peculiar flavor. 

Cutter's Mulberry. 

Introduced by G, B. Cutter, Newtown, Mass. 

Fruit long, slender, remarkably sweet-. (Hov. Mag.) 

Doctor Warder. 

Introduced by John B. Orange. 

Fruit rather shorter and thicker than the Albion, nearly as large. 
Color dark rosy red. (Hov. Mag.) 

Dorchester. 

Introduced to notice by the late Capt. Lovett, of Beverly, Mass. 
Nearly equal in size to New Bochelle, of a more elongated form, grains 
rather smaller, somewhat sweeter, and producing large crops of high- 
flavored fruit, a vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, oblong conic, sometimes measuring an inch and a quar- 
ter in length, of a deep shining black. The bei-ries should be fully ma- 
tured before they are gathered; it bears carriage well. Ripens about 
the first of August. 



the blackberrv. 445 

Duncan's Falls. 

Introduced by J. C. Neff, Duncan's Falls, O. An upright, very vig 
orous grower. 

Fruit large, black, moderately firm, juicy, sweet. New, not fully 
tested. 

Farley. 

Origin unknown. New. 

Fruit nearly as large as New Rochelle, black, sweet, and ripens two 
weeks earliei-. (Hort.) 

Felton. 

Introduced by Oscar Felton, of Camden, N. J. 

Fruit large, long, slightly conical, sweet. Good. Ripens early, 
moderately productive. 

HOLCOMB. 

Introduced by E. A. Holcomb, of Granby, Conn. Canes hardy and 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, black, moderately firm, well flavored. Ripens 
early. 

Kentucky White. 

Introduced by D. L. Adair, Kentucky. Plant tender. 

Fruit medium size, oblong oval, light dirty white. Imperfect. 

KiTTATINNY. " 

A native wildling from the Kittatinny Mountains, Warren Co., 
N. J. It has within a few years become widely disseminated, and every- 
where proves of the highest value. Canes quite hardy, and very pro- 
ductive ; ripening early, and continuing a long time. 

Frviit lai'ge to very large, roundish conical, rich glossy black, mod- 
erately firm, juicy, rich, sweet, excellent. 

Low Blackberry. 

Trailing Blackberry. Dewberry. Rubus Canadensis. 

A low trailing, prickly shrub, producing large white blossoms in 
May, and A'ery large roundish oblong black fruit in midsummer. Leaf- 
lets from three to five in number. The fruit, when in good soil and 
fully exposed to the sun, is high-flavored, sweet, and excellent. 

Mason's Mountain. 

A new variety. Canes hardy. 

Fruit large, conical, black, sweet, rich. 

Missouri Mammoth. 
A variety recently disseminated from Missouri. It has not y«* 



44-6 THE BLACKBERRY. 

fruited here, but is described as " bearing fruit of tbe very largest ske 
quite black, firm, ricli, juicy, sweet, without any core. Eipens verj 
early, and continues a long time in bearing," 

Newman's Thornless. 

A new variety, discovered by Jonas Newman, Ulster Co., N. Y. 
Promises to be valuable. Growth not so vigorous as New Rochelle 
and Dorchester, but produces good-sLzed oval berries of excellent flavor. 
The canes have but few spines or thorns in comparison to the others. 
Eipens about the first of August. ' 

New Eochelle. 
Seacor's Mammotli. Lawton. 

This remarkable variety Avas found by Lewis A. Seacor, in its native 
wildness by the roadside, in the town of New Eochelle, Westchester 
Co., N. Y. It is of very vigorous growth, with strong spines which 
belong to the bramble, is hardy and exceedingly productive. 

Fruit very large, oval, and, when fully ripe, intensely black. When 
mature the fruit is very juicy, rather soft and tender, with a sweet, ex- 
cellent flavor ; when gathered too early it is acid and insipid. The gra- 
nules are larger, consequently the fruit is less seedy than any other va- 
riety. Eipens about the first of August, and continues in use five or 
six weeks. 

Sable Queen. 

Introduced by J. W. Manning, Eeading, Mass., who describes it aa 
in size, beauty, and fruitfulness, eqtial if not superior to Dorchester or 
New Eochelle. We have not seen it. 



Wachusett. 

Found growing wild on Monadnock Mountain. Canes hardy, nearly 
thornless. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, moderately firm, productive. (J. of H.) 

Washington. 

Eaised by Prof. C. G. Page, Washington, D. C. 
Fruit large, black, sweet. Good. New. 

Wilson's Early. 

Introduced by John Wilson, Burlington, N. J. A hardy, produc- 
tive, very early ripening market sort. 

Fruit large, oblong oval, black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. 

Ornamental Varieties. — The " Double White Blossomed " and 
" Double Pink Blossomed Brambles " are beautiful climbing shrubs, of 
remarkably luxuriant growth, which may be trained for a great length 



THE CHERRY. 447 

in a season, and are admirably adapted for covering walls and vm- 
sightly buildings. The flowers are like small double roses, and are pro- 
duced in numerous clusters in June, having a very pretty effect. Noi-th 
of New York these climbers ar» rather tender in sevei-e winters. 

The Rose Flowering Bramble [Ruhus odorcdus) is a very pretty 
native shrub, with large broad leaves, and pleasing rose-colored ilowerSj 
and groups well with other shrubs in ornamental plantatioAS. 



CHAPTER XIII. 
The Cherry. 



Gerasus sylvestns, and G. vilgans, Arb. Brit. Eosacem, of botanists. 
Gerisier, of. the French; Kirschenbaum, German; Giriego, Italiam ; Gerezo^ 

Spanish. 

The Cherry is a fine, iuxiiriant fruit-tree, with smooth, light-colored 
bark, and generally of rapid growth. The varieties of the black and 
heart-shaped chenies are always vigorous, and form fine large spreading 
heads, forty or fifty feet in height ; but those of the acid or red cherry 
are of lower, more bushy, and tardy growth. In the spring the cherry- 
tree is profusely covered with clusters of snow-white blossoms, and 
earlier in summer than upon any other tree, these are followed by abun- 
dant crops of juicy, sweet, or acid fruit, hanging upon long stalks, and 
enclosing a smooth stone 

The Cheriy comes oiuginally from Asia, and the Roman general, 
Lucullus, after a victoi'ious expedition into Pontus, has the reputation 
of having brought it to Italy from Cerasus, a town in that province, in 
the year 69 b.c. According to Pliny, the Romans, 100 years after 
this, had eight varieties in cultivation, and they were soon afterwards 
cai-ried to all parts of Europe. The seeds of the cultivated cheri-y were 
brought to this country very early after its settlement, both from Eng- 
land and Holland. 

Uses. As a pleasant and refreshing dessert fruit, the cherry is 
everywhere highly esteemed. The early season at which it ripens, its 
j uiciness, delicacy, and richness, render it always acceptable. While the 
large and fleshy varieties are exceedingly sweet and luscious, others which 
are more tender, and more or less acid, are very valuable for pies, tarts, 
and various kinds of cookery. The frrdt of the Kentish or Early Rich- 
mond is excellent when stoned and dried, and the Mazzard, and our wild 
Virginia cherries, are used to give a flavor to brandy. When canned 
*^^hey retain their character and are very delicious. The Dukes or Mo- 
rellos are best for the purpose. 

The celebrated German K^irsehwasser is made by distilling the liquor 
of the common black mazzard or gean (in which the stones are ground 
and bi'oken, and fermented with the pulp), and the delicious Ratafia cor- 
dial of Grenoble is also made from this fruit. Maraschino^ the most 
celebrated 'i ^ueur of Italy, is distilled from a small gean or mazzard 
with which, in fermenting, honey and the leaves and kernels of the fruil 
are mixed. 



448 THE CHEEEY. 

The gum of the Cherry is neai-ly identical -with giim arabic, and there 
are some marvellous stories told of its nutritive properties. The wood 
of the cherry is hard and durable, and is therefore valuable for many 
purposes ; but the best wood is aflbrded by our common wild or Virginia 
cherry, which is a very good substitute for mahogany, taking a fine 
polish. 

The larger growing sorts of black cherry are the finest of all fruit- 
trees for shade, and are, therefore, generally chosen by farmers, who are 
always desirous of combining the useful and the ornamental. Indeed 
the Cherry, from its symmetrical form, its rapid growth, its fine shade 
and beautiful blossoms, is exceedingly well suited for a roadside tree in 
agricultural districts. We wish we could induce the planting of ave- 
nues of this and other fine-growing fruit-trees in our country neighbor- 
hoods, as is the beautiful custom in Germany, afibrding ornament and a 
grateful shade and refreshment to the traveller at the same moment. 
Mr. Loudon, in his Arboretum, gives the following account of the cherry 
avenues in Germany, which we gladly lay before our readers : — 

" On the Continent, and more especially in Germany and Switzer- 
land, the cherry is much used as a roadside tree ; particularly in the 
northern parts of Germany, where the apple and pear will not thrive. 
In some countries the road passes for many miles together through an 
avenue of cherry-trees. In Moravia, the road from Brunn to Olmutz 
passes through such an avenue, extending upwards of sixty miles in 
length ; and in the autumn of 1828, we travelled for several days through 
almost one continuous avenue of cheriy-trees, from Strasburg by a cir- 
cuitous route to Munich. These avenues, in Germany, are planted by 
the desire of the respective governments, not only for shading the travel- 
ler, but in order that the poor pedestrian may obtain refreshment on his 
journey. All persons are allowed to partake of the cherries, on condi- 
tion of not injuring the trees ; but the main crop of the cherries, when 
ripe, is gathered by the respective proprietors of the land on which it 
grows ; and when these are anxious to preserve the fruit of any particu- 
lar tree, it is, as it were, tabooed ; that is, a wisp of straw is tied in a 
conspicuous part to one of the branches, as vines by the roadsides in 
France, when the grapes are ripe, are protected by sprinkling a plant- 
here and there with a mixture of lime and water, which marks the 
leaves with conspicuous white blotches. Every one who has travelled 
on the Continent in the fruit season, must have observed the respect 
that is paid to these appropriating marks ; and there is something highly 
gratifying in this, and in the humane feeling displayed by the princes 
of the different countries in causing the trees to be planted. It would 
indeed be lamentable if kind treatment did not produce a corresponding 
return." 

Soil anij Situation. A dr^/ soil for the cheriy is the universal 
maxim, and although it is so hardy a tree that it will thrive in a great 
variety of soils, yet a good sandy or gravelly loam is its favorite place. 
It will indeed grow in much thinner and dryer soils than most other 
fruit-trees, but to obtain the finest fruit a deep and mellow soil, of good 
quality, is desirable. When it is forced to grow in wet places, or where 
the roots are constantly damp, it soon decays and is very short lived. 
And we have seen this tree, when forced into too luxuriant a growth in oui 
over-rich Western soils, become so gross in its wood as to bear little i > 
no fruit, and split open in its trunk, and soon perish. It is a verj 



THE CHERRV. 449 

hardy tree, and will bear a great variety of exposures without in- 
jury. In deep warm valleys, liable to spring frosts, it is, however, 
well to plant it on the north sides of hills, in order to retard it in the 
spring. 

Propagation. The finer sorts are nearly always propagated by bud- 
ding on seedlings of the common black mazzard, which is a very com- 
mon kind, producing a great abundance of fruit, and very healthy, free 
growing stocks. To raise these stocks, the cherries should be gathered 
when fully ripe, and allowed to lie two or three days together, so that 
they may be partially or wholly freed from the pulp by washing them in 
water. They should then be planted immediately in drills in the seed 
plot, covering them about an inch deep. They will then vegetate in 
the following spring, and in good soil will be fit for planting out in the 
nursery rows in the autumn or foilo\ving spring, at a distance of ten or 
twelve inches apart in the row. Many persons preserve their oherry 
stones in sand, either in the cellar or in the open air, until spring, but 
we have found this a move precarious mode; the cherry being one of the 
most delicate of seeds when it commences to vegetate, its vitality ia 
frequently destroyed by leaving it in the sand twenty-four hours too 
long, or after it has commenced sprouting. 

After planting in the nursery rows, the seedlings are generally fit for 
budding in the month of Au'^ust following. And in order not to have weak 
stocks overpowered by vigorous ones, they should always be assorted 
before they are planted, placing those of the same size in rows together. 
Nearly all the cherries are grown with us as standards. The English 
nurserymen usuallj' bud their standard cherries as high as they wish 
them to form heads, but we always prefer to bud them on quite young 
stocks, as near the ground as possible, as they then shoot up clean, 
straight, smooth stems, showing no clumsy joint where the bud and the 
stock are united. In good soils the buds' will frequently make shoots, 
six or eight feet high, the first season after the stock is headed back. 
Grafting of the cherry may be performed the same as with the apple and 
pear, but the work, to be successful, should always be performed early in 
the season, before the frost is well out of the ground. If omitted until 
the buds begin to swell strongly the chances for success are less than those 
of failure. 

When dwarf trees are required, the Morello seedlings are used as 
stocks, or the Perfumed Cherry (Cerasus Mahaleb) is employed ; but 
as standards are almost universally preferred, these are seldom seen 
here. Dwarfs in the nursery must be headed back the second year, in 
order to form lateral shoots near the ground. 

Cultivation. The cherry, as a standard tree, may be said to require 
little or no cultivation in the Middle States, further than occasionally 
supplying old trees with a little manure to keep up their vigor, pruning 
out a dead or crossing branch, and washing the stem with soft soap 
should it become hard and bark-bound. Pruning, the cherry very little 
needs, and as it is always likely to produce gum (and this decay), it 
should be avoided, except when really required. It should then be 
done in midsummer, as that is the only season when the gum is not more 
or less exuded. The cherry is not a very long-lived tree, but in favor- 
able soil the finest varieties generally endure about thirty or forty years. 
In the County of Perry, Ohio, there is a tree of the Black Mazzard 
raiiety which is eighty feet in height, and four feet one inch in diar 

29 



450 THE CHERRY. 

meter of main trunk, while tlie length of the largest limb or branch ia 
forty-two feet. 

A large cherry-tree at Walworth, IST. Y., is recorded as measuring 
fourteen feet six inches in circumference, sixty feet in height, and having 
a spread of over four rods. It has produced forty bushels of fruit in 
one season. 

Twenty feet apai't for the strong, and eighteen feet for the slow- 
growing kinds is the proper distance for this tree. 

Training the Cherry is very little practised in the United States. 
The Heart and Bigarreau Cherries are usually tr-ained in the horizontal 
manner, explained in pages 44, 45. When the wall or espalier is once 
filled, as there directed, with lateral branches, it is only necessary to cut 
off, twice every season — in the month of May and July — all additional 
shoots to within an inch or so of the branch from which they grew. As 
the trees grow older, these fruit-spurs will advance in length, but by cut- 
ting them out whenever they exceed four or five inches, new ones will be 
produced, and the tree will continue to keep its proper shape and yield 
excellent fruit. The Morello Cheriies, being weaker growing sorts, are 
trained in the fan manner {pages 42, 43). 

Gathering the Fruit. This tender and juicy fruit is best when 
freshly gathered from the tree, and it should always be picked with the 
stalks attached. For the dessert, the flavor of many sorts in our climate 
is rendered more delicious by placing the fruit, for an hour or two pre- 
vious, in an ice-house or refrigerator, and bringing them upon the table 
cool, with dew-drops standing upon them. For market or transpor- 
tation long distances, they should be gathered only when perfectly dry. 

Varieties. Since the first publication of this work was written, the 
number of varieties has greatly increased, and become so hybridized that 
no distinct line can now be drawn separating many of the Heart Cher- 
ries (tender and half tender) from the firm-fleshed or Bigarreau varieties, 
each class insensibly apirroaching and intei-mingliag with the other. We 
have therefore made but one class of these, whose main characteristic is 
the large, vigorous growth of the trees. The Duke and Morello Cherries, 
also wanting a natural division, we make to constitute another class, and 
in these two have comprised all the cherries. 

CLASS I. 
BIGAREBAU AND HEART CHERRIES. 

Adam's Crown. 

Of English origin. 

Fruit medium, round heart-shape, pale red. Flesh tender, juicy, 
agreeable. IVIiddle of June. 

Amber. 

Imperial English Amber ? 

A variety described by Coxe as large, round. Skin glossy cream 
color, faint blush. Flesh firm, luscious. Eipens late in June. Ti-ee 
grows large, regular, spreading. 



the cherry. 45} 

Amber Gean. 
Geixa Amber. 

Of foreign origin, exceedingly productive, ripens late, and hangs til, 
the middle of Jvily. 

Fruit small, oval or obtuse heart-shape. Skin very thin, color pale 
vellow, partially overspread with a very faint red. Stalk long and 
sler.der, very slightly inserted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, of a sweet 
and pleasant flavor. 

Ambree. 
Cerise Ambree. 

An English variety, desi^ribed in Lindley as of rather tejider habit in 
tree. 

Frviit large, round, flattened next the stalk. Skin thick, of a fine 
amber color, mottled with red and yellow. Flesh pale yellow, slightly 
tinged with red, juicy, excellent. Middle of July. 

American Amber. 

Bloodgood's Amber. Bloodgood'a Honey. 

Bloodgood's New Honey. 

Kaised by the late Daniel Bloodgood, of Flushing, Long Island. A 
vigorous tree, productive. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, slightly indented at the 
apex. Skin thin, smooth, light amber, delicately mottled and overspread 
with bright red. Stalk long and slendei*, inserted in a slight narrow 
cavity. Flesh tender, abounding with a sprightly, though not liigh- 
flavored juice. E.ipe about the 25th of June. 

American Heart. 

Its origin is uncertain. The tree is quite luxuriant, with wide- 
spreading branches. Productive. 

Fruit pretty large, heart-shaped, often nearly four-sided, and irregu- 
lar in its outline — borne in clusters. Skin at first pale, not becoming 
covered with light red or pink, mixed with very little amber. Stalk 
rather long and slender, inserted in a small and shallow cavity. Flesh 
half tender and crackling, adhering to the skin, which is rather tough. 
Juice abundant, and in dry seasons sweet and excellent, but rather want- 
ing in sweetness in cool or wet seasons. Ripens early in June. 

Anne. 

A very productive early variety. Received from A. V. Bedford, 
Paris, Ky. 

Fruit medium to small, bright red, tender, juicy, very sweet, and 
excellent, a good amateur's fruit, growth moderate. Ripe with Early 
White Heart, or soon after. 

Argental's Late. 

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental. 

A Cherry from France, of rather spreading habit, with irregular, 
rather slender branches, the fruit in form unlike any other cherry. 



452 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit medium, elongated oval. Sides compressed, narrow sutitre. 
Stalk m3dium, slender, in a small cavity. Skin deep purplish black. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Yery good. Stone small, narrow, elon- 
gated oval. Ripens July 10. 

Baumajstn's May. 
Bigarreau de Mai Wilder's Bigarreau de Mai. 

Of foreign origin. A very productive, early variety, of vigoroua 
growth, of good quality, but not equal to E. P. Guigne. 

Fruit ratlier small, oval heart-shaped, and rather angular in. outline. 
Skin deep rich, red, becoming rather dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch 
and three-fourths long, pretty stout at either end, and set in a very nar- 
row and rather irregular cavity. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, and when 
fully ripe, tolerably sweet and good. Ripens here the 20th of May. 

Belle Agathe. 
Atitniiin Bigarreau. Belle Agathe de Noverabre. 

A variety from Belgium. Tree vigorous, hardy, good bearer. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, depressed at ends, yellow, mostly covered 
with red. Flesh firm, hard, sweet, moderately j uicy. Stone large 
Valuable only because of its time of ripening, late in August. 





Belle d'Orleana. 



BigarreaiL 



Belle d'Orleans. 



A foreign variety, ripening just after the Early Purple Guigno. 
I'roe a vigorous grower, spreading habit, productive, and a valuable 
addition to the early kinds. 

Fruit above medium sL^e, roundish heart-shaped. Color whitish 
yellow, half covered with pale red. Flesh tender, very juicy, sweet, and 
excellent. Ripens early in June. 



THE CHERRY. 453 

BiGABREAU. 

Graffion. Yellow Spanish. 

White Big'arreau. Amber, or Imperial 

Turkey Bigarreau ? Bigarreau Royal. 

Italian Heart. Bigarreau Gros ? 

West's White Heart. Bigarreau Tardif. 

Groote Princess. HoUandisohe Grosse. 

Prinzessin Kirsche. Cerise Ainbr6e. 

This noble fruit is unquestionably one of the largest, most beautiful, 
and delicious of Cherries. It was introduced into this country about 
the year 1800, by the late William Prince, of Flushing, and has been 
very extensively disseminated under the names of Yellow Spanish, Graf- 
fion, and Bigarreau, The tree is short, but thrifty in gi-owth, making 
strong lateral shoots, and forming a large and handsome head with 
.spreading branches. 

Fruit very large, and of a beautiful waxen appearance, regularly 
formed, obtuse heart-shaped, the base a good deal flattened. Stalk stout, 
nearly two inches long, inserted in a wide hollow. Skin pale whitish 
yellow on the shaded side, bordered with minute carmine dots, and 
deepening into bright red, finely marbled on the sunny side. Flesh palp, 
yellow, quite firm, juicy, with a rich, sweet, and delicious flavor if allow- 
ed fully to ripen. In perfection the last of June. 

Bigarreau Gros Cceuret. 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. Bigarreau Gros Monstrueux, 

Bigarreau Coeur de Pigeon. Bigarreau MarceUin. 

Gros Cceuret. 

This, the true Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau, is a French vAriety 
only rarely seen in the fruit gardens of this country. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, with a suture line frequently 
raised, instead of being depressed. Skin at first yellowish, red, marked 
with deeper red streaks, but becoming, when fully ripe, a dark shining 
red, almost black. Stalk inserted in a shallow hollow. Stone oval and 
rather large. Flesh firm, purplish, a little bitter at first, but of a sweet 
flavor when fully matured. Bipe first week in July. 

Bigarreau Jaboulat. 
Bigarreau de Lyon. 

'This is a fine large, early Bigarreau, Skin covered with clear red. 
Stalk an inch and a half long. Flesh firm, juicy, richly flavored, and 
delicious. End of June, (Hogg.) 

Some years since we received a Bigarreau de Lyon from Lewds B. 
Eaton, of Buffalo, N. Y., he having purchased it from a lot of imported 
French trees. The label being lost, the above name was given, and as 
it has been so disseminated, we continue it and give description to aid 
in its identity. The tree is a free grower, with long, spreading, some- 
what pendulovis branches. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, somewhat irregidar compressed. Suture 
slight. Skin deep red, almost black at maturity. Stalk rather long, 
slender, curved, set in a round narrow cavity of moderate depth. 



454 



THE CHERRY. 



Flesh reddisL. purple, half tender, juicy, sweet, ricli. Yerj good 
Early July. 

BiGAEREAU OF MeZEL. 



Great Big-arreau ? 

Great Bigarreau of Mezel. 



Large Red Prool ? 
Monstrous de Mezel. 



Bigarreau Gaubalais. 

A foreign variety of the largest size, and, so far as we can julge, id en 
tical with Great Bigarreau and Large Red Prool. This is howevei 
doubted by some. The tree is a very vigorous grower, forming a wide- 
spreading open head, bearing its fruit on spui's along the limbs or 
branches. 

Fruit very large, obtuse heart-shaped. Surface uneven, dark red, or 
quite black at matuiity. Stalk long and slender. Flesh firm and 
juicy, but not liigh-flavored. Ripe last of June and beginning of Jxily. 

Bigarreau Riverchon. 

A late Cherry, described by Rivers as large, dark red, nearly black. 
Flesh rich. July. 

Bill and Coo. 

A variety that originated on the grounds of Prof. J. P. Kirtland, 
Cleveland, O., and took its name from the tree being the haunt of 
two young lovers. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, regular, heart-shaped, flattened at apex. Stalk 
long, slender. Sides high. Color amber yellow 
ground, marbled with clear rich red. Suture 
half round, broad, opposite side knobby. Flesh 
rich, delicate, sweet. Early in June, but hangs a 
long time without decaying. (Elliott's Notes.) 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy. 

New Large Black Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Noir de Savoi. 
Bigarreau Noir. 

An Italian variety, of very vigorous growth ; 
hardy and productive. Young wood quite dark. 

Fruit large, regularly heart-shaped, very 
slightly obtuse. Skin smooth and even on the 
surface, not very glossy, quite black at maturity. 
Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, rather stout, 
set in a narrow even hollow. Flesh purple, quite 
firm and solid, with a rich but not abundant 
juice. Stone rather large. Ripe middle of Jidy. 

Black Eagle. 

A very excellent English variety, raised by 
the daughter of Mr. Knight, at Downton Castle, 
Blask Eagle. ^ 1806, from the seed of the Bigarreau fertilized 

by the Mayduke. It ripens at the beginning of 
July, or a few days later than the Black Tartarian. 





THE CHERRY. 455 

Friiit ratlier above medium size, borne in pairs and tl jees, obtuse 
heart-shaped. Skin deep purple, or nearly black. Stalk of medium 
length, and rather slender. Flesh deep purple, tender, with a rich, 
high-iiavoved juice, superior to the Black Heart. Branches strong, with 
lai-ge leaves. Moderate bearer. 

Black Hawk. 

Originated with Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio, The tree ia 
of healthy, vigorous, spreading habit, with much of the general character 
of Yellow Spanish. As a table fruit, its high flavor will always com- 
mend it ; while as a markeb fruit, its size and productive habit of tree 
place it among the very best. 

Fruit large, heart-shape, often obtuse. Sides compressed. Surface un- 
even. Color dark purplish black, glossy. Flesh dark purple, half tender, 
almost firm, juicy, rich, sweet, ihxe flavor. Season from 20th June to 1st 
July. 

Black Heart. 

Early Black. Black Caroon. 

Ansell's Fine Black. Guinier a fruit noir. 

Spanish Black Heart. Guigne grosse noir. 

Black Russian. Grosse Schwar^e Hertz Kirsche. 

The Black Heart, an old vari( ty, is better known than almost any 
other Cherry in this country, and its great fruitfulness and good flavor, 
together with the hardiness and the large size to which the tree grows, 
render it everywhere esteemed. 

Fruit above medium size, heart-shaped, a little irregular. Skin 
glossy, dark purple, becoming deep black when fvilly ripe. Stalk an 
inch and a half long, slender, set in a moderate hollow. Flesh, before 
fully ripe, half tender, but finally becoming tender and juicy, with a 
rich, sweet flavor. Ripens the last of June, aboxxt ten days after the 
Mayduke. 

Black Mazzard. 

Mazzard. WMxley Black. 

Common English. Merry Cherry. 

Wild English Cherry. Merisier a petit fruit. 

Black Honey. Merisier a petit fruit noir. 

Bristol Cherry. Corone. 

Cerasus avium. Caroon. 

Wild Black Fruited. Couronne. 

SmaU Wild Black. Large Wild Black, 

This is the wild species of Europe, being common in the forests of 
France and some parts of England ; and it has now become nat aralized, 
and grows spontaneously throughout most portions of the settled States. 
It is the original species from which nearly all the fine Heart and other 
Bweefc cherries have sprung. It is small, and of little value for eating, 
retaining, unless very ripe, a certain bitterness ; but it ripens and hangs 
on the tree until the middle or last of July, so that it then becomes 
somewhat acceptable. 

Fruit small, roundish or oval heart-shaped, flattened a little on botli 
sides. Stalk long and very slender, inserted in a small depression 



456 



THE CHERRY. 



Skin tMn, and wlien fully ripe, jet black. Flesli soft and melting 
purple, with an abundant somewhat bitter juice. 

The White Mazzard of Mr. Manning is a seedling raised by that 
pomologist, which differs little except in its color. 



Tartarian, 

Black Circassian. 
Ronald's Heart. 
Fraser's Tartarische. 
Bishop's Large. 




Black Tartarian. 



Black Tartarian". 

Fraser's Black Tartarian. 
Superb Circassian. 
Fraser's Black Heart. 
Schwarze Herz Kirsche. 
Circassian. 



Ronald's Large Black Heart. 
Fraser's Black. 
Black Russian. 
Double Heart. 



This superb fruit has become a general favorite 
in all our gardens ; and in size, flavor, and produc- 
tiveness it has no superior among black chei-ries. 
It is a Russian and West Asian variety, intro- 
duced into England about 1796, and brought thence 
to this country. It is remarkable for its rapid, 
vigorous growth, large leaves, and the erect habit 
of its head. The fruit ripens about the middle of 
June, a few days after the Mayduke. 

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped (some- 
times rather obtuse), irregular and uneven on the 
surface. Skin glossy, bright purplish black. 
Flesh purplish, thick (the stone being quite small), 
half-tender, and juicy. Flesh very rich and deli- 
cious. 

Bohemian Black Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Radowesnitzer. 

Foreign. 

Fruit very large, roundish heart-shape, very 
even and regular in outline. Skin shining jet 
black. Stalk short, stout, dark green. Flesh 
quite black, firm, juicy, richly flavored and de- 
licious. Season early July. (Florist and Pomo 
logist.) 



Bowter's Early Heart. 

Medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin amber, mottled and 
shaded with red. Flesh tender, juicy, with a pleasant vinous flavor, 
Distinct from Early White Heart. Eipens immediately after. 



Brandvwine. 

0;iginated near Wilmington, Del. Tree vigorous, spreading, pio- 
iJucti\e. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart-shape, almost without sutu^re, 
Skin yellowish, beaiitifully mottled and marbled with light crimson 
and lake, small light dots. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate oavity. 
Flesh tender, juicy, sprightly acidulous. Fine for culinary uses. Stone 
rather lai'ge. Last of June . 



the cherry. 457 

Brant. 

Origin, Cleveland, Ohio. Tree vigorous, with large foliage and 
spreading, of rather round, regular form. 

Fruit large, rounded angular heart-shape. Sides slightly compressed. 
Color reddish black. Flesh dark purplish red, half tender, juicy, sweet, 
and rich. Very good. Season early or middle of June. 

Brown's Seedling. 

Origin, Connecticut. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, compressed with a line and slight 
suture. Stalk in a broad cavity. Skin whitish, shaded and motlled 
with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July. 

Burr's Seedling. 

Origin, Perrinton, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree a vigorous spreading 
grower, productive. 

Fruit large, heai-t-shaped, whitish yellow shaded with light red, and 
notaetimes mottled. Flesh nearly tender, with a sweet, rich, excellent 
flavor. Very good. Ripe the last of June. 

Buttner's Black Heakt. 

From Germany. Tree a vigorous grower. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, almost black. Flesh purplish, firm, juicy, 
not very rich. Good. Bipe middle of July. 

Buttner's Yellow. 
Biittner's Wachs-Kjiorpel Kirsche. Buttner's Gelbe-Enorpel Kirsclie. 

Raised by Biittner, of Halle, in Germany, and one of the few Cher- 
ries entirely yellow. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin pale yellow. Flesh firm, yel- 
lowish, sweet, and not of much value. Ripe first week in July. 

Carmine Stripe. 

Raised by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree vigorous, healthy, spreading. 
Very productive. 

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Suture half round, followed by 
a line of carmine. Color amber yellow, shaded and mottled with bright, 
lively carmine. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, sprightly, and agreeable. 
Yqv^ good. Stalk varies. Season, last of June. 

Caroline. 

One of Prof. J. P. Kirtland's originating. Tree a vigorous, somewhat 
upright spreading habit, very productive, and an exceedingly delicious 
fruit for the dessert. 

Fruit above medium, round oblong, one side compressed slightly. 
Color pale amber, mottled with clear light red, and when fully exposed 
to the sun becomes rich red. Flesh very tender, juicv. "weet, and deli 
oate. Very good or best. Season last of June. 



ibS THE CHERRY. 

Byrnsville. 

Origin, Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, slight apex. Skin yellowisli^ 
shaded and mottled with light and dark red. Stalk medium or short. 
Flesh very tender, juicy, brisk siibacid. Good. Last June. 

Champagne. 

Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree of moderate growth, and forma 
a round head. 

Fruit of medium size, rovindish heart-shaped. Color lively brick 
red, inclining to pink, a little paler on the shaded side. Stalk of 
moderate length and size, inserted in a rather flat shallow depression. 
Flesh ambei'-colored, of a lively rich flavor, a mingling of sugar and 
acid, something between Downer's Late and a Duke cherry, a good 
bearer, and ripens imiformly and hangs some time on the tree. Yery 
good. Season last of June. 

China Bigarreau. 

Chinese Heart. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, light amber, mottled 
and shaded with bright red. Flesh firm, with a sweet, peculiar flavor. 
Good. Bipe last of June. 

Cleveland. 
Cleveland Bigarreau. 

Baised by Professor J. P. Kirtland, a thrifty strong grower, spreading, 
productive, and a fine fruit. 

Fruit large, round heart-shape. Suture pretty broad, nearly half- 
round. Color bright clear red on yellowish ground. Flesh fine, juicy, 
rich, sweet, and fine flavor. Bipe a few days before Black Tartarian. 
Yery good. 

Cocklin's Favorite. 
Late Amber. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, 
Pa. Tree upright, conical, vigorous, and exceedingly productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, regular, a little compressed, somewhat flatten- 
ed at base, almost without suture. Apex sunk. Skin yellowish shaded, 
and somewhat mottled in the sun with light crimson. Stalk long and 
slender, in a deep smooth cavity. Flesh tender, jtiicy, sweet, vinous, 
Yery good. Stone very small. Bipens a little later than Downer's Bed. 

Coe's Transparent, 

Originated with Curtis Coe, of Middletown, Conn, A produc- 
tive and valuable addition to the amateur's collection, but rather too 
tender for cai'riage to market. Tree vigorous and hardy, with a ronnd 
and somewhat spreading head. 



THE CIIKRRY. 



t59 




Coe's Transparent 



Fruit of medmm size, remarkably round ani regular in form. Skin 
thin, wax-like, of a very delicate pale amber, nearly covered witli pale coi*- 
Lielin.n red in the sun, antl marked with delicate pale 
spots or blotches, which give it a unique appearance. 
Stalk set in a deep depression of moderate depth. 
Fiesh very tender, melting, and juicy, with a deli- 
cate but sweet and excellent flavor. Best. Ripens 
just befoi-e Black Tartarian. 

Columbia. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, spreading, pro- 
ductive. Fruit medium, heart-shaped, inclining to a 
point. Siuface angxxlar and tmeven. Sides com- 
pressed. Suture deep and narrow. Stalk long and 
slender, in a lai'ge deep cavity. Skin whitish yel- 
low, shaded and mottled with light red. Flesh 
whitish, slightly stained with pink, tender, juicy, 
pleasant. Good. Last of June. 

CONESTOGA. 

Origin, Lancaster Co., Pa. Introduced by Cas- 
par Hiller. Tree a very vigorous spreading grower, 
and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, beart-shaped, slightly compressed. Suturo 
shallow. Apex small. Stalk long. Cavity deep, large. Skin deep red 
or purplish, somewhat mottled. Flesh reddish, almost tender, juicy, 
brisk. Good. Early July. 

Cornelia. 

Originated by Charles Pease, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, up- 
right spreading, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture slight. 
Skin whitish yellow, shaded with rich bright crimson when fully ex- 
posed to the sun. Stalk long, in a narrow deep cavity. Flesh light 
yellow, tender, juicy, sweet, and lively flavor. Very good. Stone small. 
Last of June. 

Dacotah. 

A new variety, originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleveland, O. 
The tree resembles Bockport in habit of growth, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, compressed. Suture shallow, 
with projection and dark line on the opposite side. Stalk long, slender, 
pretty deep, rather narrow cavity. Skin rich dark red, almost black. 
Surface a little uneven. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, sweet. Very 
good. Stone medium. Ripe just after Black Tartarian. 



Davenport's Early Black. 



Davenport. 

Davenport's Early. 



New Maydnke. 



Origin, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of moderate upright growth, dis 
fcinct from Black Heart, an early and good bearer. 



460 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit above medium size, roundisli heart-shaped. Stem an incn and 
a half long, rather stout, in a medium cavity. Color dark purplish black. 
Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Ripe about the time of Mayduke or 
just before. Very good. 




Delicate. 



Ripens early in June. 



Delicate. 

Baised by Prof. J. P, Kirtland, Cleveland, O. 
Tree thrifty, rather spreading habit, productive, 
and its beautiful appearance and delicate flavor 
will make it a favorite for family use. 

Fruit rather above medium size, roundish, 
slightly depressed. Stem medium length, in a 
rather broad deep cavity. Color fine amber yel- 
low in the shade, with a rich bright red on the 
sunny side. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, with a 
deKcate rich flavor. Best. Ripens the last of 
June. 

Doctor. 
The Doctor. 

Tree a free grower, somewhat spreading, very 
productive, apt to be small unless well cultivated. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped. 
Stalk of medium leng-th, in a round regular cavity. 
Color light yellow, mostly shaded with bright red. 
Flesh tender, juicy, and pleasant. Very good. 




DOULIN BiGARREAU ? 

A. foreign variety, which may be distinct, 
but doubtful. Tree a rapid, spreading grower, 
an early bearer. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, compressed on one 
side. Suture slight. Stalk slender, curved. 
Cavity deep. Skin dark purplish red. Flesh 
pinkish, rather tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good to very good. Early June. 



Downer's Late. 



Downer. 



Downer's late Red 



Downer's Late. 



This valuable late Cherry was raised by 
Samuel Downer, Esq., an ardent cultivator, of 
Dorchester, near Boston. It is a very regular 
and great bearer, ripens about a week after the 
Cherry season, and hangs for a considerable time 
on the tree. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shaped, 
inclining to oval. Skin very smooth, of a soft 
but lively red, mottled with a Kttle amber in the 



THE CIIEURY. 



4GI 



shade. Stfilk inseited with a "very slight depression. Fruit be rne thick- 
ly', in clusters. Flesh tender, melting, with a sweet aud luscious flavor. 
Rijjens from the 4th to the 10th of July. 

Downing's Eed Cheek. 

Originated at Newburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, 
productive. 

Fruit rather large, regularly obtuse heart-shaped, with a pretty 
distinct suture. Skin thin, white, with a rich dark crimson cheek 
(somewhat mottled). Stalk an inch and a half long, set in an even hol- 
low of moderate depth. Flesh yellowish, half tender, and of a very 
delicate sweet. Very good. Ripens about the 14th of June. 



DOWNTON. 

A variety raised by T. A. Knight, Esq., of 
Downton Castle, fi-om the seed, it is believed, of 
the Elton. Tree having a round spreading head, 
moderately productive. 

Fruit large, very blunt heart-shaped, nearly 
roundish. Stalk one and a half to two inches 
long, slender, set in a pretty deep, broad hollow. 
Skin pale cream color, semi-transparent, deli- 
cately stained on one side with red, and marbled 
with red dots. Flesh yellowish, without any red, 
tender, adhering slightly to the stone, with a 
*Jelicious rich flavor. Very good. Last of June. 



Drogan's White Bigaereau. 
Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan. 

Fruit heart-shaped, pointed at apex, flattened 
on one side, yellow, mottled and flushed with 
red in the sun. Stalk stout. Flesh firm, sweet. Downton. 

(Hogg.) 

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Jaune de Drogan. Drogan's Gelbe Knorpelskirschw. 

Fruit large, round. Skin clear pale yellow. Flesh very juicy, 
Kweet, and pleasant. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

Early Black Bigarreau. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped. Skin jet black. Stalk rather long. Flesh 
dark purple, firm, sweet. Ripe middle of June. (Hogg.) 




Early Lamaurie. 

A variety described by Rivers, not yet fruited in this country. 
Fruit large, dark purple. Flesh rich, juicy, excellent. A week 
eai'lier than Early Purple Giiigne. 



462 



THE CHERRY. 



Early Lyons. 
Rose de Lyons. 

TMs, to our knowledge, lias not yet been introduced to this couiitn' 
Rivers, the celebrated English pomologist, describes it as : 

Fruit very large, light red and yellow. Flesh juicy, rich, excellea*-, 
Ripens about a week later than Early Purple Guigne. 

Early Prolific. 

Raised by Dr. J. P. Kirtland, Cleveland, Ohio. An excellent earlv 
very prolific variety, of moderate growth. 

Fniit medium size, round obtuse heart-shape, light yellow ground 
shaded and mottled with bright red. Stalk long. Flesh half tender, 
juicy, rich, sweet, and very good. Ripe about a week before Maydvdce. 

Early Purple Guigne. 

Early Purple G-riotte. 
German Mayduke. 
Trempe Precoce. 

Origin unknown. An exceedingly early 
variety, ripening the last of May in favor- 
able seasons. Tree hardy, free grower, 
spreading, somewhat pendent, and the 
leaves have longer petioles than most other 
sorts ; a good bearer, and indispensable 
among the early var'ieties. 

Fruit medium size, roundish heart- 
shaped. Stem long, inserted in a rather 
shallow cavity. Suture indistinct. Skip 
smooth, dark red, becoming puji-ple at 
maturity. Flesh purple, tender, juicy, 
with a rich and sweet flavor. Good to very 
good. 

Has proved hardy at the West, and well 
adapted to that climate. 

Early Red Bigarreau. 
Bigarreau Rouge de Gouben. 

An excellent early Cherry, the tree somewhat of the habit of a Duko 
in its growth. 

Fruit large, heart-shape, bright red, translucent. Stalk long. Flesli 
firm, rich, sweet, excellent. Early June, (Hogg.) , 

Early White Heart. 

Arden's Early White Heart. White Transparent. 

White Heart. Amber Heart. 

Dredge's Early White Heart. Swedish. 
Herefordshire White 

An old variety. Tree vigorous, roundish upright, althoxigh a good 
early fruit. It is not equal to Belle D'Orleans, Early Prolific, and otherf 
of the same season. 




Early Purple Guigne. 



TTIE CHERRV. 



4G3 



Fruit below medium size, rather heart-shaped — often a little one- 
sided. Suture quite distinct. Stalk an inch and three-fourths long, 
rather slender, iu^-ted in a wide shallow cavity. Skin dull whitish 
yellow, tinged and speckled with pale red in the sun. Flesh half tender, 
unless fully ripe, when it is melting, with a sweet and pleasant flavor. 
Good. Fii'st of June. Manning's Early White similar to abnvp 

Elizabeth. 

Originated by Caleb Atwater, Ohio. Tree vigorous, upright, very 
prolific. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped. Skin rich dark red when fully 
ripe. Flesh half-tender, juicy, pleasantly sweet. Good. Ripe middle 
to last of June. 

Elton. 



Bigan-eau Coiileur de Chair. 
Flesh-colored Big-arreau. 
G-ros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. 
Gms Bigarreau Blanc. 
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Blanc. 
Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 



Bigarreau de Rocmont. 

Coeur de Pigeon. 

Belle de Rocmont ? 

Elton Kirsche. 

Elton's Bunte Eoiorpelkirsche. 



The Elton, a seedling raised in 1806, by the late President of the 
London Horticiiltural Society, is certainly one 
of the first of Cherries in all respects. The 
trees grow very vigorously, and are readily 
known, when in foliage, by the unusvially dark 
ed color of the foot-stalks of the leaves. 

Fruit large, rather pointed heart-shaped. 
Skin thin, shining, pale yellow on the shaded 
side, but with a cheek next the sun delicately 
mottled and streaked with bright red. Stalk 
long and slender. Flesh somewhat firm at 
first, but becoming nearly tender, juicy, with 
a very rich and luscious flavor, not surpassed 
by any large Cherry known. Ripens about 
the middle of June, or directly after the May- 
duke. 

Esperen Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau d'Esperin. 
Bigarreau des Vignes. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin 
yellowish white, mottled and shaded with bright 
rich red. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted 
in a large cavity. Flesh rather firm, juicy, and 

good flavor. Good. Ripe middle of July. This may yet prove the 
same as Napoleon Bigarreau. 

Favorite. 
Elliott's Favorite. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit small to medium. Stalk long, rather slender, in a slight de 




Elton. 



464 



THE CHERRY. 



pression. Color pale yellow, witli a light red cheek, somewhat marhled 
Flesh tender, juicy, sweetj and of a delicate flavor. Very good. Ripe 
last of June. 

Florence. 
Knevett's Late Bigarreau. 

A most excellent Cherry, originally brought from Florence, in laly, 
which considerably resembles the Bigarreau, but ripens a little later, 
and has the additional good quality of hanging a long time on the tree. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped, flattened at base, pale amber, 
mottled or mostly covered with bright red. Flesh amber color, firm, 
rich, sweet, fine flavor. Yery good. Stone small. Middle July. 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau. 

An early Cherry of recent introduction. It is described in the Lon- 
don Florist as " large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin with a brilliant red 
cheek, dotted with minute yellow points. Flesh delicate, translucent, 
tender, juicy, rich sweet flavor. Ripens before any fruit of its class." 



Gas;oigne's Heart. 



Bleeding Heart. 
Red Heart. 



Herefordshire Heart. 
Guigne Rouge Hative. 

An old English variety. 

Fruit of medium size, long heart-shaped, small drop or tear at the 
end. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, half tender, with only a tolerable 

flavor. Poor. Ripe the last of June. 
^.. ^ A bad bearer. 

Gifford's Seedling. 

Small, roundish heart-shaped. Light 
red, very sweet. Hardly good. Pro- 
ductive, last of June. 

Governor Wood. 

Raised by Professor Kirtland, Cleve- 
land, O. It deserves a place in every 
good collection. Tree vigorous, forming 
a round, regular head, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. 
Skin light yellow, shaded and marbled 
with bright red. Suture half round. 
Stem an inch and a half long, in a broad 
cavity. Flesh nearly tender, juicy, sweet, 
rich, and delicious. Very good to best 
Ripe about the middle of June. 

Gridlet. 

Apple Cherry. 

Fruit medium, roundish, black. Flesh firm, not very juicy nor ricL 
Ripens last of Jiine. Poor. Productive. Oiigin, Massachusetts. 




Governor Wood. 



the cherry. 466 

Grosse de Wagnellee. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, washed and spotted with red. Flesh 
tender juicy, sweet. July. (Alb. Pom.) 

GUIGNE Tr^S PRficOCB. 

Rivers says of this : 

Fruit rather small, round, dark piurple. Stalk very short. Flesh 
very sweet. One of the earliest to ripen, and a great bearer. 

Hensel's Early. 

Origin, Lancaster, Pa. Tree a moderate grower, hardy, and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit roundish, obtuse at base. Stalk slender. Flesh half tender, 
moderately juicy. Good. Early June. (Hort.) 

HlLDESHEIM BiGARREAU. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. 
Bigarreau marbre de Hildesheim. 
Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hildesheim. 
Hildesheimer ganz Spate Knorpel Kirsche. 
Hildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche. 
Spate Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche. 

The Hildesheim Bigarreau is a German variety which ripens here 
in August. 

Fruit of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, mottled and 
marbled with red. Flesh pale yellow, firm, with a sweet and agreeable 
flavor. Good. 

HOADLEY. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree of healthy, vigorous habit, form- 
ing a round, spreading head. 

Fruit above medium, regular round heart-shape, light clear carmine 
red, mottled and striped on pale yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, 
sweet, and delicious. Very good. Season, 20th to last of June. 



Honey. 

Large Honey, Late Honey. 

Yellow Honey. Merisier i fruit blana 

A small, late, very sweet fruit, formerly much esteemed. 
Fruit small, roundish, yellow and red. Flesh tender, very sweet. 
Middle of July. 

HovEY. 

Originated with C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
upright spreading, prodixctive. 



466 



THE CHERRY. 




Fruit large, heart-sli aped, compressed on one side with a distinct 
line from apex to stalk. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Skin whitish 
yellow, shaded and mottled with rich shades 
of red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, pleas- 
ant. Yery good. Middle of July. 

Hyde's Late Black. 

Origin, Newton, Mass. Strong grower and 
good bearer. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, pur- 
plish black. Flesh half firm, juicy. Good. Ripe 
first week in July, 

Hyde's Red Heart. 

Origin, Newton, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, heart-shaped. Skin pale, 
but becoming a light red at maturity. Flesh 
tender, sprightly. Ripe last of June. 

Jaune de Prusse. 

Foreign. 

Tree AT.gorous, with long slender branches, Ho-rey. 

productive, small, heart-shaped, light yellow, 

translucent. Stalk long and slender. Flesh yellowish-white, tender, 
juicy sweet, a little bitter before fully ripe, which is soon after 
Downer's Late. 

JocosoT. 

Origin near Cleveland, O. 

Fruit large, very regular, uniform heart-shape, slightly obtuse, and 
with a deep indenture at apex. Surface uneven. Color rich glossy 
dark liver color, almost black. Flesh tender, juicy, with a rich sweet 
flavor. Yery good. Season, near the last of June. 

Kennicott. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland, Tree vigorous, hardy, spreading. Yery 
productive. 

Fruit large, oval heart-shape, compressed. Suture shallow, half 
round. Color amber yellow, mottled and much overspread with rich, 
bright, clear, glossy red. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. Yery good. 
Season, 8th to 10th July. 

Keokuk. 

Originated by Prof. J. P. Kirtland. Tree a strong, Adgorous grower, 
forming a large tree. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish black. Flesh half tender, 
rather coarse, and deficient in flavor. Hardly good. Its chief merit a 
niarket variety. Ripe early in July. . 

Kirtland's Mammoth. 

Originated by Pro£ Kirtland. Tree vigorous grower, but pooi 
dearer. 



THE UUERUY. 



4G7 



Fruit of the largest size, obtuse heart-sliapeJ. Color bright clear 
yellow, partially overspread aud marbled with rich red. Flesh almost 
tender, juicy, sweet, with a very fine high flavor. Very good, or best. 
Season, last of June. 

Kirtland's Mary. 

Raised by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a strong, upright grower, said to be 
one of the best of his seedlings, and desirable either for the dessert or 
market purposes. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shape, very regular. Color light and 
dark rich red, deeply marbled and mottled on a yellow ground ; grown 
fully in the sun, is mostly a rich, dark glossy red. Flesh light yellow, 
quite lii'm, rich, juicy, sweet, and very high flavored. Very good or 
best. Season, last of June and first of July. 

Knight's Early Black. 

A most admirable early Cherry, resembling 
the Black Tartarian, though much more obtuse in 
form, but ripening nearly a w^eek earlier. Tree 
spreading. Modei-ately productive. 

Fruit large, a little irregular in outline, obtuse 
heart-shaped. Stalk of moderate length, rather 
stout, and inserted in a deep open cavity. Skin 
dark pui-ple, becoming black. Flesh purple, ten- 
der, juicy, with a rich and sweet juice of high 
flavor. 

Lady of the Lake. 

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., near Cleve- 
land, O. Tree vigorous, upright spreading, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conic, 
compressed, shallow suture, a knob, and line on 
opposite side. Skin light yellow, shaded and 
marbled with rich bright crimson. Stalk me- Knight's Early Black, 
dium, in a deep cavity. Flesh half tender, pale 
yeMow, juicy, sweet. Very good. Middle to last of June. 




Lady Southampton's Yellow. 



Lady Southampton's Duke. 

— Golden Drop. 



Yellow or Golden. 

Spanish Yellow. 



Frvut of medium size, heart-shaped. Skin yellow. Flesh firm, no(t 
very juicy. Bipens about the middle of July. 



Large Red Bigarreau. 



Gros Bigarreau Rouge. 
Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 



Bigarreau a Gros Fruit Rouge. 
Belle de Rocmont. 



Fruit large, oblong heart-shape. Skin dark red in the sxm. Flesh 
firm. Early in July. Poor beai-er. 



468 the cherry. 

Late Bigarreau 

Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree thrifty, moderate growth, rather 
spreading, product] v^e. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin deep yellow, shaded on the 
sunny side with bright red. Stalk long, inserted in a broad open 
cavity. Flesh almost firm, juicy, sweet, pleasant flavor. Very good. 
Ripe last of June and first of July. 

Late Purple Guigne. 

A new foreign variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, dark red. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Middle 
July. 

Laura. 

Originated with Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree spreading 
upright, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, globular, sometimes one-sided. 
Color pale yellow ground, mostly overspread with rich, bright red, with- 
out suture. Stem medium or short, in a shallow depression. Flesh 
peach-blow white, radiating lines wavy, juicy, sweet, very rich, and 
high flavor, excellent, half or nearly tender. Pit medium to small. 
Season early in June, but hangs well. 

Leather Stocking. 

Raised by Professor Kirtland. Tree vigorous, upright spreading. 
Fruit medium, heart-shaped, reddish black. Flesh firm, sweet. 
Middle to last of July. 

Lincolk. 

Originated near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit large, oblong heart-shape, pointed. Color when ripe a brown 
red. Suture rather broad, shallow, half round. Stalk long. Cavity 
deep. Flesh almost firm, veined and marbled with shades of red, 
sprightly, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Stone above medium. 
First to middle of July. A good market sort. (Elliott.) 

LiNDLEY. 

Origin, near Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, moderately proKfic. 
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh almost firm, 
tinged with red, juicy, but only good. Eai-ly July. (Elliott.) 

Logan. 

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. 

Fruit medium or above, obtuse, sometimes regular heart-shaped, 
with a hollow indenture at apex. Color purplish black when ripe. 
Flesh nearly firm, juicy, sweet, and rich flavor. Yery good. Season 
middle to last of June. 



THE CHERRY. 469 

LUDWIG. 

Ludwig's Bigarreau. Bigarreau de Ludwig. 

A Cherry of recent introduction, not yet, to our knowledge, fruited 
in this country. It is described as large, heart-shaped, or pointed, with 
a deep suture on one side, bright rich red. Flesh pale yellow, half ten 
der, juicy. Early June. 

LuNDiE Gean. 
Fruit medium, roundish, purplish black. Flesh tender, juicy. July 

Madison Bigarreau. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree healthy, very 
productive. 

Fruit of medium size, fair quality, roundish. Skin yellow, shaded 
with red. Flesh half tender, juicy, with a pleasant flavor. Ripe mid- 
dle or last of June. Good. 

Manning's Early Black Heart. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit medium, similar to the Black Heart, rather earlier and smaller 
in size. Ripe about the middle of J\me. 

Manning's Late Black. 

Raised by Robert Manning, of Salem, Mass. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large, roundish, deep purple or nearly black. Flesh purplish, 
half tender, very juicy, sweet, and excellent. Good. Ripe the last of 
June. Tree vigorous. 

Manning's Mottled. 
Mottled Bigarreau. 

Raised by Robert Manning. It is a most abundant bearer. Tree 
vigorous, upright spreading. 

Fruit rather large, roundish heart-shaped, flattened on one side, with 
distinct suture lines. Skin amber color, finely mottled and overspread 
with red, with a semi-transparent, glossy appearance. Stalk slender, 
inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh, when fully ripe, yellow, tender, 
with a sweet and delicious juice. Very good. Ripens the last of June. 

Merveille de Septembre. 

Tardive de Mons. 

A French variety, ripening in August, vigorous grower. 
Fruit small, firm, rather dry, sweet, but of little value. 

Moyer's Honey Heart. 

Originated in Bucks Co., Pa. Tree a strong gi'ower, forming a 
round head. 



470 



THE CHERRY. 



Fruit small or medium, obtuse heart-shape, slightly compressed. 
Suture small. Apex slight. Skin whitish, shaded and mottled with 
rich red. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, pleasant, 
often adheres to the stone. Good. Middle July. 

Nancy. 

Originated by Charles Pease, Sen., Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, 
rather upright spreading grower. Yery productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape. Suture slight. Stalk long, stout, 
in a large cavity. Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson. 
Flesh -tender, juicy, rich, and sweet. Yery good. Stone small. Last 
of June. 

ISTaPOLEON Bi CARRE AU. 



Bigarreau Lauermann. 
Lauermann's Kirsche. 
Lauermami's Grosse Kirsche. 
Clarke's Bigarreau. 



Lauermann's Herz Kirsche. 
Holland Bigarreau ? 
Clarke's, Superb. 



The Napoleon Bigarreau is large, well-flavored, handsome, and pro 
ductive. 

Fruit of the largest size, very regulax'ly heart-shaped, a little inclining 
to oblong. Skin pale yellow, becoming amber in the shade, richly dotted 
and spotted with very deep red, and with a fine marbled dark crimson 
cheek. Flesh very firm (too much so), juicy, with an excellent flavor. 
Stalk very stout, short, and set in a narrow cavity. Ripens a lew days 
after the Bigarreau, about the first of July, and is a good and constant 
bearer. Good. The fruit is not so obtuse as the Bigarreau. 

Holland Bigarreau is so much like the above that we think it 
identical. 

Ohio Beauty. 

Originated by Prof. Kirtland. Tree a vigor- 
ous grower, with a rather spreading head, and 
has proved so far a productive, valuable kind. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Light 
ground, mostly covered with red. Flesh tender, 
brisk, juicy. Yery good. E,ipe about the 
middle of June. 



Osceola. 

Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Moderate 
bearer and medium growth. 

Fruit above medium, heart-shaped. Color 
fine dark red, approaching to black. Flesh 
juicy, tender, sweet, and excellent. Yery good. 
Ilipe last of June. 




Ox-Heakt. 



Ohio Beauty. 



Lion's Heart. 
Bullock's Heart. 



Very Large Heart. 
Ochsen Herz Kirsche. 



Fruit large, obinse heart-shaped. Skin dark red. Flesh rea, 



THE CHE HE Y. 



471 



aalf tender, with a pleasant juice, of second 
quality iu point of flavor. Good. Ripens last 
of June. 

Pierce's Late. 

Originated with Amos Pierce, Massachusetts. 
Gro%vth free, rather upright, with a round head. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shaped, dark 
red and mottled, light amber in the shade. 
Stalk rather short and sHm. Flesh soft, tender, 
very juicy, sweet. Good. Stone small. Ripe 
the last of July. 

PONTIAC. 




Originated with Prof. Kirtland. Tree vigo- 
rous, round headed, upright spreading. Yery 
producti^•e. Valuable either for table or market 

purposes. Osceola. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Sides com- 
pressed. Color dark purplish red, approaching to black when fully ripe. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Very good. Season, last 
of June. 



POWHATTAN. 

For profitable market purposes this is one of the very best, the fruit 
ripening late, and all being viniform and regular in size. Originated with 
Prof. Kirtland. 

Fruit medium size, uniform, roundish, flattened or compressed on 
sides. Surface ii-regular. Color liver-like, highly polished. Suture half 
round. Flesh rich, purplish red, marbled, half tender, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant but not high flavor. Good. Season late, 8th to 15th of July. 



President. 

Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, regular heart-shape, slightly compressed, 
slight suture, followed by an indistinct line. Skin amber color, mottled 
and shaded with carmine and yellow. Flesh tender, juicy, and sprightly 
sweet. Very good. Last June. 



Prince's Black Heart. 

Originated by Wm. P. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright spreading. 

Fruit medium to large, heart-shaped, slightly compressed. Apex 
small. Siitvire small. Surface somewhat uneven. Flesh purplish^ 
i-ather tender, juicy, sweet, and good to very good. Last of J\ine. 

« 
Proudfoot. 

Raised by D. Proudfoot, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous. 



472 



THE CHERRY. 



Fi-uit large, heart-shaped, dark purplish red. Flesh firm, juic)^, sweet* 
Ripe 15th to last of Juh. 




Bed Jacket. 



Ked Jacket. 

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. A free- 
growing.) rather spreading, late, and produc- 
tive variety. Very profitable for market. 

Fruit large, regular, obtuse heart-shaped. 
Color amber, mostly covered with light red. 
Flesh half tender, juicy, good but not rich 
flavor. Stalk long, slender, in a moderate 
basin. Ripe about the time of Downer's 
Red. 

Remington. 

Remington White Heart. Remington Heart. 

Fruit small, heart-shaped. Skin yellow, 
rarely with a faint tinge of red on one side. 
Flesh yellowish, dry, and somewhat bitter. 
Middle and last of August. 



Richardson. 



Raised by J. R. Richardson, Boston. Tree 
vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, heart-shaped, dark red, inclining to black. Flesh deep 
red, half tender, jiiicy, sweet. Good. Last of June. 



Rival. 

An English variety. Its principal value being from its period of 
late maturity. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse heart-shape, compressed one side. Suture 
distinct. Skin purplish black, or black. Flesh firm, sweet. Good. 
August. 

RivEBs's Early Amber. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, prolific, a sub-variety of old Early 
Wliite Heart, but not as early. 



Rivers's Eably Heart. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium size, heart-shaped, ripening just after Belle d'Or 
leans. Very much inferior. 



the cherry. 
Roberts' Red Heart. 



i73 



Tree 



Originated in the garden of David Robei-ts, of Salem, Mass. 
hardy, free grower, bears abundantly. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart-shape. Skin of a pale ambe: 
ground, but nearly overspread with pale red, mottled with deeper red. 
Suture quite distinct. Flesh juicy, sweet, and well flavored. Stalk 
long, slender, set in a moderate depression. Very good. Ripe last of 
June 



ROCKPORT. 
Eockport Bigarreau. 

Raised by Dr. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Tree vigorous, healthy, up« 
right, forming a beautiful pyramidal head ; a 
good bearer, and worthy of a place in every 
good collection. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse heai't-shaped. 
Color, when fully ripe, a beautiful bright red, 
shaded with pale amber. Flesh rather firm, 
juicy, sweet, rich, with an excellent flavor. 
"Very good or best. Ripens early in June, or 
just before Mayduke. 

Spabhawk's Honey, 
Sparrowhawk's Honey. 

Raised by Edward Sparhawk, of Brighton, 
near Boston. A profuse bearer. Vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish heart- 
shaped, very regiilar in form. Stalk of moder- 
ate length, rather slender, set in a round, even 
depression. Skin thin, of a beautiful glossy 
pale amber red, becoming a lively red when 
fully ripe. Flesh juicy, with a very sweet fla- 
vor. Ripe the last of June. 

Bockport. 

Strass's Early Black. 

Noir Precoce de Strass. 

Fruit small, heart-shape, black. Flesh juicy, sweet. Very early lu 
ripening, and an abundant bearer. New, 




SuMNER*s Honey. 

Originated by Clement Sumner, Dorchester, Mass. Tree a vigorous 
grower and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish heart-shape. Skin amber, half cohered and 
marbled with pale red. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, sweet. Good 
Last of June. (Cole.) 



474 the cherry. 

Sweet Montmorency. 
Allen's Sweet Montmorency. 

Raised by J. F. Allen, Salem, Mass. Tree haidy, vigorous growth, 
good beaver. 

Fruit of medium size, round, flattened. Skin pale amber in the 
shade, light red, slightly mottled, in the sun. Stalk an inch and three- 
fourths long, rather slender, inserted in a small, shallow, even hollow. 
Flesh yellowish, tender, sweet, and excellent. Rij)ens here middle 
July. 

Tecumseh. ■ 

One of Prof. Kirtland's varieties. Tree moderately vigorous, pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin reddi.sh purple 
Flesh dark red, half tender, with a brisk vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. Ripe towards the end of July. 

Tobacco-Leaved. 

Four to the Pound. Cerisier de 4 a Livre. 

Bigarreautier a Peuilles de Tabac. Bigarreautier a Grandes FeuiUes. 

Guiguier a Feuilles de Tabac. Vier auf ein Pf und. 

Leaves very large. 

Fruit small, hard, of no value. 

Townsend. 

Tree a strong, vigorous grower, productive, and promises well. 
Raised by "W. P. Townsend, Lockport, N". Y. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, high-shouldered, compressed. 
Suture distinct. Apex depressed. Stem long, somewhat slender, set 
in a broad, rather deep depression. Color light amber, mottled and 
shaded with carmine. Flesh almost tender, juicy, rich, sprightly, re- 
frc'shing flavor. Pit small. Good to very good. Ripe last of June. 

Tradescant's Black Heart. 

Elkhom. Elkbom of Maryland. 

Large Black Bigarreau. Tradescant's. 

Bigarreau Gros Noir. Guigne Nqir Tardive. 

Gross Schwarze Knoorpel. Kirscbe mit Saftigen Fleisch. 

It is an European variety, but a tree, growing about forty years since 
in the garden of an inn in Maryland, attracted the notice of the late 
Wm. Prince, who propagated it under the name of Elkhorn, by which 
it was there known. The bark is of a peculiarly gray color, and the 
growth quite vigorous. 

Fruit large, heart-shaped, with a very irregular or uneven surface. 
Skin deep black, glossy (before fully ripe, deep purple, mottled with 
black). Stalk rather short, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh very 
solid and firm, dark purple, moderately juicy. Good. Ripe first and 
second week in July. 



the cherry. 475 

Transparent Guigne. 
Transparent Gean. Transparent. 

It is a pretty variety for the dessert, hanging late on the treo. 

Fruit small, regular, oval heart-shaped. Skin glossy, thin, yellowish 
white, delicately blotched with fine red, distinct suture line on both 
sides. Stalk long and slender. Flesh tender, when fully ripe very 
sweet, mingled with a very slight portion of the piquant bitter of the 
Mazzard class of Cherries. Good. First of July. 

Triumph of Cumberland. 

Monstrous May. Brenneman's Early. 

Street's May. Cumberland Seedling. 

Origin, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and sjireading, 
moderately productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shape, one side compi-essed. Suture slight. 
Stalk rather long. Skin deep crimson, almost black when fully ripe. 
Flesh purplish, rather fii'm, j uicy, sweet, not high-flavored. Good. Last 
of June. 

Wabren's Transparent. 

Origin, Brighton, Mass, 

Fruit small, roundish heart-shape, pale yellow and red. Flesh tender. 
Good. Early July. (Cole.) 

Waterloo. 

An English variety. Tree a moderate" grower and bearer. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, deep suture half round. Skin dark 
purplish black. Stalk rather short. Flesh purplish red, juicy, half 
♦render, sweet. Good. Middle June. 

Wellington. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obtuse heart-shape, purplish black. Flesh 
almost firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Early July. 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau. 

Originated with Dr. H. Wendell, Albany, N". Y. Tree upright, 
thrifty growth. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, dark red, nearly black at maturity, 
mottled. Flesh dark red, firm, and high-flavored. Good to very good. 
Ripe about the time of Downer's Late. 

Werder's Early Black Heart. 

Werdsche Fruhe Schwarze. Herz Kirsche. 

An early vaiiety. Tree vigorous, spreading, moderately productive. 
Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Skin black. Flesh purplish, 



476 THE CHERRY. 

tender, svreet, and excellent. Very good. Kipena early in June, or just 
before Mayduke. 

White Bigarreau. 

White Ox-Heart. Ox-Heart. White Bigarreatu 

Harrison Heart ? Large White Bigarreau. Turkey Bigarreau. 

Bigarreau blanc ? 

Tlie White Bigarreau is inferior to the Bigarreau or Graffion in hardi 
ness, and in the circumstance that it is a very poor bearer while the tree 
is young, though it bears fine crops when it has arrived at from twelve 
to fifteen years' growth. ' Growth upright. 

Fruit of the largest size, heart-shaped, with a rather irregular outline, 
and a pretty distinct suture line on one side. Skin yellowish white, 
overspread with marbling of red. Flesh firm, but scarcely so much so 
as that of the Bigarreau, and when fiiUy ripe half tender, and more 
luscious than the latter Cherry. Good to very good. It is very liable 
to crack after rain. Middle and last of June. 

White Frewch Guigne. 

A foreign sort, of vigorous growth. 

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, a little compressed, slight 
Buture. Skin whitish yellow, translucent, sometimes a tinge of crimson 
in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. Middle July. 

White Tartarian. 

Fraser's White Tartarian. Eraser's White Transparent. 

Amber eI petit fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin pale yellow. Stalk 
slender. Flesh whitish yellow, half tender, and very sweet. Good. 
Early June. 

Wilkinson. 

Fruit medium, heart-shape, compressed, slight suture. Skin deep 
red, almost purplish. Flesh purplish, tender, juicy, pleasant. Good. 
Stone large. Early July. 



CLASS IL 
DtTKE AND MORELLO CfiERMEa 

Admirable de Soissons. 
De Soissona. Belle de Soissons. 

A Cherry of the Morello class, good for culinary uses. 

Finiit medium or above, broadly heart-shaped, slight! y compressed, 
slight suture half round. Skin shades of red on yellow. Stalk rather 
long. Flesh tender juicy, brisk subacid. Last of June. 



THE CHERRY. 



477 



Arch Duke. 



Griotte de Port igal. 
Poitugal Duke. 



Late Arch Duke. 
Late Duke of some. 



Treo rather more vigorous and upright than the Mayduko, hnrdy and 
prolific. 

Fruit lai'ge, obtuse heart-shajied. Suture distinct on one side. Skin 
at first bright red, bvit becoming very dark when mature. Stalk an inch 
and a half long, slender, inserted in a rather deep open cavity. Flesh 
light red, melting, juicy, rich subacid flavor. Very good. Ripe the first 
ivnd second week in July. 



Belle Audegoise ? 
Cerise Doucette. 



Belle de Choist. 

Ambree de Choisy. 
Cerise de la Palembre. 
Schone von Choisy. 



Ambr6e i Gros Fruit. 
Cerise a Noyau Tendre. 



In our estimation, there is no Cherry for the dessert more delicious 
than the Belle de Choisy. It comes from the village of Choisy, near 
Paris, where it was raised in 1760. The habit of the tree is nearly that 
of the Mayduke, the leaves dark, and the head upright. It is hardy, 
a moderate bearer. 

Fruit round or slightly depressed. Skin very thin and translucent, 
showing a net-like texture of flesh beneath ; in color, pale amber in the 
shade, but in the sun finely mottled with yellowish red — ^the fruit fully 
exposed becoming a bright cornelian red. Flesh amber-colored, very 
tender and melting, of a delicate sweet flavor. Stalk rather short, swol- 
len at the upper end. Best. Middle of June, or directly after the May- 
duke. 



Belle de Sceaux. 
Chatenay. 



A Morello, from France. 
Fruit round, deep red. 
juicy acid. Last of June. 



Flesh yellowish, 



Belle Magnipique. 

Belle et Magnifique. Magnifique de Sceaux. 

BeUe de Sceaux. Belle de Chatenay. 

Planchouxy ? 

Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, productive, 
A beautiful and excellent late variety. Useful 
for culinary purposes, and good table fruit when 
pretty ripe. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart- 
shape. Stalk long, slender, in an open medium 
cavity. Skin a fine bright red. Flesh juicy, 
tender, with a sprightly subacid flavor, one of 
the best of its class. Ripe middle of July till 
the middle of August. 




B«Uo Magniflqno. 



i78 THE CHERRY. 

Buttner's October Morello. 
A foreign sort. Small, late, acid, and of little or no value. 

Carnation. 

Wax Cherry. Crown. 

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre. Cerise de Portugal. 

Grosse Cerise Roug-e Pale. Griottier Eouge Pale. 
Griotte de VUlennes. 

A very handsome, light red, large Cherry, highly esteemed here for 
brandying and preserving. 

Fruit large, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red, becom- 
ing a lively I'ed slightly marbled. Stalk stout. Flesh tender, a little 
more firm than most of this division, but juicy, and when fully ripe of 
a sprightly and good subacid flavor. The foliage is pretty large, and the 
wood strong, but the tree has a spreading, rather low habit. It is a 
moderate but regular bearer, and the fruit hangs a long while on the 
branches without decaying. Good. Kipe the middle and last of July 

Cluster. 

Cerise a Bouquet. Cerisier a Trochet. Chevreuse. 

Commune a Trochet. Trfis-Fertile. Griottier a Bouquet 

Bouquet Amarelle. Trauben Amarelle. Busch Weichsel. 

Flandrische Weichsel. Biischel Kirsche. 

A veiy curious fruit, growing closely clustered around a common 
stalk, small size, borne in clusters of from two to six ; round, of a lively 
red. Ripens the last of June. The tree is small in all its parts. 

Coe's Late Carnation. 

A promising late variety. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish. Suture shallow, witli a line. 
Color amber, mostly shaded and mottled with bright red. Flesh juicy 
and sprightly subacid. Ripe from the middle till the last of July. 

Dauphine. 

Of the Morello class. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, without suture. Skin bright crimson, 
mottled. Stalk long, slender. Flesh tender, juicy, less acid than most 
of the Morellos. Yery good. Stone small. Last June. 

De Chaux. 

D'Allemagne. 

A Morello. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate. Skin dark red. Stalk long, slender. 
Flesh dark, tender, juicy, brisk subacid. Middle July. 

Dechenaut. 

A fine large Cherry of the Duke class, ripening about the same time 
as Mayduke. 



THE CHERRY. 4?ll 

Fruit larf^e, roundish heart-shape, broad at the stalk, rather flat- 
tened. Suture slight. Skin rich red. Stalls long, in a deep cavity. 
Flesh tender, succulent. (Hogg.) 

De Kleparow. 

Belle Polonaise. 

A Morello. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark red. Stalk long. Flesh dark, tender, 
juicy, rich subacid. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

De la Toussaint. 

A variety of little value except as 6riiamental. It flowers almost 
continuously, and produces fruit the whole season, so that ripe and green 
fruit and flowers are upon the tree all at the same time. 

The fruit is small, round, deep red, firm, acid. 

Donna Maria. 

A Morello Cherry, forming a small tree, but very prolific. 
Fruit of medium size, roundish, dark red, tender, juicy, rich acid. 
Valuable for cooking. Middle July. (Elliott.) 

Double Natte. 

Doppelte Natte, . Kirscli von der Natte. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, a little compressed and inclining to 
ovate. Skin brownish black. Stalk slender, very long, and bearing 
leaves. Flesh very red, tender, juicy, brisk, sprightly acid. Early 
July, (Hogg,) 

' DUCHESSE DE PaLLUAU. 

•A. vigorous tree of the Duke class. 

Fruit medium size, roundish heart-shaped, compressed, very dark 
purple. Stem long and slender, in a large open cavity. Flesh dark 
red, tender, juicy, mild acid. Ripe middle of June. 

Early May. 

May Cherry. Precoce. 

Small May. Petite Cerise Rouge Precoce. 

Cerisier Nain a Fruit Rond. Kimigliche Amarelle. 

Precoce. Friihe Kleine Runde. 

Griottier Nain Precoce. Zwerg Weichsel. 

Hative. Cerise Indulle. 

An early Morello of rather dwarf habit. Ripening about the first 
of June. 

Fruit small, round, slightly flattened, lively red, tender, juicy, 
ftcid. 

This is an old variety from abroad. The Early May of Illinois and 
the West is probably a distinct sort, and by some considered as identical 
with our Kentish or Early Richmond. We have had no opportunity 
of comparing them. 



480 THE CHERRY, 

EXCELLENTE DOUGE TARDIVE. 

Originated at Jodoigne, France. A Morello of vigorous habit and 
productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish flattened at ends. Skin deep red. 
Stalk large and long. Flesh yellowish, melting, acid. Stone small. 
Aug. (An. Pom.) 

Flemish. 

Montmorency. Montmorency a Gros Fruit. 

Cerise a Courte Queue. Gobet a Courte Queue. 

Gros Gobet. A Courte Queue de Provence. 

English Weichsel ? Weichsel mit ganzkurzen Stiel. 

Double Volgers. Early May of some. 
Kentish of some. 

This is a very odd-looking fruit, being much flattened and having a 
very short stalk. 

Fruit rather large, very much flattened both at the top and base, and 
generally growing in pairs. Stalk stout, short. Skin shining, of a bright 
lively red. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, and subacid. Good for pre- 
serving ; but, unless very ripe, scarcely rich enough for table use. Last 
of July. 

Great Cornelian. 

Double Glass. 

Fruit large, oblate, deep suture half round. Skin thin, translucent, 
at first Kght becoming dark red. Flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, subacid, 
vinous. Last June. (Hogg.) 

Guigne Noir Luisante. 

Black Spanish. 

Fruit medium size, round heart-shaped, glossy, blackish red. Flesh 
reddish purple, tender, juicy, rich, acid. Ripe middle to last of July 

Hative Malgre Tout. 

A Duke Cherry from France. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse heart-shape. Skin very dark red, 
nearly black when fully ripe. Flesh dark red, jxiicy, subacid. June. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Holman's Duke. 

A variety of the Duke class, which has been confounded with May- 
duke. It is very similar, but ripens later. The tree has short, erect 
shoots. 

Fruit large, round oblate, deep red, almost black. Flesh tender, 
juicy, rich, excellent. Veiy good. Middle to last of July. 

Imperatrice Eug:§:nie. 

Empress Eugenie. 

A French Cherry of the Duke family, rather dwarf in habit, shooti 
^iretty stout, very productive. 



THE CHERR'S. 



481 



Fruit Isii-ge, roujitlish fl.itteued. Skin rich dark red. Suturo broad, 
shallow. Stalk rather short, in a deep cavity. Flesh reddish, tender, 
rich, juicy subacid. Very good. Stone small. Middle of June. 

Imperial Morello. 

A productive and early bearing variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, dark purplish red. Flesh tender, juicy, 
acid. Last of Julv. 



Jeffrey's Royal. 
Cheriy Duke. 



Jeffrey's Duke. 

Jeffrey's Royal Caroon. 
Royale Ordinaire. 



Royals. 



Fruit of medium size, round, or a little flattened at the apex and 
basin. Skin of a fine lively red. Stalk moderatehr long. Flesh yellow- 
ish amber, scai-cely red. Juice abundant, and of a ]-ich flavor. The 
trees are of a distinct habit of growth, being very compact, and growing 
quite slowly. The buds are very closely set, and the fruit is borne in 
thick clusters. Middle and last of June. 



June Duke. 
Wetherill. Shippen. 

A variety described by Coxe as a vigorous grower. 

Fruit of large size, very rich, tree abundant bearer. We know little 
of it, having only heard of it as the Wetherill, grown near Phila- 
delphia. 



Kentish. 



Virginian May ? 
Early Richmond. 
Kentish Red. 
Commune. 
Muscat de Prague. 
Cherry Cluster 
May Cluster 



of Virginia. 



Common Red. 

Pie Cherry. 

Montmorency. 

Montmorency a longue queue. 

Sussex. 

De Kalb. 



The true Kentish Cherry, an old European 
sort, better known here as the Early Richmond, 
is one of the most valuable of the acid Cherries. 
It begins to color about the 20th of May, and 
may then be used for tarts, while it will hang 
upon the tree, gradually gi'owing larger, and 
losing its acidity, until the last of June, or in 
dry seasons even until July, when it becomes 
of a rich, sprightly, and excellent acid flavor. 
The tree grows about eighteen feet high, with a 
roundish spreading head, is exceedingly pro- 
ductive, and is from its early maturity a very 
profitable market fruit, being largely planted 
for this purpose. This kind is remarkable for 
the tenacity with which the stone adheres to 
the stalk. Advantage is taken of this to draw 

31 




Early liichmond 



4S2 THE CHE)iRY. 

out t le stones. The fruit is tlien exposed to tlie sun, and becomei 
one 01 the most excellent of all dried fruits. 

Fruit when it first reddens rather small, but, when fully ripe, of me- 
dium size, round, or a little flattened ; borne in pairs. Skin of a fine 
bright red, growing somewhat dark when fully ripe. Stalk an inch and 
a quarter long, rather stout, set in a pretty deep hollow. Flesh melting, 
juicy, and, at maturity, of a sprightly rather rich acid flavor. Yery good. 



Kirtland's Morello. 
Kirtland's Large Morello. 

One of Prof. Kirtland's seedlings. Tree a 
spreading, rather drooping grower, moderate, reg- 
ular bearer. 

Fruit pretty large for a Morello, roundish, 
dark red. Flesh juicy, acid, when fully ripe lich. 
Very good. Stone small. Middle July. 

Late Duke. 

Anglaise Tardive. 

A very lai-ge and fine Duke Cherry, ripening 
later than the Mayduke, and therefore a very val- 
uable sort for the dessert or foi' cooking. The tree 
is of vigorous growth for its class. 

Fruit large, flattened or obtuse heart-shaped. 
Color, when fully ripe, rich dark red (but at first 
white, mottled with bright red). Stalk rather 
slender, inserted in a shallow hollow. Flesh yellomsh, tender, juicy, 
with a sprightly subacid flavor, not quite so sweet and rich as the May- 
duke. Ripens gradually, and hangs on 
the tree from the middle of July till the 
'a 10th of August. 




Late Duke. 




Late Kentish. 



Common Red. 
Common Sour Cherry. 



Pie Cherry. 
Kentish Red. 



Lonis Philippe. 



This Cherry, a variety of the Kentish, 
is better known among us than any other 
acid Cherry. 

It is emphatically the Pie Cherry of 
this country, being more generally grown 
than any other sort. 

Fruit medium, round, flattened. Skin 
deep lively red, when fully ripe. Flesh 
very tender, and abounding with a highly 
acid juice. Ripens middle July- 



Louis Philippe. 

From France. Tree upright spreading, habit between the Duke* 
and Morellos. Vigorous and very productive. 



THE CHERRY. 



483 



Pi'uit large, roundish regular. Stalk rather short, sto\it, sot iu a 
broad eveu regular cavity, usually grows iu clusters. Skin rich dark, 
almost purplish black red. Flesh red, tender, juicy, sprightly, mild 
acid. Stone small. Very good or best. Middle to last July. 



Love Apple. 
Tomato. 

A Clierry from Spain of the Dvike class. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse heart- shape, 
clear red. Flesh pale, tender, juicy. Good. 



shallow sutures. Skiit 



Mayduke. 



Royale Hative 

Cherry Duke of some. 

Cerise Guigne. 

Coularde. 

De nollande. 

D'Espagne. 

Griotte Grosse Noire. 

Griotte d'Espagne of some. 

Griotte Precoce of some. 



Early Duke. 
Large Mayduke. 
Morris Duke. 
Morris's Early Duke. 
Benkam's Fine Early Duke. 
Thompson's Duke. 
Portugal Duke. 
Buchanan's Early Duke. 
Millet's Late Heart Duke. 



This invaluable early Cherry is one of the 
most popular sorts in all countries, thriving al- 
most equally well in cold or warm climates. 
This, the Black Heart, and the Bigarreau, are 
the most extensively diffused of all the finer 
varieties in the United States. And among all 
the new varieties none has been found to sup- 
plant the Mayduke. Before it is fit for table 
use, it is admirably adapted for cooking, and 
when fully ripe it is, perhaps, the richest of 
the subacid Cherries. In the gardens here, we 
have noticed a peculiar habit of this tree of 
producing veiy frequently some branches which 
ripen much later than the others, thus protract- 
ing for a long time the period in which its fruit 
is in use. The Mayduke is remarkable for its 
upright, or, as it is called, fastigiate head, es- 
pecially while the tree is young, in distinction 
to other sorts, which produce many lateral branches. 

Fruit roundish or obtuse heart-shaped, growing in clusters. Skin at 
fii'st of a lively red, but when fully ripe of a rich dark red. Flesh red^ 
dish, tender, and melting, very juicy, and at maturity rich and excellent 
in flavor. This frxiit is most frequently picked while it is yet red, and 
partially acid, and before it attains its proper color or flavor. It begina 
to color, about New York, in favorable seasons, the last of May, and 
ripens during the flrst half of June. 

Maydvike is said to be a corruption of Medoc, the province in France 
where this variety (the type of all the class now called Dukes) is believed 
•"o have orisinated. 




Mayduke. 



484 THE CHEERT. 



MOBELLO. 



Milan. English Morello. 

Cerise du Kord. Large Morello. 

Griotte Ordinaire du Nord. Dutch Morello. 

September Weichsel Grosse. Ronald's Large Morello. 

The Morello is a fine fruit. Its name is said to be derived from the 
dark purple color of its juice, which resembles that of the Morus oi 
Mulberry. It is highly valuable for all kinds of preserves, and is an 
agreeable addition to a dessert. 

Fruit of pretty large size, round or slightly obtuse heart-shaped. 
Skin dark red, becoming nearly black when fully vipe. Flesh dark 
purplish red, tender, juicy, and of a pleasant siibacid flavor when 
quite mature. Ripe 20th of July. 

The Common Morello of this country is a, smaller variety of the 
foregoing, and a little darker in color. Little esteemed. 

Morello de Charmeux. 

This is a very late variety of the Morello, with a milder flavor, ripen- 
ing middle of August. 

Nouvelle Rotale. 

This recently introduced variety of the Duke class of Cherries is 
stated to possess great size and beauty of fruit, while the tree is of a 
pyramidal form, very handsome when grown upon the Mahaleb stock. 

Fruit large or very large, roundish, flattened at the stalk. Skin bril- 
liant glossy red, somewhat mottled with large dark red dots. Flesh ten- 
der, melting, jnicy, sprightly, sweet, acid. 5th to 15th July. 

OSTHEIM. 

Zwerg Kirsche. Ostheimer Weichsel. 

Frankische Wucher Kirsche. Ostheimer Kirsche. 

A small growing tree of the Morello class. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly compressed one side. Skin 
red, quite dark at maturity. Stalk long. Flesh liver-color, tender, 
juicy, rich, almost sweet subacid. Very good. Middle July. 

Paramdam. 
Baramdam. 

A tree of very dwarf habit. 

Fruit small, round, pale red. Flesh pale, tender, agreeable, lively 
acid. Middle July. (Hogg.) 

Plumstone Morello. 

Tree of slow growth, makes a fine pyramid. A productive, hardy^ 
and valuable sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to heart-shape. Skin deep red. 
Stalk an inch and a half long, rather slender and straight, set in a hoi 
low of moderate depth. Flesh reddish, tender, juicy, and when wel 



THE CHERRY. 



486 



matured, of a sprightly and agreeable flavor. Good. Stone bng and 
pointed. Ripe last of July and first of August. 



E.EINE HORTENSE. 



Monstreuse de Bavay. 
Lemercier. 



Belle de Bavay. 
Seize a la Livre. 



French origin, of Duke habit. Tree a healthy and handsome grow 
er, productive, and a very desirable variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish elongated. Skin a 
bright lively red, somewhat marbled and mot- 
tled. Suture distinctly marked by a, line without 
any depression. Flesh tender, juicy, very slightly 
subacid and delicious, best of its season. Ripe 
from the middle to the last of July. 

Royal Duke. 
Royale Anglaise Tardive. 

Growth upright, compact head, branches less 
slender "than Mayduke. Moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish, and distinctly oblate or 
flattened. Skin dark red. Flesh reddish, ten- 
der, jxiicy and rich. Good. Ripens in the last 
of June. 

Rumsey's Late Mokello. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Ripens gradually through August and September. 
Not of much value except to the curious ama- Reine Hortenso. 

tear. 

Fruit large, roundish heart-shaped. Color rich lively red. Flesh 
juicy, with too much acid for the table. 




Shannon. 

This is a Morello raised by Prof. Kirtland. 

Frviit slightly above medium size, globular, flattened at junction 
with stem, dark purplish red when ripe. Flesh tender, reddish purple, 
juicy, acid. Stone small. Stalk long, slender, inserted in an open 
cavity. Good. Season middle of July. 



Tail's August Duke. 

A very late Cheriy, of the Duke class. Originated with Henry 
Vail, Esq., Troy, N. Y. Tree very productive, and of vigorous growth. 

Finiit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Stalk medium, in rather deep 
but narrow cavity. Skin rich bright red on the shaded side, and of a 
lively cornelian red in the sun. Flesh tender, subacid, much like the 
Mayduke in flaA'or. Very good. Ripe the last week in July, and the 
firs'; week or two in August. 



THE CHERKY. 



OENAMENTAL VARIETIES. 

Chinese Double-Flowering. 

yttngTa Cerasua serralata. Serrulated Leaved Chi ny. 

This is a variety from China, with the leaves cut on the ed^es iii 
the manner known as serrulate by botanists. Its flowers, which i.ve 
borne in fascicles, are white, slightly tinged with pink, and nearly aa 
double as those of the Large Double-Flowering. The tree considerably 
resembles the sour cherry- tree, and appears rather dwarfish in its 
growth. 

Dwarf DotJBLE-FLOWERiNG. 

Double-Flowering ^Sentish. Small Double-Flowering. 

Cerisier a Fleurs Doubles. 

This is a double-flowering variety of the sour or Kentish Cherry, 
and has the more dwarfish habit and smaller leaves and branches of that 
tree — scarcely forming more than a large shrub, on which accc^unt it is 
perhaps more suitable for small gardens. The flowers are much like 
those of the Large Double-Flowering, but they are not so regular and 
beautiful in their foi-m. 

Large Double-Flowering. 

Double French Cherry. Merisier a Fleurs Doubles. 

Prunus cerasus pleno. Cerasus sylvestris, flore pleno. 

The double-blossomed Cherry bears no fruit, but whoever admires a 
beautiful flowering tree cannot refuse a place in his garden to this one, 
so highly ornamental. Its blossoms, which appear at the usual season, 
are produced in the most showy profusion; they are about an inch and 
a half in diameter, and resemble clusters of the most lovely full double 
white roses. The tree has the habit and foliage of the Mazzard Cher- 
ries, and soon forms a large and lofty head. 

YiRGiNiAN Wild Cherry. 

Wild Cherry of the United States. Cerasus Virginiana. 

Cerisier de Virginie. Virginische Kirsche. 

Our native wild Cherry is too well known to need minute descrip- 
tion. It forms a large and lofty forest-tree with glossy, dark green 
leaves, and bears currant-like bunches of small fruit, which are palata- 
ble, sweet, and slightly bitter when fully ripe, at midsiimmer. They 
are, however, most esteemed for preparing cherry bounce, a favorite 
liqueur in many parts of the country, made by putting the fruit, along 
with sxxgar, in a demijohn or cask of the best old rum. 

The black wild Cherry ( G. serotina, Torrey and Gray), which ripens 
the first of September, is the best kind. The other species ( O. Vir- 
giniana), which is commonly known as the Choke Cherry, bears reddish 
colored fruit, which is more astringent, and ripens a month earlier. 



the currant. 487 

"Weeping, or All-saints. 

Ever-Flowering Cherry. C. vulg-aris, seinpei'florens. 

Cerise de la Toussaiute. Guignier a rameaux pendane, 

Cerise Tardive. Cerisier Pleurant. 

Cerise de St. Martin. St. Martin's Ainarelle. 

Martin's WeichseL Monats Amarelle. 

Allerheiligen Kirsche. 

This charming little tree, Avitli slender, weeping branches, clothed 
with small, almost myrtle-like foliage, is a very pleasing ornament when 
introduced on a lawn. Its fruit is a small, deep red Morello, which ia 
acid, and in moist seasons is pi'oduced for a considerable period succes- 
sively. When grafted, as it generally is, about the height of one's 
head, on a straight stem of the common Mazzard, it foi'ms a beautiful 
pax-asol-like top, the ends of the branches weeping half way down to the 
ground. 



SELECTIONS OF CHOICE CHEEEIES FOR FAMILY USE, 
TO RIPEN IN SUCCESSION. 



Early Purple Guigne, Belle d'Orleans, Mayduke, Bigarreau, Rock- 
poi-t, Black Tartai'ian, Elton, Gov. Wood, Coe's Transparent, Osceola, 
Delicate, Downer's Late, Eeine Hortense, Belle Magnitique, Kentish. 

The hardiest Cherries are the Kentish (or Early Richmond), the 
Dukes, and the Morellos. These succeed-w-ell at the fai-thest limits, 
both North and South, in which the Cherry can be raised ; and when 
all other varieties fail, they may be depended on for regular crops. 



CHAPTER XIV. 



THE CURRANT. 



Ribes ruhrum, Lin. Orosmlacem, of botanista. 

OroseiUier cammun, of the French; Die Johannubeere^ German; Albesseboom, 

Dutch ; Ribes rosso^ Italian ; and Grosella, Spanish. 

The name Currant is said to be derived from the resemblance in the 
fruit to the little Corinth gi'apes or raisins, which, under the name of 
Vurrants, are sold in a dried state in such quantities by grocers ; the latter 
word being only a corruption of Corinth, and the fruit of this little 
grape being familiarly known as such long before the common currants 
were cultivated. 

The Cuirant is a native of Britain, and the north of Europe, and is, 
therefore, an exceedingly hardy fruit-bearing shrub, seldom growing 



48S THE CURRANT. 

more tlian three or four feet tigh. The fruit of the original wild 
species is small and very sour, but the large garden sorts produced by 
cultivation, and for which we are chiefly indebted to the Dutch gardeners, 
are large, and of a more agreeable subacid flavor. 

The Black Currant [Rihes nigrum) is a distinct species, with larger 
leaves, and coarser growth, and which, in the whole plant, has a strong 
odor, disagreeable, at first, to many persons. 

Uses. The cooling acid flavor of the Currant is relished by most 
people, in moderate quantities, and the larger varieties make also a 
pretty appearance on the table. Before fully ripe, currants are stewed 
for tarts, like green gooseberries, and are frequently employed along 
with cherries or other fruits in the same way ; but the chief value of 
this fruit is for making currant jelly, an indispensable accompaniment to 
many dishes. Ctwrant shrub, made from the fruit in the same manner 
as lemonade, is a popular summer drink in many parts of the country, 
and corresponds to the well-known Paris beverage, eau de groseilles. A 
sweet wine of very pleasant taste is made from their expressed juice, 
which is very popular among farmers, but which we hope to see dis- 
placed by that afforded by grapes, — which every one may make with 
less cost and trouble, and which is infinitely more wholesome, because it 
requires less additions, of any kind, to the pure juice. 

The fruit of the Black Currant is liked by some persons in tarts, but 
it is chiefly used for making a jam, or jelly, much valued as a domestic 
remedy for sore throats. 

The season when Currants are in perfection is midsummer, but it 
may be prolonged until October by covering the bushes with, mats, or 
sheltering them otherwise from the sun. 

Propagation and Culture. ISTothing is easier of culture than the 
Currant, as it grows and bears well in any tolerable garden soil. T^- 
propagate it, it is only necessary to plant in the autumn, or early in the 
spring, slips or cuttings, a foot long, in the open garden, where they 
will root with the greatest facility. The Currant should never be allowed 
to produce suckers, and, in order to insure against this, the superfluous 
eyes or buds should be taken out before planting it, as has been directed 
under the head of Cuttings. When the plants are placed where they 
are finally to remain, they should always be kept in the form of trees — 
that is to say, with single stems, and heads branching out a few inches 
from the ground. The after treatment is of the simplest kind ; thinning 
out the superfluous wood every spring is all that is required here. 
Those w^ho desire berries of an extra large size stop, or pinch ou.t, the 
ends of all the strong growing shoots about the middle of June, when 
the fruit is two-thirds grown. This forces the plant to expend all its 
strength in enlarging and maturing the fruit. And we may add to this, 
that it is better not to continue the cultivation of currant-trees after 
they have borne more than six or eight years, as finer fruit will be 
obtained, with less trouble, from young plants, which are so easily 
raised. 

For field culture many prefer to grow them from suckers, but when 
this mode is adopted, care should be taken to thin out the oldest 
branches aniiually, and dig in old manure about the roots. 

Insects and Diseases. Within a few years the Currant and 
Gooseberry have been affected by the ravages of an insect described by 
Dr. Asa Fitch, in his reports to the New York State Agricultural 



THE CTIKRANT. 489 

Society, under the name of Abraxis ribearia. ITie motl.s are of a 
dull nankeen yellow, and make their appearance in June — depositing 
their eggs upon the leaves. These soon change to small worms, and 
rajjidly eat up the foliage. The best remedy yet known is, to dust 
thoroughly with powdered white hellebore. 

The Currant-borer, JPrenocerus supernatatus, is another insect that 
sometimes creates damage by boring its way through the centre of young 
shoots and thus destroying them. By examining the young shoots in 
winter, such as are injured or contain the worm will be found of a brown 
color or shi'ivelled. Cutting away soon checks them. 

There are, nominally, many sorts of Currants, but the following sorta 
comprise all at present known worthy of cultivation. 



CLASS I. 
RED AiO) WHITE CURRANTS. 

Attractor. 

A variety from France. Growth rather slow, spreading, very pro- 
ductive. Leaves small, sharply serrate or toothed, and three-lobed. 
Fruit medium, yellowish white. Bunches medium, short. 

Buist's Long-Bunched. 

Originated by Robert Buist, Philadelphia, Pa. A very vigoroua 
■upright grower, and very productive. 

Fruit of large size. Bunches very long, tapering, much like Red 
Dutch in flavor and color. 

Champagne. 

Pheasant's Eye. Groseillier 4 Fruit Couleur de Chair. 

A large and handsome Currant, of a pale pink or flesh color, exact- 
ly intermediate in this respect between the Red and Wliite Dutch. It 
is quite an acid sort, but is admired by many for its pretty appearance. 

Cherry. 

A strong-growing variety, with stout, erect, short-jointed shoots. 
Leaves large, thick, and dark green. Not any more productive than 
other Currants, but a valuable one for market on account of its size. 

Fruit of the very largest size. Bunches short. Beiries deep red, 
»nd rather more acid than Red Dutch. 

Fertile de pALLtiAtr. 
A variety of rather recent introduction from France. A vigorotur 



490 THE CURRANT. 

upriglit grower, prorlnctive. Frait large. Bunclies long, briglit red^ 
moderately juicy. 

GONDOUIN E.ED. 

Red Provens, 

From France. Red. Yigorous grower, very productive. 
Fruit not as large nor as good as Red Dutch, fails to ripen •well, 
quite acid and worthless. 

GoNDOum White. 

Fruit large, whitish yellow, quite sweet, more so than any othel 
sort. Branches rather long, strong growth, productive. 

Knight's Early Red, 

The merit of this variety is in its ripening a few days earlier thaa 
other sorts. 

Khight's Large Red. 

Fruit very large, bright red. Bunches very large, very productive^ 
an excellent sort. 

Knight's Sweet Red. 

This is not a sweet Currant, but is considerably less acid than other 
red Currants, not as sweet as White Dutch. 

Fruit nearly as large as Red Dutch, rather lighter in color. Pro- 
ductive. 

La Fertile. 

From France. A vigorous upright grower, and productive. 
Fniit large. Bunches long, dark red. Flavor similar to Rod 
Dutch. 

La HItive. 

Hative de Bertin. 

A. variety from France. Plant vigorous, foliage not as large as the 
cherry. 

Fruit large, dark red. Bunches medium length, tapering. In qual- 
ity about equal to Red Dutch. 

La Versaillaise. 

Macrocarpa. Caucase. 

Fertile d' Angers. Imperial Eed. 

A variety from France. A very vigorous grower, with large, corirsc 
foliage, productive. 

Fruit of the largest size, dark red. Bunches resembling Cherry Cur- 
rant, but occasionally longer. 

We have received this Currant under the varioiis names above given 



THE CURRANT. 491 

but have been uaable to discover any difference. There may be di» 
tinct, sorts under these names, but we have failed tc obtain them. 

Long-Bunched Red. 
GroBse Rouge de Holland. 

Fruit large. Bunches long. Bc» lies deep red, much like Red Dutch, 
with a Kttle larger clusters, and rather larger fruit. Very productive. 

Prince Albert. 

Moderately vigorous grower, large foliage, late in ripening, produc- 
tive and valuable. 

Fruit large, similar in color to Victoria. 

Red Dutch. 

Large Red Dutch. Large-Bunched Red. 

New Red Dutch. Morgan's Red. 

Groseillier Rouge a Gros Fruit. 

An old, well-known sort, thrifty, upright growth, very productive. 
Fruit large, deep red, rich acid flavor, with clusters two or three 
inches long, 

Short-Bunched Red. 

Much like Red Dutch, with rather shorter bunches. 
Fruit not quite as large, bu.t similar in quaKty. 

Striped-Fruited. 

Grosse Weiss und Rothgestreifte Johannesbeere. Silver- Striped. 

A fruit from Germany. Distinctly striped, small, poor bearer, and 
of no value except as a curiosity. Gloire des Sablons is similar to 
the above, and both without value except for ornament. 

Tkanspahent. 
Blanc Transparent. 

A French Currant. 

Fruit very large, yellowish white, similar to White Grape in growth 
and fruit, and we are somewhat disposed to consider them identical. 
Very productive. 

Victoria. 

May's Victoria. Raby Castle. Houghton Castle. 

Goliath. Red Grape. Wilmot's Red Grape. 

A very excellent, rather late sort, with very long bunches of bright 
red finiit, and is an acquisition to this class of fruits. Berries as lai-ge 
as Red Dutch. Bunches rather longer, of a brighter red, gi-owi^h more 
slow, spreading, and very productive. Will hang on the bushes some 
two weeks longer than most Currants. 



432 the currant. 

White Dutch. 

New White Dutch. Reeve's White. Dana's New White ? 

White Crystal. Morgan's White. White Leghorn. 

White Clinton. White j^twerp. 

This is precisely similar to Red Dutch in habit, but the fruit is 
lai'ger, with rather shorter bunches, of a fine yeLowish white color, with 
a very transparent skin. It is considerably less acid than the E.ed Cur- 
rants, and is therefore much preferred for the table. It is also a few 
days earlier. Yery productive. 

White Grape. 

Imperial White. Imperial Blanc. 

Bunches moderately long. Berries very large, whitish yellow, sweet 
and good. Very productive. Branches more horizontal than White 
Dutch, and less vigorous. 

"White Provence. 

A strong, \ipright growing variety, leaves often silvery edged. 
Fruit yellowish white. Bunch short, tapering. Not as productive 
or profitable as White G^ape. 

CLASS II. 

BLACK CURRANTS, 

Bang Up. 
A variety similar, and no way superior, to the Black English. 

Black Grape. 

Ogden's Black Grape. 

Very much resembling Black Naples, but the plant, perhaps, a 
Btronger and more vigorous grower. 

Black Naples. 

The Black Naples is a beautiful fruit, the finest and largest of all 
Black Currants, its berries often measuring nearly three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter. Its leaves and blossoms appear earlier than those of 
the Common Black, but the fruit is later, and the clusters, as well ag 
the berries, are larger and more numerous. 

Common Black. 

Black English. Casia 

The common Black English Currant is well known The berries 
are quite black, less than half an inch in diameter, and borne in clus- 
ters of four or fi ve berries. 



THE CRANBERRY. 493 

Several vaiieties of Yellow and Black Currants, wiiich we have re- 
ceived from Utah, have not fruited sulHciently for us to decide upon 
theii- values. 

Selection op Currants. Red Dutch, White Dutch, White Grape, 
La Versaillaise, Victoria, Cherry. 

Ornamental Varieties. There are several very ornamental speciea 
of Currant, among which we may here allude to the Missouri Currani 
{liibes Aureum), hvonght by Lewis and Clarke from the Rocky Moun- 
tains, which is now very common in ovu' gardens, and generally admii'ed 
for its very fragrant yellow blossoms. Its oval blue berries, which are 
produced in great abundance, are relished by some persons. But there is 
a Large-Fruited Missouri Currant, a variety of this, which bears berries 
of the size of the Black Naples, and also some with yellow fruit of large 
size, almost equalling small cherries. 

The Red Flowering Currant {JR. sanguineum) is a very beauti- 
ful shrub from the western coast of America, with foliage somewhat 
like that of the Common Black, but which bears very charming clusters 
of large Kght crimson blossoms in April. 

There are several other varieties, as R. sanguineum, fl. pi., R. san- 
guineum atro-purpurea, and R. Gordoni. They are not quite hardy 
enough to stand our winters without protection, but at the South will 
make a valuable addition to their shrubbery. 



CHAPTER XV. 

THE CRANBERKY. 



Oxycoccus^ Arb. Brit. Ericacece^ of botanists. 

Airdle, of the French ; Die Moosebeere, German ; Veen bessen, Dutch ; 

OssicocGO, Italian. 

The Cranberry is a familiar trailing shrub, growing wild in swampy, 
sandy meadows and mossy bogs, in the northern portions of both hemi- 
spheres, and produces a round, red, acid fruit. Our native species ( 0. 
■macrocar2?us), so common in the swamps of New England, and on the 
borders of our inland lakes, as to form quite an article of commerce, is 
much the largest and finest species ; the European Cranberry ( O. pcdus- 
tris) being much smaller in its gi'owth, and producing fruit inferior in 
Bize and quality. Also the Russian ( 0. viridis), a medium-sized va- 
riety. 

Of the 0. mac7'ocar2}us, there are three varieties : — The " Bell- 
shaped," which is the largest and n>ost valued, of a very dark, bright 
red color. The " Cherry," two kinds, large and small ; the large one 
the best, of a round form, a fine dark red berry, nearly or quite equal 
to the Bell-shaped ; and the Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped, two kinds, 
large and small, not so high-colored as the Bell and Cherry — not so 
much prized, but still a fine variety. 

The value of the common Cranberry for tarts, preserves, and other 



494 THE FIG. 

culinaiy uses, is well known, and in portions of the countrj where it 
does not naturally grow, or is not abundantly produced, it is quite worth 
while to attempt its culture. Although, naturally, it grows mostly in 
mossy wet land, yet it may be easily cultivated in beds of peat soil, 
made in any rather moist situation ; and if a third of old thoroughly 
decayed manure is added to the peat, the berries will be much larger 
and of more agreeable flavor than the wild ones. A square of the size 
of twenty feet, planted in this way, will yield three or four bushels an- 
nually — quite sufficient for a family. The plants are easily procured, 
and are generally taken up like squares of sod or turf, and planted two 
or three feet apart, when they quickly cover the whole beds. 

In some parts of New England, low and coarse meadows, of no value, 
have been drained and turned to very profitable account by planting 
them with this fruit. In New Jersey, on Long Island, and elsewhere, 
large tracts of light sandy soils have been planted to Cranberiies, and 
grown with profit and success. The Cranberry grows freely in light 
soils, but it is necessary to cover the surface, after ploughing, a depth 
of several inches, with clean sand. The average product is from eighty 
to one hundred bushels of cranberries, and the ctire they require after 
the land is once prepared and planted is scarcely any at all, except in 
gathering. Some of the farms in Massachusetts yield large crops, 
partly from natural growth, and partly from cultivated plantations. 
The Cranberry grows wild in the greatest abundance on the sandy low 
necks near Barnstable, and an annual Cranberry festival is made of the 
gathering of the fruit, which is done by the mass of the population, who 
turn, out on the day appointed by the authorities, and make a general 
gathering with their cranberry rakes, a certain portion of the crop be- 
longing, and being delivered, to the town. 

A laborer will gather about thirty bushels of the fndt in a day with 
a cranberry rake. 



CHAPTER XVI. 



THE FIG. 



Ficus Canca, L. Arb. Brit. TTrticacem, of botanists ; Figuier, of the French ; 
Feigenhaum, German ; Fico, Italian ; Higuera^ Spanish. 

This celebrated fruit-tree, whose history is as ancient as that of the 
world, belongs properly to a warm climate, thoxigh it may be raised in 
the open air in the Middle States, with proper care. 

In its native countries, Asia and Africa, near the sea coast it forms a 
low tree, twenty feet in height, with spreading branches, and large, 
deeply lobed, rough leaves. It is completely naturalized in the south 
of Europe, where its cultivation is one of the most important occupa- 
tions of the fruit-grower. 

The fruit of the Fig-tree is remarkable for making its appearance^ 
growing, and rij^ening, without being preceded by any apparent blossom. 
The latter, however, is concealed in the interior of a fleshy receptacle 



THE FIG. 49i!i 

which is called, and finally becomes, the fruit. Tlie flavor of the fig is 
exoeediiigly sweet and luscious, so much so as not to be agrooablo to 
many persons when tasted for the first tinie ; but, like most fruits of 
tliis kind, it becomes a great favorite with all after a short trial, and Ls 
really one of the most agreeable, wholesome, and nutritious kinds of food. 
It lias always, indeed, been the favorite fruit of warm countries, and the 
ideal of earthly happiness and content, as typified in the Bible, consists 
in sittin<T under one's own fig-tree. 

Its cultivation was carried to great perfection among the ancient 
Romans, who had more than twenty varieties in their gardens. But 
the Athenians seem to have prided themselves most on their figs, and 
even made a law forbidding any to be exported from Attica. Smug- 
gling, however, seems to have been carried on in those days, and a curi- 
ous little piece of etymological history is connected with the fig. The 
informers against those who bi'oke this law were called sukopliantai, 
from two words in the Greek, meaning the " discoverers of figs." And 
as their power aj^pears also to have been used for malicious purposes, thence 
arose our word sycophant. The fig was fii-st introduced from Italy 
about 1548, by Cardinal Poole, and to this country about 1790, by Wm. 
Hamilton, Esq. 

PftoPAGATiox. This tree is very readily increased by cuttings taken 
off in the month of March, and planted in a light soil in a hot-bed, when 
they will make very strong plants the same season. Or they may be 
planted in a shad}'' border in the open air, quite early in April, with tol- 
erable success. In either case the cuttings should be made eight or ten 
inches long, of the last year's shoots, with about half an inch of the old 
or previous year's wood left at the base of each. 

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the fig is one moderately deep, 
and neither too moist nor dry, as in the former case the plant is but too 
apt to run to coarse wood, and in the latter, to drop its fruit before it 
is fully ripe. A mellow calcareous loam is the best soil in this climate 
— and marl, or mild lime in compost, the most suitable manure. 

As in the Middle States this tree is not hardy enough to be allowed 
to grow as a standard, it is the policy of the cultivator to keep it in a 
low and shrub-like form, near the ground, that it may be easily covered 
in winter. The great difficulty of this mode of training, with us, has 
been that the coarse and over-luxuriant gro'svth of the branches, when kept 
down, is so great as to render the tree unfruitful, or to rob the fruit of 
its due share of nourishment. Happily the system of root-pruning, re- 
cently found so beneficial with some other trees, is in this climate most 
perfectly adapted to the fig. Short-jointed wood, and only moderate 
vigor of growth, are well-known accompaniments of fruitfulness in this 
tree; and there is no means by which firm, well-ripened, short-jointed 
wood is so easily obtained as by an annual pruning of the roots — cutting 
off all that project more than half the length of the bi-anches. In this 
way the fig-tree may be kept in that rich and somewhat strong soil ne- 
cessary to enable it to hold its fruit, and ripen it of the largest size, 
without that coarseness of growth which usually hapjjens in such soil, 
and but too frequently renders the tree barren. The mode of perform- 
ing root-pruning we have already described, but we may add here that 
the operation should be performed on the fig early in November. When 
this mode is adopted but little pruning will be necessary, beyond that 
of keeping the plant in a somewhat low and regular shape, short- 



496 THE PIG. 

ening-iu tlie .arauclies oocasionallyy and taking out old and decaying 
wood. 

In winter tlie branches of the fig must be bent down to the gi'ound, 
and fastened with hooked pegs, and covered with three or four incliea 
of soil, as in protecting the foreign grape. This covering should be re- 
moved as soon as the spring is well settled. Below Philadelphia, 
a covering of straw, or branches of evergreens is sufficient — and south 
of Virginia the fig is easy of ciiJtvire as a hardy standard tree. 

Two crops are usually produced in a year by this tree : the first, 
which ripens here in midsummer, and is borne on the previous season's 
shoots ; and the second, which is yielded by the young shoots of this 
summer, and which rarely ripens well in the Middle States. It is, there- 
fore, a highly advantageous practice to rub ofl" all the young figs of this 
second crop after midsummer, as soon as they are formed. The conse- 
quence of this is to retain all the organizable matter in the tree, and to 
form new embryo figs where these are rubbed off", which then ripen the 
next season as the first crop. 

Ripening the Fruit. In an unfavorable soil or climate, the ripen- 
ing of the fig is undoubtedly rendered more certain and speedy by touch- 
ing the eye of the fruit with a little oil. This is very commonly prac- 
tised in many districts of France, " At Argenteuil," says Loudon, 
" the maturity of the latest figs is hastened by putting a single drop of 
oil into the eye of each fruit. This is done by a woman, who has a 
phial of oil suspended from her waist, and a piece of hollow rye straw 
in her hand. This she dips into the oil, and afterwards into the eye of 
the fig." 

We have ourselves frequently tried the experiment of touching the 
end of the Fig with the finger dipped in oil, and have always foxmd the 
fruits so treated to ripen much more certainly and speedily, and swell 
to a larger size than those left untouched. 

There are forty-two varieties enumerated in the last edition of the 
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue. Few of these have, how- 
ever, been introduced into this country, and a very few sorts will com- 
prise all that is most desirable and excellent in this fruit. The follow- 
ing selection includes those most suitable for our soil and climate. 

Fruit nearly all ripen in August. 



CLASS L 
RED, BROWlSr, OR PURPLE. 

Black Genoa. 

The fruit of this Fig is long obovate, that portion next the stalk being 
very slender. Skin dark purple, becoming nearly black, and covered 
with a purple bloom. Pulp bright red, flavor excellent. Habit cf the 
tree moderately strong. 



Black Ischia. 
Eaxly Forcing. Blue Ischia. 

One of the most fruitful sorts, and pretty hardy. 



THE PIG. 497 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little flattened at the apex. Skin 
dark violet, becoming almost black when fully ripe. Flesh deep red, 
and of very sweet, luscious flavor. 

Brown Ischia. 
Chestnut. Chestnut-colored Ischia. 

A good variety, with, however, a rather thin skin, rendering it lia- 
ble to crack or burst open when fully ripe. It is hardy, of good habit, 
and a very excellent bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate. Skin light or chestnut 
brown. Pulp purple, very sweet and excellent. 

Brown Turkey. 

Brown Italian. Large Blue. Italian. 

Brown Naples. Murrey. Lee's Perpetual, 

This is undoubtedly one of the very best for this country, and for 
open air culture, as it is perhaps the very hardiest, and one of the most 
regular and abundant bearers. 

Fruit large, oblong or pyriform. Skin dark brown, covered with <» 
thick blue bloom. Flesh red, and of very delicious flavor. 

Brunswick. 

Madonna. Hanover. Brown Hamburg. Black Naples. 

Clementine. Bayswater. Red. 

One of the lai'gest and finest purple Figs, well adapted for hardy 
culture. 

Fruit of the largest size, pyriform in shape, with an oblique apex. 
Eye considerably sunk. Stalk short and thick, of a fine violet brown 
in the sun, dotted with small pale brown specks, and, on the shaded 
side, pale greenish yellow. Flesh reddish brown, slightly pink near the 
centre, and somewhat transparent. Flavor rich and excellent. The 
only fault of this variety for open air culture is, that it is rather too 
strong in its growth, not being so easily protected in winter as more 
dwarfish sorts. 

Malta. 
Small Brown, 

A small, but very rich Fig, which will often hang on the tree until it 
begins to shi-ivel, and becomes " a fine sweetmeat." 

Fruit much compressed at the apex, and very much narrowed in 
towards the stalk. Skin light brown. Pulp pale brown, and of a 
sweet, rich flavor. E,ipens later than the foregoing, about the last of 
August. 

Small Brown Ischia. 

A very hwrdy sort, which, in tolerably warm places south of Phila- 
delphia, Avill make a small standard tree in the open air, bearing pretty 
good crops, that ripen about the first of September. 

32 



4-98 THE FIG. 

Fruit small, pyriform, witli a. very short footstalk. Skin liglit brown 
Pulp pale purple, of high flavor. Leaves more entir^ than those of the 
common Fig. 

YlOLETTE. 

A veiy good sort from the neighborhood of Paris, where it produces 
two crops annually. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, flattened at the apex. Skin dark 
violet. Pulp nearly white, or a little tinged with red on the inside, 
and of pleasant flavor. 

VioiiETTE DE Bordeaux. 
Bordeaux. 

A Fig which is much cultivated in France, being quite productive, 
though of inferior flavor to many of the foregoing sorts. 

Fruit large, pyriform, about three inches long and two in diameter. 
Skin deep violet when fully ripe, but at first of a brownish red. Pulp 
reddish purple, sweet, and good. 



CLASS II. 

FRUIT, WHITE, GREEN, OR YELLOW. 

Angelique. 
Concourelle Blanche. Melitte 

This little Fig is a very abundant bearer, and a pretty hardy sort. 

Fruit small, obovate. Skin pale greenish yellow, dotted with lighter 
colored specks. Pulp white, but only tolerably sweet. It will usually 
bear two crops. 

Large White Genoa. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate. Skin thin, pale yeUow. Pulp red, 
and well flavored. 

Marseilles. 

White Marseilles. Ford's Seedling. 

White Naples. White Standard. 

Pocock. FigTie Blanche. 

A very favorite sort for forcing and raising under glass, but which 
does not succeed so well as the Brown Turkey and the Ischias for open 
culture. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly ribbed. Skin nearly white, 
with a little yellowish green remaining. Flesh white, i-ather dry, but 
sweet and rich. 

Nerii. 

A fruit rather smaller aiid longer than the Marseilles, and which, 
from a mingling of slight acid, is one of the most exquisite in its flavor. 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 4^2 

Fruit small, roundish obovate. Skin pale greenisli yellow, Pul{ 
red. Flavor at once delicate and rich. This is a very favorite variety 
according to Loudon, " the richest fig known in Britain." 

Pregussata. 

A sort lately introduced from the Ionian Isles into England. It ia 
tolerably hardy, quite productive, and succeeds admirably under glass. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a good deal flattened. Skin purplish 
brown in the shade, dark brown in the sun. Pulp deep red, with a 
luscious, high flavor. Seeds unusually small. Ripens gradually, in 
succession. 

White Ischia. 
Green Ischia. 

A very small Fig, but one of the hardiest of the light-colored ones. 

Fruit about an inch in diameter, roundish obovate. Skin pale yel- 
lowish green, veiy thin, and, when fvxlly ripe, the darker-colored pulp 
appears through it. Pulp purplish, and high flavored. A moderate 
grower and good bearer. 



CHAPTER XYII. 

THE GOOSEBERRY. - 



Ribes Grossulana, Arb. Brit. Grossulaceai, of botanists. 
GroseiUier, of the French ; Stachelbeei'strnuch, German ; Uva Spino, Italian ; 
Grosella, Spanish. 

The Gooseberry of our gardens is a native of the north of Europe, 
our native species not having much improved by garden culture. This 
low pi-ickly shrub, which in its wild state bears small round or oval 
fruit, about half an inch in diameter, and weighing one-fourth of an 
ounce, has been so greatly improved by the system of successive repro- 
duction from the seed, and high culture by British gardeners, that it 
now bears fruit nearly or quite two inches in diameter, and weighing an 
ounce and a half. Lancashire, in England, is the meridian of the goose- 
berry, and to the Lancashire weavers, who seem to have taken it as a 
hobby, we are indebted for nearly all the surprisingly large sorts of mod- 
ern date. Their annual shows exhibit this fruit in its greatest perfec- 
tion, and a Gooseberry Book is published at Manchester every year, 
giving a list of all the prize sorts, etc. Indeed the climate of England 
seems, from its moisfcness and coolness, more perfectly fitted than any 
other to the growth of this fruit. Under our more clear and hot suns, 
however, the best varieties of English sorts do not succeed well, sufiering 
from mildew of the fruit and foliage in nearly every location. A few 
varieties of the English sorts, and some few sorts of American origin. 
sTicceod, and their grcwt\ near large cities is considered quite profitable 



500 THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Uses. This fruit is, in the first place, a Tery important one in ifc> 
green state, being in high estimation for pies, tarts, and puddings, coin- 
ing into use earlier than any other. The earliest use made of it appears 
to have been as a sauce with green goose, whence the name, goose-beny. 
In its ripe state it is a very agreeable table fruit, and in this country, 
following the season of cherries, it is always most acceptable. TJniipe 
gooseberries are bottled in water for winter use (placing the bottles, 
nearly filled, a few moments in boiling water, afterwards corking and 
sealing them, and burying them in a cool cellar, with their necks down- 
ward). They are also canned, the same as with cherries, peaches, and 
other fruits. 

As a luxury for the poor, Mr. Loudon considers this the most valu- 
able of all fruits, " since it can be grown in less space, in more unfavor- 
able circumstances, and brought sooner into bearing than any other." 

Propagation. Gooseberry plants should only be raised from cut- 
tings. ISTew varieties are of course raised from seed, and the produc- 
tion of new American varieties of large size and fine quality alibrds a 
field of occupation which we should rejoice to see abundantly filled. 

In preparing cuttings select the strongest and straightest young shoots 
of the current year, at the end of October (or very early in the ensuing 
spring) ; cut out all the buds that you intend to go below the ground 
(to prevent future suckers), and plant the cuttings in a deep rich soil, 
on the north side of a fence, or in some shaded border. The cuttings 
should be inserted six inches deep, and from three to six or eight inches 
should remain above ground. The soil should be pressed very firmly 
about the cuttings, and, in the case of autumn planting, the cuttings 
should be inserted into the ground level with the upper buds, and then 
covered with a mulch of coarse manure, to be taken away in the fol- 
lowing spring, when they should be examined, and the earth pressed to 
render it firm again should the cutting have been raised by severe frost. 
After they have become well rooted — generally in a year's time — they 
may be transplanted to the borders, where they are finally to remain. 

Cultivation, The Gooseberry in our climate is very impatient of 
drought, and we have uniformly found that the best soil for it is a deep 
strong loam ; or at least whatever may be the soil, and it will grow in a 
great variety, it should always be deep — if not naturally so, it should 
be made deep by trenching and manuring. It is the most common 
error to plant this fruit shrub under the blanches of other trees for the 
sake of their shade — as it always renders the fruit infeiior in size and 
flavor, and more likely to become mouldy. On the contrary, we would 
always advise planting in an open border, as, if the soil is sufi&ciently 
deep, the plants will not sufifer from dryness, and should it unfortu- 
nately be of a dry nature, it may be rendered less injurious by covering 
the ground under the plants with straw or litter. In any case a rich 
soil is necessary, and as the Gooseberry is fond of manure, a pretty 
heavy top-dressing should be dug in every year around bearing plants. 
For a later crop a few bushes may be set on the north side of a fence 
or wall. 

Tor the Gooseberry, regular and pretty liberal pruning is absolutely 
necessary. Of course no suckers should be allowed to grow. In No- 
vember the winter pruning should be performed. The leaves now be- 
ing off, it is easy to see what proportion of the new as well as old wood 
miy be taken away ; and we will here remark that it is quite impossible 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 501 

to obtain fine gooseberries here, or anywhere, without a verj thorough 
thinning out of the branches. As a general rule, it may safely be said 
that one-half of the head, including old and young branches (more espe- 
cially the former, as the best fruit is borne on the young wood), should 
now be taken out, leaving a proper distribution of shoots throughout 
the bush, the head being sufficiently thinned to admit freely the light 
and air. An additional jji-uniug is, in England, performed in June, 
which consists in stopping the growth of long shoots by pinchirig out 
the extremities and thimiing out supertluoxis branches ; but if the 
annual pruning is properly performed this wiU not be found necessary, 
except to obtain fruit of extraordinary size. 

We do not think that this fruit shrub can be said to bear well for 
more than a half-dozen years successively, when grown in the single 
stem or tree form. In large plantations of acres, and where cultivation 
is given by means of the horse and plough, the system of growing in the 
bush form is by many considered most profitable ; and when so done, 
all that is requisite, from year to year, for many years, is to cut away 
dead wood, head back vigorous shoots, and keep the form open. 

A succession of young plants should be kept up by striking some 
cuttings every season. 

Varieties. The number of these is almost endless, new ones being 
produced by the prize growers every year. The last edition of the 
London Horticultural Society's Catalogue enumerates 149 sorts consid- 
ered worthy of notice, and Lindley's Guide to the Orchard gives a list 
of more than seven hundred prize sorts. It is almost needless to say 
that many of these very closely resemble each other, and that a small 
number of them will compiise all the most valuable. 

The sorts bearing fruit of medium size are generally more highly 
flavored than the very large ones. We have selected a sufficient num- 
ber of the most valuable for all practical purposes. 



JT. Med Gooseberries. 

Boardman's British Crown. Fruit very large, roundish, hairy, 
handsome and good. Branches spreading. 

Champagne. A fine old variety, of very rich flavor. Fruit small, 
roundish oblong, surface hairy, pulp clear; branches of very upright 
growth. 

Capper's Top Sawyer. Fruit large, roundish, pale red, hairy; 
rather late ; flavor very good. Branches drooping. 

Farrow's Roaring Lion. An immense berry, and hangs late. 
Fruit oblong, smooth ; flavor excellent ; branches drooping. 

Hartshorn's Lancashire Lad. Fruit large, roundish, dark red, 
hairy ; flavor very good ; branches erect. ' 

Keen's Seedling. Fruit of medium size, oblong, hairy; flavor 
first-rate ; branches drooping. Early and productive. 

Leigh's Rifleman. Fruit large, roundish, haiiy ; flavor first-rate ; 
branches erect. 

Melling's Crown Bob. Fruit large, oblong, hairy; flavor first- 
-ate ; branches spreading. 

Miss Bold. Fruit of medium size, roundish, surface downy ; flavor 
excellent; branches sj^reading. 



602 THE GOOSEBERRY. 

Red Warrington. Fruit large, roundisli ollong, hairy ; liavoi 
llrst-rate ; branches drooping. 

II. Yellow Gooseberries. 

Buerdsill's Duckwing. Friiit large and late, obovate, smooth ; 
flavor good ; branches ei-ect. 

Capper's Bunker Hill. Fruit large, roundish, smooth ; flavor 
good ; branches spreading. 

Gorton's Viper. Frtiit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Hill's Golden Gourd. Fruit large, oblong, hairy ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Part's Golden Fleece. Fruit large, oval, hairy ; flavor first-rate ; 
branches spreading. 

Prophet's Pockwood. Fruit large and early, roundish, haiiy ; fla- 
vor good ; branches erect. 

Yellow Champagne. Fruit small, roundish, hairy ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

Yellow Ball. Fruit of middle size, roundish, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

III. Green Gooseberries. 

Collier's Jolly Angler. Fruit large and late, oblong, downy ; 
flavor first-rate ; branches erect. 

Berry's Greenwood. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavor good ; 
branches drooping. 

Early Green Hairy (or Green Gascoigne.) Fruit small and 
early, round, hairy ; flavor excellent ; branches spreading. 

Edward's Jolly Tar. Fruit large, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches drooping. 

Glenton Green. Fruit of middle size, oblong, hairy ; flavor excel- 
lent ; branches drooping. 

Green Walnut. Fruit middle size, obovate, smooth ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches spreading. 

Hepburn Green Prolific. Fruit of middle size, roundish, hairy ; 
flavor first-rate ; branches erect. 

Massey's Heart or Oak. Fruit large, oblong, smooth ; flavoi 
first-rate ; branches drooping. 

Parkinson's Laurel. Fruit large, obovate, downy ; flavor first- 
rate ; branches erect. 

Pitmaston Green Gage. Fruit small, and hangs long, obovate, 
smooth ; flavor rich and excellent ; branches erect. 

Wainman's Green Ocean. Fruit very laige, oblong, smooth; fla- 
vor tolerably good ; branches drooping. 

IV. White Gooseberries. 

Cleworth's White Lion. Fruit large and hangs late, obovate^ 
downy ; flavor first-rate. Branches drooping. 

Crompton Sheba Queen. Fruit large, obovate, downy; flavor first 
sate. Branches erect 



THE GOOSEBERRY. 



603 



Fruit large, obovate, sniooth. Flavor first- 
Fruit large, oblong, hairy. Flavor good. 
Fruit large, roundish oblong, 
oblong, 

downy. 



Cook's White Eagle, 
rate. Branches erect. 

CAPPEii's Bonny Lass. 
Branches spreading. 

IIapley's Lady of the Manor. 
hairy. Flavor good. Branches erect. 

Saunders' Ciiesiiike Lass. Fruit large and very early, 
downy. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

Woodward's Wiii'fESMiTii. Fruit large, roundish oblong, 
Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. 

Wellington's Glory. Fruit large, i-ather oval. Very dowiiy. 
Skin quite thin. Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

White Honey. Fruit of middle size, roundish oblong, smooth. 
Flavor excellent. Branches erect. 

Taylor's Bright Yenus. Fruit of middle size, hangs a long time, 
obovate, hairy. Flavor first-rate. Branches erect. 

The following list of selected sorts, from one hundred varieties, ia 
prepared by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England : — 



Atlas, late. 
Echo, late. 
Giiido, very large. 



Bed Gooseberries. 

Huntsman, early. 
Hopley's Companion. 
Overall, late. 



Prince Albert, early. 
Prince Eegent, early, 
Yonns: WonderfuL 



I'reedom. 
Lady Delamere. 



White Gooseberries. 

Ostrich, early. 
Queen Caroline. 



Smiling Beauty. 
Riley's TaUyho. 



Conquering Hero, late. 
Husbandman, late. 
Jolly Cutler, late. 
RUey's. 



Green Gooseberries. 

Elijah, early. 
G-reen River, late. 
Keepsake. 
Thumper, very late. 



Favorite. 
Independent. 
Profit, late. 
Wistastoa Hero, earlj 



Banks Dublin. 
Broom GirL 
Briton. 



Yellow Gooseberries. 

Husbandman, late. 
Marigold, early. 
Pilot, early. 



Scorpion, early. 
Sovereign, early. 
Teazer, late. 



AMERICAN VARIETIES. 

Downing. 

A seedling of Houghton, originated at Newburgh, N. Y. "0 plight 
vigorous growing plant, very productive. 

Fruit somewhat larger than Houghton, roundish oval, wldcisk green 
with the rib veins distinct. Skin smooth. Flesh rather nuH, juicy, 
very good. E.xcellent for family use. 



JSfl4 THE GEAPE. 

HoBBs' Seedling. 

A variety claimed to have originated by O. J. Hobbs, of Itandolpu, 
Pa. It is light pale green, roundish, slightly oval, smooth. Flesh 
tnediiim firmness. A good keeper, and nearly one-half larger thai) 
Houghton's. 

Houghton's Seedling. 

Originated with Abel Houghton, Lynn, Mass. A vigorous grower. 
Branches rather drooping, slender, very productive, generally free from 
mildew. A desirable sort. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin smooth^ 
pale red. Flesh tender, sweet, and veiy good. 

Mountain Seedling. 

Originated with the Shakers at Lebanon, N. Y. Plant a strong 
straggling grower. An abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, the largest of any known American sort, long oval, dark 
brownish red, with long stalk. Skin smooth, thick. Flesh sweet. A 
good market sort. 

Pale Red. 

American Red. American Seedling, 

Robert's Sweet Water. Ohio Pfolific. 

Ohio Seedling. St. Clair. 

Dutch Joe. Cluster. 

A variety of unknown origin. Bush more upright than Houghton. 
Slender wood. Very productive. 

Fruit small or medium, or size of the Houghton ; darker in color 
when fully ripe. Hangs a long time upon the bush. Flesh tender, 
sweet, very good. 

Smith's Improved. 
Smith's Seedling. 

A new variety recently introduced. Grown from seed of the Hough 
ton, hj Dr. Smith, of Vermont, and in growth of plant more upright 
and vigorous than its parent ; the fruit is larger and somewhat oval in 
'orm, Kght green, with a bloom. Flesh moderately firm, sweet and good. 



CHAPTER XVni. 

THE GRAPE. 



Vitis mnifera, L. Vitacem, of botanists. 
Vigne, cf the French ; Weintrauben, German ; Vigna, Italian ; Vid, or Vina, 

Spanish. 

The history of the Grape is almost as old as that of man. Growing 
in its highest perfection in Syria and Persia, iU luscious fi ait, and the 



THE GRAPE. 305 

anrivalled beverage which its fermented juice affords, recon .mended i^ 
bo the esj^ecial care of the patriarchal tillers of the soil, and vineyard.s 
were extensively i)lanted long before orchards or collections of other 
fruit-trees Avere at all common. 

The grapes of the old world are all varieties of the wine grape ( V^itis 
vinifera), which, though so long and so universally cultivated and natu- 
ralized in all the middle and southern portions of Europe, is not a na- 
tive of that continent, but came originally from Persia. From the kit 
ter country, as civilization advanced westward, this plant accompanied 
it — first to Egypt, then to Greece and Sicily, and gradually to Italy, 
Spain, France, and Britain, to which latter country the Romans carried 
it about two hundred years after Christ. To America the seeds and 
plants of the European varieties were brought by numerous emigrants 
and colonists within the first fifty years after its settlement. 

The wild grapes of our own countiy are quite distinct species from 
the wine grape of Europe — are usually stronger in their gi-owth, with 
larger and more entire foliage, and, in theii- native state, with a pecu- 
liar foxy odor or flavor, and more or less hardness of pulp. These 
traits, howevei", disappear in process of cultivation, and we have reason 
to hope thiit we shall soon obtain from the wild type new varieties of 
high quality, and of superior hardiness and productiveness in this 
climate. 

The grape-vine is in all cases a trailing or climbing deciduous shrub, 
living to a gi'eat age, and, in its native forests, clambering over the tops 
of the tallest trees. In the deep rich alluvial soils of western America 
it is often seen attaining a truly prodigious size, and several have been 
measured on the banks of the Ohio the stems of which were three feet 
in circumference, and the branches two hundred feet long, enwreatliing 
and festooning the tops of huge poplars and sycamores. In a culti- 
vated state, however, it is found that fine flavor and uniform produc- 
tiveness require the plants to be kept pruned within a small compass. 

Uses. The gi'ape in its finest varieties, as the Hamburgh and the 
Muscat, is in flavor hardly surpassed by any other fruit in delicacy and 
richness, and few or none are more beautiful in the dessert. - Dried, it 
forms the raisin of commerce, the most excellent of all dried fruits, every- 
where esteemed. And wine, the fermented juice, has always been the 
fii'st of all exhilarating liquors. Some idea of the past consumption of 
this product may be formed from the fact that more than 500,000,000 
imperial gallons have been made in France in a single year ; and as a 
data to judge of its value we may add that, while a great proportion 
of the vin ordinaire, or common wine, is sold at 10 or 12 cents a bot- 
tle, on the other hand, particular old and rare vintages of Madeiras or 
Sherries will not unfrequently command twenty or thirty dollars a gal- 
lon. 

Soil. The ujiiversal experience in all countries has established the 
fact that a di'y and warm soil is the very best for the vine. Where 
vineyards are cultivated, a limestone soil, or one composed of decay- 
ing calcareous rocks, is by far the best ; but where, as in most gardens, 
the vine is raised solely for its fruit, the soil should be highly enriched. 
The foreign grape will scarcely thrive well here on a heavy soil, though 
our native varieties grow and bear well on any strong land ; but the 
essence of all that can be said in grape culture respecting soil is, that it 
be diy and light, deep and rich. Frequent top-dressings of well-rotted 



508 THE GEAPE. 

manure should be applied to vines in open borders, and tbis should, 
every third or fourth year, be alternated with a dressing of slaked lime. 

Propagation. The grape-vine makes roots very freijly, and is, 
therefore, easy of propagation. Branches of the previous or current 
year's wood, bent down at any time before midsummer, and covered with 
earth, as layers, root very freely, and make bearing plants in a couple 
of years, or very frequently indeed bear the next season. 

But the finer varieties of the vine are almost universally propagated 
by cuttings, as that is a very simple mode, and an abundance of the cut 
tings being aiforded by the annual trimming of the vines. 

When cuttings are to be planted in the open border, a somewhat 
moist and shaded place should be chosen for this purpose. The cut- 
tings should then be made of the yoimg wood of the previous year's 
growth, cut into lengths about a foot long, and having two or three buds 
— one near the top, one at the bottom, and the third in the middle. 
Before planting the cutting, pare off its lower end smoothly, close below 
the buds, and finally plant it in mellow soil, in a slit made by the spade, 
pressing the earth firmly about it with the foot.* 

The rarer kinds of foreign grapes are usually grown by cuttings of 
shorter length, consisting only of two buds ; and the most successful 
mode is to plant each cutting in a small pot, and plunge the pots in a 
slight hot-bed, or place the cuttings at once in the mould of the bed itself. 
In either case they will make strong plants in the same season. 

But the most approved way of raising vine plants in pots is that of 
propagation by eyes, which we have fully explained in the first part of 
this work. This, as it retains the least portion of the old wood, is mani- 
festly the nearest approach to raising a plant from the seed, that most 
perfect of all modes with respect to the constitution of a plant. In the 
case of new or rare sorts, it offers us the means of multiplying them 
with the greatest possible rapidity. As the grape usually receives its 
annual pruning in autumn or winter, the cuttings may be reduced 
to nearly their proper length, and kept in earth, in the cellar, until the 
ensuing spring. The hardier sorts may be buried in the open ground. 

The foreign and the native grapes are very different in their habit? in 
this climate, and therefore must be treated differently. The native 
sorts are cultivated with scarcely any further care than training up the 
branches to poles or a trellis, and are, on this account, highly valuable 
to the farmer ; while the European varieties are of little value in this 
climate except with especial care, and are therefore confined to the 
garden. 

1. Culture of the Foreign Grape. 

ITie climate of the temperate portion of this country, so favorable to 
all other fruits, is, unfortunately, not so for the foreign Grape. This re- 
sults, perhaps, from its variability, the great obstacle being the mildew, 

* In sandy or dry soils, to insure greater success, cover the upper end of the 
eutting with grafting- wax, or something of tlie kind, to prevent evaporation. 
The practice of growing grapes from single eyes, by making cuttings of one eye 
each, and callosing them in sand, in the cellar or pit, has been recently renewed. 
The cuttings are made of one eye each, placed in sand, in a cool cellar or shed, 
free fi-om frost, and in spring planted out, covering the bud half an inch or so 
with soil, and over the whole spreading a mulch of tan-bark or sawdust one or 
two inches deep. 



THE GRAPE. 507 

# 

which, seizing upon the 3 oung fruit, prevents its further growth, causes 
it to crack, and renders it worthless. Unwilling to believe that this 
was not the fault of bad culture, many intelligent cultivators, and among 
them men of capital and much practical skill, have attempted vineyard 
culture Avith the foreign sorts in various sections of the country, under 
^he most favorable circumstances, and have uniformly failed. On the 
other hand, the very thiest Grapes are produced under glass, in great 
qiiantities, in our first-rate gardens. In the small yards or gardens of our 
cities, owing to the more uniform state of the atmosphere, the foreign 
Grape thrives pretty well ; and finally, in all gardens of the Middle 
States the hardier kinds may, under certain modes of culture, be made 
to bear good fruit. 

Without entering into any inquiries respecting the particular way in 
which the mildew (which is undoubtedly a parasitical plant) is caused, 
we will endeavor to state concisely some practical truths, to which our 
own observation and experience have led us, respecting the hardy cul- 
ture of the foreign Grajje. 

In the first place, it is well known to gardeners here that young 
and thrifty vines generally bear one or two fair crops of fruit ; second, 
that as the vine becomes older-, if it is pruned in the common mode 
(that is to say, the S2)urring-in mode of shortening the side branches, and 
getting fresh bearing shoots from main branches every year), it soon 
bears only mildewed and imperfect fruit ; and, finally, that the older 
and larger the vine, the less likely is it to produce a good crop. 

This being the case, it is not difficult to see that as the vine, like 
all other trees, is able to resist the attacks of disease or unfavorable 
climate just in proportion as it is kept in a young and highly vigorous 
state, it follows, if we allow a plant to retain only yomig and vigorous 
wood, it must necessarily preserve much of the necessary vigor of con- 
stitution. And this is only to be done, so far as regards training, by 
what is called the reneiual system. 

The renewal system of training consists in an- 
nually providing a fresh supply of young branches, 
from which the bearing shoots are produced, cutting 
out all the branches that have boine the previous year. 
Fig. 37 represents a bearing vine treated in this man- 
ner, as it would appear in the spring of the year after 
having been pruned. In this figure a represents the 
two branches of last year's growth trained up for 
bearing the present year ; 6, the places occupied by 
the last year's wood, which, having borne, has been Eenewai Training, 
cut down to within an inch of the main arm, c. 
The present year, therefore, the two branches, a, will throw out side shoots, 
and bear a good crop, while the young branches will be trained up in the 
places of h, to bear the next year when a are in like manner cut down. 

This renewal training will usually produce fair fruit, chiefly, as it 
appeai-s to us, because the ascent and circulation of the sap, being mainly 
carried on through young wood, is vigorous, and the plant is healthful 
and able to resist the mildew ; while, on the contrary, the circulation of 
the sap is more feeble and tardy through the more compact and rigid 
sap-vessels of a vine full of old wood.* 

* See Hoare on the Orape- Vine. 




508 THE GRAPE. 

The above mode of truning is very earsily understood, but "we maj 
add here, for the benefit of the novice : 1st, that vines, in order that 
they may bear regularly and well, should always be kept within small 
bounds ; 2d, that they should always be trained to a wall, building, or 
upright trellis y * and 3d, that the leaves should never be piilled ojGf to 
promote the ripening of the fruit. The ends of the bearing shoots may 
be stopped (pinched off) when the fruit is nearly half grown, and thia 
is usually all the summer pruning that, under our bright sun, the grape- 
vine properly treated requires. 

Following out this hint, that here the viae only bears well when it 
is young, or comj^osed mainly of young wood, an intelligent cultivator 
near us secures every year abundant crops of the Chasselas by a system 
of renewal by layers. Every year, from his bearing vines, he lays down 
two or more long and clean shoots of the previous year's growth. These 
root freely, are allowed to make another season's growth, and then are 
made to take the place of the old plants, which are taken out ; and by 
this continual system of providing young plants by layers he always 
succeeds in obtaining from the same piece of ground fair and excellent 
grapes. 

Culture under Glass without Artificial Heat. The great 
superiority of this fruit when raised under glass, renders a vinery an 
indispensable feature in every extensive garden. Even without fire- 
heat grapes may, under our bright sun, be grown admirably ; the sud- 
den changes of the weather being guarded against, and the warmth and 
uniformity of the atmosphere- surrounding the vines being secured. 
Cheap structures of this kind are now very common, and even the 
Muscat of Alexandria, and other sorts which are usually thought to 
require fire-heat, ripen regularly and well with moderate attention. 

A vinery of this kind may be erected so as to cost very little, nearly 
after the following manner: Its length maybe thirty feet; its width 
sixteen feet ; height at the front two feet : at the back twelve feet. 
This part of the structure may all be built of wood, taking for the 
frame cedar or locust posts, setting them three and a half feet in the 
ground, the portion rising above the ground being squared to four or 
five inches. On these posts (which are placed six feet apart) nail, on 
both sides, matched and grooved planks, one and a quarter inches thick. 
The space between these planks not occupied by the post, fill in with dry 
tan, which should be well rammed down. The rafters should be fixed, 
and from three to four feet apart. The sashes forming the roof (which 
are all the glass that will be necessary) should be stationary, ventilation 
being given by small windows at the top of the back wall, fitted with 
hinges, to be opened or shut at pleasure by means of a pulley cord. The 
building will, of course, front the south, and the door may be at either 
end. 

The border for the grapes should be made partly on the inside and 
partly on the outside of the front wall, so that the roots of the vines 
may extend through to the open border. A trellis of wire should be 
fixed to the rafters, about sixteen inches from the glass, on which the 
vines are to be trained. Early in the spring the vines, which should be 
two-year-old roots, may be planted in the inside border, about a foot 
from the front wall, one vine below each rafter. 

* j^nd never on an arl or, except for the purposes of shade. 



THE GRAPE. 509 

Soil. Tlie border should be thoroughly prepared and pu-verized 
before pltmting the gi-apes. Two-thirds of mellow sandy loam, mixed 
with one-thii'd of a compost formed of well-fermented manure, bits of 
broken charcoal, and a little lime rubbish, forms an excellent soil for 
the grape in this climate. If the soil of the garden is old, or Ls not of 
a pi'oper quality for the basis of the border, it is best to prepare some 
for this pui-pose by rotting and reducing beforehand a quantity of 
loamy turf from the road-sides. The depth of the border need not ex- 
ceed two feet, but if the subsoil is not dry at all seasons it should be 
well drained, and filled up half a foot below the border with small stones 
or brick-bats. 

Pruning. Decidedly the best mode of prvining for a cold house, or 
vineiy Avithout fire-heat, is what is called the long or renewal mode, 
which we have already partially explained. Supposing the house to be 
planted with good young plants, something like the following mode of 
training and pruning may be adopted. The first season one shoot only 
is allowed to proceed from each plant, and this, at the end of the first 
season, is ciit down to the second or third eye or b\id. The year follow- 
ing two leading shoots are encouraged, the strongest of which is headed 
or stopped when it has extended a few joints beyond the middle of the 
house or rafter, and the weaker about half that length. In November 
these shoots are reduced, the strong one having four or five joints cut 
from its extremity, and the weaker one to the third eye from its lower 
end or place of origin. In the third season one leading shoot is laid in 
from each of these, the stronger one throwing out side shoots on which 
the fruit is produced, which side shoots are allowed to mature one 
bunch of grapes each, and are topped at one or two joints above the 
fruit. No side shoots are allowed to proceed from the weaker shoot, 
but it is laid in to produce fruit the ensuing season, so that, by the 
third season after planting, the lower part of the house or rafters is fur- 
nished with a crop of fruit proceeding from wood of the preceding year. 
A.t next autumn pruning the longest of these main shoots is short 
eried aboiit eighteen inches from the top of the rafter, and the next in 
strength to about the nnddle of the rafter, and all the spurs which had 
borne ft'uit ai'e removed. Each vine is now furnished with two shoots 
of bearing wood, a part of old barren wood which has already produced 
fruit, and a spur near the bottom for producing a yoxmg shoot for the 
following year. In the fourth summer a full crop is produced, both in 
the lower and upper part of the house, the longer or oldest shoot pro- 
ducing fruit on the vipper part of its length, and the shorter on its 
wh'ole length ; from this last a leading shoot is laid in, and another to 
succeed it is produced from the spur near the bottom. At the next 
autumn pruning the oldest or longest shoot, which has now reached the 
top of the house, is entirely cut ovit and removed, and replaced by that 
which was next in succession to it, and this in its turn is also cut out 
and replaced by that immediately behind it, a siiccession of a yearly 
shoot being obtained from the lower part of the old stem. {3fc Jntosh.) 
This is decidedly the most successful mode for a vinery without heat, 
prod\icing abundant and fair crops of fruit. Hoare, who is one of the 
most experienced and ingenious ■writers on the grape, strongly recom- 
mends it, and suggests that " the old wood of a vine, or that which has 
previously produced fruit, is not only of no further use, but is a positive 
injury to the fertility of the plant. The truth of this remark depends 



510 THE GRAPE. 

on tlie fact that evtry branch, of a vine which produces little or nc 
foliage appropriates for its o-\vn support a portion of the juices of the 
plant that is generated by those branches that do produce foliage." 

Routine of Culture. In a vinery without heat this is compara 
tively simple. As soon as- the vines commence swelling their buds in 
the spring they should be carefully washed with mild soap-suds, to free 
them from any insects, soften the wood, and assist the buds to swell re- 
gularly. At least three or four times every week they should be well 
syringed with water, which, when the weather is cool, should always be 
done in the morning. And every day the vine border should be duly 
supplied with water. During the time when the vines are in blossom, 
and while the fruit is setting, all spiinkling or syringing over the leaves 
must be suspended, and tlie house should be kept a little more closed 
and warm than usual, and should any indications of mildew appear on 
any of the bi'anches it may at once be checked by dusting them with 
flower of sulphur. Air must be given liberally every day when the tem- 
perature rises in the house, beginning by opening the rear windows a 
little in the morning, more at mid-day, and then gradually closing them 
in the same maimer. To guard against the sudden changes of tempera- 
ture out of doors, and at the same time to keep up as moist and warm a 
state of the atmosphere within the viaery as is consistent with pretty 
free admission of the air during sunshine, is the great object of culture 
in a vinery of this kind. 

Thinning the fruit is a very necessary practice in all vineries, and 
on it depends greatly the flavor as well as the fine appearance and size 
of the berries and bunches. The first thinning usually consists in taking 
ofi" all superfluous blossom-buds, leaving only one bunch in the large 
sorts, or two in the small ones, to each bearing shoot. The next thinning 
takes place when the berries are set and well formed, and is performed 
with a pair of scissors, taking care not to touch the berries that are left to 
grow. All this time one-third of the berries should be taken ofi" with 
the point of the scissors, especially those in the centre of the cluster. 
This allows the remainder to swell to double the size, and also to form 
larger bunches than would otherwise be produced. Where the bunches 
are large, the shoulders should be suspended from the trellis by threads, 
in order to take ofi' part of the weight from the stem of the viae. The 
last thinning, which is done chiefly to regulate the form of the bunch, is 
done by many gardeners just before the fruit begins to color— but it is 
scarcely needed if the previous thinning of the berries has been thor- 
oughly done. 

The regular autumnal pruning is best perfoi-med about the middle 
of November. The vines should then be taken down, laid down on the 
border, and covered for the winter with a thick layer of straw or a sliglit 
covering of earth. 

Culture under Glass With Fire-heat. As the foreign Grape is 
almost the only fruit of temperate climates which cannot be raised in 
perfection in the open air in this climate, we shall give some concise 
directions for its culture in vineries with artificial heat. Those who 
only know this fruit as the Chasselas or Sweetwater appears, when 
gi'own in the open air, have little idea of the exceeding lusciousness, 
high flavor, size, and beauty of such varieties as the Black Hamburgh or 
Muscat of Alexandria, M^hen well grown in a first-rate vinery. By the 
aid of artificial heat, which in this climate is, after all, cluefly requii'ed 



THE GRAPE. 



61) 



In tin; sirring and autumn, and t(5 oountoract any sudden cold clianges 
of atnioo])here, this most admirable fruit may easily be produced for the 
dess(;rt from May till December. Indeed, by vineries constructed in 
divisions, in some of which vines are forced and in others retarded, some 
have Grapes nearly every month in the year. 

Construction of the Vinery. The vinery with fire-heat may bo 
built of wood, and in the same simple manner as just described, with the 
addition of a thje above the surface of the ground, running close along 
the end, two feet from the front wall, and about a foot from the back 
wall, and retui-ning into a chimney in the back wall over the furnace.* 

For the sake of pei-manence, however, a vinery of this kind is usu- 
ally built of brick ; the ends and front wall eight inches thick ; the back 
wall a foot thick — or eight inches, with occasional abutments to increase 
its strength. In fig. 38 
(I) is shown a simple plan 
of a vinery of this kind. 
In this the surface of the 
ground is shown at a, be- 
low which tlie foundation 
walls are sunk three feet. 
Above the surface the 
front wall, 6, rises two 
feet, the back wall, c, 
twelve feet, and the width 
of the house is fourteen 
feet. -On these walls ai-e 
placed the rafters, from 
three to four feet distant. 

In the present example 
the flues are kept out of 
the way, and the space 
clear, by placing them in 
a square walled space di- 
rectly under the walk ; the 
walk itself being formed by an open grating or lattice, through which 
the heat rises freely. The arrangement of the flue will be better under- 
stood by referring to the ground plan (II). In this the furnace is indi- 
cated at d, in the back wall;f from this the flue rises gradually to e, 
whence it continues nearly the length of the house, and returning enters 
the chimney at f. For the convenience of shelter, firing, etc., it is usual 
to have a hack shed, g, behind the back wall. In this shed may be a bin 
for wood or coals, and a sunk area (shown in the dotted lines around 
d,f)y with steps to descend to the furnace and ash-pit. There are two 
doors, h, in the vinery at either end of the walk. 

* Heating by hot water is considered more successful in its results, because 
of enabling a more even and steady temperature to be maintained. The ex- 
pense is somewhat greater at first — but in the end, perhaps, most economical. 

f This furnace should be placed two feet below the level of the flue at e, in 
order to secure a draught, after which it may be carried quite level tiU it enters 
the chimney. An air-chamber may be formed round it, with a register to admit 
heated air to the house when necessary. A furnace fourteen inohes sqaare and 
deep, with an ash-pit below, in which anthracite coal is burned, will be found a 
very easy and perfect mode of heating a house of thif width, and thirty feet 
long. 




Plan and Section of a Vinery, with Fire-heat. 



612 THE GRAPE. 

Tlie border should be thoioiighly prepared previously to planting Iht 
vines, by excavating it two feet deep and filling it up with suitable com- 
post. This is best formed of one-half loamy turf, well rotted by huving 
been ];)reviously laid up in heaps (or fresh and pure loamy soil fro<ii aii 
old pasture or common^ ; one-third thoroughly fermented horse or cow 
manure, which has lain in a turf-covered heap for three months ; and 
one- third broken pieces of charcoal and old lime rubbish : the whr le to 
be thoi'oughly mixed together before planting the vines. 

The vines themselves should always be planted in a border prep a,red 
inside of the house ; and in order to give the rines that extent ol soil 
which is necessary for them, the best cultivators make an additional 
border, twelve or fourteen feet wide outside, in front of the vinery. By 
building the foundation of the front wall on piers, within a couple of 
inches of the surface, and supporting the wall above the surface on slabs 
of stone reaching from pier to pier, the roots of the vines easily pene- 
trate to the border on the outside. 

The vines should be planted early in the spring. Two-year-old 
plants are preferable, and they may be set eighteen inches from the front 
wall — one below each rafter, or, if the latter are over three feet apart, 
one also in the intermediate space. 

The pruning and training of the vines we have already described. 
The renewal system of pruning we consider the best in all cases. The 
spur system is, however, practised by many gardeners, with more or less 
success. This, as most of our readers are aware, consists in allowing a 
single shoot to extend from each root to the length of the rafters ; from 
the sides of this stem are produced the bearing shoots every year ; and 
every autumn these spurs are shortened back, leaving only one bud at 
the bottom of each, which in its turn becomes the bearing shoot, and 
is again cut back the next season. The fruit is abundantly produced, 
and of good flavor, but the bunches are neither so large nor fair, nor 
do the vines continue so long in a productive and healthy state as when 
the wood is annually renewed. 

The essential points in pruning and training the vine, whatever 
mode be adopted, according to Loudon, " are to shorten the wood to 
such an extent that no more leaves shall be produced than can be fully 
exposed to the light ; to stop all shoots produced in the summer that 
are not likely to be required in the winter pruning, at two or three 
joints, or at the first large healthy leaf from the stem where they 
originate ; and to stop all shoots bearing bunches at one j oint, or at 
most two, beyond the bunch. As shoots which are stopped generally 
push a second time from the terminal bud, the secondary shoots thus 
produced should be stopped at one joint. And if at that joint they pt£li 
also, then a third stopping must take place at one joint, and so on as 
long as the last terminal bud continues to break. Bearing these points 
in mind, nothing can be more simple than the pruning and training of 
the vine." 

When early forcing of the vines is commenced, the heat should be 
applied very gently for the first few days, and afterwards very gradually 
increased. Sixty degrees of Fahrenheit's thermometer may be the 
maximum till the buds are all nearly expanded. When the leaves ai"e 
expanded, sixty-five may be the maximum and fifty-five the minimum 
temperature. When the vines are in blossom, seventy-five or eighty in 
mid-day, with the solar heat, should be allowed, with an abimdance of 



THE GRAPE. 513 

air, and somewhat about this should be the average of mid-day tempera- 
ture. 

To insure a good crop of Grapes, we are satisfied that they laust have 
•—plenty of heat — plenty of air — plenty of moisture — severe thinning of 
hunches — and severe thinning of berries. The vines, also, must be pruned 
often, and kept free ; the wood never crowded. Great attention must 
be paid to the airing of the house, which must be done gradually, that 
there may be at no time a sudden change in the temperature. 

With such attention, and the prerequisite of a rich border, on a dry 
subsoil, good crops of fine Grapes are always to be obtained. The vines 
require much moisture until they have completed their last swell, when 
the moisture should be withdrawn. 

iNSEtTS AND DISEASES. "When properly gi-own under glass the Graj^e 
is a very vigorous plant, liable to few diseases. The bleeding which 
often happens at the commencement of growth, usually ceases without 
doing harm when the foliage begins to ex^^and. If excessive, it may be 
stopped by a mixture of three parts of cheese-parings and one part lime 
applied to the wound. The red spider, which sometimes infests vineries 
kept at a high temperature, is usually destroyed by coating over the 
flues with a wash of quick-lime and sidjjhur, after which the house must 
be kept closed for half a day. The smaller insects which occasionally 
prey on the young shoots are easily kept down by syringing the parts 
aflected with a solution of whale-oil soap. 

Varieties. There are in the catalogue a vast number of names of 
Grapes, many of which belong to the same fruit. But there are really 
only twenty or thirty varieties which are at all worthy of cultivation in 
gardens. Indeed, the most experienced gardeners are satisfied with a 
dozen of the best sorts for theii" vineries. 

We will describe some of the finest foreign Grapes that have been 
introduced. 



Aleppo. 

Switzerland Grape. Raisin d'Aless. 

Striped Muscadine. Chasselas panache. 

Variegated Chasselas. Mauiillan panache. 

Raisin Suisse. Mauxillan noir panach^. 

A very singular Grape, the berries being mostly striped with white 
and black in distinct lines. The foKage is also prettily striped in 
autumn. 

Bunches rather below medium size. Berries medium size, roundish. 
Skin thin, striped vdth white and dark red, or black. Flesh juicy, 
and of a rich and excellent flavor. 

Alicante. 

Black Lisbon. Black St. Peters. Black Portugal. 

Black Palestiae. Black Spanish. Black Valentia. 

Meredith's Alicante. St. Peters. Espagnin Noir. 

Alicantenivein. Blauer von Alicante. Sanct Peter's Traube 
Schwarzer Spanischer. 

An excellent late variety, which is large and showy, and hangs welL 

33 



514 



THE GRAPE. 



Biinclies large, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin 
tough, rather thick, jet black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, juicy. 

Black Champion. 

Bunch large, long, shouldered. Berries large, roundish oval, deep 
black with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet, rich. BipenH 
earlier than Black Hamburgh, A good variety for a cold vinery. 



Black Morillon. 

Fianc Pineau. 

Pineau. 

Eaisin de Bourgne. 

Black Burgundy. 

Schwarzer. 



Black Cluster. 

Morillon noir. 
Auvema. 
Vrai AuTemas. 
Small Black Cluster. 
Eother. 



Auveme. 
Auvemas Rouge. 
True Burgundy. 
Burgunder. 
Early Black. 



This is readily distinguished from Miller's Burgundy, by the ab' 
sence of the down on its leaves. The fruit is very sweet and excellent. 

Bunches small, compact (i. e., berries closely set). Berries middle 
sized, roundish oval. Skin deep black. Juice sweet and good. Bipens 
in the open air about the 20th of September. 

Black Frontignan. 



Muscat Noir. 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire. 

Black Frontignac. 

Black Constantia of some. 

Muscat Noir de Jura. 



Sir William Rowley's Black. 
Purple Frontignan. 
Purple Constantia. 
Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees. 



An excellent Grape, originally from the town of Frontignan, in 
France, where it and other similar sorts are largely cultivated for mak- 
ing the Mtiscadine or Frontignan wine. 

Bunches rather long. Berries of medium size, round, quite black. 
Skin thin. Flavor musky and rich. Ripens in October. A good bearer. 



Black Hamburgh. 



Warner's Black Hamburgh. 

Purple Hamburgh. 

Red Hamburgh. 

Brown Hamburgh. 

Dutch Hamburgh. 

Victoria. 

Salisbury Violet. 

Hampton Court Vine. 

Valentine's. 

Gibraltar. 

Frankendale. 

Black FrankenthalL 



Frankenthaler. 

Prankenthaler Grros Noir. 

TroUinger. 

Blue TroUinger. 

TroUer. 

Welscher. 

Fleisch Traube. 

Hudler. 

Langiiedoc. 

Mohrendutte. 

Weissholziger TroUinger. 



The Black Hamburgh has long been considered the first of black 
Grapes for the vinery, but it will very rarely perfect its fruit out of 
doors. It.s very large size and most luscious flavor render it universally 
esteemed. 

Bunches large (about nine inches deep), and mostly with two shoul- 
ders, making it broad at the top. Berries very large, roundish, slightly 
tnclixdn^ to oval. Skin rather thick, deep brownish purple, becoming 



THE GRAPE. 515 

nearly black at full maturity. Flavor very sugary and rich. A good 
and regular bearer. 

Black Lombardy. 

West's St. Peters. Poonah. Raisin des Cannoa. 

Raisin de Cuba. Money's. 

Bunches large and long, with shoulda:a. Berries large, roundish 
o\'al. Skin tliin, very black at maturity. Flavor very rich and sugary. 
The leaves are rather small, and turn purple as the fruit rii^ens. It 
requires a pretty high temperature, and is then a great bearer. 

Black Morocco. 

Le Coeur. Ansell's Large Oval Black. 

Black Muscadel. Raisine d'Espagne. 

A large and showy Grape, ripening late, but requiring a good deal 
of heat. The blossoms are a little imperfect, and require to be fertilized 
with those of the Black Hamburgh, or some other hardy sort. 

Bunches large. Berries very large, oval. Skin thick, dark red. 
Flavor tolerably sweet and rich. 

Black Muscadine. 
Black Chasselas. Chasselas Noir, 

A pretty good black Grape, scarcely succeeding well, however, in the 
open air, and inferior to other sorts for the vinery. 

Bunches of medium size, comj^act. Berries roundish oval. Skin 
thick, black, overspread with a blue bloom. Juice sweet, and of pretty 
good flavor. 

Black Muscat of Alexandria. 

Red Muscat of Alexandria. Red Frontignac of Jerusalem. 

Muscat Ilamburgh. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, of 
a reddish color, becoming black at maturity. Flesh quite firm, with a 
rich musky flavor. Requires a vinery with fire-heat. 

Black Prince. 

Boston. Sir A. Pytches' Black. 

Pocock's Damascus. Steward's Black Prince. 

The Black Prince is very highly esteemed. It is hardier than the 
Black Hamburgh, bearing profusely, witn the easiest culture, in the 
vinery. 

Buuches long and not generally shouldered. Berries lai-ge, rather 
thinlj set, oval. Skin thick, black, covered with a thick blue bloom. 
Flesh tender, juicy, rich sugary, sprightly. 

Black Sweetwater. 

Water Zoet Noir. 

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, round. Skin thin, with a 
sweet and pleasant juice. A second-rate, but rather hai-dy sort. 



516 the grape. 

Black Tripoli. 
Black Crrape from Tripoli. 

This Grape is said to be a large and very excellent one, ripening 
late, and well ■worthy of a place in the vinery. It requires some fire- 
heat. 

Bunches of medium size, shouldered, rather loose. Berries large, 
round, often slightly flattened. Seeds quite small. Skin thin, purplish 
black, slightly covered with bloom. Flesh tender and sweet, with a 
very high-flavored rich juice. 

BowooD Muscat. 

Tynningliam Muscat. 

A new variety, claimed as a seedling from the Muscat of Alexandria 
which it closely resembles, but has rather shorter-jointed wood, and sets 
its fruit and bears well. 

Bueckhardt's Prince. 
Aramon. Plante Riche. TJgrie Noir. 

A late variety that hangs well. 

Bunches long, tapering. Berries medium, round, a few inclining to 
oval. Skin of a deep black color, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh 
rather fii-m, juicy, rich, piquant, vinous. 

Canon Hall Muscat. 

A variety differing from its parent, the Muscat of Alexandria, ia 
being of stronger growth and more tapering bunches. Berries large, 
roundish oval, whitish, juicy, rich. Requires special care to grow it 
well. 

Chaptal. 

A French Grape, a great bearer, and adapted to a cold vinery. 
Blanches large and long. Berries large, round, amber color when 
ripe. Flesh sweet, juicy. 

Charlsworth Tokay. 

A variety from England, reputed to be of superior quality. 
Bunches long, compact. Berries large, oval. Skm thick, white. 
Flavor rich and excellent, with a Muscat perfume. 

Ghasselas Musqu^. 
Musk Chasselas, Le Conr, St. Albans. 

A very delicious Grape, tiie highest flavored Chasselas, having much 
o£ the flavor of the Muscat of Alexandria. 

Bunches of medium size, long and rather loose. Berries middle 



THE GRAPE. M7 

aze, round. Skin thin, yellowish white. Flesh tenaer, with an ubund 
ant juice, of a rich musky flavor. Leaves smaller and deeper green 
than those of the Sweetwater or Muscadine. Requires heat. 

Chasselas Royal. 

A new and excellent Grape. 

Bunches shoi-t and thick, with shoulders. Berries large, round 
pale amber color when ripe. A great bearer. (Rivers.) 

Chasselas Vibeet. 

A strong grower, well suited to a cold vinery. 

Bunches long. Berries large, round, golden amber when ripe. Flesh 
juicy, rich. (Rivers.) 

Duchess of Buccleugh. 

A Grape of recent introduction, and highly praised. It is said to 
be a cross between the Muscat and Chasselas Musqu6. 

Bunches large, long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries mediunii 
roundish. Early, and an abundant bearer. Suited for a hot or cold 
vinery. 

Early Black Bordeaux. 

. One of the best very early sorts. 

Bunches medium, short, shouldered. Berries medium, rouiid, quite 
black, with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, melting, rich, sweet. 

Early Black July. 

July Grape. Madeleine. Madeleine Noir. 

Raisia Precoce. Morillon Htitif. De St. Jean. 

Schwarzer Friihzeitiger. Burgunder. August Traube. 

Jacob's Traube. 

The earliest of Giapes, and chiefly valued for the dessert on that 
account. In the open air it ripens here the last of July, or early in 
August. The leaves are rather small, and light green above and bp 
neath. 

Bunches small and compact. Berries small, quite round. Skin 
thick, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flavor moderately sweet, but 
not rich or perfumed. 

Early Golden Feoktignan. 

A variety adapted to hot or cold vineries. 

Bunch long, medium, not shouldered. Berries medium, round, yelr 
Ip-v, with minute dark dots. Flesh juicy, sprightly, melting, sweet. 

Early Saumur Frontignan. 

Muscat de Saumur. Muscat Hatif de Saumut 

Madeleine Musquee de Courtiller. Precoce Musque. 

A vei-y early variety, ripening well in a cold vinery. 

Bunches small, compact, shouldered. Berries medium, loondish 



518 THE GRAPE. 

flattened. Skin thin, translucent amber color at niaturitv. Flest 
jiiicj, witli a pleasant, slight Muscat flavor. 

Early Silver Frontignait. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldc red. Berries large, roundish o\al, 
whitish yellow, with a silver bloom. Flesh very tender, melting, rich, 
very juicy, and agreeable. An early and productive sort, suited to hot 
or cold vinery. 

Early Smyrjta Frontignan. 

Muscat de Smyrne. Isaker Daisiko. 

One of the earliest sorts, well suited for a cold vinery. 
Bunches medium, well set, not shouldered. Berries medium, roundj 
b/ight amber. Flesh melting,- rich, juicy, deKcious. 

Early White Malvasia. 

Moma Chasselas. Momair blanc. 

Early Chasselas. Le Melier. 

Grove End Sweet Water. Melier blanc. 

White Melier. Blanc de Bonneuil. 
Early Kienzheim. 

A nice early Grape, and a good bearer, which is in fact only an ear- 
lier variety of the Chasselas. It bears very well in the open air. , 

Bunches, in size and form, much like those of the White Chasselas or 
Royal Muscadine. Berries round, yellowish white. Skin thin. Flesh 
sweet, juicy, and agreeable in flavor. Bipens in Augu.st. The leaves 
are pale green on the upper side, slightly downy below, cut into five 
rather deep lobes. 

Esperione. 

Turner's Black. Hardy Blue Windsor. 

Cumberland Lodge. 

The Esperione is a hardy, luxuriant, and prolific Grape, growing as 
well in the open air as the Muscadine, and even better in many situa- 
tions. 

Bunches large, shouldered, like the Black Hamburgh in size. Ber- 
ries round, or occasionally flattened, and often indented with a groove. 
Skin thick, dark piirple, powdered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh ad- 
heres to the skin, of a pleasant, sprightly flavor, not very rich. 

FlNTINDO. 

This Grape is of Italian origin, brought to notice by M. De Bavay, 
of Vilvorde, who received it of Major Esperen, and is said to have been 
discovered by the French army in Naples. Its gi-owth is vigorous. 
Peduncle very stout. 

Bunch large, compact, and shouldered. Berries of tho largest size, 
nearly round, slightly oval. Skin dark violet. Flesh abounds in a 
sugary juice, and has a peculiarly pleasant aroma. It has a resemblance 
to the Black Hamburgh, but is considerably earlier. 



the grape. 619 

Foster's White Seedling. 

A new variety, described as superior to the Royal Muscaliue, and 
ripening at the same time. 

Bunches large, sets well. Berries above medium, roundish oval, yel- 
lowish amber. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and rich fla\ ored. Said to 
have the character of hanging without shrivelling. 

Golden Champion. 

A new variety but just introduced. It is described in the Gar- 
dener's JNIagazine as remarkably free and robust in growth, and of as 
easy culture as Black Hamburgh. 

Bunches large, of a slightly-tapering form, and heavily shouldered. 
Berries extra lai'ge, obovate or ovate, slightly pointed — in some instances 
almost round. Flesh firm, yet remarkably juicy, tender, and rich flavor 

Golden ELuiburgh. 
Busby's Golden Hamburgh. Stockwood Park Golden Hamburgh. 

A new white Grape of excellent quality. Requires careful cultiva 
tion, as it soon decays after ripening. 

Bunches large, somewhat loose, shouldered. Berries large, round- 
ish oval, rich yellow. Skin thin. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, melting, 
sweet. 

Green's Prolific. 

A new variety, originated by W. R. Green, Newburgh, IST. Y. Yine 
a strong grower, very productive, and sets well. 

Bunch large, long, shouldered, very compact. Berry medium, round, 
deep black, blue bloom, raised a little at apex. Flesh juicy, melting, 
sweet, vinous. 

Grizzly Frontignan. 

Red Frontignan. Muscat Gris. Grizzly Frontignac. 

Muscado Rosso. Red Gonstantia. Kiimmel Traube. • 

Muscat Rouge. Grauer Muscateller. 

This delicious Gi-ape requires to be grown in a vinery, when it is, to 
our taste, scarcely surpassed. 

Bunches rather long, with narrow shoulders. Berries round, of me- 
dium size, and growing closer upon the bunches than those of the White 
Frontignan. Skin thick, pale brown, blended with pink and yellow. 
Flesh very juicy, rich, musky, and high flavored, 

Gros Maroc. 
Marocain. 

An excellent variety, ripening after Black Hamburgh. A great 
bearer, well suited to a cold vinery. 

Bunches large, long, shouldered. Berries large, oval, covered with a 
thick bloom. Skin thick, deep reddish purple. Flesh tender, sweet, 
rich. 



520 THE graph:. 

JuBA Muscat. 
Muscat Noir de Jiira. 

A valuable Grape. Yine very prolific. 

Bunches long, tapering, slightly shouldered. Berries above medium 
oval, and well set. Skin purplish black or dark chocolate, with a thiij 
blue bloom. Flesh solid, tender, juicy, richly flavored, with a fine M\is- 
cat aroma. 

EJsfiGHx's Variegated Chasselas. 
Variegated Chasselas. 

A hybrid seedling, raised by Mr. Knight from the White Chasselas 
impregnated by the Aleppo. A curious and pretty fruit, but not first- 
rate in flavor. 

Bunches i-ather long, unshouldered. Berries below the middle size, 
round, loosely set. Skin quite thin, white, shaded with bluish violet, 
sometimes becoming purplish in the sun. Flesh tender, sweet, and plea- 
sant. 

Lady Downe's. 

Lady Downe's Seedling. 

This variety was grown from seed of the Black Morocco crossed by 
the Chasselas or Sweetwater. It is among the most valuable, ripening 
its fruit and hanging a long time — Hogg says, from August until 
March. 

Bunches large, rather loose, shouldered. Berries above medium, 
roundish oval. Skin rather thick, reddish purple, becoming quite black, 
with a delicate bloom. Flesh dull white, firm, sweet, and richly 
flavored. 

LOMBARDY. 
Flame-Colored Tokay. Rhemish Eed. Wantage. Red Grape of Taurida. 

The Lombardy is remarkable for the very large size of the bunches, 
which are frequently twelve to eighteen inches long. It is a handsome 
fruit, the berries thickly set (so much so as to need a good deal of thin- 
ning), and it requires fire-heat to bring it to full perfection. 

Bunches very large, handsomely formed, with large shoulders. Ber- 
ries large, roundish. Skin thick, pale red or flame-colored. Flesh firm, 
sweet, with a sprightly, very good flavor. 

Miller's Burgundy, 

Miller Grape. Mliller. Le Mennier. 

MuUevrebe. Morillon Taconne. Morone Farlnaccio. 

Fromente. Pulverulenta. Aleatica dii Po. 

Farineux noir. Sauvignien noir. Noirin. 

A variety that ripens pretty well in the open air, and is readily 
known by the dense covering of cottony down which lines both sides of 
the leaves, whence the name 3Iiller''s Grape. 

Bimches short, thick, and compact. Berries roundish oval, very 
closely set together. Skin thin, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh ten- 
der, abounding with a sweet, high-flavored juice. Each beiTy contains 
two small seeds. 



the grape. 621 

Muscat of Alexandria, 

Alexandrian Frontignan. Moscatel Gordo Blanco. 

Charlesworth Tokay Malaga. Panse Musquoe. 

Muscat Escholata. Passe Musqure. 

Muscat Grec. Tottenham Park Muscat 

Muscat of Jerusalem, Uva Salnmana. 

Muscat of Lunel. White Muscat of Alexandria. 

Muscat Romain. Muscat Esculata ? 

A well-knoAvii Grape which furnishes the Muscatel Raisius, from 
Spain. It requires a high temperature to ripen it thoroughly. 

Bunches very lai'ge, long, loose shouldered. Berries large, oval, \inequai 
in size. Skin thick, pale amber, thin white bloom. Flesh firm, mode- 
rately juicy, sweet and rich, fine Muscat flavor. 

PiTMASTON White Cluster. 

A pretty hardy Grape, raised in Pitmaston, England, from the 
Black Cluster, ripening rather earlier than the Sweetwater, of good 
quality, and well deserving a place where the foreign Grapes are culti- 
vated in the open air. 

Bunches of medium size, compact, and shouldered. Berries middle- 
sized, round. Skin thin, amber color, occasionally tinged with a little 
msset when fully ripe. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 

Primavis Frontignan. 

An early ripening variety that sets well and is productive. 

Bunches large, long, shouldered, berries me^^ium to large, round, 
amber. Flesh rather solid, tender, juicy, sweet, and rich. One of the 
finest of the Muscat Chasselas family. Early. 

Red Chasselas. 

Red Muscadine. Chasselas Rouge Foncee. 

Chasselas Rouge, Cerese Septembro, 

This Grape a good deal resembles the White Chasselas, except that 
the berries are slightly colored with red, Very rarely, when over ripe, 
they become a dark red. 

Bunches loose, not large. Berries medium size, round. Skin thin, 
at first pale green, but when exposed to the sun they become red. Flesl: 
tender, sweet, and very good. 

Beeves' Muscadine. 

An excellent variety for the cold vinery. 

Bunches lai-ge, conical, loose, shouldered. Berries large, nearly 
round, amber color. Flesh tender, rich, juicy, sweet. 

BoYAL Muscadine. 

Amber Muscadine. Chasselas de Fontaineblean. 

Early White Teneriffe. D'Arbois. 

Golden Chasselas. Raisin de Champagne. 

White Chasselas. Amiens. 

Chasselas dore. Campanella Bianca. 

Chasselas blaac. White Nice, or Xerea. 

A. trulv pxcelleut Grape in all respects — one of the very best foj 



522 THE GRAPE. 

hardy ciiltiire in this climate, or for the vinery. It is overywherft 
highly esteemed, and is the Chasselas par excellence of the French. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries larger than those of the 
Sweetwater, round. Skin thin, at first greenish white, but turning to 
an amber color when fully ripe. Flesh tender, with a rich and delicious 
flavor. Kipens here about the 20th of September. Wood and foliage 
stronger than those of the Sweetwater. 

Scotch White Clustek. 

Blacksmith's Wliite Cluster. Diamant. 

Laan Hatif. Diamant Traube. 

Van der Laan Precoce. 

This Grape was raised by a blacksmith of Edinburgh in 1812. 
Bunches of middle siae, compact. Berries medium-sized, roundisl 
oval. Skin white, thin. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 

Steian. 
Jews. Palestine. Terra de la Promise. 

This is believed to be the Grape mentioned in the Scriptures as 
found by the Israelites on the brook of Eshcol, the bunches of which 
were so large as to be borne on a staff by two men. It is a very superb- 
looking fruit, and has been grown in this country to very large size. In 
England bunches of it have been produced weighing 19-|- lbs. 

Bunches enormously large, and regularly formed, with broad shoul- 
ders. Berries large, oval. Skin thick, white at first, but becoming a 
tawny yellow or amber when at full maturity. Flesh firm and solid, 
moderately juicy and sweet, though not rich. Will hang till Christmas 
in a vinery. The wood and foliage are very large. 

Teebbiano. 
Trebbiano Bianco. Trebbiano Veto. Erbalus. Ugni Blanc. 

A variety that requires a tolerably high temperature, especially 
during the fall months. It is a late sort, and hangs well. 

Bunches very large, broad, shouldered. Berries medium, roundish, 
oval. Skin thick, somewhat adhering to the flesh, whitish, with a deli- 
cate bloom. Flesh firm, sweet, rich. 

Trentham Black. 
Long Noir d'Espagne. 

A fine variety, well suited to the cold vinery. It ripens with Black 
Hamburgh, but will hang plump and fresh long after that variety has 
Bhrivelled. 

Bunches large, tapering, and shouldered. Berries above mediumj 
oval. Skin tough, jet black, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh melt' 
ing, juicy, rich, sugary, vinoiis. 



the grape. 52'! 

Troverek Frontignan. 
Troveren. Muscat Troveren. Muscat Trt vercn Blanc. 

This, says Rivers, is one of, if not the finest of all the Frontignana 
A great bearer, and with a rich Muscat flavor in the fruit. 

Bunches large. Berries very large, roundish oval, greenish, chang 
Ing to pale amber. Flesh fii-m and crackling, juicy, sweet, and acid. 
Requires fire heat. 

Tyningham Muscat. 

A late variety that sets well and is very productive. 

Bunches very large, double-shouldered. Berries large, oval, ambej: 
yellow, slight bloom. Flesh solid, juicy, sweet, and of a I'ich Muscat 
flavor. 

Verdelho. 
Verdal. Verdilliio. Madeira Wine Grape. 

A vigorous growing Grape, of good quality, from Madeira, which is 
largely used in that island for making the best wines. 

Bunches rather small, loose. Berries small, rather unequal in size, 
and often without seeds. Skin thin, semi-transparent, yellowish green, 
a Kttle tinged with russet when very ripe. Juice a little acid at first, 
but rich and excellent at maturity. 

White Frontignan. 

White Constantia. White Frontniac. -Nepean's Constantia. 

Muscat Blanc. Eaisin de Frontignan. Muscat Blanc de Jura. 

Moschata Bianca. Moscado Bianco. Moscatel Commun. 

Muscateller. Weisser Muscateller. Weisse Muscaten Traube. 

The White Frontignan is a very favorite Grape, as the many names 
quoted above, by which it is known in various parts of Europe, sufli- 
ciently prove. Its hardy habit, uniform productiveness in the vinery, 
and most kiscious flavor, make it everywhere esteemed. 

Bunches of medium size, or pretty long, and without shoulders. 
Berries middle-sized, round, rather thickly set. Skin tliin, dull white 
or yellow, covered with a thin bloom. Flesh tender, with a rich, per- 
fumed, musky flavor. 

White Hamburgh. 
White Lisbon. White Portugal White Eaisia. 

This is the Portugal Grape of commerce, which is so largely ex- 
ported to diiferent parts of the world in jars. It is not a high-flavored 
though a very showy gi'ape, and will hang a long time on the vines after 
maturity. It requires fire-heat. 

Bunches very large and loose. Berries large oval. Skin thick, 
greenish white. Flesh solid, sweet, and sometimes with a slight Muscat 
flavor. Bunches of this variety weighing over three pounds have been 
grown near Boston. 



524 the gkapk. 

White Nice. 

A veiy large and showy fruifc, and, in a vinery with fire-heat, a ven 
excellent sort. M'Intosh, an English gardener of reputation, has growr- 
bunches of this the White Nice to the enormous weight of eighteeji 
pounds, and considers it " one of the noblest of grapes." 

Bunches very large, with loose shoulders, BeiTies roundish, medium 
size, thinly distributed over the shoulders and sides of the bunch. Skin 
thin, rather tough, greenish white, becoming, finally, a little yellowish. 
Flesh crisp, sweet, and of very good flavor. Lea\es and wood very 
strong, the latter remarkably downy beneath. 

White Ressling. 

Schloss Johannisberg. E.udesheimerberg'. Riessling; 

Petit Riessling. Grosser Riessling. Eossling. 

Kleiner Eiessling. 

The most celebrated Grape of the Rhine, producing the celebrated 
Hock wines. 

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rather small, round. 
Skin tliin. Flesh tender and juicy, with sweet and sprightly pleasant 
flavor. 

White Sweetwater. 

Early White Muscadine. White Muscadine. Early Sweetwater. 

Stillward's Sweetwater. Dutch Sweetwater. Chasselas Precoce. 

Chasselas Royal. Water Zoete Blanc. 

This Grape is better known and more commonly cultivated than any 
other in this country, although it is inferior to the Royal Muscadine. 
Ii differs from the latter in having weaker wood, and open, loose 
b\inches of a paler color. 

Bunches middle-sized, loose or open, usually with many small imper- 
fect berries, shouldered. Berries of the middle size, round. Skin thin, 
clear watery green, rarely becoming amber, except very fully exposed to 
the sun. Flesh crisp, watery, sweet, but not high-flavored. Ripens in 
the open air from the 20th to the last of August — a fortnight earlier 
than the Royal Muscadine. 

White Tokay. 
Genuine Tokay. Gray Tokay. Tokai blanc. 

This is the fruit from which the delicious Tokay wine of Hungary 
is made. Its flavor is good, and its aroma peculiarly agreeable. 

Bunches of medium size, compact. Berries rounded oval, closely 
set. Skin tliin, of a dull white. Flesh very delicate, sweet and per- 
fumed. 

Yeddo. 

A variety from Japan, introduced "with high praise, but proved of 
attle value. 

Bunches medium. Berries medium, brownish. Flesh rich and 
sweet. Not good enough for the vinery, and liable to xaildew in the 
open air. 



THE GRAPE. f)2S 



AMERICAN GRAPES. 

The better varieties of the native Grapes are among ihe most valua- 
ble of fruits in the Middle States. Hardy, vigorous, and j:)roductive^ 
with a moderate amount of care they yield the farmer and the 'common 
gardener, to whom the finer foreign sorts, requiring much attention and 
considerable expense in culture, are denied, the enjoyment of an abun- 
ilunce of very good fruit. 

The grape region has been lately greatly extended by the addition of 
new varieties, which, in consequence of ripening their fruit much earlier 
than the Isabella and Catawba, are suited to two or three degrees of lati- 
tude farther north than the limit of the cultivation of these varieties. 

The garden culture of the hardy native grapes, although not very 
difficult, camiot be accomplished so as to give the fruit in perfection, 
without some attention to their habits and wants. The soil should be 
dry, deeply worked, and well enriched, always bearing in mind that it 
is an essential point to secure a perfectly open, sunny exposure, as it 
may always be assumed that with its no atmosphere can be too warm or 
bright for the gi-ape ; for although it will make the most vigorous shoots 
in the shade of trees or buildings, yet the crops will be small, the fruit poor 
and uncertain, and the vines likely to fall a prey to mildew. 

In the second place, the vines should be kejH within moderate hounds, 
and trained to an upright trellis. The Isabella and Concord are so 
rampant in their growth, when young, that the indulgent and gi^atified 
cultivator is but too apt to allow them to overbear ; the border should 
always be given to the exclusive occupancy of the vines, and the roots 
should be allowed space proportional to the branches they are to carry. 
By observing these directions, and not suffering the vines to overbeai-, 
they may be continued a long time in full vigor and productiveness. 

The system of pruning and training these grapes generally pursued 
is the upright mode, with the spur mode of training. The first season's 
growth of a newly planted vine is cut back to two buds the ensuing fall 
or spring. These two buds are allowed to form two upright shoots the 
next summer, which at the end of the season are brought down to a 
horizontal position, and fastened each way to the lower horizontal rail 
of the trellis, being shortened at the distance of three or four feet from the 
root — or as far each side as the plant is wished to extend. The next 
season, upright shoots are allowed to grow one foot apart, and these, as 
soon as they reach the top of the trellis, are also stopped. The next 
year, the trellis being filled with the vines, a set of lateral shoots will 
be produced from the upright leaders, with from one to three bunches 
upon each, which will be the first crop. The vine is now perfect, and, 
in the spur mode of pruning, it is only necessary at the close of every 
season, that is, at the autumnal or winter pruning, to cut back these 
lateral shoots or fruit-spurs to within an inch of the upright shoot from 
which they sprang, and a new lateral producing fruit will annually sup- 
ply its place, to be again cut out at the winter pruning. 

After several years' bearing, if it is found that the grapes fail in 
size or flavor, the vines should be cut down to the main horizontal 
shoots at the bottom of the trellis. They will then speedily make a new 
set of upT-ight shoots which will produce very abundantly, as at first. 

It cannot be denied that the renewal system of training (507) is 



DL'6 THE GRAPE. 

Lioriain of yielding always the largest and finest fruit, though not so 
large a crop — as half the surface of the vine is every year occupied with 
young wood, to take the place of that annually cut out. 

What we have already stated (509) i-especting pruning will ap- 
ply equally well here. If the vine is fully exposed to the sun it wil] 
require very little summer pruning ; in fact, none, except stopping the 
young shoots three joints beyond the farthest bunch of grapes, at mid- 
summer—for the leaves being intended by nature to elaborate the sap, 
the more we can retain of them (without robbing the fruit unduly of 
fluids expended in making new growth) the larger and higher flavored 
will be the fruit ; careful experiments having proved that there is no 
more successful mode of impoverishing the crop of fruit than that of 
pulling off" the leaves. 

In the axils of the leaves by the side of the buds which are to send 
^orth shoots for next season's crops, branches called laterals push forth, 
•«^hich should be pinched off at the first leaf, and at the next leaf where 
they start again ; generally the second stopping will be suflScient. 

The annual pruning of the hardy grapes is usually performed during 
mild days in February or March — at least a month before vegetation is 
likely to commence. Many cultivators prefer to prune their vines in 
November, and, except for cold latitudes or exposures, this is undoubt- 
edly the better season. 

Vineyard Culture. The vineyard culture of the native grape is 
very simple. Strong, loamy, or gTavelly soils are preferable — limestone 
and clay shale being usually the best — and a warm, open, sunny expo- 
sure being indispensable. 

In preparing the soil, if it is loamy or gravelly, a simple deep 
ploughing is all that is requisite ; but if it is clay, or underlaid with a clay 
hard-pan, the subsoil should be thoroughly broken to a depth of not less 
than sixteen inches. This, on most lands, can be done by means of a 
plough and team. Steep sidehills or slopes must of course be prepared by 
hand labor, digging and trenching the ground thoroughly with the 
spade. 

The vines are planted in rows^ the distance from plant to plant vary- 
ing according as it is a strong and vigorous grower like Concord, or a 
moderate short-jointed grower like Delaware. The first are generally 
planted eight by eight feet or eight by ten feet apart, and the latter four 
by six feet ; while varieties of intermediate vigor are placed at six by 
eight feet. The renewal system of pruning is generally practised, and 
the vines are trained both on stakes and wire trellis, the latter being 
most generally considered as the best and most economical. 

The ordinary culture is as simple as that of a field of Indian com — 
one man and horse with a plough, and the horse cultivator, being able 
to keep a pretty large surface in good order. The annual pruning is 
performed in autumn or winter, top-dressing the vines when it is neces- 
sary in the spring ; and the summer work, thinning, tying, and gather- 
ing being chiefly done by women and children. 

The summer work is one requiring some care and watchfulness, al- 
though attendant with light labor, and, as we have said, may be performed 
bj women and children. In vineyard culture the long renewal system is 
most practised ; by it the vine the first year is permitted to make but one 
leading shoot, all the buds likely to form other shoots being rubbed off 
early in spring, or as soon as they have fully developed. The second 



THE QRAPE. 527 

year this one cane, or the first year's growth, is cut down to two buds, 
and these are grown to two long canes, all others, as the first year, being 
rubbed off. The third year one of tliese canes of the second year's 
growth is cut down to two buds, and the other to four buds — the former 
again permitted to make two good long stout canes, and the latter 
allowed to produce about four or six clusters of fruit, all the ground 
shoots being rubbed away. ^When the buds break in spi'ing, as soon as 
they are about one inch long the bearing canes are to be examined, and 
all but one shoot at each axil be rubbed out, otherwise there will be a 
mass of small shoots and clustei'S withoxit any perfect fruit. It is also 
in some varieties deemed advisable to rub out entire all the buds of each 
alternate joint, leaving only one-half the natural quantity to fruit. "Wher- 
this is done the Avinter pruning of the bearing cane should be somewhat 
longer than when each bud is allowed to fruit. 

The two buds or canes for the next year's fruiting are allowed ta 
grow as long as they will, and are ti-ained upright ; the other, on which 
the fruit is grown, is carried ofl' at an angle of about forty -five degrees, 
and when it has made its shoots, set its fi-viit, and grown so that there are 
three or four leaves or joints beyond the fruit they are stopped by 
pinching, as we have advised in the training of foreign gi'apes, the only 
point of difierence being in permitting our native sorts more liberty and 
foliage. The following season, or fourth year, the cane which has this 
year borne fruit is cut down to two buds, and the two canes of this year's 
growth are cut to four or more buds for fruit-bearing, and trained at an 
angle of forty-five degrees each way, while the two buds on the bearing 
cane of last year make canes for the succeeding year's bearing. 

Diseases and Insects. The mildew and rot are diseases which 
most afiect the success of grape culture in this country. Many theories 
and suggestions as to their origin, cause, etc., have been promulgated 
and printed, but we feel that as yet no clear and full explanation or 
cause has been adduced. Sudden changes of temperature, a cold night 
or two in the month of August, a few days of foggy warm rain, followed 
by clear sunshine, often producing the disease, with serious results, with- 
out regard to the most thorough practices of prevention as advised by 
theorists. 

The beetles which sometimes infest the grape-vines in summer, 
especially the large brownish yellow vine beetle (JPelidnota punctata), 
and the grape-vine flea-beetle {Haltica clialyhea), are very destructive to 
the foliage and buds, and the most effectual remedy is hand-picking 
when taken in time. 

Grafting the grape may be performed, and often quite successfully. 
Operatoi's differ in their opinion as to the best season, some prefei-ring 
the autumn, some eai'ly spring, and some quite late spring. But, what- 
ever time is taken, it must be remembered that the union of the graft 
and stock should always be covered with earth, leaving the top or upper 
bud of the graft level with the groimd. 

Keeping. Grapes may be kept into mid-winter or even spring. 
They should be gathered in a dry day, laid in tiers of two bunches deep 
on shelves for a couple of days, then aired, and each bunch carefully 
wrapped in soft paper an. I packed in boxes, not over five or six inches 
•loep, and laid away in a cool dry room. Another plan is to pack them 
in layers with fine soft hay, ciit by a cutting machine into about inch- 
long bits, laying a layer of hay, then grapes, and then hay again. If 



628 THE GHAPE. 

grapes are gathered before they are fully matured, they do not have as 
good flavor, nor are they as rich and sweet as when fully ri pe. In han- 
dling, be careful to take them always by the stem. 



VARIETIES. 

Adiroxdac. 

The original vine of this Grape was discovered in the grounds of J. 
Gr. Witherbee, Port Henry, Essex Co., N". Y., and was introduced 
to notice by J. W. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N.Y. The growth and foKage 
is much like Isabella, but not as vigorous. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries large, round. Skin 
thin, dark purplish black, covered with a delicate white bloom. Flesh 
very tender, j uicy, mild, pleasant, sweet, not rich. Ripens a week or ten 
days earlier than Isabella. 

Agawam. 

Rogers' No. 15. 

Raised by E. S, Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine very vigorous, very 
productive, biit subject to rot badly in vmfavorable seasons. 

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered, Berr}"- large, round- 
ish, dark red or maroon. Flesh almost tender, juicy, Adnous, with a 
little of the native aroma. Ripens soon after the Concord. 

Albino. 

Garber's Albino. 

Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. 

Bunch small. Berry nearly round, slightly oval, yellowish or amber 
color. Flesh acid, tough, too late for the North. 

Alexander's. 

Schuylkill Muscadel, Winne. 

Muscadine. Schuylkill Madeira. 

Cape Grape. Constantia. 

Springmill Constantia, Black Cape. 

Clifton's Constantia, York Lisbon. 

Madeira, of York, Pa. ? Vevay, 

Tasker's Grape. Rotbxock, of Prince, 

This Grape, a natural seedling, was first discovered by Mr. Alex- 
ander, gardener to Gov, Penn, before the war of the Revolution. It is 
not unfrequently found, as a seedling, from the wild Foxgrape, on the 
borders of otir woods. 

Bunches rather compact. Berries of medium size, roundish oval. 
Skin thick, quite black. Flesh with a very firm pulp, but jiucy, rather 
harsh. October. 

The White Cape is similar to above, differing only in its cole r, which 
is gi-eenish white. 

Allair. 

Bunch small, loosb. Berry medium, reddish brown. Flesh pttlpy, 
harsh, poor. 



THE GRAPE. 



629 




Adiiondao. 

34 



630 the grapb. 

Alvey. 
Hagar. 

IntroQnced by Dr. Harvey, of Hagerstown, Md. Vine vigorous, 
moderately productive. 

Bunches above medium, long, and shouldered. Berries medium or 
small, roundish, black. Flesh tender, refreshing, vinous. Bipena 
middle to last of September. 

Archer. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bunch large. Berries medium, roundish, greenish white, ambei 
m the sun, white bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet, pleasant. Very good. 
Nov. (Hort.) Ripens too late for the North. 

Arkansas. 

A small black variety from the Southwest, that is said to promisf 
well for making of red wine. 

Bunch compact. Berry round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Bipena 
with Catawba. 

Arcott. 

Resembles Cassady. Liable to cast its foliage. Skin thick. Valu- 
able only for wine. (Miss. Rep.) 

AUGHWICK. 

A new variety, described as having originated with Wm. A. Fraker, 
Shirleysburgh, Huntingdon Co., Pa. 

Bunches and berries similar to Clinton in size and form and color. 
Flesh dark red, juicy, making a dark wine. We have not seen the 
Grape. 

August Pioneer. 

Origin iinknown. It is one of the coarsest of native sorts, large, 
black, with a firm, hard, pulpy flesh, fit only for stewing. Middle 
of August. 

AUTUCHON. 
Arnold's No. 5. 

Originated in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. W., from seed of 
Clinton crossed with Golden Chasselas. Leaf deeply lobed. 

Bunch quite long, moderately compact, often shouldered. Berries 
medium, greenish white with a golden tint when fully ripe. Skin thin. 
Flesh void of pulp, resembling White Chasselas, but more sprightly and 
rich. Ripens with Delaware. (C. Arnold, MS.) 

Baldwin le Noib. 

Originated at West Chester, Pa. 

Bunches small, rather loose. Berries small, quite dark, almost 
black. Flesh somewhat pulpy, brisk, rough acid. May do for wine : 
not desirable for table use October. 



THE GRAPE. 691 



Jarnes. 



Origin, Parker Barnes, Boston, Mass. 

Bunches shouldered. Berries medium, oval, black, sweet, good 
September 5th, or nearly as early as Hartford. 'New. (Strong.) 

Barry. 
Rogers' No. 43. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, produc- 
tive. 

Bunch rather large, short, broad, compact, often shouldered. Berry 
large, roundish, black. Flesh tender, nearly free from pulp, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Ripens about the time of Concord. 

Baxter. 

A late ripening variety from the South. 

Bunch long, loose. Berries small, black, juicy, not much pulp, but 
qmte acid here at the North. May be better South. Yery late in 
ripening. 

Bird's Egg. 

Bunch long, pointed. Berry long oval, whitish, with brown specks 
Flesh pulpy. Only good. Curiosity. 

Black Hawk. 

Originated at Lebanon, Pa., from seed of Concord vine. Strong, 
vigorous, hardy. 

Bunch medium to large. Berry large, nearly round. Flesh some- 
what pulpy, like its parent. Comparatively new and untested. 

Black July. 

Lincoln. Sherry. McLean. 

Devereux. Thurmond. . Husson. 

Sumpter. Hart. Lenoir, incorrectly. 

Blue Grape. Tuley. 

Origin uncertain. A small black Grape, a half-hardy vine, not an 
warly bearer. 

Bunches small, compact. Berries small, dark bluish black. Flesh 
tender, juicy, vinous, somewhat prized South for wine. 

Bland. 

Bland'a Virginia. Bland's Madeira. Red Souppemong of some. 

Bland's Pale Red. Powell. 

The Bland does not ripen well North, except in favorable situations, 
and should always be planted in a warm exposure. It is said to have 
been found on the eastern shore of Virginia, by Col. Bland of that State. 

Bunches rather long, loose, and often with small imperfect berries. 
Berries round, on long stalks, hanging rather thinly. Skin thin, at first 
pale green, but pale red when ripe. Flesh slightly pulpy, of a pleasant, 
sprightly, delicate flavor, and with little or no musky scent, but a slight 
astringency. Ripens late. 



532 the gkape. 

Blood's Black. 

A native fox Grape, healthy, hardy, and productive of fruit, quite 
harsh and foxy. 

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berry round, black. Ripena 
about with Hartford, and inferior. 

Blue Favorite. 

A Southern Grape that does not ripen well North. Vine vigorous, 
productive. 

Bunch above medium. Berries medium, round, blue black, sweet, 
vinous, much coloring matter. Bipe South early in September, and 
there said to be much esteemed for wine-making. 

Blue Imperial. 

Origin uncertain. Vine vigorous, free from mildew, not productive. 
Bunches medium, short. Berry large, round, black. Flesh with a 
hard acid centre or pulp. Eipens with Hartford. Inferior. 

Brand YwiNE. 
Origin, Wilmington, Del. 

Bunch large, shouldered, rather compact. Berry oval, greenish 
white. Flesh tender. Middle September. (Gai-. Mon.) 

Brant. 
Arnold's No. 8. 

Baised by Charles Arnold, Paris, C. "W., from seed of Clinton 
fructified with mixed foreign pollen. Yine strong, healthy grower. 
Foliage of a dark reddish green, deeply lobed. Smooth on both sides. 

Bunch and berry medium, black. Flesh free from pulp, very juicy, 
sweet, and, when perfectly ripe, rich and aromatic. Bipens early. (C. 
Arnold, MS.) 

Brinckle. 

Raised by Peter Baabe, near Philadelphia. Vine tender. 
Bunch large, rather compact, sometimes shouldered. Berries round, 
black. Flesh slightly pulpy, vinous, saccharine. Good. Bipens Sept. 

Brown. 
Very much like Isabella, and ripens with it. 

Burroughs. 

From Vermont, Vine allied to the Clinton. 

Bunch small. Berry round, black, thick bloom. Flesh harsh, acid, 
Rustere. Ripens a little earlier than Isabella. 

Burton's Early. 
A large early, poor Fox Grape. Unworthy culture. 

Camden. 
Of the fox class. 

Bunch medium. BeiTy large, greenish white. Flesh with a hard 
centre, acid, poor. 



the grape. 533 

Canada. 
Arnold's No. 16. 

Raised from seed of Clinton crossed with pollen ol Black St. Peter's. 
Vine and foliage somewhat like Clinton. The fruit also resembles Clinton 
in appearance of bunch, but larger berry. 

Bunch and berry above medium, shoiildered. Skin thin, black, with 
a fine bloom. Flesh free from pulp, juicy, with a distiiact foreign flavor, 
and aromatic. Ripens with Concord. (Chas. Arnold, MS.) 

Carter. 

Of a foxy character. Berries rovmd, large, almost black. Ripens 
with Isabella, and inferior. 

Cassady. 

An accidental seedling that sprang up in P. H. Cassady's yard, in 
Philadelphia. 

Bunches medium size, tolerably compact, and sometimes shouldered. 
Berry below medium, round, greenish white, wi+h occasionally a faint 
salmon tint, and thickly covered with white bloom. Flesh juicy, little 
pulp, pleasant, peculiar honey sweet. 

Catawba. 

Red Muncy. Catawba Tokay. Saratoga ? 

Michigan. Fancher ? 

This excellent native Grape was first introduced to notice by Major 
Adlum, of Georgetown, D. C, and was found by him in Maryland. 

The Catawba is too late in ripening for general cultivation in the 
Eastern and Northern States ; but where it does succeed few Grapes are 
its superior. Clay shale soils appear to give most richness to the fruit ; 
but very handsome clusters are grown in gravelly or sandy soils. It is 
a popular and profitable market sort. Yine hardy and productive. 

Bunches of medium size, somewhat loose, shouldered. Berries 
round (or sometimes slightly oval), pretty large. Skin rather thick, 
pale red in the shade, but pretty deep red in the sun, covered wdth a 
lilac bloom. Flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, very sweet, with an aromatic, 
rich, musky flavor. Ripe from the 1st to the middle of October, and 
should be allowed to hang till fully ripe. 

Mead's Seedling, and Mammoth Catawba, and Poeschel's Mammoth 
are claimed as seedlings of the Catawba ; but they are so nearly identical 
as not to require distinct descriptions. The Zane, White Catawba, 
Pond's Seedling, James' Seedling, Clermont, also belong to this class. 

Challenge. 

Raised by Rev. Asher Moore, from a cross between Concord and 
Royal Muscadine. Vine hardy and thrifty. 

Bunches short, compact, shouldered. Berries rather large, roimd, 
pale red like Catawba. Flesh slightly pulpy, juicy, sweet. Ripens 
before Concord. (W. F. Basset.) 

Charter Oak. 
A very large, coarse, native Fox Grape, quite worthless except for size 



634 the gbaps. 

Chippewa. 

A variety found growing on tlae banks of the (^Tiippewa Creek, and 
described in 1868 by Wm. H. Read. 

Bunches good size, compact, heavily shouldered. Berries medium, 
black, covered with bloom. Flesh tender, melting, sweet, and excellent. 
We have never seen the vine or heard of it since the first above-pub- 
lished description in the " Country Gentleman." 

Clara. 

A chance seedling in grounds of Peter Raabe, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Vine rather tender. 

Bvinch medium, loose, shouldered. Berry medium, roundish, pale 
yellow, translucent. Flesh tender, juicy sweet. A fine amateur sort. 
Kipens with Catawba. 

Claret. 

A seedling of Chas. Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Vine vigorous. 
Bunch and berry medium, claret red, acid. Not valuable. 

Clinton. 
WortMngton. 

Origin uncertain, said to have originated in Western New York. 
Growth vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, long and narrow, somewhat irregular, 
but compact. Berries round, rather below medium size, black, covered 
with a thick bloom, juicy, with some acidity and toughness in its pulp, 
but with a brisk vinous flavor. Colors early, but does not fully ripen 
until quite late, or after frost. 

Clover Street Black. 

A seedling raised by Jacob Moore, from Diana crossed by Black 
Hamburgh. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries. large, roundish, black, 
with a dark violet bloom. Flesh tender, sweet. Vine moderately vig- 
orous. Ripens with Concord. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Clover Street Red. 

Same origin as the preceding. 

Bunches larger than Diana, loose, occasionally with a similar long 
stalk or shoulder appended to the top. Berries large, roundish oval, 
crimson when fully ripe, with a slight Diana flavor. Vine a strong 
grower. Ripens with Diana. (Hov, Mag.) 

Columbia. 

This Grape is said to have been found by Mr. Adlum on his farm 
Rt Georgetown, D. C. A vigorous grower, productive. 

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, black, with a thin bloom, with 
very little hardness or acidity in its pulp, not higli-flavored, but pleas 
ant and vinous. Ripe last of September. 



THK GRAPE. 



OSff 




53(t the grape. 

Concord. 

This fine hardy native Grape was raised from seed by E. W. liull, 
Concord, ]\Iass. It is of very healthy, vigorous habit, and productive. 

Bunch rather compact, large shouldered. Berries large, globular, 
almost black, thickly covered with bloom. Skin rather thick, with 
more of the native pungency and aroma than the Isabella, which it re- 
sembles, but does not quite equal in quality. Flesh somewhat buttery, 
moderately juicy, sweet, with considerable toughness and acidity in its 
pulp. It is more hardy than the Isabella, and ripens about ten days 
earlier, consequently it is a very valuable variety for a large northern 
range where the Isabella does not ripen. It is very popular, but as a 
market sort the fruit, if left to ripen before gathered, does not cany well 
long distances, and is liable to drop from the bxinch after a few days. 

Conqueror. 

A cross between Concord and Royal Muscadine, grown by Rev. 
Asher Moore. Vine hardy, thrifty, productive. 

Bunches rather long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium to large, 
sorcewhat pear-shaped, glossy, black, with a fine bloom. Flesh slightly 
pulpy, juicy, sweet. Ripens with Concord. New. (W. F. Bas- 
sett, MSS.) 

Cornucopia. 
Arnold's No. 2. 

Raised in the year 1859, by Charles Arnold, from seed of Clinton, 
crossed with St. Peters. "Vine very healthy and vigorous. Leaves 
large, dark green, smooth on both sides. Wood short-jointed. Very 
productive, and a long keeper. 

Bunch large, compact, shouldered. Berry above medium, very 
black, with a fine bloom. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, no pulp. Ripens 
with Concord, which ripens early. (C. Arnold, MSS.) 

Cottage. 

This is a new variety, originated with E. "W. Bull, and by him de- 
scribed as: 

Fruit black, and ripening two weeks before Concord. 

Cowan. 
McCowan. 
A native. 

Bunch and berry medium, black, rather harsh and austere. Not 
desirable. 

Crevelling. 

Catawissa Bloom. Bloomburg. 

Columbia County. Laura Beverly ? 

Claimed to be of Pennsylvania origin. Vine hardy and vigorous, 
moderately productive. It has imperfect blooms, but is said to be quite 
productive when grown side by side with Concord. 

Banch medium to large, long, loose, shouldered. Berries medium, 
nearly round, black, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, very little ]3ulp, 
juicy, sweet, and moderately rich, more so than Concord. Ripens soon 
after Hartford Prolific. 



THE GRAPE. 537 



CUOTON. 



Anew variety, originated by Stephen Underliill, Croton ]*oiut, N. Y., 
from seed of Delaware crossed by Chasselas. The vine is a line gi-ower, 
hardy. 

Bunch medium, shouklered, moderately compact. Berries small to 
medium, light gieenish yellow. Skin thin. Flesh juicy, sprightly, 
sweet, pleasant, rich. Ripens about with Hartford Prolific. 

Cunningham. 
Long. 

Said to have originated with Jacob Cunningham, Prince Edward Co., 
Va. Vine vigorous healthy. A variety of value for wine, South and 
Southwest. 

Bunch medium, brownish, compact, often, not always, shouldered. 
Beri'ies small, round, black. Flesh juicy, rich. Not quite hardy at the 
North, ant^ ripens later than Catawba. 

Cuyahoga. 
Wemple . 

A chance seedling found and grown by Wemple, Collamer, 

Cuyahoga Co., O. Vine strong grower, requires a warm sandy soil and 
exposure to make it desirable at tlie North ; but when well grown is 
of fine quality. South it casts its foliage, and is not valuable. 

Bunch medium, compact. Berry medium, dull greenish amber 
when fully ripe. Flesh tender, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Ripens with 
Catawba or a little later. 

Cynthiana. 
Red River. 

Of unknown origin, said to be Kansas. A distinct and valuable 
variety for making of red wine South and West, or v/herever the Catawba 
will ripen. Vine very vigorous, hardy, and productive. It much re- 
sembles Norton's Virginia, and is perhaps superior. 

Bunches moderately compact, shouldered. Berries small, round, 
black, blue bloom. Flesh juicy, the juice not qiiite as dark in color as 
Norton's Virginia. 

Dana. 

A seedling grown by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass., and 
described in the " Massachusetts Horticultural Transactions." 

Bunch medium, shouldered, compact, with a peculiar red stem. 
Berries rather large, nearly round, red, with a rich heavy bloom, so 
that when fully ripe they appear almost black. Flesh as free from 
pulp as Delaware ; not so sweet, but more spirited and vinous, yet 
not acid. Ripe last of September. 

Delaware. 

Heath. Italian Wine. 

The precise origin of this Grajie is not known. It was found many 
years since in the garden of Paul H. Provost, Frenchtown, Hunterdon 
Co., N. J. It is moderately vigorous in growth, with short-jointed 



538 



THE GRAPE. 



■wood. Quite hardy, requires rich soil, open, and well draiaed, to pra 
duce the finest of fruit. One of our most, if not the most, valuable sortj. 
for general cultivation. Yery productive. 




Bunch small, very compact, and generally shouldered. Berries 
rather small, round. Skin thin, of a beautiful light red, very translu- 
cent. It is without hardness or acidity in its pulp, exceedingly sweet 
but sprightly, vinous, and aromatic. 



THE GBAPE. 539 

Detroit. 

This variety is supposed to be a seedling. It was found in a garden 
in Detroit, Mich. Not having seen the fruit, we copy from descri})tion 
in the Horticultuiist : " Vine very vigorous and hardy. Foliage re- 
sembling Catawba. Wood shoi't-jointed. 

*' Bunches large, compact. Berries very dark, rich brown claret, with 
a light bloom, round and regular. Flesh with very little pulp, rich 
and sugary. Ripens earlier than Catawba." 

Diana. 

A seedling of the Catawba, raised by Mrs. Diana Crehore, of Bos- 
ton. It is a very fine fruit when well ripened, but while it colors early, 
does not ripen much, if any, earlier than Catawba. It is a very vigor- 
ous vine, requiring much room and long pruning, and increases in })ro- 
ductiveness and good quality as the vines get age. It does not require 
a very rich soil. 

Bunches large, very compact, and heavy, not proj^erly shouldered, 
but often having a small bunch appended by a long branch of the 
peduncle. 

The color is a hne reddish lilac, thickly covered with bloom. The 
benies round. The fruit when fully ripe abounds in fine rich juice, 
vinous, and aromatic, from which all the offensive native odor has dis- 
appeared. It hangs long on the vines, is not injured by severe frosts, 
and keeps admirably for winter use. 

Diana Hamburgh. 

Originated from seed of Diana, crossed with Black Hamburgh, by 
Jacob Moore, Rochester, N. Y. Yine a fair grower, with short-jointed 
wood, tolerably healthy, sometimes disposed to mildew. We have seen 
but little of it, and think it not suited for out-door culture. 

Bunch large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berries roundish 
oval, rich red, with a bloom. Flesh tender, sweet, somewhat aromatic, 
like Diana. Ripens nearly with Isabella. 

Dracut Amber. 

Originated by J. W. Manning, Dracut, Mass. Yine very vigorous, 
of the Fox Grape class, productive. 

Bunch large, compact, often shouldered. Beny large, round. Skin 
thick. Flesh quite pungent and foxy. Ripens about with Concord. 

Early Hudson. 

A round bin ok Grape, early, and of Little value, except as a curiosity, 
inasmuch as some of the berries contain no seed. 

Elizabeth. 

Originated on the farm of Joseph Hart, near Rochester, N. Y., and 
described in the Riiral New Yorker. 

Bunches large, compact. Berries large, roundish oval, gi-eenish 
white, with a slight purple tinge in the sun. Flesh rather pulpy, acid. 



540 the grape. 

Elsingbukgh. 

Smart's Elsingburg'. Elsenborough. Elsinboro. 

A very nice little Grape for the dessert, perfectly sweet and molt- 
ing, without pulp, originally brought from a township of this name iii 
Salem Co., N. J. It is not a great deal larger than the common Frost 
Grape in the size of the berry. A moderate, but i-egular bearer, ripens 
well, and much esteemed by many for the table. 

Bunches pretty large, loose, and shouldered. Berries small, round. 
Skin thin, black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh entirely without 
pulp, melting, sweet, and excellent. The leaves are deeply five-lobed, 
pretty dark green, and the wood rather slender, with long J9ints. 

Emily. 

Raised by Peter Raabe, near Philadelphia. 

Bunch large, not very compact, occasionally shouldered. Berry be- 
low medium, from three-eighths to one-half an inch in diameter, round, 
pale red. Flesh very juicy, with little or no pulp. Tender vine. 

EUMELAN. 

A chance seedling, originated at Fishkill, N. Y. Vine hardy, pro- 
ductive, and ripens early. 

The bunch of good size, compact, shouldered. Berry medium size, 
nearly round, of a deep purple or laluish black color, covered with a 
light bloom. Flesh tender, melting, ripening to the centre, sweet, 
sprightly, vinous. 

Flora. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Bunch small, compact. Berry small, roundish oval, purplish red. 
Flesh somewhat pulpy, acid at centre, juicy, vinous. Ripens about with 
Isabella. Vine hardy and productive. 

Franklin. 

Vine much the habit and growth of Clinton. Not as good a bearer. 
Bunch small, not very compact. Berry small, black, juicy, quite 
acid, austere. Unworthy. 

Gaerigues. 

Raised by Edward Garrigues, Kingsessing, Philadelphia. A vigor- 
ous grower, hardy and productive, very much resembles Isabella, and iio 
doubt a seedling of it. Ripens a few days earlier. 

Goethe. 

Rogers' No. 1. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, productive, 
and has more of the foreign character in it than any other of his seed- 
lings. It does not ripen here, except in favorable seasons. It is said to 
succeed well South and Southwest. 



THE GRAPE. 541 

Buncli large, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry very large, 
oval, yellowish green, often blotched with dull red. Flesh tender to 
the centre, juicy, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. 

Golden Clinton. 

King'. 

A seedling of Clinton, and resembles that variety, except in color of 
fruit, which is yellowish white. Not as productive as Clinton. 

Graham. 

An accidental seedling, introduced by William Graham, of Philadel- 
phia. 

Bunch of mediimi size, shouldered, not compact. Berry half an 
inch in diameter, round, pvirple, thickly covered with a blue bloom, con- 
tains little or no pulp, and abounds in juice of agreeable flavor. A 
poor grower and bearer. 

Hall. 

A variety grown by David Hall, of TJrbana, O. Berries medium, 
dark, almost black, better than Clinton, not equal to Isabella, but ear- 
lier. May be better South. 

Hartford Prolific. 
Seneca ? Framingham. 

Raised by Mr. Steel, of Hartford, Conn. Hardy, vigorous, and pro- 
ductive. 

Bunch large, shouldered, rather corripact. Berry large, globular, 
with a good deal of the native perfume. Skin thick, black, covered 
with a bloom. Flesh sweet, moderately juicy, with considerable tough- 
ness and acidity in its pulp. Bipe among the very earliest. An early 
variety for marketing, but too liable to drop its fruit from the bunch aa 
soon as fully lipe. 

Hattie. 

There are two Grapes under this name. One originated with Mrs. 
N. R. Haskell, Moni-oe, Mich. Is a medium-sized bunch, rather 
long and loose. Berries medium, slightly oval, bright clear red, trans- 
lucent, with a bloom. Flesh juicy, with little pulp, pleasantly vinous, 
not rich. Ripens -with Concord. The other Hattie, or Hettie, is of un- 
known origin. Bunch small. Berry black. Flesh somewhat pulpy, 
a poor grower and bearer, but ripens early. 

Herbzmont. 

Warren. Warrenton. 

Herbemont's Madeira. Neil Grape. 

Origin claimed for many localities, but not yet fully ascertained. It is, 
however, a Southern Grape, a vigorous grower, a good bearer, and parti cu- 



542 THE GRAPE. 

la,rly fitted for those Southern latitudes that are liable to injury from 
late frosts in spring, as it flowers very late. Tt is highly esteemed as a 
'wine grape in Missouri, Tennessee, and other Southern and Southwestern 
sections. At the North it does not ripen its fruit except in warm, shel- 
tered situations. 

Bunch large and compact, shouldered. Berries below medium, 
round, dark blue or violet, covered with a thick light bloom. Skin 
thin, which is filled with a sweet, rich, vinous aromatic juice of so little 
consistence that it cannot be called flesh. 

Hike. 

Originated with Jason Brown, of Put-in-Bay, O., from seed of 
Catawba. 

Bunch large, compact, slightly shouldered. Bemes medium, round, 
irregular in size, dark claret red. Flesh juicy, rich and sweet, slightly 
pulpy. Ripens about with Concord. 

Howell. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch and berries medium, oval, black. Skin thick. Flesh with 
firm pul]>, pleasant. Good. Middle September. 

Hudson. 

Originated in the garden of Mr. Calkins, Hudson, N. Y. Growth 
similar to Isabella. 

Bunch and berry much the same, but less sprightly and not quite so 
rich. 

Hyde's Eliza. 

Originated with Eliza Hyde, Catskill, N. Y. Vine moderately 
vigorous, and productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, often with a small shoulder. Berry 
medium size, round, black, covered with a thin, light bloom. Flesh 
tolerably juicy, somewhat buttery, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Bipe 
a few days before Concord. 

lONA. 

Originated by Dr. C. W. Grant, lona Island, N. Y, Vine vigorous, 
productive. A superior grape when in perfection. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered. 
Berries medium, roundish oval, light clear red, fine bloom. Skin thin. 
Flesh soft, tender to the centre, juicy sweet, vinous. Ripens a few 
daya after Delaware, and continues a long time in use. 

Isabella. 

Paign's Isabella. Christie's Improved Isabella, 

Woodward. Sanbomton ? 

Payne's Early. 

This very popular Grape, a native of South Carolina, was brought 
to the North and introduced to the notice of cultivators about the year 



TITK ORAJPE. 



543 




644 



THE GRAPE. 




Israella, 



THE GRAPE. 545 

1818, l)y Mrs. Isabella Gibbs, the wife of George Gibbs, Esq., in honor 
of whom it was named. Its great vigor, hardiness, and productiveness, 
with the least possible care, have caused it to be most widely dis- 
seminated. It is, perhaps, a little more hardy, and ripens earlier than 
the Catawba. 

Bunches of good size — five to seven inches long, rather loose, 
shouldered. Berries oval, pretty large. Skin thick, dark puri)le, 
becoming at last nearly black, covered with a blue bloom. Flesh tender, 
wdth some pulp, which nearly dissolves when fully mature ; juicy, sweet 
and rich, with slight musky aroma. 

This Grape is frequently picked as soon as it is well colored, and 
long before it is ripe. 

Many seedlings of the Isabella have been grown, diflering very 
little in form, size, or quality of fruit, or in growth and productiveness, 
and therefore we prefer to class them as sub-varieties. They are Clo- 
anthe, Aiken, Bichmond, Baker, Bogue's Eureka, Sanbomton, Wright's 
Isabella, Lee's, &c., &c. 

ISRAELLA. 

Originated with Dr. C. W. Grant, of lona Island, N. Y. Yine 
vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, compact. Berries large, 
slightly oval. Skin rather thin. Flesh tender, juicy, free from pulp, 
sweet. Bipens soon after Hartford Prolific. 

Ives. 
Ives' Seedling. Ives' Madeira. Kittredge. 

Raised by Henry Ives, of Cincinnati. Yine vigorous, productive. 
Has lately come into pretty high repute as a valuable wine Grape in its 
Qative locality. 

Bunch medium size, compact, shouldered. Berry medium, black, 
roundish oval. Flesh with some j^ulp, juicy, sweet, a Kttle too harsh 
for table use. Bipens with Isabella. 

KiLVlNGTON. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch medium, tolerably compact. Berry small, round, dull red, 
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy, half tender, vinous. 

KiNGSESSING. 

Bunch long, loose, shouldered. Berry medium, round, pale red, 
with a bloom. Flesh pulpy. 

Kitchen. 

Seedling from Franklin. 

Bunch and berry medium. Berry round, black. Flesh acid, juicy. 

Labe. 

Bunch rather small, short, oblong. Berries medium, loosely set, 
black. Flesh half tender, pulpy, sharp sweet. 

35 



646 THE GKAPK. 

Lake. 
Iden. 
Buncli and berry small, black, early, acid, harsh. 

Lenoib. 

This Grape takes its name from Lenoir Co., JSI". 0. It has been con- 
founded with Black July, but is distinct, as shown in foliage. The 
foliage of this has lobed leaves. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry small, round, dark, 
almost black. Flesh tender, vinous, juicy, sweet. A good variety 
South, but too late in ripening for the North. 

LiNDLEY. 

Eogera' No. 9. 

Raised by E. 8. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. 

Bunch medium, rather long, compact. Berry medium, roundish, 
red or reddish. Flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic, Bipena 
a little before the Concord. 

Logan. 

Supposed origin, Ohio. Vine a moderate grower and bearer. 
Bunches medium, shouldered. Berries roundish oval, black. Flesh 
juicy, sweet, some pulp at centre, Ripens just after Hartford Prolific. 

Louisa. 

Raised by Samuel Miller, Calmdale, Lebanon Co., Pa. ; hardy, vig- 
orous grower. 

Bunch medium, rather compact, occasionally shouldered. Berry 
round, inclining to oval, black, with a blue bloom similar to Isabella, 
and ripe a few days earlier. 

Louisiana. 

A variety from Louisiana, by some considered a native ; others say 
it is foreign. George Husman says : 

" It can hardly be distinguished from the Rulander in appearance, 
but has a more sprightly flavor. Ripens at the same time," 

Lydia. 

A chance seedling, originated on Kelly Island, and introduced by 
Chas. Carpenter. Yine about with Isabella in growth and hardihood, 
^ut not a good beai-er. , 

Bunches short, compact, roundish. Berries large, greenish white, 
inge of yellow when fully ripe. Skin thick. Flesh juicy, rich, sweet, 
"vith very little pulp, and free of native aroma. Ripens with Delaware, 



the gbape. 
Lyman. 



647 



Origiu unknown. A Northern variety, said to have been brought 
from Quebec upwards of fifty years ago. Hardy and productive. 

Bujich small, rather compact. Berry round, medium or below, black, 




covered with a thick bloom, similar in flavor to Clinton, and ripens 
about the same time. 

Sherman and McNeil are varieties grown from the above, but hardlj 
to be distinguished from it. McCoun is another of this class. 



548 the obape. 

Manhattan. 

Originated near New York. A poor bearer. 

Bunches small. Berries medium, round, greeiish white, with a 
bloom. Flesh sweet, rather pulpy. 

Marion. 

Origin unknown. 

Bunch large, compact. Berries roundish oval, purplish black, tough 
centre, austere. Colors early, but ripens late. 

Martha. 

E,aised by Samuel Miller, Bluffton, Mo. The habit of the vine i& 
much like Concord, but it has not yet been tested, as we think, sufficiently 
to decide on its productiveness. 

Bunches medium, not very compact, shouldered. Berry large, 
roundish, greenish yellow, with a bloom. Flesh similar to Concord, 
perhaps a little sweeter. A promising new sort, ripening a few days 
earlier than Concord. 

Mart. 

Raised by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island. Vine hardy, strong 
grower. Fruit ripens too late for the North. 

Bunch medium, moderately compact. Berries medium, round, 
greenish white, with a bloom. Flesh tender, slight pulp, juicy, sweet, 
brisk flavor, 

Mary Ann. 

Raised by J. B. Garber, Columbia, Pa. An early Grape, hardy. 
Not equal to Isabella. 

Bunch Inedium, moderately compact, shouldered. Berry medium, 
oval, black, pulpy acid, foxy. Ripens about with Hartford. 

Massasoit. 
Rogers' No. 3. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine moderately vigor- 
ous, productive. 

Bunch medium, rather loose, short, shouldered. Berry large, round, 
claret red. Flesh tender, juicy. Ripens before Concord. 

Maxatawney. 

Originated at Eagleville, Montgomery Co., Pa., in 1844. Vine 
healthy, vigorous, hardy, and productive. Requires a warm situation at 
the North, but Southwest proves one of the finest of White Grapes. 

Bunch medium, not generally shouldered, somewhat loose, occasion- 
ally compact. Berries medium, roundish oval, greenish white, ^dth an 
amber tint when ripe. Flesh tender, not pulpy, very sweet and deli 
dous. Ripens la&t of September. 



the grape. 640 

Merrimack. 

Rogers' No. 19. 

Raised Ly E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine very A-igorous, verj 
proiuctive. 

Bunch rather large, short, and broad, compact. Berry large, roiuid 




Mottled. 



black, with a slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the centre, juicy, 
sweet, and very much like the Wilder, and ripens at the same time. 



660 THE GRAPE. 



Miles. 



Origin, Westchestoi' Co., Pa. Vine a moderate growler, hardy, and 
productive. 

Bunch small, rather compact. Berry small, round, black. Flesh 
tender, slight pulp at centre, brisk vinous, pleasant. Ripens among the 
earliest, but does not hang long. 

Missouri. 

Missouri Seedling. 

A native sort, with short-jointed wood, and only moderate grower 
Bunch small, moderately compact. Berries small, round, nearly black 

Flesh juicy, rather pulpy, vinous, pleasant when well ripened. Ripens 

about with Isabella. 

MODENA. 

A new variety, raised by A. J. Caywood, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 
from seed of the Concord. 

Bunch medium. Berries medium, roundish, black, something like 
Concord, but richer in saccharine. Ripens about with Concord. 

Montgomery. 
Merritt's Seedling. 

A variety of undoubted foreign parentage. It is a large, shower 
bunch, and matures tolerably well in the open groumd while the plants 
are young. 

Mottled. 

A seedling grown by Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. Vine 
hardy, very short-jointed. A profuse bearer, ripening with Delaware. 
It will hang a long time after ripe, and keeps unusually well. 

Bunch medium, slightly shouldered, close, compact. Berries round, 
medium size, maroon red, with spots that when held to the light give 
it a mottled appearance, hence its name. Flesh tender. Pulp small. 
Juice sweet, rich, vinous, abundant. 

Mount Lebanon. 

Origin, Columbia Co., N, Y. 

Bunch larger than Northern Muscadine. Berry round, reddish 
Flesh pulpy, tough, sweet, perhaps a little better than Northern Mus- 
cadine. 

Neff 
Keuka. 

Origin, on the farm of Mr. Neff, near Keuka, on Crooked Lake, 
New York. 

Bunch medium. Berry medium, dark copper red. Flesh pulpy, 
and somewhat foxy. Good native. Early. 

NONANTUM. 

A new seedling, grown by Francis Dana, near Boston, and de 
scribed as : 



THE GRAPE. 5& 1 

" l/nvich small, shouldei-ed. Berry good size, oval, similar to Jsa- 
be^la, Entirely free from pulp. Good llavor." 

NoiiTu America. 

Vine vigorous, unproductive. 

Buncli small, shouldered. Berry round, black, juicy. Ripens aboiit 
with Hartford Prolilic. 

North Carolina. 

North Carolma Seedling. 

Bunch waedium to large, shouldered, compact- Berry large, black, 
oblong, pulpy, but sweet and good. Ripens only a few days after 
Hartford Prolific. Vine very productive, hardy, and healthy. Strong 
grower. (Husman.) 

Northern Muscadine. 

Raised by the Shakers, at New Lebanon, Columbia Co., N. Y. 

Bunches small, short, compact. Berry large, round, chocolate or 
brownish red. Skin thick, with a pungency and odor common to the 
Wild Fox Grape, and is a very little, if any, improvement on it. The 
berries fall from the bunch as soon as ripe, which is about two weeks 
before Isabella. 

Norton's Virginia. 
Norton's Seedling. 

A variety introduced by Dr. D. N. Norton, of Richmond, Va. It is a 
most productive Grape in garden or vineyard, bearing very large crops 

(especially at the South, where many kinds rot) in all seasons. It is 
valued for making a red wine. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, somewhat compact. Berries small, 

round. Skin thin, dark purple. Flesh tender, with a brisk, rather 
rough flavor. Ripens with Catawba. 

Ohio. 

Cigar-Box Grape. Jack. Black Spanish Alabama. 

Longworth's Ohio. McCandless. Jacquez. 

The origin of this Grape is tinknown. It is said to have been 
brought from the Straits of Gibraltar, in 1805, to Oakland, Ala. Vine 
vigorous, long-jointed, not hardy at the North. 

Bunches large and long, from six to ten inches, and often fifteen 
inches in length, rather loose, tapering, shouldered. Berries small, 
roxmd. Skin tliin, purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh tender and melt- 
ing, without any pulp, brisk and vinous. 

Onondaga. 

Originated in Fayetteville, Onondaga Co., N. Y., with Lewis Hue- 
ber, from a cross between Diana and Delaware. 

Bunches about the size and form of Diana, compact. Berry medium^ 



[)52 THE GKAPE. 

amber color when ripe. Flesh delicate, sweet, rich, without any of the 
native aroma. Ripens with Delaware. (W. Brown Smith, MSS.) 

Opoeto. 

A strong, vigorous growing vine, should be long pruned to produce 
well. 

Bunch small, slightly shouldered. Berries medium, round, black. 
Flesh purple, pulpy, austere. 

Osmond. 

A seedling from the Franklin, by 0. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. 
Bunch and berry small, round, black, blue bloom. Flesh vinous, 
harsh. 

Othello. 
Canadian Hamburgh. Arnold's No. 1. Canadian Hybrid. 

Raised in 1859, by Charles Arnold, Canada West. A good, strong 
grower and very productive. Leaves deeply lobed, smooth. 

Bunches large, shouldered, compact. Berries large, round. Flesh 
solid, crisp, free from pulp, juicy, sprightly. Ripens with Delaware. 

Pauline. 
Burgundy of Georgia. Ked Lenoir. 

A Southern Grape, of little value at the North, where it does not 
ripen or grow well. 

Bunch large, long, tapering, shouldered. Berries small, very com- 
pact, copper color or Adolet, with a lilac bloom. Flesh brisk vinous, 
sweet, aromatic at the South. 

Perkins. 

Vine vigorous, productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry fall medium, roundish 
oval, light red at first, becoming quite copper color at maturity, 
covered with a light bloom. Flesh rather pulpy, foxy, showy. Ripens 
before Isabella. 

Pollock. 

Raised by Mr. Pollock, Tremont, N. Y. 

Bunches large as Concord, compact. Berries large, dark purple or 
black. Flesh free of pulp, vinous, not too sweet. (Strong.) 

Raabe. 

Raised by Peter Raabe. Yine moderately vigorous, not profitable. 

Bunches small, compact, rarely shouldered. Berry below medium 
size, round, dark red, thickly covered with bloom. Flesh very juicy, 
with scarcely any pulp. Ripens about with Concord. 



the grape. 
Eebecca. 



653 



Originated iu the garden of E. M. Peake, of Hudson, N. Y. Vino 
moderately vigorous, a nice amateur Grape. Succeeds finely in some 
localities. 




Eebecca. 

Bunches medium, very compact, rarely shouldered. Berries of full 
medium size, roundish oval, strongly adhering to the peduncle. Color 
light green in the shade, aiiburn or golden in the sun, and covered with 
a light bloom, considerably translucent. Flesh of some consistence, 
juicy, sweet, and delicious, with a perceptible native perfume, but verr 
agreeable. Ripens with Isabella, and keeps well. 



654 the grape. 

Kentz. 

Origin, Cincimiati, O. 

Bimcli large, loose. Berry round, purplish red. Flesh pulpy, foxy 
May do for wine. 

St. Catherine. 

Raised by James "W. Clark, Framingham, Mass. 
Bunch large, rather compact. Berries large, chocolate color, rathci 
sweet, tough, foxy. Not of much value. 

St. Genevieve. 
Eulander. Amoureux. Red Elben, 

An old Southern variety, and valuable in the South and South- 
west. Vine vigorous, short-jointed, does not succeed North. 

Bunch medium to small, shouldered, compact. Berry small, round- 
ish oval, dark purple or black, tender, juicy, sweet, and luch at the South, 
where it ripens la,st of July. 

Salem. 
Rogers' No. 32. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Yine healthy, vigorous, 
and productive. We have not fruited it sufficient to express a decided 
opinion of it, more than it promises well. 

Bunch large, short, and broad, compact. Berry large, round, a shade 
or two darker in color than Catawba. Flesh tender, juicy, nearly free 
from pulp, sweet, aromatic, and well-flavored. Ripens soon after Dela- 
ware. 

SCUPPERNONG. 

Bull or Bullet. Roanoke. Vitis Vulpina. 

American Muscadine. Vitis rotundif olia. 

The Scuppernong Grape is a very distinct Southern species, found 
growing wild, from Virginia to Florida, and climbing the tops of the 
tallest trees. It is easily known from every other Grape by the small 
size of its leaves, which are seldom over two or three inches in diameter, 
and by their being glossy and smooth on both the under and upper sur- 
faces. These leaves are roundish and coarsely serrated, and the young 
shoots are slender ; the old wood is smooth, and not shaggy, like that of 
most vines. 

We have made several trials with the Scuppernong Grape, but find 
it quite too tender for a Northern climate, being killed to the groiuid by 
our winters. At the South it is a very hardy, productive, and excellent 
wine grape. The White and Black Scuppernong scarcely differ, except 
in the color of the fruit. The tendrils of each correspond in hue with 
the fruit. 

Bunches small, loose, seldom composed of more than six berries. 
Berries round, large. Skin thick, light green in the white, dark red in 



THE GRAPE. 



655 



the black variety. Flesh quite pulpy, except when very thoroughlv 
ripe, juicy and sweet, but with a strong musky scent and flaA-or. 




SafiptARc's Delaware. 
Raised from seed of Catawba by J. K Sheppard, in 1853, from vvhom, 



666 THE GRAPE. 

with its liistoiy, we received it. The vine and finiit are similar in al 
respects to Delaware. 

Shurtleff's Seedling. 

Raised many years ago by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookline, Mass. Wa 
copy Coles' description : 

" Bunches large. Berries medium, oval. Skin thick, lilac. Flesli 
of a sweet rich flavor. Bipe early September." 

Taylor's Bullet. 

A variety introduced by Judge Taylor, of Henry Co., Ky. It is 
a very strong, rampant grower, and requires long space and training 
to produce good fruit. Confined to single stakes or low trellis it does 
not set well at the IsTorth, but does better South. 

Bunches small, short, compact, shouldered. Berries small, greenish 
white to pale amber, round, sweet, and nearly free from pulp. Bipena 
about with Isabella. 

Telegraph. 
Christine. 

This variety was found in a yard near Philadelphia, Pa. A hardy 
and vigorous vine. Fruit of fair quality, ripening early or about with 
Hartford Prolific. 

Bunch above medium to large, compact. Berry large, round, black. 
Flesh juicy, with some pulp, similar in quality to Hartford Prolific. 

To Kalon. 
Wyman. Carter. Spofford Seedling. The Beautiful. 

Raised by Dr. Spofford, of Lansingburgh, N. Y, Vine vigorous, 
hardy, and productive, but is inclined to rot, and does not ripen well. 

Bunches large and shouldered. Berries varying in form from oval 
to oblate, very dark in color and profuselv covered with bloom. Its 
frtdt, when ripe, is very sweet, buttery, without foxiness in its aroma, 
or but little toughness or acidity in its pulp. Ripens a little earlier than 
Catawba. 

Una. 

Originated with E. W. Bull, Concord, Mass., who describes it as 
hardy and prolific. Earlier than Concord, and the berries pure white, 
changing to golden amber. 

Underhill. 
Underhill's Seedling. Underbill's Celestial 

Originated at Charlton, Saratoga Co., N. Y., by Dr. A. K. Under 
hill. It is an improved variety of Fox Grape, large and showy. Yine 
hardy. 

Bunch large. Berries large, roimd. Skin thick, clear dark red, 
without bloom. Flesh pulpy, hard at centre, sweet. Ripens about with 
Concord. 



THE GRAPE. 667 

Union Yillage, 
Shaker Grape. Ontario. Imitation Hamburgh. 

Origin claimed among tlie Shakers of Union Village, O. It ia 
perhaps the largest berry of any good native Grape. Vine very vigor- 
ous and coarse grower, but a little tender at the Noi-th — requires pro- 
tection. 

Bunches large, compact, shouldered. Berries very large, round, 
deep black, slight bloom. Flesh, when fully ripened, without any hard- 
ness, juicy, vinous, pleasant, not rich. Ripens with Isabella. 

Urbana. 

Bunch medium, short, shouldered. Berry medium to large, round, 
white, yellowish in the sun, juicy, vinous acid, hard centre, aromatic 
skin. Ripens about with Isabella. 

Venango. 

Miner's Seedling. 

An old variety, said to be cultivated by the French at Fort Ve- 
nango, on the Alleghany river, some eighty years since. A very vigor- 
ous grower, and hardy. 

Bunch compact, of a fine lilac color, with the toughness of puljj 
belonging to the native varieties, but with a peculiar aromatic flavor. 
Ripens earlier than Catawba. 

Walter. 

Originated with A. J. Caywood, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from seed of 
Delaware crossed with Diana. As yet it has only been fruited in the 
hands of its originator, where it promises to be valuable. 

Bunch medium, shouldered, moderately compact. Berries me- 
dium, round, light red. Flesh juicy, sweet, not quite tender at the 
centre. Ripens about with Concord, 

"Wilder. 
Rogers' No. 4. 

Raised by E. S. Rogers, of Salem, Mass. Vine vigorous, very pro- 
ductive. This is one of the best of Rogers' seedlings, adheres well. The 
bunch keeps well after it is gathered, and is a promising variety for 
market. 

Bunch large, compact, shouldered, sometimes double-shouldered. 
Berry large, round, black, slight bloom. Flesh tender nearly to the 
centre, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Ripens about the time of 
Concord. 

Wilmington. 

Originated on the farm of Mr. Jeffries, near Wilmington, Del. Vine 
very vigorous, hardy. 

Bunches large, loose, sometimes shouldered. Berries large, round, 



558 THE GRAPE. 

Laclining to oval, greenisli white, or -wlien fully ripe, yellowish. Flesh 
acid, pungent, not desirable at the North, may be better South. Jlipena 
late. 

WlNSLOW. 

This originated in the garden of Charles "Winslow, Cleveland, O 
The vine resembles Clinton, is hardy and productive ; the fruit matui ea 
very early, and is less acid than Clinton. 

Bunch medium, compact. Berries small, round, black. Flesh red 
dish tinge, some pulp, vinous, sweet, juicy. 

"Wyoming Red. 
Hopkins Early Red. 

The origin of this Grape is uncertain. It is said to have been found 
in the Wyoming Yalley, Pa. The leaf and wood are described as simi- 
lar to Delaware, only more vigorous. The fruit is also similar in color, 
but the berries are larger, and by some thought richer in quality. 

Another Grape has been described as Wyoming, the fruit of which ia 
black. We have not seen either of the above. 

YoEK Madeira. 

Canby's Au^st. Large German. Marion Port. 

Black German. SmaU German. German Wine. 

Wolfe. Monteith. Tryon. 

SiTpposed origin, York Co., Pa. Vine hardy, short-jointed, mode- 
rately vigorous and productive. 

Bunch medium, compact, shouldered. Berry medium, roundish, 
black, sweet, sprightly, pleasant. Colors early, but does not ripen quite 
as early as Isabella. 



SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 

The Grape varies so much in its values when grown in different lo- 
calities, that it is diflBcult to make a selection of varieties. The Concord 
has proved almost universally successful, but is not a grape of liigh char- 
acter. Wilder, or Rogers' No. 4, is a better grape, and so far a suc- 
cess when grown. 

Delaware and Mottled are two sorts of fine quality, hardy vines, but 
the Delaware especially requires rich soil and good cultivation. Rebec- 
ca and Allen's Hybrid are varieties among the White Grapes, most valua- 
ble, so far as tested, for private gardens. 

Adirondac, lona, Isabella, Massasoit, or Rogers' No. 3, CreveUing, 
Catawba, Isabella, Elsingburgh, Maxatawney, are valuable fruits, and 
where they are found to succeed, and ripen well, should be freely planted- 



THE MELON. 55S 



CHAPTER XIX. 



THE MELON, 

OucumiH Mdo, L. Cucurbitacem^ of botanists . 

Melon, of the French ; Mclona, German ; Meleon, Dutch ; Melone, Italian, 

and Melon, Spanish. 

The Melon (or Miiskmelonl is the richest and most luscious of ail 
herbaceous fruits. The plant which bears this fruit is a trailing annual, 
supposed to be a native of Persia, but which has been so long in cultiva- 
tion in all warm climates that it is quite doubtful which is its nativo 
country. 

The climate of the Middle and Southern States is remarkably favor 
able for it — indeed far more so than that of England, France, or an\ 
of the temperate portions of Europe. Consequently Melons are raised as 
field crops by market gardeners, and in the month of Aiigust the finest 
citrons or green-lleshed Melons may be seen in all the markets of the 
States in immense quantities. Warm dry soils are peculiarly favor- 
able to the growth of Melons, and even at low prices the product is so 
large that this crop is one of the most profitable. 

Culture. The culture of the Melon is very easy in all except 
the most noi-thern portions of the United States. Early in May a 
piece of lich, light soil is selected, well manured, and thoroughly dug or 
prepared by deep ploughing and harrowing. Hills are then marked out, 
six feet apart each way. These hills are prepared by digging a foot 
deep and two feet across, which are filled half full of good, well-rotted 
mamire. Upon the latter are thrown three or four inches of soil, and 
both manure and soil are then well mixed together. More soil, well 
pulvei-ized, is noAV thrown over the top, so as to complete the hill, mak- 
ing it three inches higher than the surface. Upon this plant eight or 
ten grains of seed, covering them about half an inch deep. 

When the plants have made two rough leaves, thin them so as to 
leave but two or three to each hill. Draw the earth nicely around the 
base of the plants with the hoe. In case the striped bug ( Galereuaca 
vittcda) attack the plants, which it often does, the best remedy is to 
hand-pick them early in the morning and then draw eai'th vp even with 
the base of the leaves. The cucimiber Jiea-heetle is kept off by dusting 
the vines early in the morning, daily, for a period, while they are yet 
moist with dew, using either dry fijie soil, soot, or plaster. 

As soon as the runners show the first blossom-buds, stop them bv 
pinching out the bud at the extremities. This will cause an increased 
production of lateral shoots, and add to the size of the fruit. Nothing 
more is necessary but to keep the surface free from weeds, and to stir 
the soil lightly with the hoe, in field culture. In gardens, thinning the 
fruit, and placing bits of slate or blackened shingles under each fruit, 
improve its size and flavor. 

To retain a fine sort of Melon in perfection, it sho\ild be grown at 
some distance from any other sort, or even from any of the cucumber 
family, other-\vise the seeds of the next generation of fruit will be spoileil 
by the mixture of the pollen. 

Varieties. A large number of varieties are enumerated, but many 



560 THE MELON. 

of these do not succeed without extra care, which their quality is not 
found to repay. Indeed what is popularly known as the Citron Melon, 
one of the finest of the green-lieshed class, is the greatest favorite with all 
American gardeners. It is high-flavored, uniformly good, very produc- 
tive, and in all respects adapted to the climate. 

Melons have become so intermingled during the past ten or fifteen 
years that it is almost impossible at this time to classify them, as was 
once done. As before said, however, the Citron or Fine Netted, being 
types of the Green- JFleshed, are among the highest flavored and most 
delicate. 



Allen's Superb. 

A variety of the ISTutmeg, a trifle larger than the old Nutmeg, round, 
considerably netted. Flesh green, and sweet. Esteemed as profitable 
for market growing. 

Alvokd's Hybrid. 

This variety varies much in form, from round to oval. Color of 
skin pale whitish green, deeply ribbed, moderately netted, sometimes 
almost smooth. Rind moderately thick. Flesh whitish green Good 
but not rich. Ripens medium season. 

Beechwood. 

Fruit of medium size, quite dark green, roundish oval. Skin 
greenish yellow. Flesh green, very sweet. A fin.e variety for growing 
ia frames under glass. 

Christiana. 

Originated in Beverly, Mass. Requires a little extra care, but when 
well grown one of the finest. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, yellowish green. Flesh yellow, sweet 
rich, juicy. Ripens early. 

Green Citron. 

This is much the finest Melon for general culture. 

Fruit rather small, roundish, flattened at the end, regularly ribbed 
and thickly netted. Skin deep green, becoming pale greenish yellow at 
maturity . Riad moderately thick. Flesh gi-een, firm, rich, and high- 
flavored. Ripens pretty early and bears a long time. 

■ Ispahan. 

This is large, handsome, with flesh of a light sulphur yellow, not rich 
or sweet. 

Jenny Lind. 

A variety somewhat resembUng the foregoing, but not quite as large, 
of a rich, deKcious sweet flavor. Ripens quite early and produces abun* 
dantly. 



THE MELON. Ml 

Large Musk Cantelope. 

An old aud well-known variety, hardly worth growing except for 
its size. 

Fruit large, long oval, deeply ribbed. Flesh thick, light salmon 
color, sweet, juicy. It is early and productive, and often used for mak- 
ing mango pickles. 

Nutmeg. 

An old variety, often seen impure, but when in perfection very 
melting and excellent. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin very thickly nett(!d, pale green, 
slightly but distinctly ribbed. Rind rather thin. Flesh pale green, 
very melting, sweet and good, with a high musky flavor. Medium sea- 
son. 

Persian. 

There are several sorts under this name. The best among them has 
long oval-shaped fruit, with a thin and delicate skin, and flesh quite 
tender, juicy, rich, ^nd sweet. Medium season. 

Pine-Apple. 

A dai'k-green oval Melon, of medium size, rough-netted. Flesh 
thick, firm, juicy, and sweet. 

Skillman's Fine Netted. 

Earliest of the green-fleshed Melons, small, rough-netted, flattened 
at the ends. Flesh green, very thick, firm, sugary, and of the most deli- 
cious flavor. 

White Jaj-an. 

Comparatively new. Originally from Japan. 

Fruit small to medium, ribbed, sometimes slightly netted, color 
creamy white. Flesh thick, juicy, sweet, and well -flavored. 

Besides the foregoing there are Winter Melons from the South of 
Europe, very commonly cultivated in Spain, which, if suspended in a 
dry room, may be kept till winter. The Green, Valencia, and the 
Dampsha are the three principal sorts ; they are oval, skin netted, flesh 
white, sugary, and good. 



CHAPTER XX. 

the water-melon. 



Cueurbita eitruUus, L. Cucurhitacem, of botanists. 
Pasteur, of the French ; Wasser Mdone, German ; Cocomero, Italian. 

The Water-melon is a very popular and generally cultivated fruit 
in this country. The vine is a training annual of the most vigorous 



662 THE ■WATER-MELON. 

growth, and tlie fruit is very large, smooth, and green, with a zed or yel- 
low core. Though far inferior to the Melon in richness, its abundant 
cooling juice renders it very gi-ateful and refreshing in our hot midsum- 
mer days. Immense fields of the Water-melon are raised, and their cul- 
ture is very easy throughout all the Middle and Southern States. 

The cultivation of the Water-melon is precisely similar to that of the 
melon, except that the hills must be eight feet apart. The finest crops 
we have eve** seen were grown ujjon old pieces of rich meadow land, 
the sod well turned under with the plough at the last of April, and the 
melons planted at once. 

The followino; are its best varieties : — 



Apple-Seeded. 

Medium roundish, slightly oval, dark rich green. Rind thin. Plesh 
scarlet, crisp, sweet, and very good. Early and prolific. Seeds very 
small, dull reddish brown. A nice little melon, but only desirable for 
the amateur. 

Baugh. •• 

Received from Kentucky. 

Fruit large, long oval, pale green. Flesh red, nearly solid, juicy, 
sweet. Rind thin. Rather early. Seeds reddish. 

Black Spanish. 

A rich and very excellent Water-melon. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin very dark, blackish green, 
slightly marbled. Rind moderately thick. Flesh red, solid, rich, and 
very sweet. A late variety. 

Bradford. 

Originated in South. Carolina. 

Fruit large, oblong. Skin usually dark green, with gray longitudinal 
stripes, mottled and streaked with green. Rind half an inch thick. 
Flesh red to the centre, with a fine sugary flavor, of the best quality. 

Carolina. 

The large common variety. 

Fruit very large, oblong. Skin dark green and white marbled. Riu i 
chick. Flesh deep red, hollow at the centre, sweet and good. Seed? large, 
black. 

There is also a sub-variety, with, pale yellow flesh and white seeds. 

Clarendon. 

Origin, Clarendon District, South Carolina. 

Large, oblong. Skin, mottled gray, with dark-green longitudinal 
stripes. Rind half an inch thick. Flesh scarlet to the centre, with a 
sugary and exquisite flavor, " best " quality. Seeds vellow, with a black 



THE WATER-MELON. 663 

Bcripe around th3 edge, and from one to three black spots on each, side ; 
i.Ae form and number corresponding on the two sides. 

Citron Water-mkt.on. 

This is a small, round, pale green, marbled sort, ripening late, and 
"isteeraed by many for preserving. 

Ice-Cream. 

A fine variety, large, round, early and prolific. Skin very light 
preen. Rind rather more than half an inch thick. Flesh white, crisp, 
sugary, and excellent. Seeds white. 

Imperial. 

A remarkably fine-flavored and vei'y prodiictive sort, from the Me- 
diterranean. Keeps a long time after it is ripe. 

Fruit of medium size, neai'ly round. Skin pale green and white, 
marbled. Rind remarkably thin. Flesh solid to the centre, light red, 
crisp, rich, and high-flavored. Seeds quite small, reddish brown. 

Mountain Sprout. 

Large, long oval, striped with light and dark green. Flesh scarlet, 
a little open in the centre. Rind thin. Seeds light fawn-color, one of 
the best. 

Mountain Sweet. 

Similar to the above, except it often has a mammelonne neck. 
Flesh rather more solid, and of excellent flavor. This is grown exten- 
sively for the markets. 

Odell's Large "White. 

Very large, round. Skin gray, with green network. Rind three- 
quarters of an inch thick. Flesh pale red, of a very good quality. 
Keeps a long time after being gathei-ed. 

Originated with Col. A. G-. Sumner, South Carolina. 

Orange. 

Peculiar for the division of its flesh from the rind, medium size, 
roundish oval, light gi-een, with shades of darker green. Rind half an 
inch thick. Flesh red, not very solid, of good q\xality, but not equal 
to Mountain Sweet and Imperial. 

Ravenscroet. 

Origin, South Carolina. 

Large, oblong, dark gi-een, faintly striped, and marked with lighter 
green. Rind half an inch thick. Flesh red to the centre, with a deli- 
cious sugary flavor, of the best quality. Seeds ci*eam-color, having 
a brown stripe around the edge. 



564 THE MULBERRY. 

SOUTER. 

Large, oblong, sometimes roundish. Skin peculiarly tiarketl with 
grayish dots, and pale and dark green stripes. Rind half an inch thick. 
Flesh deep red to the centre. Flavor sugary and delicious, of the 
best quality. Seed cream white, Avith a faint russet stripe around 
the edge. Very productive. 

Originated in South Carolina. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE MULBERRY. 



Morus, Toum. Vrticacece, of botanists. 
Murier, of the French ; Maulbeerbaum, German ; Mora, Italian ; Mard, Spanish 

The Mulberry is a hardy, deciduous fruit-tree, but little cultivated 
in this country, though it is really a very considerable acquisition to our 
list of summer fruits, and every garden of considerable size ought to 
contain one or two trees. The fruit ripens in July, very soon after the 
season of cherries. It is rarely picked from the trees, as it falls as soon 
as ripe, and it is therefore the custom to keep the surface below it in 
short turf, and the fruit is picked from the clean grass. Or, if the sur- 
face is dug gi-ound, it may be sown thickly with cress seed, six weeks 
previously to the ripening of the fruit, which will form a temporary 
carpet of soft verdure. 

The Black Mulberry, or English Mulberry (Morus nigra, L.), is 
a very celebrated old fruit-tree, originally from Asia, more or less com- 
monly cultivated in all parts of Europe, but yet quite rare in this country. 
Its growth is slow, and it seldom attains a height of more than twelve 
or fifteen feet, forming a low, branching tree, with lobed leaves, but it is 
very long lived, and there is a specimen in England, at the seat of the 
Duke of JSTorthumberland, 300 years old. In this country it is scarcely 
hardy enough north of New York, except in sheltered situations. An 
occasional extreme cold winter kills them; they are also subject to 
canker and die ofi". 

The fruit is incomparably larger and finer than that of the Red Mul- 
berry, being an inch and a half long, and nearly an inch across — black, 
and of delicious flavor. 

Everbearing. Originated here from seed of the Multicaulis. Tree 
very vigorous and very productive, an estimable variety, and surpassed 
by none except the Black English, and possesses the same rich subacid 
flavor. It continiies in bearing a long time. 

Fruit cylindric, one and a qiiarter of an inch long, and nearly half 
an inch in diameter. Color maroon, or an intense blue black at full 
maturity. Flesh juicy, rich, sugary, ynth a sprightly ^dnous flavor. 
Hick's Everbearing, from Kentucky, is similar to the above. 

Johnson, a seedling from Ohio. Fruit very large, oblong cylindric ; 
blackish color, subacid, and of mild, agreeable flavor. Growth of the 
wood strong and irregular. Leaves uncommonly large. 



THE NEOTAEINE. 66B 

The Ked Mulberry (3forus rubra, L.) is a native species, more ojr 
less couimou in our wootls, with large, roiigh, heart-shaped or lobed 
leaves. The fruit is about an inch long, and very pleasant and palatable, 
though much inferior to the Black English. It bears transplanting 
well, or is easily raised from seed, and may, undoubtedly, be greatly im 
proved by repeated reproduction in this way. As it fox'ms a large orna- 
mental tree, Avith a fine sjireading head, forty feet high, it is well deserv- 
ing a place on tte lawn, or near the house, in ornamental plantations. 

There are many varieties of the White IMulberry, commonly cultivated 
for silk, but which })roduce fruit of no value. 

The best soil for the Mulberry is a rich, deep, sandy loam. The tree 
requires little or no pruning, and is of very easy culture. It is usually 
pro})agated by cuttings, three feet long, planted in the spring, half their 
depth in the ground ; cuttings made of pieces of the roots will also senH 
np shoots and become plants. 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE NECTARINE. 

Persica vulgaris (v. ) Lcevis, Dec. Rosacem, of Botanists. 

The Nectarine is only a variety of the peach with a smooth skin 
{.Peche lisse, or JBrugnon, of the French). In its gro^vth, habit, and 
general appearance, it is impossible to distinguish it from the peach- 
tree. The fruit, however, is rather smaller, perfectly smooth, without 
down, and is one of the most wax-like and exquisite of all productions 
for the dessert. In flavor it is perhaps scarcely so rich as the finest 
peach, but it has more piquancy, partaking of the noyau or peach-leaf 
flavor. 

The Nectarine is known in Northern India, where it is called moondla 
aroo (smooth peach) . It appears to be only a distinct, accidental variety 
of the peach, and this is rendered quite certain since there are several 
well-known examples on record of both peaches and nectarines having 
been produced on the same branch — thus showing a disposition to re- 
turn to the natural form. Nectarines, however, usually produce necta- 
rines again on sowing the seeds ; but they also occasionally produce 
peaches. The Boston Nectarine originated from a peach-stone. 

The Nectarine appears a little more shy of bearing in this country 
than the peach, but this aiises almost always from the destriiction of 
the crop of fruit by the curculio, the destroyer of all smooth-skinned 
stone fruit in sandy soils. It is quite hardy here wherever the peach 
will thrive, though it will not generally bear large and fine fruit, unless 
the branches are shortened-in annually, as we have fully directed for the 
peach-tree. 

With this easy system of pruning, good crops are readily obtained 
wherever the curciilio is not very prevalent. 

The culture of the Nectarine is in all respects precisely similar to 
that of the peach, and its habits are also completely the same. 



666 THE NECTAEINE. 

VARIETIES. 

The same characters are used as in describing peaches, for w hich 
the reader is referred to that part. 

Albert. 

A variety raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, England, 
It is one of the finest of Nectarines, but requires a warm location and 
soil to ripen it well. 

Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Frtiit large, round. Skin greenish white, with a pale red cheek. 
Flesh pale red next the stone, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Separates 
freely from the stone. Season middle of August. 

Balgowan. 
Balgone. De Balgone. 

A variety allied to Yiolette Hative, but more hardy and vigorous. 

Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to ovate. Skin pale gi-een, 
mottled with red on the shaded side, covered with deep bright red next 
the sun. Flesh gi-eenish, veined with red at the stone, rich, meltiug. 
Season middle August. (Hogg.) 

Boston. 
Lewis's. Perkins' Seedling. 

Tliis American seedling was raised from a peach-stone by Mr. T. 
Lewis, of Boston. The fruit, though not of high flavor, is excellent, the 
tree very hardy and productive, and one of the best for general standard 
culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large and handsome, roundish oval. Skin bright yellow, with 
very deep red cheek, shaded off by a slight mottling of red. Flesh yel- 
low to the stone (which is small and pointed), sweet, though not rich, 
with a pleasant and peculiar flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripe 
first of September. 

Bkoomfield. 
Lewis (incorrectly of some), 

A handsome clingstone Nectarine, of second quality. It is an acci- 
dental seedling, which sprang up in the garden of Henry Broomfield, 
Esq,, of Harvard, Mass. Leaves with obscure, reniform glands. 
Flowers small 

Friiit large, roundish. Skin rather dull yellow, with a dull or rather 
dingy red cheek. Flesh yellow, and adheres closely to the stone, juicy, 
rather pleasant, but not high-flavored. First to the middle of Septem- 
ber. 

Chaitviebe. 
A variety originated in France. 



THE NECTARINE. 5G7 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at base. Skin smootli, colored 
with carmine or deep purple and dotted with gray in the sun. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, vinous, aromatic, freestone. Season last of August. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

DOWNTON. 

Tlie Downton is a seedling raised by Mr. Kjiiglit. It is in quality, 
aj^pearance, and season, an intermediate variety between the Yiolctte 
Hiitive and the Elruge, ripening a few days earlier than the latter. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red 
cheek. Flesh pale green, slightly red at the stone ; melting, rich, and 
very good. Separates from the stone. Ripens about the 25th of August. 

Due Du Tellier's. 

Due Tilliers. Duke de Tilley. 

Due de Tello. Du Tilly's. 

A very excellent Nectarine, considerably resembling the Elruge, but 
a much greater bearer. Leaves ^vith reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather la\-ge, i-oundish oblong, being slightly narrowed at the 
top, and broad at the base or stalk. Skin pale green, with a marbled 
purplish-red cheek. Flesh greenish white, pale red at the stone, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates from the stone. Last of August. 

Early Newington. 

Early Black Newington. Lucombe's Black. 

New Dark Newington. Lucombe's Seedling. 

New Early Newington. Early Black. 

Black. 

The Early Newington is one of the best of clingstone Nectarines. It 
is not only a richer flavored fruit than the old Newington, but it is 
larger, dai-k-colored, and earlier. Leaves serrated, without glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, a Kttle enlai-ged on one side of the 
suture, and terminating with an acute swollen point at the top. Skin 
pale green in its ground, but nearly covered with bright red, much 
marbled and mottled with very dark red, and coated with a thin bloom. 
Flesh greenish white, but deep red at the stone, juicy, sugary, rich, and 
very excellent. Beginning of September. 

Elruge. 

Common Elruge. Anderson's. 

Claremont. Temple's. 

. Oatlands. Peterborough. 

Spring Grove. 

The Elruge is everywhere esteemed as one of the very finest Necta- 
rines. It is an English variety Avhich has been a good while cultivated, 
and, -ndth the Violette Hative, is considered indispensable in every col- 
lection. In this country, when the yoimg wood is annually shortened-in, 
it bears good crops on standard trees, which ripen finely. 



568 THE NECTARINE. 

Without this precaution, like almost all other Nectarines, the frnii 
is small, poor, and ripens imperfectly. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers small. 

Friiit of medium size, roundish oval, the suture slight except at the 
top, where it is distinctly marked. Skin with a pale-green gi'ound, but 
when fully exposed it is nearly covered with deep violet, or blood-red, 
dotted Avith minute brownish specks. Flesh pale green to the stone, or 
slightly stained there with pale red ; melting, very juicy, with a rich, 
high flavor. Stone oval, rough, of a pole color. Separates from the 
stone. Last of August and beginning of September. 

Faiechild's. 
Faircliild's Early. 

A very small, indifferent sort, only valued for its earliness, and 
scarcely worth cultivating. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit small, about an inch and a fourth in diameter, round, slightly 
flattened at the top. Skin yellowish green, with a bright red cheek. 
Flesh yellow to the stone, rather dry, with a sweet, but rather indiffer- 
ent flavor. Separates from the stone. Beginning of August. 

Feligny. 
De Feligny. Du Hainaut. 

Leaves with coarse serratures and reniform glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin smooth, carmine red on rich 
yellow, reddish gray in sun. Flesh white, shaded with purplish red 
next the stone, juicy, vinous, perfumed. Early September. (Aii. Pom.) 

Galopin. 

A variety from Belgium. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened next the stem. Skin thick, firm, yel- 
low, covered with violet in the sun. Flesh greenish, tinted with red, 
juicy, slightly acid, sugary. August. (Verg.) 

Gathoye. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish. Skin yellowish green, marbled 
with reddish purple. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet. August. 
(Verg.) 

Golden. 

Orange. Fine Gold-fleshed. 

An old English variety. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish ovate. Skin of a fine bright, waxen 
yellow color, with a small scarlet cheek. Flesh oi-ange yellow, fii-m, 
juicy, sweet, and tolerably grod. It ripens about the 10th of Septem- 
ber. Cb'ngstone. 



the nectarine. 669 

Haedwicke. 

Hardwicke's Seedling. 

Was> T-aised at Hardwicke House, in Sufiblk, England, and has the 
reputation of being " one of the best and hai-diest of Nectarines, and a 
very excellent bearer." Leaves with globose glands. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, and I'e.sembling the 
Elruge. Skin pale green, with a deep violet red cheek. Flesh pale 
gi'een, slightly marked with red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, and 
high-flavored. End of August. Freestone. 

Hunt's Tawny. 
Hunt's Large Tawny. Hunt's Early Tawny. 

This is the best very early Nectarine. It is a very distinct sort, 
with serrated leaves, and was oiiginated in England about fifty years 
ago. It is worthy of general cultivation, as it is not only early but hardy, 
and an abundant bearer. Leaves serrated, withoiit glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish ovate, being considerably nar- 
rowed at the top, where there is a prominent swollen point ; and the 
fruit is slightly enlarged on one side of the suture. Skin pale orange, 
with a dark-red cheek, mottled with numerous russety specks. Flesh 
deep orange, juicy, melting, rich, and very good. Separates from the 
stone. It ripens from the 5th to the 15th of August. 

LoKD Napiek, 

New. Baised by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit medium, pale cream-color, with a red cheek. Flesh melting. 
Separating from the stone. Glands kidney-shape. Flowers large. Ripens 
first week ia August. (Rivers.) 

MUPFKUM, 

Of unknown origin. 

Fruit small, roundish, deep suture half round. Skin smooth, golden 
yellow, shaded and dotted with rich purplish red. Flesh yellow rich, 
juicy, sweet. Separates from the stone. Early September. (Alb. 
Pom.) 

Murrey. 

Murry. Black Muny. 

The Murrey is an old English Nectarine, which, though of good 
quality, is rather a poor bearer. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
email. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish ovate, slightly swolkn on one side 
of the suture. Skin pale gi-een, with a dark-red cheek. Flesh greenish 
white, melting, sweet, and of good flavor. Stone almost smooth. Sepa- 
rates freely. Ripens about the 20th of August. 



570 THE NiSCTARlNE. 

Newistgton. 

Scarlet Newington. Anderson's. 

Scarlet. Anderson's Koui d. 

Old Newington. Rougti Roman. 

Smith's Newington. Brugnon de Newington. 

French Newington. D'Angleterre. 
Sion Hill. 

A very good clingstone Nectarine, of English origin. It should be 
allowed to hang on the tree till it begins to shrivel, when the flavor is 
much improved. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, roundish. Skin pale greenish yellow, nearly cov- 
ered with red, marbled with dark red. Flesh firm, pale, but deep red 
next the stone, juicy, sweet, and rich, with an excellent vinous flavor. 
Ripens about the lOth of September. 

New White. 

Neat's White. Flanders. 

Cowdray 'White. Emerton's New White. 

Large White. 

The New White is a fine light-skinned variety. Leaves with reni 
form glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, nearly round. Skin white, with occasionally a 
slight tinge of red when exposed. Flesh white, tender, very juicy, with 
a rich, vinous flavor. The stone is small. Separates freely. Eipena 
early in September. 



Old White. , 

This Nectarine is. supposed to have been introduced from Asia into 
England about sixty years ago. It is much like the foregoing in flavor, 
perhaps a little richer, but it is less hardy and productive. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Skin white, slightly tinged with 
red. Flesh white, tender, juicy, and rich. Separates freely from, the 
stone. Early in September. 

Peterborough. 
Late Green. Vermash. 

This is the latest Nectarine known. It is rather small, and of infe- 
rior quality, and scarcely deserves cultivation except to make complete 
a large collection. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather small, roundish. Skin mostly green, or slightly tinged 
with dingy red on the sunny side. Flesh greenish whit;3 to the stone, 
somewhat juicy, and of tolerable flavor. Separates freely from the stone. 
It ripens early in October. 

Pine-Apple. 
Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. 



THE NECTARINE. 671 

Fruit large, nearly oval, pointed. Color deep orange and crimsoji, 
Ripens a week later than Pitmaston Orange. (Kivers.) 

PiTM ASTON OlJANGE. 
Williams' Orange. WUliams' Seedling. 

The Pitmaston Orange, which is considered the best i/eUow-ileshed 
Nectaj'ine, was raised in 1816 by John Williams, of Pitmaston, near 
Worcester, England. The tree is vigorous. Leaves with globose 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, the base (towards the stalk) being broad, 
and the top narrow, and ending in an acute swollen point. .Skin rich 
ox-ange yellow, with a dark brownish-red cheek, streaked at the union 
of the two colors. Flesh deep yellow, but red at the stone ; melting, 
juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent flavor. The stone is rather small, 
sepai'ates freely. Ripens middle and last of August. 

Bed Roman. 

Old Roman. Brugnon Violette Musquee. 

Roman. Brugnon Musquee. 

The Red Roman is a very old European variety, having been enu- 
merated by Parkinson in 1G29. It is one of the richest and best of 
clingstone Nectarines. The tree healthy and productive. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit lai'ge, roundish, a little flattened at the top. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a brownish, muddy red cheek, which is somewhat rough, 
and marked with brown russety specks. Flesh firm, greenish yellow, 
and deep red at the stone, juicy, with a rich, high vinous flavor. Ri- 
pening early in September. 

Rivers' Orange. 

New variety, produced by Thomas Rivers, England, from seed of 
Pitmaston Orange. It is described as much resembling its parent, 
but higher flavored, and ripening a week or so later. The tree is a 
great bearer-, robust, and hardy. Leaves with uniform glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Rivers' White. 

Origiuated in 1857, by Thomas Rivers, England. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin smooth, whitish, with slight shades of roa 
in svm, white bloom. Flesh melting, juicy, vinous. Glands reniform. 
Flowers large. Earlier than New White. 

Stanwick. 

A new late variety. At the South, probably, it will prove an ac- 
quisition. 

It was grown in England from a stone brought from Syria, and ia 
described in the Journal of the London Horticultural Society as above 
medium size, roundish oval, slightly heart-shaped at base. Skin pale 



5 72 NUTS. 

greenish white, shaded into deep rich violet in the siiu Flesh "whiti), 
tender, juicy, rich, sugary, and without the slightest trace of prussic 
acid flavor. 

Victoria. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England, from seea 
of Violette Hative fertilized by Stanwick. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at top. Skin greenish yellow, crim- 
son on the sunny side. Flesh rich, sweet, one of the best. Glands re 
niform. Flowei's small. Middle of August. New. 

Violette Hative. 

Early Violet. Petite Violette Hative. 

Violet. Brugnon Hatif. 

Early Brugnon. Violette AngerviUic-res. 

Brugnon Red at the Stone. Violette Musquee. 

Hampton Court. Lord Selsey's Elruge. 

Large Scarlet. Violet Bed at the Stone. 

New Scarlet. .Violet Musk. 
Aromatic. 

The Violette Hative, or Early Violet Nectarine, everywhere takes 
the highest rank among Nectarines. It is of delicious flavor, fine ap- 
pearance, hardy, and productive. Extei'nally the frvxit is easily con- 
founded with that of the Elruge, but it is readily distinguished by its 
dark-colored stone, and the deep red flesh surrounding it. The fruit is 
usually rather darker colored. It is of French origin, and has been long 
cultivated. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers rather small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, narrowed slightly at the top, where it 
is also marked with a shallow suture. Skin pale yellowish green in the 
shade, but when exposed nearly covered with dark purplish red, mot- 
tled with pale-brown dots. Flesh whitish, but much rayed with red at 
the stone. The latter is roundish, the furrows not deep, and the sur- 
face reddish brown. The flesh is melting, juicy, rich, and very high- 
flavored. It ripens about the last of August. 

The Violette Grosse (Thomp.) resembles the foregoing in leaves and 
flowers, and general appearance. The fruit is, however, larger, but not 
so richly flavored. 

Selection of choice Jia/rdy Nectarines foi' a small Garden. — Violet 
Hative, Elruge, Hardwicke, Hunt's Tawny, Boston, Roman, New 
White. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

NUTS. 



The Chestnut ( Castanea vesca, W. ; Chdtaignier, of the French ; 
JSjostanienbaum, German ; Castagno, Italian) is one of our loftiest 



NUTS. 573 

forest-trees, common in most pai-ts of the United States and Europe, and 
bearing excellent i^uts. The foreign variety best known in this coimtry 
is the Spanish Chestnut, with fruit nearly as lai-ge as that (if the Ilorse- 
Ohestnut, and which is excellent when boiled or roasted. It thrivea 
very well here, but is not quite hardy to the north or east of this. One 
or two English varieties have been produced, of considerable excellence^ 
among which the Downton is considered the best. The French cultivate 
a dozen or more varieties of greater or less excellence, but though some 
of them have been introduced, we have not yet fairly tested them in this 
country. 

The Chinquapin, or Dwarf Chestnut, common in some parts of the 
Middle and Southern States, is a dwarf species of the chestnut, usually 
gi'owing not more than six to ten feet high, and bearing fruit of half 
the size of the common chestnut, with the same flavor. It is worth a 
place in a small fruit-garden as a cuiiosity. 

All the chestnuts are very easily cultivated in any good, light soil, 
and may be propagated by grafting and by sowing the seeds. 

The European Walnut {J'uglans regia, L. ; Noyer, of the French ; 
Walnussbaum, German ; Noce, Italian ; and Wogal, Spanish), better 
known here as the Madeira JVut, is a fine lofty growing tree, with a 
handsome spreading head, and bearing crops of large and excellent nuts, 
enclosed like those of our native black walnut in' a simple hvisk. It 
stands the winter very well here, and to the south of this it would un- 
doubtedly be a pi'ofitable fruit to plant for the market. The fruit in a, 
green state is very highly esteemed for pickling, and the great qiiantities 
of the ripe nuts annually imported and sold here, prove the estimation 
in which they are held for the table. There are several varieties re- 
puted to be of rather finer quality, which, however, have not displaced 
the original species, even in the gardens df Europe, and have not yet 
borne fruit here. 

This tree is usually propagated by the seed, and transplanted from 
the nurseries when frOm three to six feet high. But it may also be 
grafted, with dxie care, on the common hickory-nut. A number of dis- 
tinct varieties have been produced from seed and perpetuated by grafting. 
Among them the following are regarded as of the most value : — 



DwAKF Prolific. 

Early-Bearing. Fertile. Precocious. 

This is a dwarf-growing and very early bearing variety, very desi 
rable for small fruit-gardens, as it may in our Northern States be easily 
protected in winter. The trees commence bearing when not more than 
three feet high, and, like the common walnut, it reproduces itself nearly 
always from seed. 

Large-Fruited. 

Double, French. De Jauge. 

This is the largest of all, and of little A'alue except as its size malcea 
it attractive, or its shell may be of value for forming toys. 



674 NUTS. 

Thin-She .LED. 
A Coque Tendre. 

This is an oblong-sliaped nut with, a tender shell, well filled, one of 
the best. 

The Filbert (JVoisette, of the French ; Haselstaucle, German ; Ave- 
llano, Spanish) is an improved variety of the common hazel-nnt of the 
woods of Europe (Corylus avellana, L.). The fruit is three or four 
times as large as that of our common hazel-nut, and from its size and 
excellent flavor is admired for the dessert. The old Spanish filbert, 
common in many of our gardens, is a worthless, nearly bai-ren variety ; 
but we have found the better English sorts productive and excellent in 
this climate, and at least a few plants of them should have a place in all 
our gardens. They are generally raised from layers, made in the spring, 
but they may also be grafted readily on the common hazel-nut, or the 
Spanish nut. When planted out they should not be pei'mitted to sucker, 
and should be kept in the form of bushes with low heads, branching 
out about two feet from the ground, and they should be annually pruned 
somewhat like the gooseberry, so as to preserve a rather thin, open head, 
shortening back the extremities of the young shoots one-half, every 
spring. 

The following are the best filbei-ts known : — 

CosFORD. Nut large, oblong. Husk hairy. Shell remarkably thin, 
and kernel of excellent flavor. A good bearer. 

Frizzled. Easily known by its handsome, deeply cut husk. Nut 
of medium size, oval, compressed. Husk hairy, Shell thick. Kernel 
sweet and good. 

Lambert [JTentish Cob, Filbert Cob). This is perhaps the best of 
all the nuts, some of them being an inch or more in length. Husk 
nearly smooth. Nut large, oblong, and somewhat compressed. Shell 
pretty thick, of a brown color. Kernel full and rich. A great bearer. 

Pearson's Prolific [Dwarf Prolific, Nottingliam Prolific). Nut 
medium size, obtusely ovate. Shell rather thick. Kernel full. 

Purple Filbert [P%irple-leaved). This is an oniamental shrub, as 
well as productive of excellent fruit. Its fruit is much like the Red 
Filbert, but the foliage is of a deep purple or red color. 

Northamptonshire Prolific. Ripens early. Nut of medium size, 
oblong. Husk hairy. Shell thick. 

Red Filbert. Easily known from other soi'ts by the crimson skin 
of the kernel. Fruit of medium size, ovate. Shell thick. Kernel 
with a peculiar, excellent flavor. 

White Filbert. Resembles the last, but with a light yellow or 
white skin. The tree is also quite bushy. Nuts ovate. Husk long and 
tubular. 

The English generally call those varieties with long husks, filberts 
(full-beards), and those with short husks, simply nuts. 

The Hickory-Nut ( Carya alba), or shell-bark, the Black Walnut 
{.Tugla.ns nigra), and the Butternut («/! cinerea), are native nut-bearing 
trees, common in our forests, and too well known to need description 
here. There are occasionally found in the woods accidental varieties 
of the shell-bark hickory of much larger size and finer flavor than the 



THE OLIVE. 575 

common species, which are highly worthy of cultivation, as we confess, 
to our own taste, this nnt is much superior to the European wahuit. 
There is indeed no doubt that, with a little care in reproduction by 
seed, the shell-bark may be trebled in size, and greatly improved iu 
flavor. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 



THE OLIVE. 



Olea Europea^ L ; Olein(B, of botanists. 
Oiivier, of the French ; Oehlbaum^ German ; Dlivo, ItaUan ; OUvo, Spanish 

The Olive, which, as Loudon justly remarks, furnishes, in its invalu- 
able oil, the cream and butter of Spain and Italy, will undoubtedly one 
day be lai'gely cultivated in our Southern States. 

The uses and value of the olive-oil are still comparatively unknown 
in this country. In the South of Europe it is more valuable than bread, 
as, to say notiiing of its wholesomeness, it enters into every kind of 
cookery, and i-enders so large a quantity of vegetable food lit for use. 
A few olive-trees will serve for the support of an entire family, who 
would starve on what could otherwise be raised on the same surface of 
soil ; arid dry cievices of rocks, and almost otherwise barren soils in the 
deserts, when planted with this tree, become flourishing and valuable 
places of habitation. 

The olive is a native of the temperate sea-coast ridges of Asia and 
Africa ; but it has, time out of mind, been cultivated in the South of 
Europe. It is a low evergreen tree, scarcely twenty feet high, its head 
spreading, and clothed with stiff, narrow, bluish-green leaves. Its dark 
green or black fruit is oval, the hard fleshy pulp enclosing a stone. In 
a pickled state the fruit is highly esteemed. The pickles are made by 
steeping the unripe olives in lye-water, after which they are washed 
and bottled in salt and water, to wliich is often added fennel, or some 
kind of spice. The oil is made by crushing the fruit to a paste, pressing 
it through a coarse hempen bag into hot water, from the surface of 
which the oil is skinmred off. The best oil is made from the pulp alone : 
when the stone also is crushed, it is inferior. 

Propagation and Culture. A very common mode of propagating 
the olive in Italy is by means of the uovoli (little eggs). These are 
knots or tumors, which form in considerable numbers on the bark of 
the trunk, and are easily detached by girdling them with a pen-knife, 
the mother-plant suffering no injury. They are planted in the soil like 
bulbs, an inch or so deep, when they take root and form new trees. It 
is also propagated by cuttings and seeds. The seedlings foi'm the 
strongest and thriftiest trees ; they are frequently some months in vege- 
tating, and shoidd therefore be buried an inch deep in the soil as soon 
8.S ripe. 

The wild American olive ( Olea A.mericana, L.) or Devil- wood, a tree 



676 THE OKANGE FAMILY. 

that grows more or less abundantly as far north, as Virginia, wiJj 
undoubtedly prove a good stock on which to ingraft the European 
olive. It is of a hardier habit, and, though worthless itself, may become 
valuable in this way. 

The olive-tree commences bearing five or six years after being 
planted. Its ordinary crop is fifteen or twenty pounds of oil per annum., 
and the regularity of its crop, as well as the great age to which it lives, 
renders an olive plantation one of the most valuable in the world. 
With respect to its longevity we may remark, that there is a celebrated 
plantation near Terni, in Italy, more than five miles in extent, which, 
there is every reason for believing, has existed since the time of Pliny. 

The Olive is not a very tender tree. It will thrive farther north 
than the orange. The very best sites for it are limestone ridges, and 
dry, crumbling, limestone rocky regions always produce the finest oil. 
The t»ee, however, thrives most luxuriantly in deep, rich, clayey loams, 
which should be rendered more suitable by using air-slaked lime as 
manure. It requires comparatively little pruning or care v\^hen a plan- 
tation is once fairly established. 

Varieties. There are numberless varieties enumerated in the 
French catalogues, but only a few of them are worth the attention of 
any but the curious collector. The common European Olive is, on the 
whole, much the best for general cultivation, yielding the most certain 
and abundant crops. 

The sub-variety most cultivated in France is the Long-leaved Olive 
( Olea, e. longifolia), with larger and longer leaves ; the fruit nearly of 
the same size as that of the common olive. 

The favorite sort in Spain is the Broad-leaved Olive ( Olea e. lati- 
folia). Its fruit is nearly double t*he size of the common Olive, and 
yields an abundance of oil, but the latter is so strong in flavor as to be 
more relished by the Spaniards than by strangers. 

The Olivier a Fruit Arrondi ( Olea s^^herica, IS". Drdi.) is a hardy 
French variety, which, in a moist, rich soil, yields most abundant crops 
of fine oil. 

The Olivier Picholine (Olea ohlonga,!^. Duh.) yields the fruit 
most esteemed for pickling. It grows quite readily in any tolerable soil, 
and is one of the hardiest varieties. 

The Olivier Pleureur ( Olea eranimorpha, IST. Duh.), or Weeping 
Olive, is one of the largest and finest trees. Its branches are pendent, 
its fruit excellent, and the oil pure and abundant. It is a very hardy 
sort, and grows best in damp valleys. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

the orange family. 

Citrus, L. AurantiacecB, of botanists. 

The Orangd family includes the common orange ( Citrus aurantium) : 
the Lemon ( C. limonum) ; the Lime ( C. limetta) ; the Shaddock ( C. 



THE ORANGE FAMILY. 077 

aecuDiana) ', and tlie Citron [C mcdica) ; all difterent species, witli tlie 
same general habit. 

The Orange, a native of Asia, is the most attractive and beautiful 
of fruit-trees, with its rich, dark evergreen foliage and its golden fruit ; 
and it may well therefore enjoy the reputation of being the Golden Aj)- 
pie of the Hesperides. Wlien to these charms we add the delicious fra- 
grance of the blossoms, surpassing that of any other fruit-tree, it must 
be conceded that, though the orange must yield in flavor to some other 
fruits, yet, on the whole, nothing surpasses an orange grove, or orchard, 
in its combination of attractions — rich verdure, the delicious aroma of 
its flowers, and the great beauty of its fruit. 

The south of Europe, China, and the West Indies, furnish the lar- 
gest supplies of this fruit. But it has, for a considerable time, been cul- 
tivated pretty largely in Florida, and the orange groves of St. Augustine 
yield large and profitable crops. Iirdeed the cultivation may be extended 
over a considerable j)ortion of that part of the Union bordering on the 
Gulf of Mexico ; and the southern part of Louisiana, and part of Texas, 
are highly favorable to orange plantations. The Bitter Orange has be- 
come quite naturalized in parts of Florida, the so-called Wild Orange 
seedlings furnishing a stock much more hardy than those produced by 
sowing the imported seeds. By continually sowing the seed of these 
Wild Oranges, they will furnish stocks suited to almost all the Southern 
States, which will in time render the better kinds grafted upon them 
comparatively hardy. 

North of the latitude where, in this country, the orange can be 
grown in groves or orchards, it may still be profitably cultivated with 
partial protection. The injury the trees sufl'er from severe winters 
arises not from their freezing — for they will bear, mthout injury, severe 
frost — but from the rupture of sap-vessels by the sudden thawing. A 
mere shed, or covering of boards, will guard against all this mischief. 
Accordingly, towards the south of Europe, where the climate is pretty 
severe, the orange is grown in rows against stone walls or banks, in ter- 
raced gardens, or trained loosely against a sheltered trellis ; and at the 
approach of winter they are covered with a slight movable shed, or 
frame of boards. In mild weather the sliding doors are opened, and 
ftir is admitted freely — if very severe, a few pots of charcoal are placed 
within the enclosure. This covering remains over them four or five 
months, and in this way the orange may be grown as far north as Bal- 
timoi'e. 

Soil and Culture. The best soil for the orange is a deep rich 
loam. In propagating them, sow, early in the spring, the seeds of the 
naturalized or wild bitter orange of Floiida, which gives much the har- 
diest stock. They may be budded in the nursery-row the same season, 
or the next, and for this purpose the earliest time at which the opera- 
tion can be performed (the wood of the buds being sufiiciently firm), the 
gi'eater the success. Whip or splice grafting may also be i-esorted to 
early in the spring. Only the hardiest sorts should be chosen for 
orchards or groves ; the more delicate ones can be grown easily with 
slight covering in winter. Fifty feet is the maximum height of the 
orange in its native country, but it rarely forms in Florida more than a 
compact low tree of twenty feet. It is better, therefore, to plant them 
so near as partially to shade the surface of the ground. 

Insects. The orange plantations of Florida have suffered very 



578 THE OEANGE FAMILY. 

severely from tlie attacks of tlie scale insect ( Cocczi i Mq^eridum), 
which in some cases has spread over v/hole plantations, and gradually 
destroyed all the trees. It is the same small, oval, brownish insect, sc 
common in our greenhouses, which adheres closely to the bark arid 
underside of the leaves, A wash of sal soda or potash water, applied with 
a brush to the bodies and limbs of tlie trees, is the most certain and sure 
remedy for destroying this insect that we have known. Ptepeating this 
once or twice will probably effectually rid the trees of the scaled insect. 
Varieties. From among the great nximber of names that figure in 
the European catalogues, we select a few of those really deserving atten- 
tion in each class of this fruit. 



The Orange. 

The Orange ( Oranger, French ; JF'omeranzenbaum, German ; A^rancio, 
Italian ; and JVaranjo, Spanish) is, on the whole, the finest tree of the 
genus. Its dark-green leaves have winged foot-stalks, its fruit is round, 
with an orange-colored skin. It is one of the longest lived fruit-trees, 
as an instance of which we may quote the celebrated tree at Versailles, 
called "the Grand Bourbon," which was sown in 1421, and is at the 
present time in existence, one of the largest and finest trees in France. 

The fruit of the orange is imiversally esteemed in its ripe state. 
The bitter orange is used for marmalades ; the green fruits, even when 
as small as peas, are preserved, and used in various ways in confection- 
ery ; the rind and pulp are used in cooking ; and the orange flowers, dis- 
tilled, give the orange-flower water, so highly esteemed as a perfume 
and in cookery. 

Besides the Common Sweet Orange, the most esteemed sorts are 
the Maltese and the Blood-Bed, both of excellent flavor, with red 
pulp. The Mandarin orange is a small, flattened fruit, with a thin rind 
separating very easily from the pulp, frequently parting from it of itself, 
and leaving a partially hollow space. It comes from China, and is 
called there the Mandarin, or noble orange, from its excellent quality. 
The flesh is dark orange-colored, juicy, and very rich. 

The Bergamot orange has small flowers and pear-shaped fruit. T]ie 
leaves, flowers, and fruit being peculiarly fragrant, it is highly esteemed 
by the perfumer, and yields the bergamot essence. " The rind, first 
dried and then moistened, is pressed in moulds into small boxes for hold- 
ing sweetmeats, to which it communicates a bergamot flavor," 

The Havana or common sweet orange is a well-known fruit, of good 
size and moderately rough rind, pulp well filled with delicious juice. 

The St, Augustine oranges are a large variety of the Havana, much 
better than those brought from Cuba, 

The St, Michael's orange is a small fruit, the skin pale yellow, the 
rind tliin, the pulp often seedless, juicy, and lusciously sweet. It is . 
considered the most di acious. of all oranges, and the tree is a most 
abundant bearer. 

The Seville, or bitter orange, is the hardiest of all the varieties, en- 
during very hard frosts without injury. It has the largest and most 
fragrant flowers ; the pulp, however, is bitter and sharp, and is valued 
chiefly for marmalades. The Double Sigarade is a French variety of 
this species, with fine double blossoms. 



THE ORAITGE FAMILY. 57'J 

Besides the above, the Fingered, Sioeet-shinned, Pear-shaped, and 
nibbed oranges, are the most striking sorts — all chiefly cultivated by 
curious amateurs. 



LEMONS. 

Tlie Lemon (Z/imonier, of the French and German ; Limone, Italian ; 
lAmon, Spanish) has longer, paler leaves than the orange, the footstalks 
of which are naked or wingless ; the flowers tinged with red externally, 
and the fruit is oblong, pale yellow, with a swollen point, and usually an 
acid pulj). Its principal use is in making lemonade, punch, and other 
cooling acid drinks. 

Besides the common Lemon, there is an Italian variety, called the 
Sweet Lemon, the pulp of which is sweet and good. 



THE LIME. 

The Lime {Ximettier, of the French) differs from the Lemon by its 
smaller, entirely white flowers, and small, roundish, pale yellow fruit, 
with a slight protuberance at the end. The acid, though sharp, is scarcely 
so I'ich and high as that of the lemon, and is used for the same purposes. 
The gi-een fruit is more esteemed than any other for preserving. The 
Italians cultivate a curiously marked variety called Porao d'A.damo, in 
which Adam is said to have left the m^arks of his teeth. 



THE CITKON. 

The Citron ( Cedratier, of the French ; Citronier, German ; Cedrato, 
Italian) is one of the finest growing trees of this family, with large, ob- 
long, wingless leaves, and flowers tinged with purple externally. The 
fruit, shaped like that of the lemon, is miich larger, of a yellow color, 
warted and furrowed externally. The rind is very fragrant and very 
thick, the pulp is subacid, and is used in the same way as that of 
the lemon. It is chiefly valued, however, for the rich sweetmeat or pre- 
serve, called citron, made from the rind. 

The Madras citron is considered the largest and best variety. 



THE SHADDOCK. 

The Shaddock [Panipelmous, French ; Arancio massimo, Italian) 
may be considered a monstrous orange, with a comparatively tasteless 
pulp. It is a native of China and Japan, and has its name from Dr. 
Shaddock, who first carried it to the West Indies. The leaves are 
■ranged, like those of the orange, the flowers white, and the fruit globii- 
lar. Its size is very large, as it often weighs six or eight pounds. The 
pulp is sweetish, or subacid, and the juice is rather refreshing. It is, 
liowever, more showy than useful, and certainly makes a magnificent 
appearance in a collection of tropical fruits. 



680 THE PEACH. 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

THE PEACH. 

Penica vulgaris^ Dec. Bosacece, of botanists. 

Pecher, of the Freneli ; Pfirschbaum, German ; JPersickkeboom, Dutcli ; Perdco 

Italian ; and el Melocoton, Spanish. 

The Peach-tree is a native of Persia and China, and was brough-t 
from the former country to Italy by the Romans in the time of the Emperor 
Claudius. It was considerably cultivated in Britain as early as the 
year 1550, and was introduced to this country by the early settlers 
somewhere about 1680. From Persia, its native country, its name in all 
languages — Persico — Pecher — Peach — has evidently been derived. 

The peach is a rather small fruit-tree, with narrow, smooth, serrated 
leaves, and pink blossoms. It is more tender and of shorter duration than 
most other of the fruits usually grown in temperate climates. It is never 
raised in England, and not generally in France, without the aid of walls. 
Even at Montreuil, near Paris, a village whose whole population is 
mainly employed in cultivating the peach for market, it is grown entire- 
ly upon white- washed walls. China and the United States are, there- 
fore, the only temperate countries where the peach and the aj^ple both 
attain their highest perfection in the open orchard. The peaches of 
Pekin are celebrated as being the finest in the world, and of double the 
usual size. 

It is a curious fact in the history of the peach, that vidth its delicious 
flavor were once coupled, in the East, certain notions of its poisonous 
qualities. This idea seems vaguely to have accompanied it into Europe, 
for Pliny mentions that it was supposed that the king of Persia had sent 
them into Egypt to poison the inhabitants, with whom he was then at war. 
As the peach and the almond are closely related, it has been conjectured 
by Mr. Knight that the poisonous peaches referred to were swollen al- 
monds, which contain a considerable quantity of prussic acid. But it is 
also worth remarking that the peach-tree seems to hold very much the same 
place in the ancient Chinese writings that the tree of knowledge of the 
old Scriptures, and the golden Hesperides apples of the heathens, do in 
the early history of the western nations. The traditions of a peach- 
tree, the fruit of which when eaten conferred immortality, and which 
bore only once in a thousand years- — and of another peach-tree of 
knowledge, which existed in the most remote period, on a mountain 
guarded by a hundred demons, the fruit of which produced death — are 
said to be distinctly preserved in some of the eaily Chinese waitings. 
Whatever Jnay have been the nature of these extraordinary trees, it is cer- 
tain that, as Lord Bacon says, " not a slip or sucker has been left behind." 
We must therefore content ourselves with the delight which a fine 
peach of modern times affords to the palate and the eye. 

We believe there is at the present time no country in the world 
where the peach is grown in such great quantities as in the United 
States. North of a line drawn from the Mohawk river to Boston, 
comprising most of the Eastern States, they do not indeed flourish well, 
requiring some artificial aid to produce regular crops ; but in all the 
Middle, Southern, and Western States, they grow and produce the 



THE PEACH. 581 

heaviest crops in every garden and orchard. Thousands of acres are 
devoted to this crop for the supply of the markets of ovir la/ge cities. 
The market price usually varies according to the abundance of the crop, 
and tij the earliness or lateness of the season at which they are oflered. 
Many growers have orchards of from 10,000 to 100,000 trees of dif- 
ferent ages, and send to market in good seasons as many bushels of fruit 
from the bearing trees. When the crop is not universally abundant, 
the profits are veiy large ; if the contrary, they are often very little. 

Tlie very great facility with which the peach grows in this country, 
and the numerous crops it pi'odiices, almost without care, have led to a 
carelessness of cultivation which has greatly enfeebled the stock, and, 
as we shall presently show, has in many jilaces produced a disease pecu- 
liar to this country. This renders it necessary to give some additional 
care and attention to the cultivation of the peach ; and with very tri- 
fling care this delicious fruit may be produced in great abundance for 
many successive years. 

Uses. Certaiuly no one expects us to write the praises of the peach 
as the most delicious of fruits. " To gild refined gold " would be a 
task quite as necessary, and if any one doubts the precise rank which 
the peach should take among the dift'ei-ent fruits of even that cornuco- 
pian month — September — and wishes to convince us of the higher flavor 
of a Seckel or a Belle Lucrative pear, we will promise to stop his mouth 
and his ai-gument with a simny-cheeked and melting " George the 
Fourth," or luscious " Rareripe ! " No man who lives under a warm 
sun will hesitate about giving a due share of his garden to peaches, if 
he have no orchard; and even he who lives north of the best Indian corn 
limits ought to venture on a small line of espalier for the sake of the 
peach. In pies and pastry, and for various kinds of preserving, the 
peach is everywhere highly esteemed. At the South and West a consid- 
erable quantity of peach brandy is annually distilled from them, but we 
believe by no means so much as formerly. Hogs are fattened, in such 
districts, on the refuse of the orchard and distillery. 

In most parts of the country where peaches are largely ciiltivated 
the fruit is dried, and in this state sent to market in very large quanti- 
ties. The drying is performed, on a small scale, in spent ovens ; on a 
large scale, in a small drying-house heated by a stove, and fitted up with 
ventilated drawers. These drawers, the bottoms of which are formed of 
laths, or narrow strips sufficiently open to allow the air to circulate 
through them, are filled with peaches in halves. They are cut in two 
without being peeled, the stones taken ovit, and the two halves placed 
in a single layer with the skin downward. In a short time the heat of 
the drying-house will complete the drying, and the drawers are then 
ready for a second filling. Farther south they are spread l^pon boards 
or frames, and dried in the sun merely ; but usually with the previous 
preparation of dipping the peaches (in baskets) for a few minutes in 
boiling water before halving them. 

The leaf of the peach, bruised in water and distilled, gives the peach 
water, so much esteemed by many for flavoring articles of delicate cook- 
ery ; and steeped in brandy or spiiits, they communicate to it the fla- 
vor of Noyau. Indeed a very good imitation of the celebrated Noyau 
is made in. this way, by using the best white brandy, which, after being 
thus flavored, is sweetened with refined sugar mixed with a small :|uan 
tity of milk, and afterwards decanted. 



1^82 THE PEACH. 

Propagation. The peach is the most easily propagated of all fruit- 
trees. A stone planted in the antumn will vegetate in the ensuing 
spring, grow three or four feet high, and may be budded in Aiigust oi 
September. Two years from this time, if left undisturbed, it will usu- 
ally produce a small crop of fruit, and the next season bear very abun- 
dantly, unless the growth is over-luxiiriant. 

In nursery culture it is customary to bury the peach-stones in 
autumn, in some exposed spot, in thick layers covered with earth. 
Here they are allowed to lie all winter. As early in the spring as the 
ground is in fine friable condition, the stones are taken out of the ground, 
cracked, and the kernels sown in mellow prepared soil, in the nursery 
rows where they are to grow. They should be covered about an inch 
deep. Early in the following September they will be fit for htidding. 
This is performed with great ease on the peach, and grafting is there- 
fore seldom or never resorted to in this country, except at the South 
The buds should be inserted qiiite near the ground. The next season 
the stock should be headed back in March, and the trees will, in good 
soil, gi'ow to the height of a man's head in one year. This is by far 
the best size for transplanting the peach — one year old from the bud. 

In England the plum stock is universally employed. The advantage 
gained thereby is, a dwarfer and neater habit of growth for their walls. 
In France, some of the best cultivators prefer the almond stock. 
Healthy peach stocks afford the most natural foundation for the growth 
of standard orchard trees. At the same time we must protest against 
the indiscriminate employment of peach-stones from any and every source. 
With the present partially diseased state of many orchards in this coun- 
try, this is a practice to be seriously condemned ; and more especially as, 
with a little care, it is always easy to procure stones from sections of 
country where the Yellows is not prevalent. 

Eor rendering the peach quite dwarf, the JMirdbelle plum stock is 
often employed abroad. 

Soil and Situation. The very best soil for the peach is a rich, 
deep, sandy loam ; next to this, a strong, mellow loam ; then a light, 
thin, sandy soil ; and the poorest is a heavy, compact clay soil. We are 
very well aware tliat tlie extensive and profitable appropriation of thou- 
sands of acres of the lightest sandy soil in New Jersey and Delaware, 
has led many to believe that this is the best soil for the peach. But 
such is not the fact, and the short duration of this tree in those districts 
is unquestionably owing to the rapidity with which the soil is impover- 
ished. We have, on the contrary, seen much larger, finer, and richer 
flavored peaches j!??'Oc?wce(iyor a long time successively on mellow loam, 
containing but little sand, than upon any other soil whatever. 

It is a well-founded practice not to plant peach orchards saccessively 
upon the same site, but always to choose a new one. From sixteen to 
twenty-five feet apart may be stated as the limits of distance at which 
to plant this tree in orchards, more space being required in warm- cK- 
mates and rich soils than under the contrary circumsta,nces. North of 
New York it is better always to make plantations in the spring, and it 
should be done pi'etty early in the season. South of that limit it may 
nsually be done with equal advantage in the autumn. 

In districts of country where the fruit in the blossom is liable to be 
cut off' by spring frosts, it is found of great advantage to make planta- 
tions on the north sides of hills, northern slopes or elevated grounds, ic 



THE PEACH. 683 

preference to warm valleys and southern asfects. In the colder ex- 
posures the vegetation and blossoming of the tree is retarded until after 
ull danger of injiiry is past. Situations near the banks of large rivcira 
and inland lakes are equally admirable on this account, and the blossoms 
are not injured once in a dozen years; while on level grounds, dis- 
tant but a little way, they are destroyed every fourth or fifth season. 

With regard to the culture of peach orchards, there is a seeming 
disparity of opinion between growers at the ISTorth and South. Most of 
the cultivatoi'S at the South say, never plough or cultivate an orchard 
after' it has borne the first crop. Ploughing bruises the roots, enfeebles 
the trees, and lessens the crop. Enrich the ground by top-dressings, and 
leave it in a state of rest. The best northern growers say, alwaj's keep 
the land in good condition, mellow and loose by cultivation, and crop it 
very frequently with the lighter root and field crops. Both are correct, 
and it is not difiicult to explain the seeming difl'erence of opinion. 

The majority of the peach orchards south of Philadelphia, it will be 
recollected, grow upon a thin, light soil, previoiisly rather impoveiished. 
In such soils it is necessarily the case that the roots lie near the sur- 
face, and most of the food derived by them is from what is applied to 
the surface or added to the soil. Ploughing, therefore, in such soils, 
wounds and injiires the roots, and cropping the groimd takes from it the 
scanty food annually applied or already in the soil, which is not more 
than sufficient for the orchard alone. In a stronger and deeper soil thb 
roots of the peach-tree penetrate farther, and are mostly out of the 
reach of serious injury by the plough. Instead of losing by being 
ppened and exposed to the air, the heavier soil gains greatly in vakie by 
the very act of rendering it more friable, while at the same time it has 
naturally sufficient heart to bear judicious cropping with advantage 
rather than injury to the trees. The growth and luxuriance of an orchard 
in strong land, kept under tillage, is suprisingly greater than the same 
allowed to remain in sod. The difl'erence in treatment, therefore, should 
always adapt itself to the nature of the soil. In ordinary cases, the dura- 
tion of peach orchards in the light sandy soil is rarely more than three 
years in a bearing state. In a stronger soil, with proper attention to the 
shortening system of pruning, it may be prolonged to twenty or more 
years. 

Pruning. It has always been the prevailing doctrine in this country 
that the peach requires no pruning. It has been allowed to grow, to 
bear heavy crojis, and to die, pretty much in its own way. This is very 
well for a tree in its native climate, and in a wild state ; but it must be 
remembered that the peach comes from a warmer country than ours, and 
that oiir peaches of the present day are artificial varieties. They owe 
their origin to artificial means, and require therefore a system of culture 
to correspond. 

In short, we view this absence of all due care in the management of 
the j^each-tree, after it comes into hearing, as the principal original cause 
of its present short duration, and the disease which preys upon it in 
many of the older parts of the country. We therefore earnestly desire 
the attention of peach-growers to our brief hints upon a regular system 
of pi'uning this valuable tree. Of course we speak now of common 
standard trees in the orchard or garden. 

A peach-tree, left to itself after being :)lanted, usually comes intc 
bearing the third or fourth year, and has a well-shaped round 3d headj 




584 THE PEACH. 

fall of small bearing brand es, and -well garnished with leaves. It mutt 

be borne in mind that the fruit ia 
only borne on the young shoots ol 
the previous summer's growth. In a 
young tree these are properly distri- 
buted throughou.t. But in a couple or 
seasons, the tree being left to itself, 
the growth being mostly produced at 
the ends of the principal branches, the 
young slioots in the interior of the 
head of the tree die out. The conse- 
quence is, that in a short time the 
, , -j-v, i • interior of the tree is filled with long 

A peach-tree without pnmmg, as com- ^^^j ^ • n i i 

moniy seen. lean branches, with only young shoots 

at their- extremities. Any one car 
see that such a- tree can be provided with but half the number of 
healthy, strong shoots for bearing, that one would have if filled through- 
out with vigorous young wood. The sap flows tardily through the 
long and rigid branches, and not half leaves enough are provided to 
secure the proper growth of the fruit. And, finally, all the fruit wliich 
the tree yields being allowed to remain at the ends of the branches, they 
often break under its weight. 

Now, we propose to substitute for this what is generally known as 
the shortening-in system of pruning. We affirm, both from its constant 
success abroad, and from our own experience and observation in this 
country, that, putting its two diseases out of the qiiestion, the peach may 
be continued in full vigor and production, in any good soil, for from ten 
to thirty years. 

Let us take a healthy tree in the orchard or garden, in its first blos- 
soming year. It is usually about six to eight feet high, its well-shaped 
head branching out about thi-ee feet * from the ground. It has never yet 
been trimmed, except to regulate any deformity in its shape, and this is 
so much the better. 

At the end of February, or as early in the spring as may be, we com- 
mence pruning. This consists only of shorfening-in, i.e., CTitting off" half 
the last yeai-'s groivth over the whole outside of the head of the tree, 
and also upon the inner branches. As the usual average growth is from 
one to two feet, we shall necessarily take off from six to twelve inches. 
It need not be done with precise measurement ; indeed, the strongest 
shoots should be shortened back most, in order to bring up the others, 
and any long or projecting limbs that destroy the balance of the head 
should be cut back to a uniform length. This brings the tree into a 
well-rounded shape. By reducing the young wood one-half, we at the 
same moment reduce the coming crop one-half in number. The remain- 
ing half, receiving all the sustenance of the tree, are of doiible the size. 
Thfi young shoots, which start out abundantly from every part of the 
tree, keep it well supplied with bearing wood for the next year, while 
the greater luxuriance and size of the foliage, as a necessary conse- 
quence, produces larger and higher flavored fruit, f Thus, while we have 

* We think loio heads much preferable to high ones on many accounts. They 
shade the root, and are more within reach both for praning and gathering. 

f It is well, in shortening -back, to cut ofE the shoot close above a wood-bud 
rather than a blossom-bud. Few persons are aware how much the size and 




THE PEACH. 5&9 

secured against the prevalent evil, an over-crop, wo liave also provi' 
ded for the full nourishment of the present year's fruit, and induced a 
supply of fruit-bearing shoots throughout the tree for the next season. 

This course of pruning is followed regu- 
larly, every year, for the whole life of the 
tree. It is done much more rapidly than 
one would suppose ; the pruned wounds are 
too small to cause any gum to flow ; and it 
is done at the close of winter, when labor 
is worth least to the cultivator. 

The appearance of a tree pruned in 
this way, after many years of bearing, is a 
very striking contrast to that of the poor 
skeletons usually seen. It is, in fact, a fine ^ peach-tree pryi^^^^y the shorten 
object, with a thick, low, bushy head, filled 

with healty young wood, and in the summer with an abundance of dark- 
green, healthy foliage and handsome fruit. Can any intelligent man 
hesitate about adopting so simple a course of treatment to secure 
such valuable results ? We recommend it with entire confidence to the 
practice of every man in the country that cultivates a peach-tree. 
After he has seen and tasted its good eflects, we do not fear his laying 
it aside.* 

Training the peach-tree against walls or espaliers is but little prac- 
tised in this country. Espalier and cordon training, on a small scale, 
is, however, highly worthy of the attention of persons desiring this fruit 

beauty of the fruit depend on the size and vigor of the leaves. We have seen 
two peach-trees of the same age side by side, one unpruned, and the other regu- 
larly short ened-in, and both bearing about four busbels. That of the latter was, 
however, of double the size, and incomparably finer. 

* Our attention has been drawn to the following remarkable examijles of the 
good effects of regular pruning, which we translate from the leading French 
journal of horticulture. We ask the attention of our readers to these cases, 
especially after perusing our remarks on the Yellows and its cause. 

'' M. Duvilliers laid before the Royal Society of Horticulture an account of 
some old peach-trees that he had lately seen at the Chateau de Villiers, near 
Fert J-Aleps (Seine-et-Oise). These trees, eight in number, are growing upon a 
terrace wall, which they cover perfectly, and yield abundant crops. The gar- 
dener assured M. DuviUiers that they had been under his care during the thirty 
years that be had been at the chateau ; that they were as large wl ^-n he first saw 
them as at present, and that he supposed them to be at least i^ixty years old. We 
cannot doubt (says the editor) that it is to the annual pruning tha.t these peach- 
trees owe this long life ; for the peach-trees that are left to themselves in the latitude 
of Paris never live beyond ticenty or thirty years. M. Duvilliers gave the accu- 
rate measurement of the trunks and branches of these trees, and stated, what it 
is more interesting to know, that although all their trunks are hollow, like those 
of old willows, yet their vigor and fertility are still quite unimpaired." {Annates 
de la 8oci':tv d' Horticulture., tome sxx. p. 58. ) 

In volume 25, page 67, of the same journal, is an account of a remarkable 
peach-tree in the demesne of M. Joubert, near Villeneuve le Roi (dt'partement 
de I'Yonne). It is trained against one of the wings of the mansion, covers a 
large space with its branches, and the circumference of its trunk, taken at some 
distance from the ground, is two feet and a half. It is known to be. actually^ of 
inor( than 93 years' growth., and is believed to be more than 100 years old. It is 
still in perfect htalth and vigor. It is growing in strong soil, but it has been 
regularly subjected to a uniform and severe system of pruning, equivalent to 
our shortening-in mode. Where can any peach-tree of half this age be found 
in the United States, naturally a much more favorable climate for it than that 
of France ? 



586 THE PEACH. 

ia the colder parts of the country, where it Joes not succei^d well as a 
standard. Everywhere in New England excellent crops may be pro« 
duced in this way. FiiU directions for training the peach en es^iolier 
and cordon, with illustrations, are given in pages 42 and 43. 

Cordon or low fan training is practised by some cultivators at the 
North, and in sections where the crop of the peach is uncertain by reason 
of extreme cold in winter or late spring frosts destroying the buds. 
When the cordons or low fans are kept within one to two feet from the 
ground the trees may be readily protected in winter by covering with 
corn-stalks, straw, or brush of evergreens. 

Insects and Diseases. For a considerable time after the peach was 
introduced into America, it was grown everywhere south of the 40° of 
latitude, we may say literally, ivithout cultivation. It was only necessary 
to plant a stone in order to obtain in a few years, and for a long time, 
an abiindance of fruit. Very frequently these chance seedlings were of 
excellent quality, and the finer grafted varieties were equally luxuriant. 
Two maladies have appeared within the last twenty years, which, because 
they are little understood, have rendered this fine fruit-tree compara- 
tively short-lived and of little value. These are the Peaclx-horer and 
the Yellows. 

The Peach-borer or Peach-worm {^geria exitiosa, Say) does great 
mischief to this tree by girdling and devouring the whole circle of bark 
just below the surface of the ground, when it soon languishes and 
dies. 

The insect in its perfect state is a slender, dark-blue, foiu'-winged 
moth, somevs^hat like a wasp. It commences depositing its eggs in the 
soft and tender bark at the base of the trunk, usually about the last of 
June, but at difierent times from June to October. The egg hatches 
and becomes a small white bore7' or grub, which eventually grows to three- 
fourths of an inch long, penetrates and devours the bark and sap wood, 
and, after passing the winter in the tree, it enfolds itself in a cocoon 
under or upon the bark, and emerges again in a perfect or winged form 
in June, and commences depositing its eggs for another generation. 

It is not difficult to rid our trees of this enemy. In fact, nothing is 
easier to him who is willing to devote a few moments every season to 
each tree. The eggs which produce the borer, it will be recollected, 
are deposited in the soft portion of bark, just at the surface of the 
earth. Experience has conclusively proved that if a, quantity of leached 
ashes, charcoal, or even common soil, be heaped to the height of one foot 
around the triink of each tree at the end of May, and suflered to remain 
till October, the peach-borer will not attack it. It has been tried most 
successfully in large orchards, where the protected trees have long re- 
mained sound, while those unprotected have been speedily destroyed by 
the borer. The remedy undoubtedly lies chiefly in covering the most 
vulnerable portion of the tree from the attack of the insect. These 
mounds or heaps of earth, ashes, etc., should be spread over the surface 
every autumn on approach of winter, thus exposing the larvae of the in- 
sect, if any have entered the tree, to cold and destruction. 

Another simple remedy is in spring to first draw away a little earth 
from the crown of the tree, then wrap the body up, one foot from the 
ground, with strong coarse paper, securing it with tying, and replace 
the earth. 

Many caref^il and rigid cultivators prefer a regular exaruination of 



THE PEACH. 5^7 

the trees every spring and autumn. On removing the earth for a fe\i 
inches, tlie appearance of gum or castings quickly indicates Avhere the 
borer has made his lodging. A few moments with the knife will then 
eradicate the insect for the season. 

The Yellows. This most serious malady seems to belong exclu- 
sively to this country, and to attack only the peach-tree. Although it 
has been the greatest enemy of the peach-planter for the last thirty 
fears, — rendering the life of the tree uncertain, and frequently spreading 
over and destroying the orchards of whole districts, — still little is 
known of its nature, and nothing with certainty of its cause. Many 
slight observers have confounded it with the eflects of the peach-borer, 
but all persons who have carefully examined it know that the two are 
totally distinct. Trees may frequently be attacked by both the yellows 
and the borer, but hundreds die of the yellows when the most minute 
inspection of the roots a,nd branches can discover no insect or visible 
cause. Still we believe proper cultivation will entirely rid our gardens 
and orchards of this malady ; and this belief is in part borne out by 
experiments under our own inspection. In order to combat it suc- 
cessfully, it is necessary that the symptoms should be clearly under- 
stood. 

Symptoms. The Yellows appears to be a constitutional disease, no 
external cause having yet been assigned for it. Its infallible symptoms 
are the following : — 

1. The production upon the branches of very slender, wiry shoots, a 
few inches tong, and bearing starved diminutive leaves. These shoots 
are not protruded from the extremities, but from latent buds on the 
main portions of the stem and lai'ger branches. The leaves are very 
narrow and small, quite distinct from those of the natural size, and are 
either pale yellow or destitute of color. 

2. The premature ripening of the fruit. This takes place from two 
to foiu' weeks earlier than the proper season. The first season of the 
disease it grows neai'ly to its natural size ; the following season it is not 
more than half or a fourth of that size ; but it is always marked exter- 
nally (whatever may be the natural color) with specks and large spots 
of purplish red. Internally the flesh is more deeply colored, especially 
around the stone, than in the natural state. 

Either of the foregoing symptoms (and sometimes the second ap- 
pears a season in advance of the first) are undeniable signs of the Yel- 
lows, and they are not produced by the attacks of the worm or other 
malady. We may add to them the following additional remarks : — 

It is established beyond question, that the Yellows can always be 
propagated by budding or grafting from a diseased tree ; that the stock, 
whether peach or almond, also takes the disease, and finally perishes ; 
and that the seeds of the diseased trees produce young trees in which 
the Yellows sooner or later breaks out. To this we may add that the 
peach, budded on the plum or apricot, is also known to die with the 
Yellows. 

Very frequently only a single branch, or one side of a tree, will bo 
affected the first season. But the next year it invariably si)reada 
through its whole system. Frequently trees badly afiected will die the 
next year. But usually it will last, growing more and more feeble 
every year, for several seasons. The roots, on digging up the tiee, do net 
appear in the least diseased. 



000 THE PEACH. 

The Eioil does not appear inate]ially to increase or less© a the liabilitj 

fco the Yellows, though it fii-st originated, and is most destructive, in 
light, waj'm, sandy soils. 

Lastly, it is the nearly universal opinion of all orchardists that the 
Yellows is a contagious disease, spreading gradually, but cei'tainly, from 
tree to tree through whole orchards. It was conjectured by the late 
William Prince that this takes place when the trees are in blossom, the 
contagion being carried from tree to tree in the pollen by bees and 
the wind. This view is a questionable one, and it is rendered inore 
doubtful by the fact that experiments have been made by dusting the 
pollen of diseased trees upon the blossoms of healthy ones without 
communicating the Yellows. 

We consider the contagious nature of this malady an unsettled 
point. Theoretically, we are disinclined to believe it, as we know 
nothing analogous to it in the vegetable kingdom. But on the other 
hand it would appear to be practically true, and for all practical pur- 
poses we would base our advice upon the supposition that the disease is 
contagious. For it is only in those parts of the Atlantic States where 
every vestige of a tree shovidng the Yellows is immediately destroyed, 
that we have seen a return of the normal health and longevity of the 
tree. * 

Cause of the Yellows, No writer has yet ventured to assign a 
theory, supported by any facts, which would explain the cause of this 
malady. We therefore advance our opinion with some diffidence, but 
yet not without much confidence in its truth. 

We believe the malady called the Yellows to be a constitutional taint 
existing in many American varieties of the Peach, and produced, in the 
first place, by bad cultivation and the consequent exhaustion arising 
from successive over-crops. Afterwards it has been established and 
perpetuated by sowing the seeds of the enfeebled tree, either to obtain 
varieties or for stocks. 

Let us look for a moment into the history of the Peach cultur*^ in 
the United States. For almost a hundred years after this tree was in- 
troduced into this country it was lai-gely cultivated, es])ecially in Vir- 
ginia, Maryland, and New Jersey, as we have already stated, in perfect 
freedom from such disease, and with the least possible care. The great 

* The following' extract from some remarks on the Yellows by that careful 
observer, Noyes Darling, Esq. , of New Haven, Ct. , we recommend as worthy the 
attention of those who think the disease contagious. They do not seem to 
indicate that the disease spreads from a given point of contagion, but breaks 
out in spots. It is clear to our mind that in this, and hundreds of other 
similar cases, the disease was inherent in the trees, they being the seedlings of 
diseased parents. 

" When the disease commences in a garden or orchard containing a consider- 
able number of trees, it does not attack all at once. It breaks out in patches 
which are progressively enlarged, till eventually all the trees become victims tc 
the malady. Thus, in an orchard of two and a half acres, all the trees were 
healthy in 1827. The next year two trees on the west side of the orchard, within 
a rod of each other, took the Yellows. In 1829, six trees on the east side of the 
orchard were attacked ; five of them standing within a circle of fonr rods 
diameter. A similar fact is now apparent in my neighborhood. A fii e lot of 
200 young trees, last year in perfect health, now show disease in two spots neal 
the opposite ends of the lot, having exactly six diseased trees in each patch con- 
tiguous to each other ; while aU the other trees are fj-ee from any marks of dis- 
ease." — Cultivator. 



THE PEACH. 589 

aatural fertility of the soil was unexhausted, and the land otciipiod hy 
orchards was seldom or never cropped. Most of the soi. of these 
States, however, though at first naturally rich, was light and sandy, and 
in course of time became comparatively exhausted. The peach-tree, 
always productive to an excess in this climate, in the impoverished soil 
was no longer able to recruit its energies by annual growth, and gra- 
dually became more and more enfeebled and short-lived. About 1800, 
or a few yeai-s before, attention was attracted in the neighborhood of 
Philadelphia to the sudden decay and death of the orchards without 
apparent cause. From Fhiladelphia and Delaware the disease gradually 
extended to New Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to 
destroy a considejable part of all the orchards. Aboiit three or four 
years later it appeared on the banks of the H\idson (or from 1812 to 
1815), gi-adually and slowly extending northward and westward to the 
remainder of the State. Its progress to Connecticut was taking place at 
the same time, a few trees here and there showing the disease, until it 
became well kno^^^l (though not yet generally prevalent) throughout 
most of the warmer parts of New England. 

Ifc should be here remarked, that though the disease had been con- 
siderably noticed in Maryland and the Middle States previously, yet it 
was by no means general until about the close of the war of 1812. At this 
time wheat and other grain crops bore very high prices, and the failing 
fertility of the peach orchard soils of those States was suddenly still 
more lowered by a heavy system of cropping between the trees without 
returning anything to the soil. Still the peach was planted, produced a 
few heavy crops, and declined from sheer feebleness and want of sus- 
tenance. As it was the custom with many orchardists to raise their 
own seedling trees, and as almost all nurserymen gathered the stones hi- 
discriminately for stocks, it is evident that the constitutional debility of 
the parent trees would naturally be inJrerited to a greater or less degree 
by the seedlings. Still the system of allowing the tree to exhaust itself 
by heavy and repeated crops in a light soil was adhered to, and genera- 
tion after generation of seedlings, each more enfeebled than the former, 
at last produced a completely sickly and feeble stock of peach-trees in 
those districts. 

The great abundance of this fruit caused it to find its way more or 
less into all the markets on the sea-coast. The stones of the enfeebled 
Southern trees were thus carried north, and, being esteemed by many 
better than those of home growth, were everywhere more or less 
planted. They brought with them the enfeebled and tainted constitu- 
tion derived from the parent stock. They reproduced almost always 
the same disease in the new soil ; and thus, little by little, the Yellows 
spread from its original neighborhood, below Philadelphia, to the whole 
northern and eastern sections of the Union. At this moment, 1845, it 
is slowly but gradually moving West ; though the rich and deep soils of 
the Western alluvial bottoms will, perhaj^s, for a considerable time, even 
without care, overpower the original taint of the trees and stones re- 
ceived from the East. 

Let us now look a little more closely into the nature of this enfeebled 
state of the peach-tree which we call the Yellows. 

Every good gardener well knows that if he desires to raise a healthy 
and vigorous seedling jjlant, he must select the seed fi'om a parent 
plant that is itself decidedly healthy. Lindley justly and concisely re- 



590 THE PEACH. 

marks ; " All seeds ^^ ill not equally produce vigorous seedlings ; bnfc the 
heal tlii lies iJ of the new plant will correspond with that of thejjeed from 
which it sprang. For this reason it is not sufficient to sow a seed to 
obtain a given plant ; but in all cases, when any importance is attached 
to the result, the plumj^est and healthiest seeds should be selected, if the 
greatest vigor is required in the seedling, and feeble or less perfectly 
formed seeds, when it is desirable to check natural luxuriance." * 

Again, Dr. Van Mons, whose experience in raising seedling fruit-trees 
was more extensive than that of any other man, declares it as his 
opinion thac the more frequently a tree is reproduced contmuously from 
seed, the more feeble and short-lived is the seedling produced. 

Still more, we all know that certain peculiarities of constitution 
or habit can be propagated by gi-afting, by slij^s, and even by seeds. 
Thus the variegated foliage, which is a disease of some sort, is propagated 
forever by budding, and the disj)Osition to mildew of some kinds of 
peaches is continued almost always in the seedlings. That the peach- 
tree is peculiarly constant in any constitutional variation, the Nectarine 
is a well-known proof. That fruit-tree is only an accidental variety of 
the peach, and yet it is continually reproduced with a smooth skin from 
seed. 

Is it not evident, from these premises, that the constant sowing of 
the seeds of an enfeebled stock of peaches toould naturally produce a 
sickly and diseased race of trees f The seedlings will at fii'st often 
appear healthy, when the parent had been only partially diseased, but 
the malady will sooner or later show itself, and especially when the tree 
is allowed to prodxice an over-crop. 

That poor soil and over-bearing will produce great debility in any 
fruit-tree, is too evident to need much illustration. Even the apple, 
that hardiest orchard tree, requires a whole year to recover from the 
exhaustion of its powers caused by a full crop. The gi-eat natural luxu- 
riance of the peach enables it to lay in new fruit-buds while the branches 
are still loaded with fruit, and thus, except in strong soil, if left to itself, 
it is soon enfeebled. 

There are some facts in our every-day observation which may bo 
adduced in proof of this theory. In the first place, the varieties of this 
tree always most subject to this disease are the yellow peaches j and they, 
it is well known, also produce the heaviest crops. More than nine- 
tenths of the victims, when the disease first appeared, were the yellow- 
fleshed peaches. On the other hand, the white-tieshed kinds (those white 
and red externally) are much more rarely attacked ; in some parts of the 
country never. They are generally less vigorous, and bear more mod- 
erate crops. And it is well worth remarking that certain fine old sorts, 
the ends of the branches of which have a peculiar mildewed ajipearance 
(such as the old Red Rareripe, the Early Anne, &c.), which seems to 
check the growth without impairing the health, are rarely, if ever, 
attacked by the Yellows. Slow-growing and moderately jjroductive 
Borts, like the ISTutmeg peaches, are almost entirely exempt. We know 
a-n ovcha^rd in the adjoining county where every tree has gradually died 
with the Yellows, except one tree which stood in the centre. It is the 
Red NutuKrg, and is still in full vigor. It is certainly true that these 
sorts often decay and suddenly die, liut we believe chiefly frc - the nog- 

* Theory of Horticulture. 



THE PEACn. 591 

loct which allows them to fall a prey to the Peach-borer, la xevd the. 
freqiTency with which the Borer has been confounded with the Yellows 
by ignorant observers, renders it much more difficult to arrive at any 
correct conclusions respecting the contagious nature of the latter 
disease.* 

[t may be said, in objection to these views, that a disease which is only 
an enfeeblement of the constitution of a ti-ee, would not be sufficient to 
alter so much its whole nature and duration as the Yellows has done that 
of the peach. The answer to this is, that the debility produced in a 
single generation of trees pi-obably would not have led to such effects. 
or to any settled form of constitutional disease. But it must be borne 
in mind that the same bad management is to a great extent going on to 
this day, the whole country over. Every year, in the month of August, 
the season of early peaches, thovisands of bushels of fruit, showing the 
infallible symptoms of the Yellows, — a spotted skin, &c., — ax-e exposed 
and sold in the markets. Every year more or less of the stones of these 
peaches are planted, to produce, in their turn, a generation of diseased 
trees, and eveiy successive generation is even more feeble and sickly 
than the last ! Even in the North, so feeble has the stock become in 
many places, that an excessive crop of fine fruit is but too frequently 
followed by the Yellows. In this total absence of pi-oper care in the 
selection both of the seed and the trees, followed by eqiial negligence 
of good cultivation, is it surprising that the peach has become a tree 
comparatively difficult to preserve, and proverbially short-lived ? 

Abroad, it is well known that the peach is always subjected to a 
regular system of pruning, and is never allowed to produce an over- 
crop. It is not a little singular, both that the Yellows should never 
have originated there, and that, notwithstanding the great number of 
American varieties of this fruit that have been repeatedly sent to Eng- 
"land and are now growing there, the disease has never extended itself, 
or been communicated to other ti'ees, or even been recognized by English 
or French horticulturists. We must confess, these facts appear to us 
strong proofs in favor of our opinion as to the nature and origin of the 
malady. 

Meviedy for the Yellows. It may seem to many persons a difficult 
task to rid oiirselves of so wide-spread a malady as this, yet we are con- 
fident that a little perseverance and care will certainly accomplish it. 
In the present uncertainty with regard to its contagious nature, it is 
much the wisest to reject " the benefit of the doubt," and act upon the 
principle that it is so. We know at the present moment several gardens 
where the trees are maintained in good health by immediately rooting 
oiit and destroying every tree as soon as it shows marked symptoms of 
the malady; 

1. We would therefore commence by exterminating, root and branch, 
every tree which has the Yellows. And another tree should not be 
planted in the same spot without a lapse of several years, or a thoroiigh 
removal of the soil. 

2. The iitmost care should be taken to select seeds for planting from 
perfectly healthy trees. Nurserymen, to secure this, should gather them 

* All knowledge relating to the Yellows appears to us as much in obscurity 
as when this v^-is written. In our exiDerience no one variety seems more liable 
to be attacked oh an another, the most vigorous trees being as often affected aa 
ftose of moderate growth. — C. D. 



592 THE PEACH. 

from the latest ripening rarieties, or procure them from districts of fchs 
country where the disease is not known. 

3. So far we have aimed only at pi'ocuring a healthy stock of trees. 
The most important matter remains to be stated — how to preserve them 
in a healthy state. 

The answer to this is emphatically as follows : pursue steadily, from 
the first hearing year, the shortening-in system of pruning already ex 
plained. This will at once secure your trees against the possibility of 
over-bearing and its consequences, and maintain them in vigor and pro- 
ductiveness for a long time.* It will, in short, effectually prevent the 
Yellows where it does not already exist in the ti-ee. To whoever will 
follow these pi-ecautions, pursue this mode of cultivation, and adopt at 
the same time the remedy for the Borer already suggested, we will con- 
fidently insure healthy, vigorous, long-lived trees, and the finest fruit. 
Will any reasonable man say that so fine a fruit as the peach does not 
fully merit them ? 

Whether the system of shortening-in and careful culture will pre- 
vent the breaking out of the Yellows, when constitutionally latent in 
the tree, we will not yet undertake to say. In slight cases of the dis 
ease we believe that it may. Of one thing, however, we are certain : it 
has hitherto failed entirely to reclaim trees in which the malady had 
once broken out. Neither do we know of any well-attested case of its 
cure, after this stage, by any means whatever. Such cases have indeed 
been reported to us, and published in the journals, but, when investi- 
gated, they have proved to be trees sufifering by the effects of the horef 
only. 

A planter of peach-trees must, even with care, expect to see a few 
cases of Yellows occasionally appear. The malady is too widely ex- 
tended to be immediately vanquished. Occasionally trees having the 
constitutional taint will show themselves where least suspected ; but 
when the peach is once properly cultivated these will every day become 
more rare, until the original health and longevity of this fruit-tree is 
again established. 

The Curl is the name commonly given to a malady which often at- 
tacks the leaves of the peach-tree. It usually appears in the month of 
May or June. The leaves curl up, become thickened and swollen, with 
hollows on the under and reddish swellings on the upper side, and 
finally, after two or three weeks, fall off. They are then succeeded by a 
new and healthy crop of foliage. Although it does not appear mate- 
rially to injure either the tree or, the crop, yet it greatly disfigures it for 
a time. * 

Innumerable seedlings have been produced in this country, and 
some of them are of the highest excellence. It is very desii-able to re- 
duce the collection of peaches to reasonable limits, because, as this fruit 
neither offers the same variety of flavor nor the extent of season as the 
apple and pear, a moderate number of the choicest kinds, ripening from 

* The following remarks, directly in point, are from Loudon's last work , 
" The effect of shortening the shoots of the peach is not merely to throw more 
sap into the fruit, but to add vigor to the tree generally by increasing the 
power of the roots relatively to the branches. The peach being a short-lived 
tree, it has been justly remarked by Mr. Thompson, were it allowed to expend ell iti 
accumulated sap every year, it would soon exhaust itself and die of old age.''^ — Su- 
burban Horticulturist. 



THE PEACH. 



593 



the earliest to the latest, is in every respect better than a great \ ariety, 
many of which must necessarily be second-rate. 

Tt is worthy of remark, that most of ovir American varieties of the 
first quality have proved second-i-ate in England. This is owing to the 
comparative want of siin and heat in their climate. Indeed, our finest 
late peaches will not ripen at all except under glass, and the early 
varieties are much later than with us. On the other hand, many of the 
best European sorts are finer here than in England, and we have lately 
endeavored to introduce all of the foreign sorts of high quality. 

In the description of peaches and nectarines the foi-m and outlines 
of many kinds are so nearly similar that we are obliged to resort to other 
characteristics to distinguish the varieties. The two most natural 
classes into which the kinds of this fruit are divided are freestones and 
clingstones {melters and pavies, of the English) ; the flesh of the former 
parting freely from the stone, that of the latter adhering. 

Next to this, the strongest natural distinction is found in the leaves 
of the peach. At the base of the leaves of certain kinds are always 
found small glands, either round and regular, or oblong and irregular, 
while the leaves of certain other kinds have no glands, but are more 
deeply cut or serrated on the margin. These peculiarities of the foliage 
are constant, and they aid us greatly in recognizing a variety by fonning 
three distinct classes, viz. : — 






Chaiacters In the leaves of peachea. 



1. Leaves serrated and without glands, a. 2. Leaves with small 
round or globose glands, h. 3. Leaves ^vith large, irregular, reniform 
glands, c. 

This distinction of leaves is valuable, because it not only assists us 

38 



594 THE PEACH. 

when we liaA'^e the fruit before us, but it maybe referred to, for ihe sakfl 
of verifying an opinion, at any time during the season of foliage. 

There is also another class of characteristics to be found in the blos- 
soms, which is constant and valuable, though not so much so as that of 
the leaves, becaiise it can only be referred to for a few days in the 
spring. The blossoms aflbrd two well-marked subdivisions : 1st. 
Large flowers, always red in the centre, and pale at the margin ; 2d. 
Small flowers, tinged with dark at the maigin.* 

The most desirable peaches for market-growers in this country are 
very early and very late kinds. These command double the price in 
market of kinds ripening at the middle season. For New England and 
the North only the earliest kinds are desirable, as the late ones seldom 
mature well. 

In describing peaches we have embodied their character as Free- 
stones or Clingstones in the text descriptive. 

Raising Peaches in Pots. The uncertainty of peach culture in the 
open air has become so common in many sections where once the crop 
was as sure as that of the apple, that many persons are resorting to or- 
chard houses, or artificial in-door culture, both for supply of families and 
also as a profitable item of fruit-gi-owing for market. 

" Two modes are adopted : one without fire-heat, the crop maturing 
a little earlier than in common orchards ; the other, where by the use of 
fire-heat the fruit is obtained two or three months earlier than in open 
ground." The former mode has been successfully prosecuted by Messrs. 
EUevanger and Barry, Rochester, N. Y. ; and the following, written by 
P. Barry and published in Thomas' American Fo-uit Culturist, we copy . 

" We have now fruiting in wooden boxes, ten by ten inches, fifty-three 
varieties of peaches, eleven varieties of nectarines, and seven of apricots. 

" A.ge, Potting, and Soil. The trees are now three years from the 
bud. They were taken up in the fall of 1861 ; heeled-in and coverea 
during winter ; potted early in spring — March, I think ; soil a mix- 
ture of about three parts yellow sandy loam and one part of old hot- 
bed manure. 

" jSu/mmer Care. After potting they were kept in a cool house, 
partly covered with glass, until they had made shoots four or five 
inches long, and the danger of cold weather over. They were then 
plunged to the rim of the boxes in an open border until the fall. They 
were carefully watered when necessary during summer, and the shootis 
kept as miich as possible in uniform vigor by pinching. 

" Pruning. When potted the yearling trees were cutback to six or 
eight inches, and in some cases to four inches, or only two or three 
buds above the union of bud and stock, the object being to grow them 
in the form of bushes. We now find that those cut back farthest are 
the best trees. [Pig. 350 I'epresents the yearling tree ; Pig. 351 the 
same, cut back ; Pig. 352 the tree set in a pot ; and Pig. 353, the same 
after a year's growth.] 

" Wintering. On the approach of very cold weather, or just before 
the freezing of the ground so as to prevent out-door work, they were 

* Lindley makes a third division, embracing a few sorts with blossoms of an 
intermediate size. But it is of no practical value, as any doubt as to which of 
the two divisions any blossom belongs is immediately set at rest by tlie color of 
the blossom. 



THE PEACH. 



595 



rciuo\^ed tc a slied, wliero tJiej were piuiiged, as they had been during 
snmuier, up to the edges of the tubs. 

" S2)ring Treatment. On the return of mild spring weather 
abundance of air was admitted, and they remained there till 1st May, 
w'hen they were placed under glass, the buds at this time being about to 
expand. Here they were kept till the 15th of June, at which time the 
fruits were set, and all danger of cold to affect the foliage past. 

" Ventilation and Watering. During the i^eriod they were under 




glass, May 1st to June 15th, the principal points of management were 
VENTILATION, which was ample, and watering — the latter being one of the 
most important points in the treatment of all trees and plants in pots. 
Careless watering will ruin any plant, no matter how skilfvilly or care- 
fully other points may be managed. Daily watering is necessary, and, 
as soon as otit of bloom, a free use of the syringe night and morning. 

" Summer Treatment. On the 15th June, when all danger of cold 
was over, and the fruits set, they were removed from the glass cover- 
ing and plunged in an ojDen but sheltered border, and mulched with 
old hot-bed manure. Since that time they have received no care but 
watering, except an occasional pinch to regulate the growth of shoots. 

" There has not been a single leaf curled on any one of all these 
trees, showing conclusively that the cxirl is due to unfavorable changes 
of weather. Each tree now is a bush about two and a half feet high, 
and occupies about three feet square of space. 

" The first winter we had potted trees we kept them in a cellar, but 
most of the buds dropped, and we changed to the cool dry shed, the 
boxes plunged, and this has been successful." 

In houses where fire-heat is used, and the fruit brought forward so 
as to ripen in May and onward, the pots are either immersed in beds 
of tan bark over the flues or heating pipes, or placed on platforms or 
shelves, the pot containing the tree inside of one, two, or three sizes 



596 THE PEACH. 

larger, and the space between filled with moss , this serves to keep the 
roots at a more even temperature than would be the case were they to 
stand without this double potting. The trees are generally prepared by 
training one or two years before being brought into fruit, forming a head 
at about one foot to sixteen or eighteen inches of stem. This is done by 
a systematic system of pinching or summer pruning, removing the end 
of each shoot as fast as it grows to form three or four leaves. Thia 
pinching gives to the head a compact round form, and supplies it with 
numerous spurs or bearing shoots. The trees or pots are kept in the 
house all winter, and the thermometer in no instance allowed to go be- 
low zero, as the buds are more easily affected than those of out-door cul- 
ture. It is usual to commence heating by artificial means about the 
middle of January, increasing it as the season advances and the natural 
growing season and influence of the sun's rays are increased, giving 
all the time attention to reducing the temperature at night and increas- 
ing it by day, as in the natural life out of doors. Great heat may be 
maintained in a peach-house, but it mvist be alM^ays accompanied by 
abundant watering, or the trees will be liable to drop their fruit before 
mature. Some growers place their trees in warm, sheltered sitiiations 
out of doors a few days before fall ripening, believing it affects and in- 
creases the flavor of the fruit. 

Growing peaches in pots without the aid of glass structures or fire- 
heat has also been successfully practised. The trees are prepared, 
pruned, and grown the same as for house culture, and during the grow- 
ing season the pots are plunged in the open ground in a warm, sheltered 
position in the garden, due attention being given to watering. Just 
before the approach of severe winter, say about the middle of Novem- 
ber, they are removed into a cool, light cellar or pit frame, there to 
remain during winter. In spring they are returned to the garden, and 
should there be any sign of frost or cold, to injure the blooms, they are 
protected by means of a cloth awning, arranged so that it can be drawn 
over them at a moment's notice. 



VARIETIES. 

The varieties of peach are almost innumerable, new seedlings being 
produced in this country with great facility, and, after being heralded for 
a season, are suffered to pass out of existence and their places occupied 
with still later productions. A few of the old sorts remain as good to- 
day as when this work was first written, and occasionally a new variety 
is found of superior merits.. In the following pages descriptive we have 
endeavored to record all of much value, omitting many Mdiich are infe- 
rior, and others perhaps that, although good, were not sufficiently so to 
make them desirable, and therefore they are rare to be found in any col- 
lection. 



A Bec. 
Mignonne k Bec. Pourprde a Bec. 

This is a new variety, ripening early in August. The leaves have 
globose glands. Flowers large. 



THE PEACH. 597 

Fruit large, roundish, uneven in its outline, having a bold biiin* 
nipple at the apex. Suture shallow, highest on one side. Skin thin, 
of a lemon yellow, with crimson cheek. Flesh white, slight tinge of red 
next the stone, tendex', melting, sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

AbricotIie. 

Yellow Admirable. Grosse Jaune Tardive. D'Abricot. 

Apricot Peach. Admirable Jaune. D'Orange. (Orange Peach. ) 

The Apricot Peach (or Yelloio Admirable, as it is more frequently 
called) is an old French variety, but little CTiltivated in this country, 
though deserving of attention in the Middle States. It ripens very late, 
and is thought to have a slight apricot flavor. It grows with moderate 
vigor, and bears abundantly. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a small suture running on one side 
only. Skin clear yellow all over, or faintly touched with red next the 
sun. Flesh yellow, but a little red at the stone, firm, rather dry, with 
a sweet and agreeable flavor. Stone small. Ripens at the beginning of 
October. 

Acton Scott. 

The Acton Scott is an English Peach, raised by Mr. Knight. It is 
an excellent early fruit, and will thrive and ripen well at the North. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of mediiim size, rather narrow and depressed at the top, with 
a shallow suture. Skia rather woolly, pale yellowish white, with a mar- 
bled bright red cheek. Flesh pale quite to the stone, melting, sugary, 
and rich, with sometimes a slight bitter flavor. Middle of August. 

Albert's Late Rareripe. 

A Southern variety. Glands globose. 

Fruit largo, roundish. Suture slight. Skin not very downy, yellow- 
ish white, sprinkled with red dots and a marbled red cheek. Flesh pale, 
light red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. September. (White.) 

Alexandra. 
Alexandra Noblesse. Seedling Noblesse. 

This variety was raised by Thomas Rivers, from the Old Noblesse, 
and, unlike the old variety, the tree is not subject to mildew. Glands 
globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit of the largest size, round, and marked with a deep suture. 
Skin covered with a rough down, pale, with a few clusters of red dots 
on the side next the sun. Flesh white, quite pale at the stone, tender, 
melting, juicy, rich, vinous. Freestone. Early in August. (Hogg.) 

Alida. 

Originated with Charles Carpenter, Kelly Island, O. 
Fruit l<>rge, round, dark red. Flesh yellow, juicy, good. September. 
Freestone. 



598 the peach. 

Allen. 

An old sort, cultivated in Massacliusei./S. It has the habit of nspro 
ducing itself true from seed. 

Fruit small, roundish, "white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, jmcy 
pleasant. Freestone. 

Amelia. 

Stroman's Carolina. Rayzer's June. Nonesuch of North Carolina. 

Orangeburg. Sally's Peach. 

This Peach originated with Mr. Stroman, in Orangeburg District. 
S. C. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture large and deep, extending nearly 
round. Skin pale whitish yellow, shaded and marbled with crimson in 
the sun, downy. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, vinous. Free- 
stone. Last of August. Ripens at the South with Early York. 

Amelia. 

This fine large Peach originated with George Husman, Hermann, Mo. 
It is much like Cohimbia, but later in ripening. Leaves with indistinct 
globose, almost reniform glands. 

Fruit large, roiind. Suture well defined, deepest towards the apex, 
which has a rounded point. Skin rich yellow, marbled with dull red. 
Flesh thick, rich, juicy, sweet. Pipe a few days later than Columbia. 
Freestone. (Hort.) 

Akemie. 

Origin, Pomaria, S. C. 

Fruit very large. Flesh yellow, juioy, high-flavored. 10th August. 
Chngstone. (Sumner's MS.) 

ASTOE. 

An American Peach, which originated in New York. It is good, 
but hardly first-rate ; not very productive. Flowers large. Leaves 
with globose glands. 

Fruit large, rather flattened or broad, and slightly sunk at the top. 
Suture well marked. Skin pale yellowish white, with a deep red cheek. 
Stone small. Flesh melting, very juicy, sweet, and of excellent flavor. 
Ripens the last week in August. Freestone. 

Atwood. 

Originated with Roscius Atwood, Newberry, S. C. 

Fruit large. Quality best, productive. Clingstone. (Sumner's MS.) 

Austin's Late Red. 

Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, oblong, white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, 
vrinous, and well-flavored. Clingstone. Ripens middle of October. (P 
J. Berckman, MS.) 



the peach. 699 

Baldwin's Late. 

Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fi'iiit large, oblong, with a distinct swollen point. Skin greenish 
white, with a slight red cheek. Flesh very firm, juicy, meltiug, and 
well-flavored. Freestone. Kipe the last of October at the South. Dis- 
Beminated by Dr. Baldwin, of Montgomery. (White's Gard.) 

Barrington. 

Buckingham Mignonne. Colonel Ausley's. 

A handsome, very fine, and very hardy English Peach. The tree is 
vigorous and healthy. The fruit ripens at the medium season, about a 
week after the Royal George. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to ovate, and rather pointed at the 
top, with a moderate suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, 
with a deep-red marbled cheek. Flesh but slightly tinged with red at 
the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the first quality. Stone 
rugged, dark brown. Beginning of September. Freestone. 

Batchelder. 

Origin, Haverhill, Mass. Hardy and productive ; said to produce 
the same from seed. 

Fruit large, round. Skin white, with a deep blush. Flesh white, 
molting, juicy, very pleasant vinous flavor. Last of September. (Cole.) 

Baugh. 

Leaves with reniform glands. 

Fruit medium, roiindish, terminated with a small point. Suture 
obsciire. Skin pale yellow, almost white, with a slight blush towards 
the sun. Flesh yellowish white, pure white at the stone, melting and 
juicy, with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Separates from the stone. Ripens 
'he first of October. (White's Gard.) 

Belle Bausse. 

Belle Bauce. Pourpree Vineuse. Vineuse HAtive. 

Pourpree Hdtive Vmeuse. Vineuse de Fromentin. 

This delicious Peach is a variety of Grosse Mignonne, but larger, and 
ripens ten days later. Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, somewhat flattened at extremities. Suture distinct, 
higher on one side than the other. Skin thin and delicate, covered 
with fine down, highly colored almost over the entire surface ^vith deep 
ced. Flesh white, with a rosy tint round the stone, tender, melting, 
rinous. Freestone. Early September. 

Belle Chevreuse. 

Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit elongated, with a bold nipple at summit. Skin downy, yel 



600 THE PEACH. 

lowdsh, marbled with red in the stin. Suture distinct. Flesh Avhitiab 
yellow, red at stone, sweet, and juicy. September. (Hogg.) 

Belle de Beaucaire. 

A Southern variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, with protruding point. Suture shallow. Skiu 
light yellowish green, with cheek slightly reddened. Flesh pale greenish 
yellow, red at the stone, a little coarse, melting, rich. Freestone. Ripe 
last of July, South. (White's Gard.) 

Belle de Doue. 

Belle de Douai. 

A large melting Peach, an early variety of Bellegarde. Flesh vinous, 
rich flavored. Freestone. Glands globose. Flowers small. Middle 
August. (Hogg.) 

Belle de la Croix. 

A new Peach raised at Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowera 
small. 

Fruit large, round. Flesh sweet and rich. Middle August. (Hogg.) 

Belle de Yitry. 
Admirable Tardive. Bellis. 

This is not the Belle de Yitry of most of our gardens, which is the 
Early Achnirahle y it is quite distinct, also, from the Late Admirable y 
but is the Belle de Yitry described by Duhamel, and is a very firm- 
fleshed and excellent French variety, little known in this country. 
Leaves serrated without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit middle size, rather broad, with a deep suture, and the top 
depressed. Skin pale yellowish white, tinged and marbled with bright 
and dull red. Flesh rather fii-m, red at the stone, melting, juicy, and 
rich. PJpens here the last of September. Freestone. 

/ Belle et Bonne. 

A foreign variety. Leaves without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skiu downy, clear yellow, shaded 
with bright red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, highly perfumed. 
Freestone. August. (An. Pom.) 

Bellegarde. 

Galande. Red Magdalen. 

Noir de Montreuil. Brentford Mignonne. 

French Rojal George. Ronald's Mignonne. 

Smooth-leaved Royal George. Early Garlande. 

Early Royal George. Belle de Fillemont. 

This very excellent French Peach is the one most highly esteemed 
by the Montreuil growei's, who supply the Paris markets, and it is 



THE PEACH. 601 

equally valued by the English. It is also one of the handsomest and 
most delicious fruits here. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 
Fruit large, round, and regular, the suture shallow, the top sliglitly 
hollowed, and having a little projecting point. Skin pale yellowish 
gi-een, with a rich red cheek, often streaked with darker purple. Flesh 
slightly marked with red at the stone, a little firm, but very melting, 
juicy, rich, and high-flavored. Stone rather large. JEnd of August and 
fii-st of September, Freestone. 

Bekgen's Yellow. 

One of the best of the yellow-fleshed Peaches, but not a good bearer, 
and therefore unprofitable. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large (often measuring nine inches in circumference), globular, 
depressed, and broad ; the suture well marked, and extending more than 
half rovmd. Skin deep orange, dotted with some red, and with a very 
broad, dark-red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, melting, juicy, and of rich 
and luscious flavor. Ripens at the beginning of September'. Free- 
stone. 

Blanton Cling. 
Yellow Blanton Cling. 

Leaves large. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, and shaped like Lemon Cling, with the same projecting, 
swollen point. Skin rich orange, with a slightly reddened cheek. Flesh 
orange yellow, firm, biit full of a delicious vinous juice. Later and 
better than Lemon Cling. E-eproduces itself from seed. Ripens 10th 
August. (White's Gard.) 

Blood Clingstone. 
Indian Blood. Claret Clingstone. Blood Cling. 

The Blood Clingstone is a very large and peculiar fruit, of no value 
for eating, but esteemed by many for pickling and preser\'ing ; the flesh 
very red, like that of a beet. This is an American seedling, raised many 
years ago from the French Blood Clingstone — Sanguinole a Chair 
Adherente. It is a much larger fruit than the original sort, which has 
large flowers ; otherwise they are the same in all respects. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit often very large, roundish oval, with a distinct suture. Skin 
very down}^, of a dark, dull, clouded, purplish red. Flesh deep red 
throughout, firm and juicy — not fit for eating. September to October. 

There is a French Blood Freestone {Sanguinole, Sanguine, Car- 
dinale, or J3etrave, Duh., Thomp.) of the same nature, and ^ised for the 
same purpose as this, but smaller in size, and not eqixal to it for cooking. 
Leares withoiit glands. 

There is also a Blood Freestone, raised by John M. [ves, Salem, 
Mass., which is of medium size. Blood red throughout. Tree hardy 
^nd a good bearer. 

Bonne Gros de Noisette. 
Originated with M. Noisette, Paris, France. 



603 THE PEACH. 

Fi.uit large, roundisli, depressed. Suture deep. Skin nearly smooth, 
white, with faint marblings of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
red at the stone, juicy, vinous, aromatic. Freestone. September. 

Bordeaux Cling. 

Raised in New Bordeaux, Abbeville District, S. C, from a stone 
brought from Bordeaux. Glands reniform. Flowtrs large. 

Fruit large, oblong or oval, a little one-sided. Suture shallow. 
Skin very downy, lemon yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, red 
at the stone (to which it clings), juicy, melting. A showy market sort. 
First of August. (Wm. N. White, MS.) 

Brevoort. 
Brevoort's Morris. Brevoort's Seedling Melter. 

One of the richest and most delicioiis of American Peaches, and one 
of the favorite sorts for garden cultivation. It was raised by Henry 
Brevoort, of New York. Bears regular, moderate crops. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium or large, round and rather broad, with a distinct su- 
ture, deep at the top. Skin pale yellowish white, often a little dingy, 
with a bright red cheek. Flesh rather firm, slightly red at the sto^^e, 
rich, sugary, and high-flavored. Freestone. Fii-st of September. 

Briggs. 

Origin, Dedilam, Mass. Hardy and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture continued almost round it. Skin white, 
nearly covered with bright red. Flesh white, tinged -with, red at the 
stone, very juicy, of a rich, sweet, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 
From first to middle of September. (Cole.) 

Cable's Late. 

Cable's Late Melocoton. 

Originated with E. Cable, Cleveland, O. A seedling of the '' Red 
Clieek Melocoton, and resembles Crawford's Late, somewhat larger, and 
ripening a Kttle earlier. Tree a good bearer. Freestone. (ElUott.) 

Cambridge Belle. 
Hovey's Cambridge BeUe. 

Raised by Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass. 

Fruit large, roundish. A beautiful Peach, with a clear waxen skin, 
and a blush on the exposed side, and of a rich, brisk, delicious flavor. 
Freestone. Ripe early in September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Canary. 

An American variety. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Skin thin, beautiful bright yellow 
Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, rich, and good. July, Scriitii ; ^iugusi^ 
North. Freestone. 



the peach. 603 

Carpenter's "White. 

Raised by William S. Carpenter, New York City. Tree -vigoious 
and ju'odiictive, with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large and round. Skin white, with a slight shade of green. 
Flesh white to the stone, jiiicy, melting, and of good flavor. Sepa- 
rates from the stone. Ripens about the middle of October. 

Catherine. 
Congress. 

The Catherine Cling is an old English variety, of excellent quality, 
but not, we think, eqixal to the Large White Clingsto7ie, a native seed- 
ling, so much esteemed in the Middle States. Leaves with reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Friiit large, roundish oval, more swollen on one side than the other, 
and terminated by a small swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellowish 
green, much sprinkled with red dots, the exposed cheek of a bright 
lively redj streaked with darker red. Flesh firm, yellowish white, but 
dark red at the stone, to which it adheres very closely, juicy, rich, and 
good. Middle and last of September. 

Chancellor. 

Chancelliere. Stewart's Late Galande. 

Noisette Edgar's Late Melting. 

Late Chancellor. 

The Chancellor is said to have been originated by M. de Seguier, 
of Paris, then Chancellor of France. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oval, with a well-marked suture. Skin pale yellowish 
white, with a dark crimson cheek. Flesh very deep red next the stone, 
melting, and possessing a rich vinous flavor. Stone oblong. Freestone. 
Middle of September. 

Chinese Cling. 

Reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, globular. Sides compressed. Suture quite shallow. 
Skin creamy white, shaded and marbled with fine red. Flesh white, 
red at the stone (which is adherent), very juicy, melting, with a rich, 
excellent vinous flavor. Ripens first to middle of September; at the 
South, from the middle of July to the first of August. 

Christiana. 

Originated at Pomaria, S. C. 

Fruit large, beautiful. Flesh white to the stone. Flavor delicious. 
Freestone. September. (Sumner's MS.) 

Clemence Isaure. 

A new French Peach. Leaves with large reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 



604 THE PEACH. 

Fruit large, roundish, oval. Suture well marked. Skin ooverea 
with a gray down, whitish yellow, deep purple in the sun. Flesh, deep 
yellow, purplish next the stone. Freestone. September. (Verg.) 

Clinton. 

A native variety, of second-rate flavor. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed at the top, bxit 
nearly without suture. Skin pale yellowish white, with a red cheek 
marked by broken stripes of dull red. Flesh scarcely stained at the 
stone, juicy and good. Last of August. Freestone. 

Cole's Early Red. 

An American Peach, which is a very fruitful and excellent variety 
for market culture. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with but little sutui-e. Skin pale 
in the shade, but nearly all covered with red, becoming dark red on the 
sunny side. Flesh, melting, juicy, rich, and very sprightly. Beginning 
to the middle of August. Freestone. 

Columbia. 
ludian Peach. Pace; Mulatto. 

The Columbia is a singular and peculiar Peach. It was raised by 
Mr. Coxe, the author of the first American work on fruit-trees, from a 
seed brought from Georgia. It is a very excellent fruit, which every 
amateur will desire to have in his garden. The tree is not a very rapid 
grower, and bears only moderate crops, being, of course, all the less 
subject to speedy decay. The young wood is purple. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, globular, broad and much depressed, the suture distinct, 
extending half way round. Skin rough and rather thick, dull dingy 
red, sprinkled with spots and streaks of darker red. Flesh bright yel- 
low, of the texture, as Coxe remarks, of a very ripe pine-apple, rich, 
juicy, and of very excellent flavor. Ripens from the beginning to the 
middle of September. Freestone. 

Columbus, June. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium to large, flattened or slightly hollowed at the apex. 
Suture shallow. Skin pale yellowish white, with a rich red cheek. 
Flesh, slightly red at the stone, melting, juicy, and high-flavored, excel- 
lent. Ripens here in Georgia 20th June. Free. (White's Gard.) 

Comet. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, of England, from the Salway. Glands 
reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round. Skin pale yellow, with, a crimson cheek. Flesh 
pale yellow, separating freely from the stone, juicy, melting. Early 
October. (Hc^gg.) 



THE PEACH. 600 

COMTESSE DE HaINAUT. 

Originatod in Belgium. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roimdish. Suture distinct, not deep. Skin covered ■with 
a light doAvn, clear yellow, red in the sun. Flesh yellowish wnite, red 
at the stone, juicy, melting. Stone large. Freestone. September, 
(An. Pom.) 

Cooledge's Favorite. 
Cooledge's Early Bed Rareripe. 

This most popular early New England Peach was raised from seed 
by Mr. J. Cooledge, of Watertown, Mass. It is ixnusually productive, 
and a very bright-colored handsome Peach, of excellent cpiality ; and its 
hardiness renders it valuable at the North. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish (the suture prominent at the top only), but 
rather the largest on one side. Skin clear, smooth, white, with a fine 
crimson mottled cheek. Flesh very melting and juicy, with a rich, 
sweet, and high flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 

Counts'. 

Originated with H. H. Counts, Lylesford, S. C. 
Fruit large, white, with red cheek. Flesh white, rich, jnicy, supe< 
rior. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.) 

Crawford's Early. 

Early Crawford. Crawford's Early Melocoton. 

This is the most splendid of all early yellow-fleshed Peaches, and ia 
scarcely surpassed by any other variety in size and beauty of appear- 
ance. As a market fruit it is perhaps the most popular of the day. It 
was originated by William Crawford, Esq., of Middletown, N. J. The 
tree is vigorous, very fruitful, and hardy. Leaves with globose glands. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, the swollen point at the top prominent ; 
the suture shallow. Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, 
melting, sweet, rich, and very excellent. It ripens here the last week 
in August. Freestone. 

Crawford's Late. 
Crawford's Superb Malacatune. 

Crawford's Late Melocoton, from the same source as the foregoing, iu 
one of the most magnificent American Peaches. We tliink it deserving 
of universal cultivation. As a splendid market fruit it is imri vailed, 
and its size and beauty will give it a place in ever-y garden. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, rovmdish, with a shallow but distinct suture. 
Skiu yellow, with a fine dark-red cheek. Fle.sh deep yellow, but red 
at the stone, juicy and melting, with a very rich and excellent vinous 
flavor. Ripens from the 20th to the last of September. Freestone. 



606 the peach. 

Crimson Galande. 

Crimson Mignonne. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. Fruit medmm, roundish, fainl 
suture, pitted at apex. Skin almost covered "with dark crimson, nearly 
black. Flesh tender, melting, blood red at the stone, jtiicy, rich. Free- 
stone. (Hogg.) 

Crockett's Late White. 

A late-maturing white Peach, originated in New Jersey, where it ia 
popular as a market sort. Leaves with reniform glands. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong.' Skin greenish white, occasionally 
some red in sim. Flesh pale, sweet, not very juicy. Last September. 
Freestone. (Gar. Mon.) 

Dagmar. 

A new Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Glands globose. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit round, marked with a shallow suture, deepest at apex. Skin 
tender, very downy, pale straw-color, nearly covered with minute crim- 
son dots, giving a mottled appearance. Flesh white, very tender, melt- 
ing, juicy, rich, vinous, sweet. Freestone. August. (Hogg.) 

De Beurre. 

A French Peach. Leaves without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, oval, depressed at apex. Skin easily detached from 
the flesh, covered with a short, fine down, whitish yellow, washed with 
brownish red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, purplish next the stone, 
sweet, vinous. August. Freestone. (Verg.) 

De Bonlez. 

A Belgian variety. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round, depressed. Suture deep. Skin downy, yellow- 
ish, deeply colored with red in the sun. Flesh firm, yellowish, red at 
the stone. September. Freestone, (Alb, Pom.) 

Desse Tardive. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, flat at top, deep suture next the fitalk. Skin 
pale yellow, faint tinge of rosy red next the sun. Flesh gx eenish white, 
slightly tinged with red next the stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Septem- 
ber. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

De ZeIiHern. 

Fruit medium, round. Siiture deep, large. Skin downy, yellow, more 
or less olored with bright red. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet. 
August, Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) 



the peach. 607 

Doctor Hogg. 

Originated with Thomas Rivers, England. It is described as th« 
largest early Poach known. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin lemon yellow, dotted with 
crimson, and a crimson cheek in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, some- 
what firm, but melting and juicy, stained with red at the stone. Last 
of July or early August. Freestone. 

D'OlGNES. 

Originated in Belgium, Leaves serrated. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish. Suture large and shallow. Skin 
downy, greenish yellow, with red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, 
much colored around the stone, melting, juicy. September. Freestone. 
(An. Pom.) 

DoNAHOo Cling. 

From Mr. Donahoo, Clark Co., Ga. Glands renifontn. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit very lai-ge, roundish. Suture quite deep on one side, and visi- 
ble entirely around the fruit. Apex depressed. Skin creamy white, 
dotted and tinged with red in the sun. Flesh white to the stone, 
exceedingly jnicy, rich, and luscious. Ripens from 10th to 20th Sep- 
tember. 

Double Montagne. 
Double Mountain. Montagne. Montauban. 

A Peach much resembling the Noblesse, of French origin. Leaves 
serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, but somewhat narrower at the top. 
Skin pale greenish white, with a soft red cheek, which is marbled with 
darker red at matvirity. Flesh white to the stone, very delicate and 
melting, with a plentiful and high-flavored juice. Stone ovate and 
rugged. Middle of August. Freestone. 

Druid Hill. 

Originated by Lloyd N. Rogers, Esq., of Druid Hill, near Balti- 
more. The tree is unusually vigorous, the shoots and leaves very large, 
and it bears abundantly. The very late season of its maturity renders 
it vahiable, as most of the luscious sorts are then gone. Leaves with 
globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish ; the cavity of the stalk rather narrow, the su 
ture very slight, and the swollen point distinct, but scarcely prominent 
Skin pale greenish white, clouded with red on the sunny side. Flesh 
greenish white, purple at the stone, very juicy and melting, with an 
exceedingly rich, high vinous flavor. Stone long and rather compressed, 
much fuiTowed. Ripens from the 20th of September to the 1st of 
October. Freestone. 



608 



THE PEACH. 



Duff Yellow. 



Glands globose. Flowers small. An excellent early market P?acli 
Fruit very large, round, with a sliarp point. Skin yellow, with a 
red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, and pretty well flavored, a little acid, 
red at the stone. Clingstone. Ripens early in July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

DUPEREON. 

A seedling of M. Duperron. Promises of value. Leaves with glo- 
bose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish, depressed at end. Suture shal- 
low. Skin downy, golden yellow, more or less washed with pale red. 
Flesh yellow. Clingstone. October. 

Dwarf Orleans. 
Italian Dvfarf. 

This variety, introduced many years since, and described by Wm, 
Prince, in 1828, has recently been brought out anew under the name of 
Italian Dwarf, It forms a diminutive tree of about two feet in height, 
is a slow grower, with short-jointed wood, suited as a curiosity for pot- 
growing. Leaves long. Flowers large. 

The fruit is nearly as large as the Nutmeg Peach. White flesh, 
juicy. Freestone. 

Early Admirable. 
Admirable. Belle.de Vitry. L' Admirable. 

A very excellent French Peach, wrongly known by many in this 
country as the Belle de Yitry, which is a distinct variety. We find it 
early, and very prolific. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit not quite round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red 
cheek. Flesh red next the stone, melting, and juicy, with a good, rich, 
sweet flavor. Middle of August. 

. Early Albert. 

An early Peach raised by Thomas Rivers, of England. Glands glo- 
bose. Flowers small. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, frequently one side of suttire higher 
than the other, pitted at apex Skin greenish yellow, shaded with deep 
crimson. Flesh white, tender, melting, with a faint brick red tinge next 
the stone, rich juicy. Freestone. Last of July. (Hogg.) 

Early Alfred. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Hunt's Tawny Nectarine. 
Glaiids globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit rather large, marked with a deep suture. Skin straw-color, 
mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, melting, vinous, rich 
Early August. (Hogg.) 



the peach. 609 

Early Anne. 
Anne. Green Nutmeg. 

The Early Anne is au old and familiar English sort. The tree is 
of slender growth. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers large, 
nearly white. 

Fruit rather small, round. Skin white, with a faint tinge of red 
next the sun. Flesh white to the stone, soft, melting, sweet, and of 
pleasant flavor. Last of July and first of August. 

Fay's Early Anne, a seedling of the above, by Lincoln Fay, of Chau- 
tauqne Co., N. Y., is larger and better. Ripens a week or two later, 
and just before Early York (serrate). Skiu whitish, sometimes slightly 
tinged with red. Flesh white, juicy, melting, and very good. 

Early Beatrice. 

This Peach, says its originator, Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, 
England, is the earliest soi't known, ripening from 5tli to 11th of July. 
Leaves with rerdform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium size, with a marbled red cheek. Flesh melting, very 
juicy. 

Early Chelmsford. 
Mammoth. 

Leaves glandless. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture clear round, deep on one side. Skin 
white, with a bright red cheek. Flesh white, very melting and jtxicy, 
of a very delicious, slightly vinous flavor. Freestone. 20th to last of 
August. 

Early Grosse Mignonne. 
Grosse Mignonne Hative . Mignonne Hative. 

This is a very fine Peach, ripening early in August. Glands globose. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pitted at apex. Nipple one side, and shal- 
low suture. Skin with a pale red cheek in the sun, dotted thickly with 
bright crimson dots. Flesh white, veined with red, very juicy, vinous, 
sweet. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

Early Louise. 

Seedling of Thomas Rivei'S. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 
Fiodt medium, bright red. Flesh melting, juicy, excellent. Free- 
stone. July 12th to 16th. (Rivers' Cat.) 

Early Malden. 

Raised by James Dougall, Canada West. Flowers small. Leaves 
glandless. 

Fniit medium, roundish, one side enlarged. Sutiire distinct on one 
side. Skin whitish, mostly shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sprightly. Freestone. Middle of August. 

39 



610 THE PEACH. 

EARL'S Newington Freestone, ' 

I 

Newington Peach, Smitli's Early Newington. 

Early Newington. Smith's Newington. 

This is a large and exceedingly high-flavored early Peach ; indeed 

we consider it withoixt a superior at its season. It is quite distinct 
from the other Newingtons, which are clings and rather late, while this 
is early and generally parts from the stone, though it frequently hap- 
pens that some of the fruit on the same tree adheres partially or wholly 
to the stone ; and this peculiarity (common, so far as we know, to but 
one other kind) is one of its constant characteristics. The tree is only a 
moderate bearer. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, round, with a distinct suture, and one-lialf the 
fruit always the larger. Skin pale yellowish white, dotted and streaked 
with red, the cheek a rich red. Flesh white, but red at the stone, to 
which many particles adhere. If not fully ripe it has the habit of a 
cling. Flesh juicy, melting, -with a rich vinous flavor. Ripens dii-ectly 
after the Early York, about the 24th of August. 

Early Bivers. 

Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, pale straw-color, with a delicate pink cheek. Flesh 
melting, remarkably rich and racy. Middle July. (Rivers' Cat.) 

Early Silver. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, in 1857, from seed of the Wlaite Nec- 
tarine. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large, roundish ovate, sometimes a nipple at the apex. 
Skin cream-color, with a slight blush in the sun. Flesh white, meltiag, 
juicy, brisk. Middle August. Freestone. (Hogg). 

Early Sweet Water. 
Sweet Water. Large American Nutmeg. 

It is an American Peach, raised from a stone of the Early Anne. 
The tree is thrifty and productive, with pale shoots, and nearly white 
blossoms. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, sometimes large, roundish, with a slight 
suture. Skin pale white, very seldom with a faint blush when fully 
exposed. Flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, melting, juicy, 
sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Ripe about the 8th of Avigust. 
Stone small. 

Early Sweet Water (Prince's) is distinct from this, and, ]\[r. 
Prince says, equally valuable. 

Early Tillotson, 

The Early Tillotson was first introduced to notice by J. J. Thomas, 
of Macedon, Wayne Co. It is considered a native of that part of the 
State. 

This has not succeeded well here, and most cultivators at the North 
have discontinued it. It mildews badly, grows slowly, ard is not pro 



THE PEACH. 611 

ductive. At the South it is one of their very best early peaches, and 
in many localities it has proved fine. Leaves deeply serrated, without 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, round. Skin nearly covered with red, the 
ground color, pale yellowish white, being thickly dotted with red, and 
the exposed cheek being a dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the 
stone, to which, though a freestone, it partially adheres, melting, juicyj 
with a rich, highly excellent flavor. It ripens the middle of August. 

Early Victoria. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Much like its parent. Early 
York. 

Early York. 
Early Purple. Pourpree Hdtive. Serrate Early York. 

The Early York has long been the most popular of early Peaches in 
this country. It is at least a week earlier than the (true) Royal George, 
more melting and juicy, though not quite so rich, and deserves a place 
in every garden. In unfavorable soil, the ends of the branches are a 
little liable to mildew ; but the tree is very hardy and productive. 
There are one or two newer seedlings raised from this, and bearing the 
same name, in New Jersey, which are rather more thrifty for the 
orchard, but do not possess the high flavor of the old kind. They are 
easily known from it by the absence of glands in the leaves and by the 
large flowers of the true sort. It is quite distinct from the Red Rare- 
ripe, which is large, broader, deeply marked with a suture, later in 
ripening and richer flavored. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining a little to ovate, with a 
slight suture only. Skin very thin, pale red, thickly dotted over a pale 
ground in the shade, but quite dark red in the sun. Flesh greenish 
white, remarkably tender and melting, full of rich, sprightly juice. 
Ripens about the 18th of August. 

Eastburn. 
Eastbxim'a Choice. 

American. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale yellow, with red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellowish, red near the stone, juicy. Freestone. S-eptember. 
(ElUott.) 

Eaton's Golden. 

Origin, North Carolina. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit above medium, round. Suture shallow. Skin golden yellow, 
with occasionally a few faint pink spots near the base. Flesh golden 
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a marked apricot flavor. Clingstone. Ripe 
middle of September. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Eliza Peach. 

Origin, PliiladelpMa. Leaves large, with. reniform glands. 



612 THE PEACH. 

Fruit medium, round, terminating in a nipple. Skin yellow, wit! 
a mottled red cheek. Flesh yellow, red at the stone. Last of Sep 
tember. Freestone. 

Elmira Cling. 

Originated with M. W. Phillips, Mississippi. Glands reniform 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oval, depressed. Suture rather shallow on one side. 
Skin white, with a greenish yellow tinge, quite downy. Flesh white^ 
tinged with red at the stone, to which it adheres. Sweet and good 
Early in August. 

Emperor of Hussia. 
Cut-Leaved. Serrated. New Cut-Leavea. TJnique. 

A very rich and fine-flavored Peach, raised by Mr. Floy, in 1812. 
Its growth is slow, and its shoots are inclined to become mildewed. It 
is rather a shy bearer. The leaves are very deeply cut, or serrated 
on the edges. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish and broad, with one half more swollen than 
the other. Skin downy, dull yellowish white, with a dark-red cheek- 
Flesh yellowish white, rather firm, rich, and high-flavored. Last o'' 
August. 

Ernoult. 

This is a singularly formed and colored Peach, from Belgium. Leave? 
with globose glands. 

Fruit large, roundish, depressed. Suture shallow in the middle of 
the fruit, deeper at ends, and peculiarly wrinkled pit at apex. Skin 
downy, clear yellow, shaded with deep reddish purple in the sun. Flesh 
white, some red next the stone, melting, juicy, rich. Freestone. (An. 
Pom.) 

Exquisite. 

A variety that originated in Georgia. Glands globose. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Mpple at apex. Skin 
yellow, mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh deep yellow, red at 
stone, tender, melting, juicy, vinous. September. 

Favorite. 
Favorite Bed. 

A capital orchard fruit, of large size, hardy, and a most abundant 
bearer. It is a very good native Peach, though not of high flavor. 
Leaves with obscure globose glands, often with none. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, oblong or oval. Skin white, rather downy, much cov- 
3red with red, which becomes a very dark red when fully exposed in 
the siin. Flesh red at the stone, f- little firm, but juicy, witli a good 
VLDOus, but not rich flavor. Second week in September. 



the peach. 613 

Flater's St. John. 
Yellow St. John. 

A new variety, of Southern origin, said to be one of the mo it pro 
misiiig of tlie early varieties. 

Fruit large, somewhat resembling Early Crawford, but deeper color. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens a little befoi'e Early 
Tillotson. (R. R. Hunley, MS.) 

Flewellen Cling. 

Fruit large, globular, depressed at the apex. Skin downy, yel- 
lowish white, mostly overspread with shades of red, dark dull purplish 
red in the sun, the lighter tints of red somewhat in stripes. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, red at the stone, to which it firmly adheres, very juicy, 
sweet, and high-flavored. A desirable early cling for the South. First 
of August. 

Fox's Seedling, 

A good and productive late Peach, a native of New Jersey. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit round, a little compressed. Cavity at the stalk narrow. Skin 
white Avith a led cheek. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, and good. Mid- 
dle of September. Freestone, 

Freeman. 

This Peach originated in South Pass, Hi., and was brought to ni> 
tice by Parker Earle. It is there esteemed as highly valuable for late 
market, ripening considerably later than the Smock. Leaves with 
globose glands. 

Fruit large, round, yellow, with red in the siin. Flesh yellow, red 
next the stone, juicy. Freestone. 

Fruitland. 
Fruitland Seedling. 

A new variety, originated at Augusta, Ga. 

Fruit large, obovate to a point, greenish white, with a pale mottled 
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, vinous, a little red at the 
stone. Freestone. Early September, (P. J. Berckman's Cat.) 

FULKERSON. 
Fulkeraon's Early. 

Originated with R. P. Fulkerson, Ashland, O. Hardy and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, rounded. Sides irregular, unequal, Sature 
half round. Skin whitish, rich red cheek. Flesh whitish yellow, tinged 
with red at the pit, juicy, rich, sweet, and high-flavored. Freestone 
20th August, (ElHott.) 



614 the peach. 

Gatlord. 

Originated by Dr. M. W. Pliillips, Mississippi. Glands globose 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large to very large, round, with a sharp point. Skin roseate, 
with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, rich, and superior. Freestone. 
Ripe middle of August. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Geokge the Fourth. 

This is certainly the most popular Peach for garden culture in the 
United States. It is large, bears regular and moderate crops, is of the 
highest flavor, and the tree is unusually hardy and vigorous, succeeding 
well in all parts of the country. No garden should be without it. The 
original tree stood in the garden of Mr. Gill, Broad Street, New York. 
Leaves large, with globose glands, often obscure. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, deeply divided by a broad suture, and one hali 
a little larger than the other. Skin pale yellowish white, finely dotted 
with bright red, and deepening into a rich dark-red cheek on one side, 
Fl^h pale, marked with red at the stone (which is small), melting, verj' 
juicy, with a remarkably rich, luscious flavor. Ripens the last of 
August. Freestone. 

Goode's October. 

Belongs to the Indian type. Origin, South Carolina. 

Fruit large, round or slightly oblong. Skin white, veined with red, 
and quite downy. Flesh white, with red near the stone, very juicy, 
vinous subacid. Clingstone. Ripe early October. (P. J. B., MS.) 

GORGAS. 

Originated with Benjamin Gullis, Philadelphia. Growth vigorous. 
Leaf glandless. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, with a small swollen point at the apex. 
Skin yellowish white, clouded and blotched with red on the exposed sur- 
face ; dull greenish on the shaded parts. Suture indistinct. Flesh whitish, 
sKghtly stained at the stone, juicy. Freestone. Middle September. 

Great Eastern. 

Origin, Fruitland Nursery, Augusta, Ga. A very large fruit. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, round, sometimes a little flattened. Skin greenish 
white, with a red cheek. Flesh white, juicy, and well-flavoi-ed. Ripe 
middle of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Gregory's Late. 

A very late variety. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 
Fruit large, ovate, pointed. Skin pale green, with a dark red cheek, 
Flesh melting, vinous, sweet. Early October. Freestone. (Hogg.) 

Green Catharp^e. 
Origin uncertain. Glands globose. Flowers sinaJl, 



THE PISAOH. 616 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin pale green, with a red cheek only wher 
oxposed to the sun. Flesh greenish white, red at the stone, very juicy 
melting, and very good. flavor. Freestone. Requires a warm season tc 
bring it to perfection. Ripe from the first to middle of Sej; tember. 

Grosse Mignonne. 

Royal Kensington. Neil's Early Purple. 

Grimwood's Royal George. Johnson's Early Purple. 

New Royal George. Mignonne. 



Large French Mignonne. Veloutee de Merlet. 

French Mignonne. Pourpree de Normandie. 

Swiss Mignonne. La Royale. ' 

Purple Avant. Pourpree Hative. 

Early Purple Avant. Ronald's Seedling Galande. 

Early May. Royal Sovereign. 

Early Vineyard. Superb Royal. 

The Grosse Mignonne is certainly the " woi'ld-renowned " of Peaches. 
It is everywhere esteemed as one of the most delicious of varieties. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, always somewhat depressed, and marked with 
a hollow suture at the top. Skin pale greenish yellow, mottled with 
red, and having a purplish-red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, marked 
with red at the stone, melting, juicy, with a very rich, high, vinous fla- 
vor. Stone small, and very rough. Middle of August, before the 
Royal George. Freestone. 

Haines' Eakly Red. 

An early Peach, originated in New Jersey, of very fine flavor, and 
so hardy and productive as to be a popular orchard fruit. Leaves with 
globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, round, depressed at the top, with a well- 
marked suture extending round the fruit, which is always one half larger 
than the other. Skin pale white, marked with red, and nearly covered 
with deep red. Flesh greenish white, very juicy, melting, sweet, 
and well-flavored. Middle of August. 

Hale's Early. 
Early German. 

This very early and profitable market Peach was originated in Sum- 
mit Co., O., by a German, and was first distributed under the name 
Early German. The tree is quite hardy and productive, maturing the 
earliest of any good sort. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium size, nearly round. Skin greenish, mostly covered 
itnd mott'ed with red when ripe. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, 
Bwoet. i'reestone. Last of July. 

BLarker's Seedling. 

Origin, New Jersey. Glands globose. Flowers sn*i,ll. 
Fruit large, roundish, mostly covered with red. r''=^ yellowish, 
sweet, juicy. Early September. Freestone. (Elliott.) 



616 the peach. 

Hastings' Rareripe, » 

Origin unknown. Globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit above medium, round, often a little flattened. Skin yello wisi 
wliite, having a purplisb-red cheek on the sunny side, shaded off with 
specks of the same color. Productive, juicy, and of delicioiis flavor. 
Middle of September. Freestone. 

Hatch. 

Originated with S. O. Hatch, Franklin, Conn. Hardy and valuable 
at the North. Glands globose. 

Fruit roundish, pointed. Suture shallow. Skin deep yellow blush 
in the sun. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, and excellent. Freestone. 
First of September. (Cole.) 

Hative de Ferrieres. 

An early French variety. Leaves without glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow ; one side a little enlarged. 
Skin white, nearly covered with rich red. Flesh white, slightly tinged 
at the stone, juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, vinous flavor. Freestone. 
"Ripe last of August, just after Early York. 

Heath. 
Heath Clingstone. Fine Heath. White English. Red Heath. 

The most superb and most delicious of all late Clingstones, It 
seldom ripens in New England, but here, and to the southward, it is 
one of the most valuable kinds, of very large size, and the very finest 
flavor. 

Coxe informs us that this is a seedling produced in Maryland from 
a stone brought by Mr. Daniel Heath from the Mediterranean ; and it 
is frequently still propagated from the stone, without variation. The 
tree is vigorous, long-lived, and moderately productive ; with the short- 
ening-in mode of pruning, the fruit is always large and flne, otherwise 
often poor. This tree is well deserving of a place on the espalier rail, or 
wall, at the North. Leaves nearly smooth on the edges, wdth reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, narrowing to both ends, and terminating at 
the top with a large swollen point; the suture distinct on one side. 
Skin downy, cream-colored white, with a faint blush or tinge of red in 
the sun, or a brownish cheek. Flesh greenish white, very tender and 
melting, exceedingly juicy, with the richest, highest, and most luscious 
flavoi', surpassed by no other variety. It adheres very closely to the 
stone. It ripens in October, and frequently keeps for a month after 
being gathered. 

Henry Clay. 

A Southern Peach, introduced and described in the Horticulturist by 
Rev. A. B. Lawrence, Woodville, Miss. 

Fruit very large. Skin deep purple in the sun, shading to bright 



THE PEACH. 617 

pink and creamy white. Flesh grayish white, delicate, tender, peciiliai 
flavor, partaking slightly of pine-apple and strawberry. Fiist of August ; 
September at the North. Freestone. 

HOFFNER. 
Hoffner's Seedling. 

Originated near Cincinnati, O. Glands globose. 
Fruit medium to large, roundish. Skin greenish white, red in. the 
sun. Flesh yellowish white, juicy. August. Freestone. 

Honey. 
De Montigny. 

Tliis is imdoubtedly a variety that reproduces itself from seed with 
great exactness. The one gi-own mostly in this country was raised by 
Charles DoTSTiing, many years since, from seed brought from China and 
presented to him. 

Hogg describes a Honey as having originated at the " Jardin deg 
Plantes," and from Chinese seed. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, oval, compressed, with a pretty deep suture along one 
side, and turning the point to the opposite side, giving it the appearance 
of a beak. Skin whitish yellow, washed and marbled with fine red in 
the sun. Flesh creamy white, fine, juicy, melting, with a peculiar 
honeyed, rich, delicious sweet flavor. Freestone. Last of August 

Horton's Delicious. 

FiTiit large, roundish, inclining to oval, depressed at apex, point 
very small, and within the depression. Sutvire shallow. Skin mode- 
rately downy, of a rich creamy white, with a faint blush in the sun. 
Flesh white to the stone, with the exact flavor of a Heath Cling. From 
first to middle of October. (Clingstone.) 

Hull's Athenian. 

From Henry Hull, Jr., Athens, Ga. 

Fruit very large, oblong, depressed at apex. Suture a mere line, 
Skin very downy, yellowish white, marbled with dull red in the sun. 
Flesh white, pale red at the stone, rather firm and rich. October. 
Clingstone. 

Hyslop. 

Hyslop's Clingstone. 

Origin unknown. An American variety, hardy and productive 
Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a crim 
son cheek. Flesh very juicy, melting, Avith a rich \'inous flavor. Ad 
heres to the stone. First of October. 



618 the peach. 

Incompabable. 
Pavie Admirable. Late Admirable Cling. 

Larger than the Catlierine, wMcli it resembles. Leaves witL reni 
form glands. Plowers small. 

Fruit large, roundisli, one side enlarged. Skin pale yellowish white, 
light red on the exposed side. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, 
iuicy, melting, and of agreeable flavor. Last of September. 

Jackson Cling. 

Raised by Mrs. L. A. Franklin, Athens, Ga. 

Fruit large, oblong, with a very large, swollen point. Skin rich 
dark yellow, covered with dark red in the sun. Flesh rather firm, 
orange yellow, and dark red at the stone ; jnicy, sprightly. Last of 
August. 

Jacqves' E-ARERIPE. 
Jacques' Yellow Rareripe. 

Origin, Massachusetts. A large yellow Peach of medium quality, 
and productive. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, compressed. Suture shallow. Skin dark 
yellow, mostly shaded with dull red. Flesh yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, slightly subacid. Freestone. Middle of September. 

Jane. 

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1. Irish Jane. 

Origin, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, greenish yellowish-white, with a red 
cheek. Good. Last of September. Freestone. 

Jones' Early. 

Baised by S. T. Jones, Staten Island, IST. Y. Globose glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture shallow, distinct, extending 
around the fruit. Skin yellowish white, tinged with pale red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish white, slight red at the stone, juicy. Middle of August. 
Freestone. 

Jones' Large Early. 

Raised by S. T. Jones. Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened at each end. Suture deep, one half 
A little larger than the other. Skin delicate white, broadly shaded with 
deep crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the stone, very juicy, 
rich, sprightly, and delicious. Freestone. Middle of August. (Hov 
Mag.) 

Jose Sweet. 

Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin greenish white, witb 
ft dull red cheek, jxiicy, delicious. Last September. Freestone. 



the peach. 6 is 

Julia. 

Origin, Soutli Carolina. 

Fruit medium, white, with a sli|!it red cheek. Flesh white, jiucy, 
vinous. One of the best late soi'ts for the South. November. Free- 
stone. (P. J. Berckman's Cat. ) 

Kenkick's Heath. 
Freestone Heath. Heath Free. White Heath. 

A large, showy, oblong Peach, often growing to the largest size, and 
a very hardy ti-ee, but the quality of the fruit is only second-rate. 
This sort, which is a native of New England, is vigorous, and bears 
large crops. It is quite distinct from the celebrated Heath Cling. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, oblong, with a slight suture, and a small swollen 
point at the top. Skin pale greenish white, with a pui'plish red cheek. 
Flesh greenish white, deep red at the stone, a little coarse, melting, 
qiiite juicy, with a pleasant subacid flavor. Middle of September. 

Lady Palmerston. 

One of Thomas Kivers' new varieties, and described by him as hav- 
ing reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, greenish yellow, marbled with crimson. Flesh pale 
yellow, melting. Yery good. Eipe last of September. 

Lady Parham. 

Originated with Thomas Affleck. Glands reniform. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit medium, roundish, one side larger than the other, depressed 
at the summit. Suture distinctly marked, the swollen point small. 
Skin yellowish white, downy. Flesh pale, red at the stone, fii-m, rich, 
vinous. Middle of October. Freestone. 

La Grange. 

The La Grange is a white freestone Peach, of very late maturity, 
large size, and fine flavor. It was originated from seed in the garden 
of Mr. John Hulse, Burlington, N. J. 

Its late period of maturity, its color, its productiveness, and size, 
have given it quite a reputation among the extensive growers of New 
Jersey, and it is undoubtedly a most valuable fruit, not only for the 
table, but for preserving at the most desirable period for this purpose, 
late in the season. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, oblong, shaped somewhat like the Heath Cling. Skin 
greenish white, with occasionally some red on the sunny side. Flesh 
pale, juicy, melting, very rich, sweet, high-flavored, and delicious. Last 
of September and beginning'of October. Freestone. 

Large Early York. 
Honest John. New York Rareripe. 

A valuable T'ariety, so much like Haines' Early and Walter's Early 



620 THE PEACH. 

that it is difficult to decide whether they are not identical. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Eruit above medium, roundisji. Skin whitish, with marblings and 
dots of red, clear rich red-cheek in the sun. Flesh almost white, fino 
grained, juicy, rich, mild, excellent. Freestone. Last of August. 

Large White Clingstone. 

New York White Clingstone. Williamson's New York. 

Selby's Cling. 

The Large "White Clingstone is one of the most popular of this class 
of Peaches. We think it superior to the Catheiine and Old jSTewington, 
and only surpassed in flavor by the Oldmixon Cling and the Heath 
Cling. 

This variety was raised by David Williamson, in New York. The 
light color and excellent quality of this friiit render it the greatest 
favorite for preserving in brandy or sugar. It bears regular and good 
crops. Leaves with globose glands. Flowei's small. 

Fruit large, round, the suture slight, and the swollen point at the 
top small. Skin white (inclining to yellow only when over-ripe), dotted 
with red on the sunny side, or with a light-red cheek when fully exposed. 
Flesh whitish, tender, very melting, full of juice, which is very sweet, 
luscious, and high-flavored. Beginning and middle of September. 

Late Admirable. 

La Royale. Judd's Melting. 

Peche Eoyale Motteux's. 

Teton de Venus. Pourpree Tardive, [ incorrectly 

French. Bourdine. Late Purple, ) of some. 

" The Late Admirable " is one of those delicious sorts that, origina- 
ting a long time ago in France, have received the approval of the best 
cultivators everywhere. It is hardy and productive in this climate. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit very large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a bold suture 
dividing the fruit pretty deeply all round, and a small, acute, swollen 
point at the top. Skin pale yellowish green, with a pale red cheek, mar- 
bled with darker red. Flesh greenish white, but red at the stone, very 
juicy, melting, and of delicate, exquisite flavor. Middle of September. 

Late Ked Eareripe. 
Prince's Red Rareripe. 

This American fruit is one of the finest of Peaches. Its large size, 
and its productiveness and vigor, unite to recommend it to universal 
favor. The rather grayish appearance of the fruit serves to distinguish 
it, at first sight, from all others. Leaves with globose glands. Flowera 
small. 

Fruit large and heavy, roundish oval. Suture depressed only at the 
top, where the SAVollen point is distinctly sunken. Skin downy, pale 
grayish yellow, thickly marbled and covered with reddish spots ; the 
cheek dull, deep red, distinctly mottled with fawn-colored specks. Flesh 
white, but deep red at the stone, very juicy, melting, and of rich, Jiigfc 
flavor. First to the 10th of September. Freestone. 



the peacil 621 

Late Yellow Alberge. 
October Yellow. Algiers Yellow. Algiers Winter. 

A very late Clingstone, originally introduced from the South of 
Fiance, but now abandoned. Leaves with reniforni glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin downy, green, becoming 
yellow. Flesh yellow to the stone, very fifm, rather juicy, sweet 
October. 

Lemon Cltxgstone. 

Kennedy's Carolina. Long Yellow Pine-apple. 

Kennedy's Lemon Clingstone. Pine-apple Clingstone. 

Largest Lemon. Yellow Pine-apple. 
Allison. 

The Lemon Clingstone is one of the largest and most beautiful of all 
the yellow-fleshed clings. It is originally a native of South Carolina. 
There are now many seedlings reproduced from it. This is a very pro 
ductive, hardy tree. Leaves long, with reniform glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit lai-ge, oblong, narrowed at the top, and having a large, pro- 
jecting, swollen point, much like that of a lemon. Skin fine yellow, 
with a dark brownish-red cheek. Flesh firm, yellow, slightly red at the 
stone, adliering firmly, with a rich, sprightly, vinous, subacid flavor. 
Middle and last of September. 

Lenoir. 

Fruit medium, round, with one side projecting. Skin white, smooth, 
washed and splashed with red. Flesh white, juicy, perfumed. Free- 
stone. Ripe middle August. 

Leopold I. 

A Belgian Peach. Leaves serrated, with slight reniform glands, 
Flowers large. 

Fmit large, roundish. Suture well marked. Skin downy, clear 
yellow, shaded ^vith red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy. Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Lincoln. 

Origin, Lincoln, Mass. "Very hardy and productive. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture large. Skin rich yellow, mostly 
covered with dark purplish red, much downy. Flesh yellow, with a 
tinge of red at the stone, juicy, of a very rich, sweet, and excellent 
flavor. Fi-eestone, From first to last of September. 

Lord Palmerston. 

This is another of Thomas Rivers' new sorts, gro^Am, as he says, from 
seed of the Princess of Wales, and resembling in size its grandparent, 
the Monstrous Pavie of Pompone. Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large. Skin whitish, with a pink cheek. Flesh firm, yel 
melting, juicy, and rich. Middle to end of September. 



622 the peach, 

Lyon. 

An accidental seedling, originating on tlie grounds of George Hu8> 
man, Hermann, Mo. 

Fruit ratlier large, round, somewhat irregular, largest on one side. 
Suture slight, marked with a red streak. Skin smooth, little down, yel- 
lowish white, nearly covered and marbled with beautiful red, becoming 
deep purple in the sun. ' Flesh veined with red, deep red at tlie stone, 
juicy, sweet, vinous. " One cf the best among thirty of my varieties." 
Early August. Freestone. (Husman, MS.) 

Madame d'Andrimont. 

Originated in Belgium. Leaves glandless. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, depressed at ends. Suture shallow. Skin 
downy, pale yellow, bright red in the sun. Flesh white, marbled with 
bright purple next the stone. August. Freestone. (Yerg.) 

Madeleine de Courson. 

Bed Magdalen. French Magdalen. Madeleine Rouge. 

True Red Magdalen. Rouge Paysanne. 

The Red Magdalen of Courson is a favorite old French Peach. LeaA-'ea 
serrated, without glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, or rather below it, round, flattened, with a 
deep suture on one side. Skin pale yellowish white, with a lively red 
cheek. Flesh wliite, slightly red at the stone, juicy, and melting, with 
a rich, vinous flavor. Middle and last of August. Freestone. 

Malta. 
Peche Malte. Malte de Normandie. Italian. Belle de Paris. 

An old European Peach. The tree is not a great bearer. The fruit 
of the Malta keeps well after being gathered. Leaves serrated, without 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit of rather large size, roundish, flattened, with a broad, shallow 
suture on one side. Skin pale dull green, marked on the siinny side 
with broken spots and blotches of dull purple. Flesh greenish, with a 
little dark red at the stone, very juicy and melting. Last of August. 
Freestone. 

Merriam. 

Glands globose. 

Fruit very large, short oval. Skin light yellow, bright red cheeJt. 
Flesh yellow, red at the stone, melting, very juicy, of a sweeb hiscioua 
flavor. First of October. (Cole.) 

MiGNONNE DUBARLE. 

Glands globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, inclining to oval, Nipple at apex 
Suture distinct. Skin nearly covered with bright red in the sun. Flest 
tender, melting, j xicy, rich. Middle August, Freestone, (Hogg,) 



the peach. 623 

Mrs. Hunley, 

Origin, Fruitland Nuisery, Augusta, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowei-B 
small. 

Fruit medium to large, one-sided, pale yellow, with occasionally a 
little red near the base. Flesh yellow, rich, melting. Bipens last of 
September. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Mrs. Poinsette. 

Origin, South Carolina. Tree vigorous and productive. Globos« 
glands. 

Fruit large, globxilar, with a regular suture. Skin yellowish, inclin- 
ing on the exposed side to a brownish tint, veined with red. Flesh of 
rich yellow, juicy, melting, and of first quality, partially adherent. 
Ripens from 1st to 12th of August in South Carolina. (William 
Summer.) 

Montgomery's Late. 

Southern origin. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round, depressed at apex. Suture shallow, but distinct. 
Skin downy, yellowish white, dotted with red, and having a dull red 
cheek. Flesh pale white, red at the stone, very juicy, melting. 
Ripens the first of September, continues nearly all the month. Free- 
stone. 

Molden's White. 

Origin, Molden Mountain, on the Chesapeake. A fine white Peach, 
valuable for its lateness. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin creamy white, 
rarely with a tinge of red. Flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet, 
melting. Ripe last of September. Freestone. 

Moore's Favorite. 

Origin, garden of H. R. Moore, Chelsea, Mass. Tree hardy, vigo- 
rous. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture round the fruit. Skin white, with a 
broad, bright blush. Flesh white, fine, juicy, of a rich vinous flavor. 
Stone small, free. September 1st to 15th. (Cole.) 

Moore's June. 

Origin, Athens, Ga. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit below medium, globular. Suture shallow. Skin yellowish, 
with red dots and marblings, and deep red in the sun. Flesh white, 
marbled with red from the skin to the stone in the darker-colored ones, 
but red only at the stone where grown in the shade ; juicy, vinous. Last 
of June and first of July Freestone. 

Morrisania Pound. 

Hoffman's Pound. Morrison's Pound. 

A very large variety, originated many years ago, by Martin HoflT- 
man, but first disseminated from tho garden of Gouverneur Morris, of 



624 THE PEACH. 

Morrisania, near New York. It is a good fruit, but its place has been 
taken, of late, by other more popular sorts. Leaves with globose glands 
Flowers small. 

Fruit very large and heavy, nearly round. Skin dull greenish 
white, with a brownish-red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, firm, juicy, 
sugary, and rich in flavor. Ripens the middle and last of September. 
Freestone. 

Morris's Red Rareripe. 
Morris Red. Red Rareripe. Large Red Rareripe. 

This very popular and well-known American Peach has been justly 
esteemed for its acknowledged good flavor, beauty, and productiveness. 
Leaves with small globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little depressed at the top, with a moder- 
ately well-marked suture. Skin fine pale greenish white, a little 
dotted, and with a lively, rich red cheek. Flesh pale greenish white, 
quite red at the stone, very melting and jnicy, with a sweet and rich 
flavor. Last of August. Freestone. 

Morris's White Rareripe, 

Morris's Wtite. White Melocoton 

White Rareripe . Cole's White Melocoton. 

Luscious White Rareripe. Freestone Heath. 

Lady Ann Steward. Morris's White Freestone. 

Morris's Wliite Rareripe, a native, is the most popular and well- 
known white Peach, and is everywhere cultivated in this country, 
.iither under this or some of the other names quoted above. It is 
a rich fruit in a warm climate, but is not quite so high flavored at the 
North or East. The tree is vigorous and healthy, and bears fail' crops. 
En some sections tender and variable in quality. Leaves with reniform 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture only of moderate depth, swollen 
point small. Skin rather downy, gi-eenish white on all sides at first, 
but white with a creamy tint when fully ripe, and, when fully exposed, 
sometimes with a slightly purple cheek. Flesh white to the stone, a 
little firm, melting juicy, sweet, and rich. Middle of September. 

Napoleon. 

Supposed to have originated near Macon, Ga. Glands reniform. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit medium to large, round, very downy. Skin almost dark 
red. Flesh pink, veined with red, j^iicy, rich. Freestone. Ripens last 
of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

Nectarine Peach. 

Raised from stone of a Dutch Nectarine, by Tliomas Rivers, Glands 
reniform. Flowers large. 



THIS PEACH. 625 

Fruit large. Skin smooth. Flesh melting, rich, peculiar, fine flavou 
Middle September. (Kivers' Cat.) 

NiVETTE. 

Nivette Veloutde. Veloutee Tardive. Dorsetshire. 

The Nivette is an excellent French variety, much resembling the 
Late Admirable. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, and the 
top slightly depressed. Skin pale green, with a lively red cheek. Flesh 
pale green, but deep red at the stone, juicy, melting, and very rich. 
Beginning and middle of September. 

Noblesse. 
Vanguard. Mellish's Favorite. Lord Montague's Noblesse. 

An English Peach, esteemed wherever known, as one of the largest 
and most valuable varieties. Leaves sei-rated, without glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit lai'ge, roundish oblong, a little narrowed at the top, and ter- 
minated by an acute swollen poiiit. Skin slightly downy, pale green 
throughout, marked on the cheek with delicate red, clouded with darker 
red. Flesh pale greenish white to the stone, melting, very juicy. Last 
of August. Freestone. 

OiDMixoN Clingstone. 
Oldmixon Cling, 

The Oldmixon Clingstone is certainly one of the highest flavored of 
all Peaches known in this country, where it is raised in perfection, and 
should have a place in every good garden. Indeed we consider this, 
the Large White Cling, and the Heath Cling, as being the sorts among 
the most desirable of this class of Peaches for small collections. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. The suture distinct only at the top, on 
one side of which the friiit is slightly enlarged. Skin yellowish white 
dotted with red, or with a red cheek, varying from pale to lively red. 
Flesh pale white, very melting and juicy, M'ith an exceedingly rich, lus- 
cious, high flavor. Fii-st of September. 

Oldmixon Freestone. 
Oldmixon Clearstone. 

A large American Peach, of late maturity and rich flavor. It was, 
we believe, raised either from a stone of the Catherine Cling or the 
Oldmixon Cling, the latter having been brought to this country many 
years ago by Sir John Oldmixon. It bears good crops, and is a valuable 
variety for market or garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish or slightly oval, one side swollen, and the 
suture visible only at the top. Cavity but slightly sunk at the stalk. 
Skin pale yellowish white, marbled with red, the cheek a deep red. 
Flesh white, but quite red at the stone, tender, with an excellent rich . 
sugary, and vinous flavor. Beginning of September. 

40 



626 THE PEACH. 

Old Newington. 
Newington. Large Newiigfcon. 

A celebrated English Clingstone, whicli has been in cultivation more 
than two hundred years, and still is perhaps the best in the English cli- 
mate. Although excellent, it is not so generally esteemed here as the 
Large White Cling and Oldmixon Clingstone. Leaves serrated, without 
glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slight. Skin pale yellowish white, 
with a fine red cheek, marked with streaks of darker red. Flesh pale 
yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to which it always adheres very 
firmly; melting, juicy, and rich. Ripens about the 15th of September. 

Orange Clingstone. 

The Orange Cling is a very large, handsome, and excellent fruit, 
somewhat resembling the Lemon Cling in coloi', but globular in form, 
rather richer in flavor, and quite a distinct sort. Leaves large, serrated, 
without glands Flowers small. 

Fruit large, round, the suture distinctly marked, and extending 
nearly round the fruit, swollen point at the top, none. Skin deep orange, 
with a rich dark-red cheek. Flesh dark yellow, rather firm, juicy, with 
rich, vinous flavor. September. 

Osceola. 

Origin, Macon Co., Ga. Belongs to the Indian type. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, round. Suture medium, golden yellow, with an 
orange cheek, and a few reddish veins. Flesh yellow, stained and 
streaked with dull red, sweet, pleasant. Freestone. Last of Sep- 
tember. 

Owen. 
Owen's Lemon Rareripe. 

Origin, garden of J. Owen, Cambridge, Mass. Glands globose. 
Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Sutui-e large. Skin rich yellow, mostly 
covered with dark red or purplish red in the sun. Flesh yellow, red at 
the stone, tender, very juicy, of a delicious saccharine and slightly sub- 
acid flavor. Freestone. Middle to last of September. 

There is another Owen, originated in Habersham Co., Ga., which is 
described as having globose glands. 

Fruit medium. Skin creamy white, downy. Flesh white to the 
stone, juicy, melting, sweet, and rich. Freestone. September. 

Pavie de Pompone. 

Monstrous Pomponne. Pavie Rouge de Pomponne. 

Monstrous Pavie. Pavie Camu. 

Pavie de Pomponne Grosse. G-ros Melocoton. 

Pavie Monstrueux. Gros Persique Rouge. 

A large old French Clingstone. The fruit is very solid in flesh. 
The tree ia of very strong growth. Leaves with reniform glands. Flow- 
ers large. 



THE PEACH. 627 

Fruit very large, roundish oval, "with a well-marked suture extend- 
ing to the top, and terminating there in an obtuse swollen point. Skin 
yellowish white, a good deal covered with the broad very deep i-ed colot 
of its cheek. Flesh firm, yellowish white, deep red at the stone, to 
which it adheres very firmly, and which is rather small, juicy. Flavor 
sweet and good. First of October. 

Picquet's Late. 

Originated with Antoine Picquet, Bell Air, Ga. Glands reniform. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large to veiy large, round, sometimes a little flattened and one- 
sided. Skin yellow, with a red cheek. Flesh yellow, melting, sweet, 
rich, and perfumed. Very good. Freestone. Early September. (P. 
J. B., MS.) 

Poole's Large Yellow. 
Poole's Late Yellow Freestone. 

A very large Peach, of the Melocoton family. Leaves with reniform 
glands. 

Fruit large, roundish, with suture. Skin deep yellow, dark-red 
cheek. Flesh yellow, but red at the stone, juicy. Last of September. 
Freestone. 

President. 

One of the best of our Peaches, and a capital variety. Originated, 
several years ago, on Long Island. Leaves with globose glands. Flow- 
ers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, the suture shallow. Skin very downy, 
pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek. Flesh white, but deep red 
at the stone, very juicy, melting, rich, and high-flavored. Stone very 
rough. Middle of September. Freestone. 

President Church. 

Raised by the Rev. A. Church, President of Franklin College, Ga. 
Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval. Suture shallow, often a 
mere Une, with a small point at the apex, which is rarely depressed. 
Skin pale red in the shade, beautifully mottled and washed with dark 
red in the sun. Flesh white, pale red at the stone, very juicy, melting. 
Freestone. Ripe middle September. 

Prince of Wales. 

A late Peach grown from seed of Pitmaston Orange Nectarine, by 
Thomas Rivers, England. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit veiy large, roundish, rather flattened. Skin downy, green in 
Khade, but dark red in sun. Flesh greenish white, stained with red 
next the stone, tender, melting, juicy. Middle September. Freestone, 
(Hogg.) 



628 the peach. 

Prince's Climax. 

Oi'igii-ated on the farm of George Mitchell, Flushing, Long Island; 
very productive. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow, with a crimson cheek, and two 
thirds mottled with crimson. Flesh yellow, very rich, aromatic, pine 
apple flavor; adheres to the stone. Ripens the middle and end of Sep- 
tember. 

Prince's Excelsior. 

Originated with William B,. Prince, Flushing, Long Island. 

Fruit large, round. Siiture slight, little abortive mamelon. Skin 
creamy white, shaded with crimson. Flesh yellow, rich, aromatic, sweet 
and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Hipens middle of October. 

Prince's Paragon. 

Tree very vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellowish green, shaded with red. Flesh 
juicy, luscious, and fine flavor. Separates from the stone. Pipena 
about the middle of September. (Wm. R. Prince, MS.) 

Princess of Wales. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, from seed of Pavie de Pompone. Glands 
globose. Flowers large. 

Fruit very large, round, terminated by a nipple. Skin cream-colored, 
very slightly shaded with blush. Flesh melting, juicy, rich, deep red at 
the stone. Freestone. October. (Hogg.) 

Pucelle de Malines. 

A foreign variety not much known here. Leaves without glands. 
Flowers large. 

Fruit large, round. Suture distinct. Skin downy, yellow, becom- 
ing red in the sun. Flesh yellowish white, stained with red round the 
stone, melting, juicy, sweet. Early September. Freestone. 

Ray. 

Originated by Dr. H. Ray, of Yallobusha Co., Miss. Glands reniform. 
Fruit medium, roundish, with a nipple. Skin cream white, spotted 
with purple. Flesh juicy. Late in August. South. (Gar. Mon.) 

Raymackers. 

A foreign variety. Leaves serrated. 

Fruit large, round. Suture deep at ends. Skin downy, clear yel- 
ow, largely colored with carmine. Flesh white, melting, vinous. Sept 
Freestone. (Alb. Pom.) 



the peach. 629 

Red-Cheek Melocoton.* 

Malagatune. Yellow Malocoton. 

Malacatune. Yellow Malagatune. 

Hogg's Melocoton. . Red Cheek Malocoton. 

The Melocoton (or Malagatime, as it is commonly called) is almost 
ioo well known to need description. Almost every orchard and garden 
in the country contains it, and hundreds of thousands of bushels of the 
fniit are raised and sent to market in this country every year. It is a 
beautiful and fine fruit in favorable seasons, though in unftivorable ones 
the acid frequently predominates somewhat in its flavor. It is an 
American seedling, and is constantly reproducing itself under new forms, 
most of the varieties in this section having, directly or indirectly, been 
I'aised from it ; the finest and most popular at the present time being 
Crawford's Early and Late Melocotons, both greatly superior, in every 
respect, to the original Melocoton. 

Pettit's Imperial, Middleton's Imperial, Scott's Nonpareil, and Tice, 
are seedlings of this variety, but not sufiiciently distinct and valuable 
to merit cultivation. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, with a swollen point at the top. Skin 
yellow, with a deep red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, with a good, rich, vinous flavor. Fii-st of September. 
Freestone. 

Red Nutmeg. 

Avant Rouge. Red Avant. 

Avant Peche de Troyes. Brown Nutmeg. 

Early Red Nutmeg. 

The Red Nutmeg is a very small and inferior Peach, which has long 
been cultivated solely on account of its earliness. It is now seldom 
seen in our gardens, being abandoned for better sorts. It is desirable, 
however, in a complete collection. The tree grows slowly, and is of 
dwarf habit. Leaves small, with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, roundish, with a distinct sutiu'e, terminating in a small, 
round, swollen point at the top. Skin pale yellow, with a bright, rich 
red cheek. Flesh yellowish white, red at the stone, with a sweet and 
rather pleasant flavor. Middle and last of July. Freestone. 

Red Rareripe. 
Large Red Rareripe, of some. Early Red Rareripe. 

This Peach strongly resembles the Royal George, and we believe it 
an American seedling from that variety, which is, however, distinct, and 
superior in flavor. 

It must be observed, that this is totally different both from the 
Ea/rly York and Morris's Red Rareripe, with which it is often con- 
founded by some. The fruit is larger, broader, and a week later than 
the first ; and its serrated leaves, and different flavor, separate it widely 
from the latter. Ends of the branches sometimes slightly mildewed 
Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

* Melocoton is the Spanish for Peach. 



630 THE PEACH. 

Fruit rather large, globular, but broad, depressed, and marked with 
a deep, broad suture, extending nearly round the whole fruit. Skin 
white, mottled, and marked with numerous red dots, and the cheek of a 
rich dark red. Flesh whitish, but red at the stone, melting, juicy, very 
rich and high-flavored. Middle and last of August. Freestone. 

Reeves' Favorite. 

Raised by Samuel Reeves, Salem, N. J. A hardy and productiye 
kind. Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, with a swollen point. Skin 
yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh deep yellow, red at the stone, 
juicy, melting, with a good, \'inous flavor. Freestone. Middle of Sep- 
tember. ' 

Reine Des Yergees. 

Monstrueuse de Doue. Orchard Queen. 

An old French Peach but little known in this country. Leaves with 
reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, narrowing a little at stem end. Suture nearly 
round. Skin whitish, mostly covered with dull deep purj)lish red in the 
sun. Flesh whitish red at the stone, juicy, melting, vinous. Last Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Rivers' Early York. 

Leaves with globose glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium. Skin marbled with red. Flesh melting, juicy, Nec- 
tarine flavor. Not liable to mildew. Early August. Freestone. 
(Rivers' Cat.) 

Rodman's Red. 
Rodman's Cling. 

An American Clingstone, not of the richest quality bxit very showy 
for market. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Skin mostly covered with fine red. 
Flesh white, juicy, rather firm, vinous. Last of September. 

Rose Aromatic. 

Originated with J. F. Nesmith, Lidian Town, S. C. 

Fruit medium, oblong. Suture distinct, one side enlarged. Skin 
yellow with dark orange cheek, washed with red, veiy downy. Flesh 
white, red near the stone, rather dry, with a peculiar rose aromatic per- 
fume. Freestone. Ripe last of July. (P. J. B., MS.) 

ROSEBANK. 

Raised by James Dougall, Windsoi-, Canada West. Tree healthy, 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit large, round. Suture deep. Skin greenish white, with a 
beautiful dark red mottled cheek. Flesh whitish, j uicy, melting, rich, 
and excellent. Separates from the stone. Last of August. 



the peach. 631 

Royal Charlotte. 

New Royal Charlotte. Lord FauconLerg's Mignonne. 

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte. Madeleine Rouge Tardive. 

New Early Purple. Madeleine Rouge a Moyenne Fletu, 

Lord Nelson's. Madeleine a Petite Fleur. 

A very excellent Peach, and a favorite variety witli all European 
gardeners. Its leaves are more coarsely and deeply serrated than those 
of other varieties. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, inclining to ovate, being rather broader at the 
base than at the top ; the suture of moderate size. Skin pale greenish 
white, ^\'ith a deep red marbled cheek. Flesh white, but pale i-ed at the 
stone ; melting, juicy, rich, and excellent. Beginning of September 
Freestone. 

Royal George. 

Early Royal G eorge. Red Magdalen. 

Millet's Mignonne. Madeleine Rouge a Petite Fleur. 

Lockyer's Mignonne. French Chancellor, incorrectly, of some. 

Griffin's Mignonne. Early Bourdine, " " 

Superb. Double Swalsh, " " 

Few of the early Peaches surpass in flavor and beauty the Royal 
George. It is one of the finest European varieties. It is a i-egular and 
moderate bearer. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit above the middle size, or rather large, globular, broad, and de- 
pressed, the suture deep and broad at the top, and extending round two- 
thirds of the fruit. Skin pale or white, thickly sprinkled with red dots, 
and the cheek of a broad, rich, deep red, slightly marbled. Flesh whit- 
ish, but very red at the stone, melting, juicy, very rich, and of the high 
est flavor. From the 20 th to the last of August. Freestone. 

Scott's Early Red. 

Scott's Early Red is a variety of a very excellent flavor, and a pro 
Kfic bearer, which was received from New Jersey. Leaves with ob- 
scure globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little depressed, the suture dis- 
tinctly marked, but not deep. Skin pale greenish white, but much 
covered with red, which is mottled with fawn-colored dots. Flesh whitish, 
very juicy, with a rich and luscious flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 

Scott's Magnate. 

A noble variety of the Red Rareripe. Glands reniform. 

Fruit very large, round, depressed. Skin pale yellow, with a dark- 
red cheek. Flesh white, luscious, and well-flavored. Ripens early in 
September. (Prince's MS.) 

Scott's Nectar. 

Another very fine seedling from the Red Rareripe. Glands globose. 

Fruit large, round, somewhat depressed. Color red shaded on pale 
yellow ground, and bright red next the sun. Flesh white, very sweet, 
and of the highest flavor. Ripens early in September. (Priiice's MS.) 



632 the peach. 

Scott's October. 

Originated with Jacob C. Lyons, Columbia, S. C. 
Pruit medium to large, pale dingy lemon yellow. Flesh firm, with a 
lemon flavor. Last of October. Clingstone. (Sumner, MS.) 

\ Secanghae. 

Trees of tliis variety and Chinese Cling were sent to this country 
by the late Mr. Winchester, while British Consul at Shanghae. Tree 
vigorous. Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, oval, truncate. Suture distinct, extending from the base 
to beyond the apex, deepening very much at the apex, so as to form quite 
a cavity. Skin greenish yellow, quite downy, sometimes a little mottled 
or shaded with pale red. Flesh greenish yellow, very melting, juicy, 
adhering to the stone, with a high, vinous flavor. Ripens from first to 
middle of September. At the South, last of July and first of August. 

Smith's Favorite. 

Grown by Calvin Smith, Lincoln, Mass. Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture deep. Skin yellow, mostly covered 
with deep rich red. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Middle to 
last of September. (Cole.) 

Smith's Newingtok. 
Early Newington. Smith's Early Newington. Eariy Newmgton. 

This is one of the best early Clingstone Peaches. The Early ISTewing- 
ton of our gardens as generally known (see Early I^ewington Freestone), 
is earlier and a very much finer variety, with reniform glands ; being a 
partial Clingstone, but most frequently parting from the flesh, has quite 
supplanted it. Leaves serrated, withoiit glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit middle-sized, rather oval, narrower at the top, and one half a 
little enlarged. Skin pale straw-color, with a lively red cheek streaked 
with purple. Flesh firm, pale yellow, but light red at the stone, to which 
it adheres closely; juicy, and of very good quality. Last of August. 

Smock Freestone. 
St. George. 

This was originated by Mr. Smock, of Middleton, E". J. Lea-vesj 
with reniform glands. 

Fruit large, oval, narrowed towards the stalk, and rather compressed 
on the sides. Skin light orange yellow, mottled with red, or often with 
\ dark-red cheek when fully exposed. Flesh bright yellow, but red at 
the stone, moderately juicy and rich. Ripens last of September and 
&.rst of October. 

Snow. 

The snow Peach is a remarkably fair and beautiful fruit, of Ameri- 
can origin. The fruit and blossoms are white, and the foliage and wood 
of a light gi-een. Leaves with reniform glands. FloM^ers small. 

Fruit large, globular. Suture faintly marked, except at the top 



THE PEACH. 633 

Skin thin, clear, beautiful, white on all sides. Flesh white to the 
stone, juicy and melting, with a sweet, rich, and sprightlj' flavor. Be- 
ginning of September, Freestone. 

Stephenson Cling. 

Fi'om Thomas Stephenson, Clark Co., Ga. 

Fruit large, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin very downy, of a 
creamy tint, shaded with flesh-color — the tint deepening in the sun to a 
dark, dull, piirplish red where fully exposed. Flesh white, somewhat 
tinged with red, and deep red at the stone. Flesh very tender, melting, 
juicy. September first. 

Stetson's Seedling. 

Raised by N". Stetson, Bridgewater, Mass. Globose glands. Flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Sut\ire indistinct. Skin greenish white, 
marbled and shaded with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, pink at the 
stone, vei-y melting, juicy, brisk, rich. Freestone. Ripens from aiiddh 
to last of September. (Hov. Mag.) 

Strawberry. 
Rose. 

The Strawberry Peach we received from the late Thomas Hancock, 
of Burlington, IST. J. It is esteemed one of the very finest early 
varieties for orchard cultiire in that State. It is quite distinct from 
the Early York. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, the cavity at 'the stem deeply sunk, the 
suture extending half round. Skin marbled with deep red over almost 
the whole surface. Flesh whitish, melting, j uicy, rich, and of very deli- 
cious flavor. Middle of August. 

Stump the World. 

A native of New Jersey, large and showy, and profitable for market 
growing. Flowers small. Glands globose. 

Fruit very large, roundish, a little oblong. Skin creamy white, with 
a bright red cheek. Suture shallow, rather more than half round. 
Flesh white, j uicy, and high-flavored. Last of September. Freestone. 

Sturtevant. 

Raised from seed by E. T. Stxirtevant, Cleveland, O., in 1826. It is 
one of, if not the, best yellow-fleshed Peaches grown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, compressed. Broad shallow su- 
ture half round, followed by a dark line. Skin downy, rich yellow, 
mostly covered with dark rich red, very dark in the sun. Flesh yellow, 
red at the stone. Stone very small. Freestone. Last of August to 
first of September. (Elliott.) 

Sumner's Early. 
Fruit medium to large, beautiful blush. Flesh white, firm, bears 



634 THE PEACH. 

transportation well. Early and valuable for market. Freestone. 
(Sumner's MS.) 

Sumner's White Free. 

From South. Carolina. Flowers large. 

Fruit large, nearly round, slightly depressed. Sides unequal. Suture 
large, half round. Skin whitish green, a shade of red in sun, downy. 
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, sweet. Last of August, early Septem- 
ber. 

Susquehanna. 
Griffith Malacotune. Griffith. Griffith Mammoth. 

Originated with Mr. Griffith, on the banks of the Susquehanna. A 
large, handsome fruit, and a favorite in that section. 

Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture half round. Skin rich yellow, 
with, a beautiful red cheek, nearly covering the whole surface. Flesh 
yellow, sweet, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor Ripens from the first to 
the middle of September. Freestone. 

Tinley's October. 

Origin, Macon, Ga, Glands reniform. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, slightly oblong, white, witb a light wash, of red. 
Flesh white, juicy, vinous, very good. Ripe middle of October. (P. 
J. B., MS.) 

Tippecanoe. 
Hero of Tippecanoe. 

A large and handsome Clingstone, originated by George Thomas, of 
Philadelphia. Its lateness and beauty render it a valuable kind. 
Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers small. The shoots dark pur- 
pKsh red. 

Fruit very large, nearly round, a little compressed on the sides. 
Skin yellow, with a fine red cheek. Flesh yellow, juicy, with a good 
vinous flavor. It ripens from the 20th to the last of September. 

Titus. 

Originated with Mrs. Sarah Titus, Philadelphia. 

Fruit large, rotmdish. Skin fair yellow, with a rich cheek. Flesh 
yellow, red next the stone, juicy. Maturity middle to last of Septem- 
ber. Freestone. 

Troth's Early Red. 

A New Jersey Peach, valued as an early sort, profitable for market. 
Glands globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin whirish, bright red in the sun. Flesh 
white, red at the stone, juicy, sweet. Freestone. Ripens early in 
A.ugust. 



the peach. 636 

Tufts' Rareripe. 

Originated with Bernard Tnfts, Billerioa, Mass. Yery hardy, Tigo 
ixjus, and productive. Glands globose. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellowish, with it bright red cheek. 
Flesh yellow, melting, very sweet and luscious. Freestone. Middle to 
last of September. (Cole.) 

Van Buren's Golden Dwarf. 

An accidental seedling found in the grounds of J. Yan Buren, Clarks 
ville, Ga. The habit of this is somewhat dwai-fed, and it is well suited 
for pot culture. Flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, pointed at apex. Skin golden yel- 
low, with a crimson cheek in sun. Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sprightly. 
Clingstone. September to early October. 

Yan Zandt's Superb. 

Originated in the garden of B. B. Yan Zandt, Long Island. Flower? 
small. 

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin nearly smooth, white, delicately 
marbled with red, giving it a waxen hue ; the beauty and sraoothnessi 
of the skin approximate in appearance to that of a nectarine. Flesh 
melting and delicious ; separates from the stone. Bipens in August. 

Walburton Admirable. 

An English variety, which is found very good here. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, rouncHsh. Suture medium. Skin greenish white, finely 
shaded with dark red in the sun. Flesh white, a little stained at the 
stone, juicy, melting, with a rich sweet flavor. Middle and last of Sep- 
tember. Freestone. 

Walter's Early. 

Walter's Early is esteemed as one of the most popular early varie- 
ties for orchards in New Jersey, where it originated. It is remarkably 
well adapted to the light sandy soil of that State, bearing abundant 
crops of excellent fruit. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish. Skin white, with a rich red cheek. Flesh 
rt^hitish, a little touched with red at the stone, melting, juicy, sweet, and 
of very agreeable flavor. Bipens about the 20th of August. 

Ward's Late Free. 

A fine late American variety, vigorous and productive, valuble for 
market. Glands reniform. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to oval. Skin white, with a 
beautiful crimson cheek. Flesh white, slightly tinged with red at the 
Btone, juicy, melting, rich, and excellent. Freestone. First of 
October. 

Washington. 

"Washington Ked Freestone. 

The Washington is a handsome and very delicious Peach, of American 
origin. It was named and first introduced to notice by Michael Floy, 



636 THE PEACH. 

New York. The fruit ripens late ; the tree is vigorous, hardy, and prO' 
ductive, and it is altogether a valuable variety. Leaves with globose 
glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, broad, depressed, with a broad, deep suture extending 
nearly round it. Skin very thin, yellowish white, with a deep crimson 
cheek. Flesh pale yellowish white, very tender, juicy, and melting, 
with a sweet, rich, and luscious flavor. It often adheres slightly to the 
stone, which is quite small. Middle of September. Freestone 

Washington Clingstone. 

An American variety, juicy and sweet. It is neither handsome nor 
prejDOSsessing externally. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
small 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin yellowish gi'een, marked with 
gray specks, and with a slight tinge of red on the simny side. Flesh 
very juicy, tender, and melting, with a very sweet and luscious flavor. 
Last of September. 

White Ball. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers 
large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly depressed. Suture medium, half 
round. Skin greenish white, shaded and marbled with red iu the sun. 
Flesh white to the stone, juicy, melting, sweet. Early September. 
Freestone. 

White-Blossomed Incomparable. 
White Blossom. Willow Peach . 

This is a native fruit, of second quality, much inferior both in flavor 
and appearance to the Snow Peach. Leaves with reniform glands. 
Flowers large, white. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin fair, white throughout. Flesh white to the 
stone, melting, juicy, pleasant. September. 

White Imperial. 

The White Imperial is a fruit of most estimable quality. This fine 
Peach originated in the garden of David Thomas, of Cayuga Co., N. Y., 
long known for his skill and science as an amateur horticulturist. 
Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit rather large, broad, depressed, hollowed at the summit, with 
a wide, deep cavity at the stem ; the suture moderately deep, and the 
fruit enlarged on one of its sides. Skin yellowish white, with only a 
slight tinge of red next the sun. Flesh nearly white, very melting and 
juicy, of a very delicate texture, and the flavor sweet and delicious. 
Ripens last of August. Freestone. 

White Magdalene. 

Madelieiiie Blanche. Madeleine Blanche de LoiseL Montagne Blanche 

A foreign variety. Leaves withoiit glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at base. Suture deep. Skin 



THE PEACH 637 

ilips easily from the flesh, yellowish white in the shade, marked with 
red in the sun. Fh sh white, with yellowish veins, and red next the 
atone. Juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. Ripe middle August. Frepstone, 

White Nutmeg. 
Early White Nutmeg. 

The White Nutmeg is the smallest of Peaches, the flavor is inferior, 
and it is only esteemed by cui'ious amateurs as ripening a few day? 
earlier than any other variety. Leaves serrated, without glands. Flow- 
ers large. 

Fruit very small, rather oval, with a deep suture extending a little 
more than half round. Skin white, or rarely with pale blush. 
Flesh white to the stone, with a sweet and slightly musky, pleasant 
flavor. Ripens about the 10th or 15th of July. Freestone. 

White Pace. 

A Southern Peach, a variety of the Indian or Pace Peach, but 
with a comparatively white skin. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet. 
August. Freestone. 

Violet Hative. 

English Galand. Hardy Galand. 

A variety of Bellegarde. Glands globose. Flowers small. 
Fruit similar to Bellegarde, but smaller and paler in color. 

Yellow Alberge. 

Alberge Jaune. Gold-Fleshed. Red Alberge. 

Peche Jaune. Yellow Rareripe. Golden Mignonne. 

Purple Alberge. 

The Yellow Alberge is an old French variety, and one of the earliest 
of the yellow-fleshed Peaches. It is, no doubt, the original sort from 
which our Melocotons and Yellow Rareripes have sprung in this coun- 
try. It has only a second-rate flavor, except in lich, warm soils, and 
is not comparable to the Yellow Rareripe in size or quality. Leaves 
with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a well-marked furrow running 
half round. Skin yellow, with a deep purplish-red cheek. Flesh 
yellow, but deep red at the stone, soft, juicy, sweet, wibh a pleasant 
vinous flavor. Middle of August. Freestone. 

The RosANNA, Alberge J'axme lardif of many French gardens, and 
Yellow Alberge of some gardens here, differs from the above only in 
having reniform glands and ripening ten or twelve days later. Flavor 
second-rate. 

Barnard's Early and Yellow Honest John are probably identical, 
or, if seedlings, so near like the parent, Yellow Alberge, as to be un 
worthy particular attention. 



638 the peach. 

Yellow Bareripe. 

Large Yellow Rareripe. Marie Antoinette. 

Red and Yellow Rareripe. Cutter's Yellow. 

One of the finest very early yellow-flesliecl Peaches. It is an A meri- 
can seedling, and well deserves the extensive cultivation it receives both 
in the orchard and garden. Leaves with globose glands. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, the suture slightly depressed, extending more 
than half round, the swollen point at the top small. Skin deep orango 
yellow, somewhat dotted with red, the cheek rich red, shaded off in 
streaks. Flesh deep yellow, bub red at the stone, juicy, melting, with a 
rich and excellent vinous flavor. Ripens from the 25th to the 30th of 
August. Stone small. Freestone. 

CUEIOUS OE ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. 

Double -Blossomed, 

Double-Flowering Peach. Pecher a Fleurs Doubles. 

Rose-Flowering. Pecher a Fleurs Semi-Doubles. 

The Double-Blossomed Peach is, when in full bloom, one of the gay- 
est and most beautiful of fruit-trees, and blooming with its lovely com- 
panion, the Double-Flowering Cherry, finds a place in all our pleasure- 
grounds and ornamental plantations. Its flowers are of a lively rose color, 
nearly full double, and so thickly disposed on the branches as to be veiy 
striking and showy. They are produced at the usual season, or a few 
days later. This sort is rendered more dwarf for shrubberies by bud- 
ding it upon the Mirabelle or the Cherry Plum stock. The leaves 
have reniform glands. 

The fruit, which is sparingly produced, is roundish oval, pale green- 
ish yellow, faintly tinged with red. Freestone, and of indifl'erent flavor. 

The Crimson or Camellia-flowered, with large double-flowers of 
a rich crimson hue, especially attractive and showy, the Carnation- 
flowered, with flowers striped like a carnation, and the Yariegated- 
flowered, with flowers of different hues on the same tree, are among 
the more recent introductions, and, grouped with the older varieties, are 
very effective. 

Flat Peach of China. 
Chinese Peach. Java Peach. Peen To. 

A very singular variety, from China, where the gardeners affect all 
manner of vegetable curiosities. The fruit is of small size, about two 
inches in diameter, and so much flattened at the ends that only the skin 
and the flat stone remain, the fleshy part being crowded on either side. 
The tree is of i-atlier dwarfish habit, and holds its leaves very late. The 
fruit is of very good flavor, and is well worthy of a place in the gardens 
of the curious. * Leaves with reniform glands. Flowers large. 

Fruit small, so much flattened as to form a deep hollow at both ends, 
having at the top a singular broad, rough, five-angled eye. Skin pale 

* Should any one of our amateurs now possess it, we shall be much gratified 
to receive buds of it. 



THE PEAK. 



639 



yellowish green, mottled with red on one side. Flesh pale yellow, with 
a circle of red roiind the stone (from which it separates), sweet, juicy, 
with a slight noyau flavor. Beginning of September. 

Weeping Peach. 

Reid's Weeping Peach. 

A peculiar variety, with pendent, weeping branches, and a habit 
much like that of the weeping ash. It was originated by the late Wm. 
Eeid. To disjjlay itself to advantage it should be grafted six or eight 
feet high, on the clean stem of a peach or plum stock, E,eniform glands. 
Flowers lai-ge. 

Selection of choice Peaches, to furnish in succession. Freestones : 
Hale's Early, Eai-ly York (serrate). Early Newington, Cooledge's Favor- 
ite, George the Fourth, Grosse Mignonne, Crawford's Early, Crawford's 
Late, Oldmixon Free, Morris' White, Van Zandt's Superb, Ward's 
Late Free, Noblesse, Late Red Rareripe, Druid Hill. Clingstones : 
Large White, Oldmixon and Heath Clings. 



SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR THE SOUTH. 

With no actual personal knowledge of the success and value of 
varieties at the South, we have compiled the following list from a 
summing up of majorities of leading Southern pomologists in their 
favor. 





Feeestones. 




Amelia. 
Columbia. 
Crawford's Early. 


Early Tillotson. 
Grosse Mignonne. 
Lady Parham. 
Stump the World. 

Clingstones. 


Picquet's Late. 
President Church. 
Susquehanna. 


Chinese. 
Eaton's Golden. 


Heath. 

Lemon. 

WashingtoiL 


Oldmixon. 
Tinley's October. 




CPtAPTER XXVII. 






THE PEAR. 





Pyrus communis, L. Bosacew, of botanists. 
Poirier, of the French ; Bimebaum, German ; Peer, Dutch ; Pero, Italian ; 

and Per a, Spanish. 

The Pear is undeniably the favorite fruit of modern times and 
modem cultivators. Indeed, we believe the Pear of modern times, 



640 THE PEAR. 

fchaiiks 10 xhe science and skill of horticulturists, is quite a differenl 
morsel for the palate from the pear of two or three centuries ago. Id 
its wild state it is one of the most austere of all fruits, and a choke- 
pear of our fields, really a greab improvement on the wild type, seizes 
one's throat with such an unmerciful gri]:)e as to leave behind it no 
soothing remembrances of nectar and ambrosia. 

So long ago as the earliest time of the Romans the pear was con- 
siderably cultivated. It was common in Syria, Egjrpt, and Greece, and 
from the latter country was transplanted into Italy. " Theophrastus 
speaks of the productiveness of the old pear-trees, and Virgil mentions 
some pears which he received from Cato. Pliny in his 15 th book de- 
scribes the varieties in cultivation in his time as exceedingly numer- 
ous ; and mentions a number which were named after the countries 
from which they were received. Of all pears, he says, the Costumine 
is the most delicate and agreeable. The Falernian Pear was esteemed 
for its juice ; and the Tibernian, because it was preferred by the Em- 
peror Tiberius. There were ' proud pears,' which wei-e so called be- 
cause they ripened early and would not keep, and ' winter pears,' pears 
for baking, as at the present day." None of these old Roman varieties 
have been handed down to us, and we might believe some of them ap- 
proached the buttery lusciousness of our modern pears, did not Pliny 
pithily add, most unfortunately for their repvitation, " all pears whatso- 
ever are but a heavy meat, unless they are well boiled or baked." 

In fact, the really delicious qualities of this fruit were not devel- 
oped until about the seventeenth century. And within the last sixty 
years the peai", subjected to constant production from seed by "Van 
Mons and his followers, and to hybiidizing or crossing by Mr. Knight 
and other English cultivators, appears at length to have reached almost 
the stimmit of perfection in beauty, duration, and flavor. Of Professor 
Van Mons and his labors of a whole life, almost devoted to pears, we 
have already spoken in our first chapter. From among the 80,000 
seedlings raised by himself, and the many thousands reared by other 
zealous cultivators abroad, especially in Belgium — the Eden of the pear- 
tree — there have been selected a large number of varieties of high excel- 
lence. In this country we are continually adding to the number, as, 
in our newer soil, the pear, following the natural laws of successive re- 
production, is constantly appearing in new seedling forms. The high 
flavor of the Seckel Pear, an American variety, as yet unsurpassed in 
this respect by any European sort, proves the natural congeniality of 
the climate of the Northern States to this fruit. 

The pear-tree is not a native of North America, but was introduced 
from the other continent. In Europe, Western Asia, and China it 
grows wild, in company with the apple, in hedges and woody wastes. 
Fn its -^ild state it is hardier and longer lived than the apple, making a 
taller and more pyramidal head, and becoming thick in its trunk. There 
are trees on record abroad of great size and age for fruit-trees. M. 
Bosc mentions several which are known to be near 400 years old. 
There is a very extraordinary tree in Holme Lacy, Herefordshire, Eng- 
land — a perry pear — from which were made, more than once, 15 hogs- 
heads of perry in a single year. In 1805 it covered more than half an 
acre of land, the branches bending down and taking root, and, in turn, 
producing others in the same way. Loudon, in his work on trees, says 
that it is still in fine health, though reduced in size. 



THE PEAR. 641 

One of the most remarkable pear-trees in this country is growing 
in Illinois, about ten miles noi-th of Yincennes. It is not believed to 
be more than forty years old, having been planted by Mrs. Ockletree, 
about 1805. The gii-th of its trunk one foot above the gi'ound is twelve 
feet, and at nine feet from the gi'ound, six and a half feet y and its 
branches extend over an area ninety-four feet in diameter. In 1834 
it yielded 184 bushels of pears; in 1840 it yielded 140 bushels. It is 
enormously jDroductive always ; the fruit is pretty large, ripening in 
eai'iy autumn, and is of tolerable flavor. 

The tree came into beaiiug at the fifteenth year from its planting, 
but grafts from it produce in about four or five years. Like the Dix, 
it is almost thornless, and it is remarkable that no bHght of any kind 
has ever afiected it. 

The Stuyvesant Pear-Tree, which was destroyed in 1867, was ori- 
ginally planted by the old governor of the Dutch colony of New York, 
more than two hundred years ago, on what was once his farm, but is 
now part of the city, quite thickly covered with houses. 

Along the St. Clair river, below Detroit, and on the banks of the 
Mississippi, near St. Louis, are found many large old pear-trees vying 
in health and vigor with those of recent planting. 

Uses. The great value of the Pear is as a dessert fruit. Next to 
this, it is highly esteemed for baking, stewing, preserving, and marma- 
lades. In France and Belgium the fruit is very generally dried in 
ovens, or much in the same way as we do the apple, when it is quite an 
important article of food. 

Dessert pears should have a melting, soft texture, and a sugary, 
aromatic juice. Kitchen pears, for baking or stewing, should be large, 
with firm and crisp flesh, moderately juicy. 

The juice of the pear, fermented, is called Perry. This is made 
precisely in the same way as cider, and it is richer, and more esteemed 
by many persons. In the midland counties of England, and in various 
parts of France and Germany, what are called Perry Pears — very hardy 
productive sorts, having an austere juice — are largely cultivated for this 
purpose. In several places in our Eastern States, we understand, perry 
is now annually made in considerable quantities. The fruit should be 
ground directly after being gathered, and requii-es rather more isinglass 
(say 1^ oz. to a barrel) to fine it, on racking, than cider. In suitable 
soil the yield of perry to the acre is usually about one-third more than 
that of cider. 

The wood of the Pear-tree is heavy and fine-grained, and makes, when 
stained black, an excellent imitation of ebony. It is largely employ- 
ed by turners for making joiners' tools. The leaves will dye yellow. 
- Gathering and Keeping the Fruit. The pear is a peculiar fruit 
in one respect, which should always be kept in mind : viz., that most 
varieties are much finer in flavor if picked from the tree and ripened in 
the house, than if allowed to become fully matiired on the tree. There 
are a few exceptions to this rule, but they are very few. And, on the 
other hand, we know a great many varieties which are only second or 
third-rate when ripened on the tree, but possess the highest and rich- 
est flavor if gathered at the proper time and allowed to matiu-e in the 
house. This proper season is easily known, first, by the ripening of a 
few full-grown but worm-eaten specimens, which fall soonest from the 
tree ; anJ, secondly, by the change of color and the readiness of tha 

41 



642 THE PEAR. 

stalk to part from its branch on gently raising the fruit. The fruit 
should then be gathered— or so much of the crop as appears sufficiently 
matured — and spread out on shelves in the fruit-room. 

So important is the ripening of pears in the house, that most ama- 
teurs of this fruit find it to their advantage to have a small room set apart 
and fitted up with shelves in tiers, to be used solely as s. fruit-^-oom. 

In absence of any room specially devoted to the purpose, shallow 
drawers, say four inches deep, and from one and a half to two feet 
in diameter, should be procured, and into the bottom of each lay a soft 
woollen cloth, then a layer of pears, but so that they may not touch each 
other ; then over them lay anothei' soft woollen cloth, and place the drawers 
in a cool dry room. In a period varying from three days to as many 
weeks, according to the variety, the fruit will be found to have ripened 
to a delicious richness, and to have taken on a high golden color, seldom 
or never obtained when allowed to ripen on the tree. Some persons use 
the common husks called " shorts," from the flouring-mills, to cover the 
pears in place of the woollen cloths, and with perhaps equally good re- 
sults, but it is not as neat or convenient a practice. 

Many sorts which, ripened in the sun and open air, are rather dry, 
when ripened within doors are most abundantly melting and juicy. 
They will also last for a considerably longer period if ripened in this 
way — maturing gradually, as wanted for use, and being thus beyond 
the risk of loss or injury by violent storms or high winds. 

Winter dessert pears should be allowed to hang on the tree as long 
as possible, until the nights become frosty. They should then be wrap- 
ped separately in paper, packed in Tcegs, barrels, or small boxes, and 
placed in a cool, dry room, free from frost. Some varieties, as the 
D'Aremberg, will ripen finely with no other care than placing them in 
barrels in the cellar like apples. But most kinds of the finer winter 
dessert pears should be brought into a warm apartment for a couple of 
weeks before their usual season of maturity. They should be kept 
covered, to prevent shrivelling. Many sorts that are compai-atively 
tough, if ripened in a cold apartment, become very melting, buttery, and 
juicy when allowed to mature in a room kept at the temperature of 60 
or 70 degrees. 

Peopagation. The finer sorts of pears are continued or increased 
by grafting and budding, and the stocks on which to work are either 
BeedLitigs or suckers. Sucker stocks have usually such indiflferent roots, 
they are so liable to produce suckers continually themselves, and are so 
much less healthy than seedlings, that they are now seldom used by good 
cultivators ; though, if quite young and thrifty, they will often make 
good stocks. 

Seedlings, however, are by far the best stocks for the pear in all 
cases ; and seedlings from strong-growing, healthy pears, of common quality 
— suo'i as grow about most farmers' gardens — ar^ preferable for stocks to 
those raised from the best varieties, being more hardy and vigorous. 

As it is usually found more difficult to raise a good supply of seedling 
pear-stocks in this country than of any other fruit-tree, we will here re- 
mark that it is absolutely necessary, to insure success, that two points be 
observed. The first is, to clean and sow the seed as soon as may be after 
the fruit is well matured ; the second, to sow it only in deep rich soil. 
It should be previously trenched — if not naturally deep — at least twenty 
inches or two feet deep, and enriched with manure or compost mixed 



THS PEAS. 643 

with ashes. This will give an abundant supply of nutriment to the 
young seedlings the first year, without which they become starved and 
parched, after a few inches' growth, by our ]iot and dry summer, -when 
they frequently fall a prey to tlie aphis and other insects at the root and 
top. A mellow, rich soil, wliose depth insures a supply of moisture, 
will give sti'ong seedlings, wliieli are always, at two years' growth, fit to 
go into the nursery-rows for budding ; while a dry, thin soil will seldom 
produce good stocks, even in half a dozen years. 

The seeds should be sown precisely like those of the apple, in broad 
drills, and the treatment of the stocks, when planted in tlie rows for bud- 
ding, is qiiite similar. Budding is almost universally preferred by us for 
propagating the j^ear, and this tree takes so readily that very few failures 
can happen to an experienced hand. About the first of A.ugust, in this 
latitude, is the proper season for performing this operation. 

We may add here, that one-year-old pear seedlings are often winter- 
killed when the autumn has not been such as to ripen the wood tho- 
roughly. A few branches of evergreens, or some slight covering laid 
along the rows will prevent this. Or they may be laid in by the heels 
in a sheltered place. 

The thorn makes very good stocks for the pear, except that if grafted 
above ground the tree is often apt to be broken ofl' at the point of 
union by high winds. This is obviated by grafting a little below the 
surface. Grafting on the thorn is a very useful practice for strong 
clayey soils, as on such stocks the pear may be grown with success, 
w^hen it would not otherwise thrive. It also comes rather earlier into 
bearing. The mountain ash is thought by some to be a valuable stock 
for light sandy soils, but care should be taken that the graft or bud be 
inserted low down near the crown of the stock, so that when transplanted 
the whole of the stock can be coA'ered with soil, otherwise the borer will 
soon destroy it. The pear is sometimes budded on the apple, but it is 
then usually very short-lived. 

For rendering the pear dtoarf, the Quince stock is almost universally 
used, as the pear unites readily with it, becomes quite dwarf in habjt, 
and bears very early. -Some large-growing pears — as the Duchess of 
Angouleme — extremely liable to be blown off the tree, bear much better 
on the quince stock, and others are considerably improved in flavor by 
it. The dwarf pear, however, it must be confessed, rather belongs to 
the small garden of the amateur than to the orchardist, or him who de- 
sires to have regular large crops and long-lived trees. The dwarf tree 
is usually short lived, seldom enduring more than fifteen or twenty years 
in bearing — b\it it is a pretty and economical Avay of growing a good 
many sorts, and getting fruit speedily, in a small garden.* 

The pear, not being very abundantly supplied with fibrous roots, 
should never be transplanted, of large size, from the nursery. Small 
thrifty plants, five or six feet high, are much to be preferred. 

Soil, Situation, and Culture. The best soil for this fruit-ti-ee is 
a strong loam of moderate depth on a dry subsoil. The pear will, in- 

* Whether the Pear can be successfully cultivated on the Quince for market 
is yet a debatable question ; some growers, owing perhaps to soil and climate, 
having succeeded satisfactorily, while others have entirelj' failed. That dwarfa 
are a great acquisition to the garden where large standards are inadmissible is 
unquestioned. We believe the promise of some varieties on quince waiTants the 
expectation that they will be found profitable for general cultivation. 



344 THE PEAE. '' 

deed, adapt itself to as great a variety of soils as any fruit-tree, but in 
unfavorable soils it is more liable to suffer from disease than any other. 
Soils tbat are we ; during any considerable portion of the year, are en- 
tirely unfit for the pear-tree ; and soils that are over-rich and deep, like 
some of the Western alluvials, force the tree into siich over-luxuriant 
growtli that its wood does not ripen, and is liable to be killed l^y winter 
blight. Soils that are too light, on the other hand, may be improved by 
trenching if the subsoil is heavier, or by top-dressing with heavy muct 
and river mud if it is not. 

In a climate rather cold for the pear, or on a cold soil, it is advan- 
tageous to plant on a Southern slope; but in the Middle States, in warm 
soils, we do not consider a decidedly Southern exposure so good as other 
rather cooler ones. 

The Pear succeeds so well as an open standard, and requires so little 
care for pruning — less, indeed, in the latter respect than any other 
fruit-tree — that training is seldom thought of except for dwarfs, or in the 
gardens of the curious or skilful. The system of quenoidlle or distaff 
training, an interesting mode of rendering trees very productive in a 
small space, we have already fully described in p. 40, as well as root- 
pruning for the same purpose in p. 36. 

The manner of growing and training dwarfs in this country, on a 
large scale, for orchards, is, however, more as bushes or low-headed tree? 
than as pyi-amids, quenouille, or espalier ; and while the same genera J 
principles are maintained, it is necessary to head back the leading shoot 
more severely ; and unless time can be given in the summer season to 
checking the growth, and forming a thick, round, open head by means 
of summer pinching, then, in order to maintain health and vigor in 
dwarfs, they must be annually shortened back from one-lialf to two- 
thirds of the preceding year's growth. The best time for thi s is imme- 
diately at the close of winter. 

In orchard culture the pear is usually planted about thirty feet 
distant each way ; in fruit-gardens, where the heads are somewhat kept 
In by priining, twenty feet is considered sufficient by many. 

Pear-trees in a bearing state, where the growth is no longer luxu- 
riant, should have, every autumn, a moderate top-dressing of manure, 
to keep them in good condition. Tliis, as it promotes steady and 
regular growth, is far preferable to occasional heavy manuring. 

Diseases. As a drawback to the otherwise easy cultivation of 
this fine fruit, the pear-tree is, iinfortunatcly, liable to a very serious 
disease called the pear-tree blight or fire blight, appearing irregularly, 
and in most parts of the country ; sometimes in succeeding seasons, 
and again only after a lapse of several years ; attacking sometimes 
only the extremities of the limbs, and at other times destroying the 
whole tree ; producing, occasionally, little damage to a few branches, 
but often also destroying, in a day or two, an entire large tree; this 
disease has been, at different times, the terror and despair of pear- 
growers. Some parts of the country have been nearly free from it, 
wliile others have suifered so much as almost to deter persons from 
sxtending the cxiltivation of this fine fruit. For nearly a hundred 
years its existence has been remarked in this countiy, and all notions 
of its character and origin have been so vague as to lead to little prac- 
tical assistance in removing or remedying the evil. 

Careful observations for several years past, and repeated compavisoB 



THE PEAR. 64A 

t 

of facts with accurate observers in various parts of the co\u> try, have 
led us to the following conclusions : — 

,\st. That what is popularly called the pear blight, is, in fact, two 
distinct diseases. 

2d. That one of these is caused by an insect, and the other by sud- 
den freezing and thawing of the sap in unfavorable autumns. The first we 
shall therefore call tlie insect blif/Jit, and the second the frozen-srcp hliglit. 

1. The Insect Blight. The symptoms of the insect hliglit are as 
follows : In the month of June or July, when the tree is in full luxuri- 
ance ■ of growth, shoots at the extremities of the brandies, and often 
extending down two seasons' growth, are observed suddenly to turn 
brown. In two or three days the leaves become qiiite black and dry. 
and the wood so shrivelled and hard as to be cut with difficulty with a 
knife. If the branch is allowed to remain, the disease sometimes extends 
a short distance fai'ther down the stem, but usually not mvich farther 
than the point where the insect had made his lodgment. The insect 
which causes this blight was first discovered by the Hon. John Lowell, of 
Boston, in 1816, and was desci-ibed by Professor Peck under the name of 
Scolytus pi/ri. It is very minute, being scarcely one-tenth of an inch 
long ; and it escajjes from the branch almost as soon as, by the wither- 
ing of the leaves, we are aware of its attack ; hence it is so rarely seen 
by careless observers. In the perfect state it is a very small beetle, 
deep brown, with legs of a paler color. Its thorax is short, convex, 
rough in front, and studded with erect bristles. The wing-covers are 
marked with rows of punctured points, between which are also rows of 
bristles, and they appear cut off very obliquely behind. 

This insect deposits its egg some time in July or August, eithei be- 
hind or below a bud. Whether the egg hatches at once, we are not 
aware, but the following spring the small grub or larva bores through 
the sap-wood or tender alburnum, beginning at the root of the bud, and 
burrows toward the centre of the stem. Around this centre or pith it 
foi'ms a circular passage, sometimes devouring it altogether. By thus 
perforating, sawing off, or girdling, internally, a considerable portion of 
the vessels which convey the ascending sap, at the very period when the 
rapid growth of the leaves calls for the largest supply of fluid from the 
roots, the growth and the vitality of the branch are checked, and finally 
extinguished. The larva about this time completes both its transforma- 
tion and its passage out, and, in the beetle form, emerges, with wings, 
into the air, to seek out new positions for laying its eggs and continuing 
its species. The small passage where it makes its exit may now more 
easily be discovered, below or by the side of the bud, resembling a hole 
bored with a needle or pin. 

It is well to remark here that the attack of this blight insect is not 
confined to the Pear, but in some parts of the country v/e have observed 
it preying upon the Apple and the Quince in the same manner. In the 
latter tree, the shoots that were girdled were shorter, and at the extremi- 
ties of the branches only ; not leading, therefore, to such serious conse- 
quences as in the Pear. 

The ravages of the insect blight, we are inclined to think, do not ex- 
tend much below the point where the insect has deposited its egg, — a 
material point of difierence from the frozen-sap blight, which offer 
poisons the system of the whole tree if allowed to remain, or if origin 
ally very extensive. 



346 THE lEAE. 

The remedy for the insect blight is very distinct. It is thub origiiia,lly 
suggested by Mr. Lowell, which we and many others have pijrsued with 
entire success, when the other form of the disease was not also present. 
The remedy cousists, at the very first indications of the existence of the 
enemy, in cutting off and burning the diseased branch, a foot below the 
lowest mark of discoloration. The insect is usually to be found at the 
Dottom of this blackened point, and it is very important that the 
branches be removed early, as the Scolytus is now about emerging from 
liis burrow, and will speedily escape us, to multiply his mischief else- 
where. If there is much appearance of the insect blight, the tree 
rhould be examined every noon, so long as there are any indications of 
disease, and the amputated branches carried at once to the fire. 

2. The FrozEist-sap Blight. We give this term to the most for- 
mida.ble phase of this disease that affects the pear-tree. Though it is by 
ordinary observers often confounded in its affects with the insect 
blight, yet it has strongly characteristic marks, and is far more fatal in 
its effects. 

The symptoms of the frozen-sap blight are the following : First. 
The appearance, at the season of winter or spring pruning, of a tliick 
clammy sap, of a sticky nature, which exudes from the wounds made 
by the knife; the ordinary cut showing a clean and smooth sui'face. 

Second. The appearance in the spring, on the bark of the trunk or 
branches, often a considerable distance from the extremities, of black, 
shrivelled, dead patches of bark. 

Third. In early summer months the disease fully manifests itself 
by the extremities shrivelling, turning black, and decaying, as if sud- 
denly killed. If these diseased parts are cut off, the inner bark and 
heart-wood will be found dark and discolored some distance below 
where it is fresh and green outside. If the tree is slightly affected 
only, it may pass off with the loss of a few branches ; but if it has been 
seriously tainted, the disease, if not arrested, may, sooner or later, b'? 
carried through the whole system of the tree, which will gradually de 
cline or entirely perish. 

To explain the nature of this disease we must first premise that, in 
every tree, there are two currents of sap carried on : 1st, the upward 
current of sap, which rises through the outer wood (or alburmim), to 
be digested by the leaves ; 2d, the downward current, which descends 
through the inner bark (or liber), forming a deposit of new wood on its 
passage down.* 

Now let us suppose, anterior to a blight season, a very sudden and 
early winter succeeding a damp and warm autumn. f The summer ha"\T.ng 
been dry, the growth of trees was completed early, but this excess of 
dampness in autumn forces the trees into a vigorous second gi-owth, 
whicli continues late. While the sap-vessels are still filled with their 
fluids, a sharp and sudden freezing takes place, or is, perhaps, repeated 
several times, followed, in the daytime, by bright sun. The descend- 
ing current of sap becomes thick and clammy, so as to descend with 

^ Being distributed towards the centre of the stem by the medullary raya 
which communicate from the inner bark to the pith. 

\ Which always happens previously to a summer when the blight is very 
prevalent, and will be remembered by all as having been esi)Ocially the 
case m the autumn of 1843, which preceded the e:^tensive blight of the nexi 
season. 



THE PEAK. 647 

difficulty ; it chokes up the sap- vessels, freezes and thaws again, loses ita 
vitality, and becomes dark and discolored, and in some cases so poison- 
ous as to destroy the leaves of other plants when applied to them. 
Here, along the inner bark, it lodges, and remains in a thick, stickj 
state all winter. If it hajjpens to How down till it meets with any ob- 
struction, and remains in any considerable quantity, it freezes again 
beneath the bark, riiptures and destroys the sap-vessels, and the bark 
and some of the wood beneath it shrivels and dies. 

In the ensuing spring the upward current of sap rises through its 
ordinary channel, — the outer wood or alburnum, — the leaves expand, and, 
for some time, nearly all the upward current being taken up to form 
leaves and new shoots, the tree appears flourishing. Towara the begin- 
ning of summer, however, the leaves commence sending the downward 
curi'ent of sap to increase the woody matter of the stem. This current, 
it will be remembered, has to pass downward through the inner bark or 
libeVy along which still remain portions of the poisoned sap, ai'rested 
in its course the previous autumn. This poison is diluted, and taken up 
by the new downward current, distributed toward the pith, and along 
the new layers of alburnum, thus tainting all the neighboring parts. 
Should any of the adjacent sap- vessels have been ruptured by frost, so 
that the poison thus becomes mixed with the still ascending current of 
sap, the branch above it immediately turns black and dies, precisely as 
if poison were introduced under the bark. And very frequently it is 
accompanied with pi'ecisely the odor of decaying frost-bitten vegetation.* 

The foregoing is the worst form of the disease, and it takes place 
when the poisoned sap, stagnated under the bark in spots, remains 
through the winter in a thick, semi-fluid state, so as to be capable of 
being taken up in the descending current of the next summer. When, 
on the other hand, it collects in suflicient quantity to freeze again, burst 
the sap-vessels, and afterwards dry out by the influence of the sun and 
wind, it leaves the patches of dead bark which we hav^e already described. 
As part of the woody channels which convey the ascending sap probably 
remain entire and uninjured, the tree or branch will perhaps continue to 
grow the whole season and bear fruit, as if nothing had happened to it, 
drying down to the shrivelled spots of bark the next spring. The eflect 
in this case is precisely that of gii-dling only, and the branch or tree 
will die after a time, but not suddenly. 

From what we have said, it is easy to infer that it would not l)e diffi- 
cult, on the occurrence of such an autumn, when suddeii congelation 
takes place in unripened wood, to predict a blight season for the following 

* We do not know that this form of blight is common in Europe, but the 
following extract from the celebrated work of Duhamel on fruit-trees, published 
in 1768, would seem to indicate something very similar a long time ago. 

"The sap corrupted by putrid water, or the excess of manure, bursts the 
cellular membranes in some places, extends itself between the wood and the 
Dark, which it separates, and carries its poisonous acrid influence to all the 
neighboring parts, like a gangrene. "When it attacks the small branches, they 
ehould be cut off ; if it appears in the large branches or body of the tree, all the 
cankered parts must be cut out down to the sound wood, and the wound covered 
with composition. If the evil be jtroduced by manure or stagnant water (and it 
may be produced by other causes) , the old earth must be removed from the 
roots, and fresh soil put in its place, and means taken to draw off the water 
from the roots. But if the disease has made much progress on the trunk, the 
tree is lost." — Traite des Arbres Fruitiers, vol. 11, p. 100. 



64:8 THE PEAK. 

summer. Such has several times been done, and its fulfilment may 1)6 
looked for Avith certainty in all trees that had not previously ripened 
their wood.* 

So also it would and does naturally follow, that trees in a da mp, rich 
soil, are much more liable to the frozen-sap blight than those iipon a 
drier soil. In a soil over-moist or too rich, the pear is always liable to 
make late second growths, and its wood will often be caught unripened 
by an early winter. For this reason this form of blight is vastly more 
extensive and destructive in the deep rich soils of the Western States 
than in the drier and poorer soils of the East. And this will always be 
the case in over-rich soils, unless the trees are checked in their luxuri- 
ance by root-pruning. 

Again, those varieties of the pear which have the habit of maturing 
their wood early, are very rarely affected with tlie frozen-sap blight. 
But late-growing sorts are always more or less liable to it, especially 
when the trees are young, and the excessive growth is not reduced by 
fruit-bearing. Every nurseryman knows that tliere are certain late- 
growing sorts which are always more liable to this blight in the nursery. 
Among these we have paiticularly noticed the Passe Colmar and the Eo- 
relle, though when these sorts become bearing trees they are not more 
liable than many others. The Seckel pear is less subject to blight than 
others, which we attiibute entirely to its habit of making short-jointed 
shoots, and ripening its wood very early. 

To distinguish the blight of the frozen-sap from that caused by the 
attack of the Scolytus joyri is not difficult. The effects of the latter 
cease below the spot where the insect has perforated and eaten its bur- 
row in the branch. The former spreads gradually down the branch, 
which, when dissected, shows the marks of the poison in the discolora- 
tion of the inner bark and the pith, extending down some distance below 
the external marks of injury. If the poison becomes largely diffused in 
the tree, it will sometimes die outright in a day or two ; but if it is only 
slightly present, it will often entirely recover. The presence of black, 
dry, shrivelled spots of bark on the branches, or soft sappy spots, as well 

* Since the above was written, we have had the pleasure of seeing a highly 
mteresting article by the Rev. H. W. Beecher, of Indiana, one of the most in- 
telligent observers in the country. Mr. Beecher not only agrees in the main 
with us, biit he fortiiies our opinion with a number of additional facts of great 
value. We shaU extract some of this testimony, which is vouched for by Mi. 
B. , and for the publication of which the cultivators of pears owe him many 
thanks. 

"Mr. E., Ragan, of Putnam Co., Ind., has for more than twelve years 
suspected that this disease originated in the fall previous to the summer on which 
it declares itself. During the last winter Mr. Ragan predicted the blight, as 
will be remembered by some of his acquaintances in Wayne Co. , and ui his pear- 
orchards he marked the trees that would suffer, and pointed to the spot which 
would be the seat of the disease, and his prognostications were strictly verified. 
Out of his orchard of 200 pear-trees, during the jDrevious blig-ht of 1832, only 
four escaped, and those had been transplanted, and had, therefore, made little 
or no growth. 

"Mr. White, a nurseryman near Mooresville, Ind., in an orchard of over 
150 trees, had not a single case of blight in the year 1844, though all around 
him its ravages were felt. What were the facts in this case ? His orchard is 
planted on a moi\ld-like piece of ground, is high, of a sandy, gravelly soil; 
earlier by a week than nursery soils in this country ; and in the summer of 1 843, 
his trees grew through the summer, ripened and shed thek leaves early in tlw 
fall, and during the warm spell made no second growth." 



THE PEAR. 649 

as the appearance of thick clammy sap in winter or spring prunii/g, are 
the infallible signs of the frozen-sap blight. 

The most successful remedies for this disastrous blight, it is very evi- 
dent, are chiefly preventive ones. It is, of course, impossible for us to 
avoid the occasional occurrence of rainy, warm aiitumns, wliich have a 
tendency to urge the trees into late second growth. The principal 
means of escaping the danger i-eally lies in always studiously avoiding a 
wet soil for the fruit-tree. Very level or hollow svivfaces, where heavy 
early aiitumnal rains are apt to lie and saturate the ground, should also 
be shunned. And any summer top-dressing or enriching calculated 
to stimulate the tree into late gro\\i.li is pernicious. A rich, dry 
soil is, on the whole, the best, because there the tree will make a good 
growth in time to ripen fully its wood, and will not be likely to make 
second growth. A rich, wet soil will, on the contrary, serve continu- 
ally to stimulate the tree to new growth. It is in accordance with this 
that many pei'sons have remarked, tliat those pear-trees growing in com- 
mon meadow land were free from blight in seasons when those in the 
rich garden soils were continually suffering from it. 

The first jioint, then, should be to secure a rich, but dry, well-drained 
soil. Cold aspects and soils shoixld be avoided, as lilcely to i-etard the 
growth and ripening of the wood. 

The second is to reject, in blighted districts, such varieties as have 
the habit of making wood late, and choosing rather those of early habit, 
which ripen the wood fully before autumn. 

Severe summer-pruning, should it be followed by an early \Ndnter, 
is likely to induce blight, and should therefore be avoided. Indeed, 
we think tlie pear should always be pruned in winter or early spring. 

As a remedy for blight actually existing, in a tree, we know of no 
other but that of freely cutting out the diseased branches at the ear- 
liest moment after it appears. Tlie amputation should be continued as 
far down as the least sign of discoloration and consequent poisoning 
is perceptible, and it should not be neglected a single day after it mani- 
fests itself. A still better remedy, when we are led to suspect, during 
the winter, that it is likely to break but in the ensuing svimmer, is that 
of carefully looking over the trees before the buds swell, and cutting out 
all branches that show the discolored or soft sappy spots of bark that 
are the first symptoms of the disease. 

Finally, as a preventive, when it is evident, from the nature of the 
season and soil, that a late autiimnal growth will take place, we recom- 
mend laying bare the roots of the trees for two or three weeks. E.oot- 
pruning will always check any tendency to over-luxuriance in particu- 
lar sorts, or in young bearing trees, "and is therefore a valuable assist- 
ance when the disease is feared. And the use of lime in strong soils, 
as a fertilizer, instead of manvu-e, is worthy of extensive trial, because 
lime has a tendency to throw all fruit-trees into the production of short- 
jointed fruit-spurs, instead of the luxui'iant woody shoots induccsd by 
animal manure. 

In gardens where, from the natural dampness of the soil or locality, 
it is nearly impossible to escape blight, we recommend that mode of 
dwarfing the growth of the trees — conical standards, or quenouiUes, 
described in the section on pruning. This mode can scarcely foil tc 
secure a good crop in any soil or climate where the pear-tree will 
fiourish. 



650 THE PEAK. 

After the blight, the other diseases which affect the pear-tree ar« 
of little moment. They are chiefly the same as those to which the 
apple is liable, the same insects occasionally affecting both trees, tA.nd we 
therefore refer onr readers to the section on the apple-tree. 

There is, however, a slug-worm, which occasionally does great damage 
on the leaves of the pear-tree, which it sometimes entirely destroys. This 
slug is the Selandria cerasi of Harris. It appears on the upper side of 
the leaves of the pear-tree, from the middle of June to the middle of 
July. It is nearly half an inch long when fully grown, olive-colored, 
tapering from the head to the tail, not m.uch unlike in shape a minia- 
ture tadpole. The best destructive for this insect is ashes, plaster, dry 
dust, or quicklime, sifted or sprinkled over the leaves, early in the 
naorning.* 



YARIETIES. 

The varieties of pear have so multiplied within the last thirty 
years that they may almost be considered endless. Of the new vari- 
eties, Belgium has produced the greatest number of high quality; 
England and France many of excellence ; and, lastly, quite a number 
of valuable sorts have originated in this country, to which some addi- 
tions are made annually. The latter, as a matter of course, are found 
even more generally adapted to our climate than any foreign sorts. 
But we believe the climate of the Middle States is so nearly like that of 
Belgium, that the pear is grown here as a standard to as great perfec- 
tion as in any other country. 

More than one thousand kinds of pears, collected from all parts of 
the world, have been fruited here, but only a small proportion of these 
have been found of first-rate quality, and a very large niimber of them 
are of little or no value. The great difiiculty seems to be, to decide 
which are the really valuable sorts, worth universal cultivation. We 
shall not, perhaps, arrive at this point, in this country, for several years, 
not until all the most deserving sorts have had repeated trials, and the 
difiiculty is always increased by the fact of the difterence of climate and 
soil, and the continuous increase of new varieties. A variety may 
prove of superior merit in one locality and quite indifferent in another, 
owing to the influence of soil and climate. This, however, is true only 
to a very limited extent, as the fact that most sorts of the first character 
receive nearly the same praise in Belgium, England, and all parts of 
this country, clearly proves. High flavor, handsome appearance, pro- 
ductiveness, and uniformly good -flavor in all seasons — these are the cri- 
lerions of the first class of pears.-j- 

* Many theories and speculative opinions have been promulgated during the 
past twenty or more years since these remarks on blight were written, but, so far 
IS we can learn, nothing conclusive is yet known. There are many persona 
holding the views here expressed, while others support a theory of atmospheric 
fungoid blight with equally good reasoning. 

f The most successful' cultivator of pears in this country, whose collection 
comprises hundreds of varieties, lately assured us that if he were asked to 
uame all the sorts that he considered of itnmrying and unquesHoiuMe excellence 
in all respects, he could not count more than twenty ! It may, then, be asked, 
Why do all cultivate so large a variety? We answer, because the quality of many 
is yet not fully decided ; again, there is a great difference in tas-e, as to the 



THE PEAK. 651 

Most of the finer varieties of pears have not the necessary hai di 
hood to enable tlieni to resist, perfectly uninjured, the violent atmos- 
pheric changes of our climate, except under favorable circumstances ; 
consequently the fruit is more or less variable in quality; and this is 
more particularly true of sojne that come to us from abroad with 
promise of the highest excellence, and to pronounce an abiding judg- 
ment upon their merits requii-es many years' experience and careful ob- 
servation under different circumstances and in various localities. And it 
must be borne in mind, that although young trees give fruit of nearly 
or quite full size and beauty, yet perfection of flavor is only to be ex- 
pected from trees of more matui'e age. The inference is not legiti- 
mate that a variety which exhibits great excellence in Belgium, or some 
of tlie districts of France, will exhibit generally in all localities in the 
United States the same excellence; but the supposition is fair, and 
borne out by some experience, that those which possess excellence of a 
particular character in an eminent degree in Europe, will generally ex- 
hibit the same in particular localities in this country. We would in- 
stance such vigorous growers, with pretty solid flesh, as the following : — 
Belle Lucrative, Rostiezer, Duchess d'Angouleme, Beurre Hardy, &c. 
To produce satisfactory results in the cultivation of pears, some of its 
wants must always be complied with, such as good depth of soil, suflS- 
cient drainage, and proper eniichment. 

In describing pears, we shall, as usual, designate the size by com- 
parison, as follows : — ^Large, as tlie Beurre Diel or Bartlett ; medium, as 
the Doyenne or Yirgalieu ; small, as the Seckel. 

With regard to form, these are so numerous and complicated that it 
is difficult to determine upon any terms that can be always preserved ; 
but with a view to unity, and with a belief that they are the best now 
in use, we have adopted those established by the Massachusetts Hor- 
ticultural Society. (See pages 652 and 653.) 

As with apples and other fruits, we continue the alphabetical system 
of arrangement, it being the most readily applicable for general use ; and, 
as with apples, have, in designating the quality of flesh, contiiaied the 
terms adopted by the American Pomological Society, as "&esi," "very 
ffood" and " good^ The latter term, although in many cases having refer- 
ence only to the quality of the fruit as a dessert pear, may be often 
found attached to one of great value for cooking, or highly profi.table for 
market. 



Abb^ de Beaumont. 

Originated in the commercial gardens of Andre Leroy, Angeis, 
France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse, pyriform. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. 
Skin greenish yellow, marbled with fawn-color and washed with red in 
the sun. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, rough or gi'itty at core, 
vinous, sweet. August, September. (Leroy.) 

merits ot a given sort ; there are also some sorts bo productive, or handsome, 
&c., that they are highly esteemed, though only second-rate. In a work like the 
present, wo are also obliged to describe many sorts of second quality, in ordei 
to assist in identifying them, as they are already in general cultivation. 



652 



THE PEAR. 

SIMPLE F0EM8. 





Globnlar. 





Oblate; 



Oblong. 



COMPOUND FOEMS. 





Crlobnlar, obtuse pyrifonn. 



Globular, acute iiyrifonn. 



THE PEAR. 

COMPOUND FORMS— Gontinued. 



C5S 





OTBte, pyrifonn. 



Obovate, acute pyriform. 





Obovato, obtuse pyrifonn. 



Oblong pyriform. 





Oblong, ovate pyrifonn. 



Oblong, obovate pyrifonn. 



654 THE PEAR. 

Abbe Edouard. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse pyriform, rich clear green, be 
coming yellow at maturity, with a i-usset cheek. Flesh white, half ten- 
der, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Ripens in November. 

Abbe Perez. 

This Pear originated in Germany, and was introduced in 1862. 

Fruit small to medium, oval oblate. Skin yellowish green, splashed 
and dotted with red, shaded with fawn-color at the apex. Flesh whitish, 
firm, melting, juicy, harsh at the core, vinous, sweet. November, Feb- 
ruary. (Leroy.) 

Abbott. 

Origin, Providence, P. I., on the farm of Mrs. Abbott. A vigorous 
grower, and the friiit, although not of first quality, is uniformly good 
and beautiful. Young wood reddish olive. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, 
considerably shaded with crimson, sjirinkled with gray and crimson dots, 
and having a few russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted by a lip or 
ring in a slight dejDression surrounded by russet. Calyx open, with 
segments persistent, in a broad open basin. Flesh white, granular, 
buttery, jiiicy, melting. Flavor sweet, pleasant, and perfumed. Ripens 
last of September. 

Abercromby. 
Abercromby's Seedling. 

An American chance seedling that was found in Tallapoosa Co., 
Ala. Tree a vigorous, stout grower, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium size, globular obovate obtuse pyriform, greatest 
breadth at centre. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, netted and 
patched with russet, and with a mottled red cheek. Stalk short. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh whitish, coarse, granular, moderately juicy, an.d 
sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Ripens early in August. 

Adams. 

Raised by Dr. H. Adams, of Waltham, Mass. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with an upright, erect habit, making a pyramidal head. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, largest at centre. Surface uneven. 
8kin pale yellow shaded with light crimson in the sun, with many brown, 
green, and reddish dots. Stalk short, often set with a russeted lip. 
Calyx closed. Basin very shallow. Flesh white, very juicy, melting, 
vinous. Very good. Ripens early September. 

AD]eLAIDE DE ReVES. 

Madame Adelaide Reves. 

From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Young shoots very stout, yellow 
ish brown red. 



THE PEAR. 656 

Fruit large, oblong, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish green -with 
a fjhade of red in the sun, and russet specks and blotches, and i-usset a1 
base of stalk. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vinous, sweet 
Good. October. 

Adble Lancelot. 

A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium to large, pyriform. Skin clear green yellow, shaded 
>vith red in the sun. Flesh white, not very juicy or rich. Good. Oc- 
tober. 

Admirable. 
Dana's Admirable. 

Originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass., and first exhibited 
before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1853. Tree a vigo- 
rous grower, somewhat irregular, and, according to Hovey, tardy in 
coming into bearing. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish ovate, narrowing toward the stalk. 
Surface uneven. Skin yellowish, partially russeted and thickly spiinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk medium, a little inclined, planted in a small 
cavity, and sometimes with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin medium, rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh juicy, melting, vijious, a 
little astringent. Good. September. 

Admiral Farragut. 

This new American Pear originated with Dr. Shurtleff, Boston, 
Mass., who describes the tree as strong, vigorous, productive. Shoots 
long, medium size. 

Fruit very large, long pyriform, green with many dots, and blush 
in the sun. Stalk stout, curved. Calyx medium. Basin shallow. 
Flesh melting, juicy, fine-grained, subacid, pleasant. Season last of 
September. (J. of H.) 

Adolphe Catchet. 

Origin, gardens of M. Andre Leroy, Angers, France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, rich yellow, dotted and splashed 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, ju^icy, vinous, sweet, harsh and giit- 
ty at core. August, September. (Leroy.) 

Adolphine Richard. 

A Belgian Pear of recent introduction. 

Frait medium, pyriform, clear yellow, with shades and patches of 
brown red. Flesh white, half fine, juicy, vinous, sweet. Good. 'No- 
vember. 

Aglae Gregoire. 

A Belgian variety, of vigorous and productive habit. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyi-iform. Skin yellow, dotted and splashed 



666 THE PEAK. 

witli reddish browB. Flesli yellowish white, half fine, half melting, 
juicy, perfumed. Gooi. February, March. (Jardin Van Mons.) 

Ah ! MoN DiEU. 

Poire d'Abondance. Mandieu. 

Mon Dieu. The my-God Pear. 

Beurre Sprin. Esperine. 

An old French Pear. Tree vigoro-us, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, smoot> 
nearly covered with red. Flesh white, juicy, slightly vinous, and swt// 
Good. October. 

Alexander. 

Origin, town of Alexander, N. Y. Tree moderate growth. Yjno^ 
wood light olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, somewhat one-s'idyj. bkin 
yellowish green, dotted, netted, and splashed with r^soet. ^talk 
slender, rather long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. (JaJyx large, closed. 
Flesh white, a little coarse and gritty, very jiiicy, melting, &ug&,ry, and 
rich. Very good. E.ipe last of September and ee^l/ ObCober. 

Alexakdhe Bivort. 

A seedling of Esperen in 1848. Tree v\gorous, of a bushy habit. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skiu pale yeiiow, with a few patches 
and traces of russet. Stalk rather long, set iu a small cavity. Calyx 
small, open. Segments slender, parUy lecurved. Basin large, ab- 
rupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, a IVfXlfc cuai-se, moderately juicy, half 
tender, sweet, and pleasant. Good. De^.ember to February. 

Alexandra Lambre. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. T»-ee vigorous, spreading. Branches 
long, slender. 

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyrfform, yellowish, netted and patch- 
ed with russet, brown red in sun. Flesh yellowish pinkish white, juicy, 
sweet, a Kttle astringent. Good to very good. October, I)ecember. 

ALEXAlSTDillNA. 
Alexandrina Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear, too small in size to be of much value at its season 
of ripening. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate pyriform, light yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk long. Calyx open, 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. September. 

Alexandrine Douillard. 

Douillard. 

Thi& comparatively new Belgian Pear has size to commend it, and 
may prove valuable. Tree vigorous, productive, and comes early int,c 
bearing. Young wood dull yellowish brown. 



THE PEAR. 657 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
netted and traced with rnsset. Stalk varying in length, inserted in a 
slight cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx partly closed. Basin ab- 
rupt, uneven. Plesh white, jnicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very 
good. October. 

ALEXAifDRINE MaS. 

A seedling of M. Mas, France, from seeds of Passe Colmar in 1850. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, light yellowish green, ^\'ith shades and 
patches and dots of russet. Stalk stout, set without depression. Calyx 
large. Segments erect. Flesh white, translucent, j uicy, sweet, perfumed. 
Late winter. (Yerg.) 

Alpha. 

A Belgian seedling. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate, slightly oblong. Skin smooth, jiale, 
yellowisli gi-een, dotted with reddish points, and having a thin, pale 
brown blush. Stalk about an inch long, inserted in a slight dejiression. 
Calyx stiif, open, set in a round basin of moderate size. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, buttery. Good. October. 



Alphonse Kaer. 

Originated with M. Louis Berckmans. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
dull olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, golden yellow, netted, mar- 
bled, and dotted with russet. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, 
slightly vinous, sweet. November, December. 



Althorpe Crassane. 

Fruit medium, rotindish ovate. Skin pale green. Flesh white, 
buttery, and quite juicy, not rich, slightly perfumed. Good. October, 
November. 

Amadotte. 

Madotte. Autumn Superb. De Graine Damadote. 

Beurre Knox ? Dame Houdotte. Beurre Blanc des Capucins. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Stalk medium. 

Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, 

coarse, juicy, vinous, variable, sometimes astringent. Hardly good. 
Ripe October. 

AJIA^^)INE DE Rouen. 

A new French Pear, as yet little known. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, gi-eenish yellow, with splashes of 
fawn russet. ■ Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
September, October. (Leroy.) 

42 



668 i the pear. 

Ambrette. 

Ambrette d'Hiver. Trompe-valet . Thtmy Ambrette. 

Ambre Gris. Ambret. Ambrette avec epines. 

Ambrette Gris. Winter Ambret. Ambrette epineuse. 

Belle Gabrielle. Cheat Servant. De Chine. 

Tilton. 

A very old Pear-ti-ee, veiy hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium to small, roundish oval, yellowish green, with russet 
spots and black blotches. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, melting, sweet. 
Good. December to March. 

Ambrosia. 
Early Beurre. 

A French Pear of medium size, roundish obovate. Skiii greenish 
yellow, a little russeted. Flesh buttery, without much flavor. Hardly 
good. September. 

America. 

An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. 
Tree a strong vigorous grower. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin 
yellow, with traces, dots, and patches of russet. Stalk long, in a small 
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, sweet, 
sugary, pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Amelie Leclerc. 

A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, of Laval, France. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, spreading, with long slender shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin green- 
ish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, and slight nettings of russet. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good to very good. 
October. 

Amiral Cecil. 

Originated in France, of moderate growth, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, yellowish, with fawn-coloi 
marblings in the sun. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, harsh and gritty 
at centre. Good. October, December. 

Amire Joannet. 

St. Jean. St. John's Pear. Amire Johannet . 

Joannette. Petit Johannet. Petit St. Jean. 

This fruit is one of the earliest, ripening at the beginning of July 
— ^in France, whence it originally comes, about St. John's day, whence 
the name Joaanet. It is a pleasant fruit, of second quaKty, and lasts 
but a few days in perfection. It opens the pear season, with the Little 
Muscat, to which it is superior. 

Fruit below the middle size, regularly pyriform, tapering to the 
Btalk, which is an inch and a half long, and thickest at the point of 
junction. Skin very smooth, at first light gi'een, but becomes bright 



THE PEAR. 



t>d9 



lemon- color at maturity — very rarely with a faint blush. Calyx large, 
with reilexed segments, even with the surface. Flesh white, sugary, 
delicate and juicy at first, but soon becomes mealy. 



Tresor. 

Tresor d' Amour. 



Amour. 

Poire d' Amour. 
Treasure. 



Love Pear. 



An old Pear, valued only for cooking. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate pyi'iform. Skin rough, dull yel- 
lowish green, brownish in sun. Flesh white, coarse, harsh, astringent 
Good for stewing. December to March. 

Ananas de Courtrai. 
Ananas de Oourtray. 

"What we have received as Ananas de Courtrai from three or four 
wiircos, both here and in Europe, have proved to be Ananas d'Ete ; and 




Asanas d'Et6. 



as there is said to be a distinct Ananas de Courtrai, we insert Leroy'e 
description. 



660 THE PEAR. 

Fruit large, pyriform, sliglitly obtuse, surface uneven. Skin palo 
yellow, with a warm brown red cheek in the sun, more or le <s marbled, 
some dots and patches of russet brown. Flesh white, fine, juicy, mild, 
sweet, musky, delicate perfume. Yery good. Last of August and earlv 
in September. 

Ananas d'Et^. 

Ananas (of Manning and of Leroy). Ananas Fran^ais. 

Du Bouchet. Summer Pine-apple. 

Favori Musque. 

An old vaiiety, from Holland, which here is one of our best late 
summer or early autumn Pears. Tree very vigorous. Young shoot? 
strong, of a rich reddish-yellowish brown, with prominent shai-p-poiuted 
buds, and oblong white specks. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform, or occasionally obtiise at the stalk. 
Skin pale yellow, with a little brown on one side, and much covered 
with large, rough, brown russet dots. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, 
inserted sometimes in a blunt cavity, sometimes without depression, by 
the side of a lip. Calyx open, with short divisions. Basin shallow. 
Flesh fine-grained, buttery, and melting, with a sweet, perfumed, and 
high flavor. Yery good. September and October. 

Andre Desportes. 

Originated in the gardens of M. Andre Leroy, in France, 1854. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, oblique. Skin greenish 
yellow, with patches of fawn and bronze in the sun. Flesh yellowish 
white, fine, juicy, melting, granulous afc the core, sugary acid. July. 
(Leroy.) 

Andrews. 
Beurre Oudinot ? Amory. Gibson. 

The Andrews is a favorite native seedling, found in the neighbor- 
hood of Dorchester, and first introduced to notice by a gentleman of 
Boston, whose name it bears. It is of excellent flavor, but variable and 
subject to rot at the core. 

Fruit rather large, pyriform, one-sided. Skin smooth, and rather 
thick, pale yellowish green, with a dull red cheek, and a few scattered 
dots. Stalk about an inch and a quai'ter long, curved, and set in a very 
shallow, blunt depression, or often without depression Calyx open, 
placed in a small basin. Flesh greenish white, full of juice, melting, 
with a fine vinous flavor. Good to very good. Early in September. 
The Beurre Oudinot, as we have received it, has always proved identical 
with our Andrews, but Leroy claims it a distinct sort. 

Angelique de Bordeaux. 

Gros Franc Eeal d'Hiver. St. Martial. 

Cristalline. Molle Bouche d'Hiver. 

A variety from France. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in the shade, 
brownish red in the sun, with brown dots. Stalk fleshy at inseitioix 



THE PEAK. 661 

Calyx small. Flesh tender, juicy, buttery, tnelting. January to April, 
(Hogg.) 

Ang^lique Leclerc. 

Originated with Leon Leclerc, of Laval. Tree productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyrifoi-m. Stalk short. Ca- 
lyx srnnll, open. Skin greenish yellow, shaded and dotted with red in the 
sun. Flesh white, very close, melting, juicy, rough at the core, sweet, 
aromatic. October, December. (Leroy.) 

Angleterre. 

English Beurre. Monkowthy. 

Beurre d'Angleterre. Longue de Narkouts. 

Beurre Amande. Beurre Judes. 

Almond Pear. Amande Double. 

An old French fruit of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin dull light green, slight net- 
tings of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, fleshy at its junction with 
the fruit. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, full of juice, and of 
pleasant though not liigh flavor. Good. Middle of September. 

Angleterre D'Hiver. 
Angoisse blanche. 

An old Pear of little value, except as a keeper and for cooking. 

Fruit large, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brownish red 
tint in sun, many small russet and black sj)ecks. Flesh fii-m, rather 
dry, slightly acid. February to April, 

Angleterre Nain. 
Angleterre Parfume. 
Origin, Paris, France. 

Fruit small to medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Stalk long. 
Calyx half closed. Skin rough, dull green, dotted with red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, harsh near the core, musky. September, 
October. (Leroy.) 

Angobert. 

Mansuette. Gros Angobert. Beurre de Semur. Dagobert. 

Solitaire. De Sainte Catherine, Double Mansuette. A. Gobert. 

A very old variety, described in 1660, and then, as now, considered 
one of the best of cooking Pears. 

, Fi-uit large, or very large, irregular obtuse pyriform, greenish yel 
low. Flesh half melting, juicy, somewhat astringent. A cooking pear 
September. 

Anna Audisson. 

Doyenn^ Anna Audisson. Beurro Anna Audisson. 

Originated at Angers, France. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with 
patches of russet and brownish red in the sun. Stalk short and stout. 



R62 THE FEAR. 

Cavity slight, sometimes a lip. Calyx open. F!esli whitish juicy, 
melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Apple Pear. 
Pomoire. Poire-Pomme. Beurre de Backenheim. 

Fruit below medium, round or i-oundish oblato. Skin covered with 
cinnamon russet, unless in the shade, when it is a dirty yellow green, 
with russet marblings. Flesh yellow, tender, melting, juicy. Good. 
October. 

Arbre Courbe, 
Amiral Colmar Chamay. 

Tree vigorous, with irregular crooked branches. Young wood yel- 
lowish brown, with many specks, angled or bent from joint to joint. 

Fruit medium or large, oval pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with 
patches and russet dots. Stalk large and fleshy. Calyx open. Basin 
broad and shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, half buttery, melting, juicy, 
slightly astringent. Good. Hipe last of September. 

Arlequin Musque. 

An old Pear, but little known. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with mar- 
bb'ngs and dots of brown. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, buttery, 
melting, sweet. Good. Last of September. 

Arthur Bivort. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, green, becoming yel- 
lowish at maturity, dotted with red in the sun. Stalk curved in a 
slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, vi- 
nous. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

Aston Town 

Fruit small, roundish tiirbinate. Skin pale yellowish, with brown 
specks. Flesh soft, buttery, moderately sweet, perfumed. Hardly 
good. Middle and last of September. 

AUDIBERT. 
Belle Audibert. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, orange in sun. 
Flesh white, breaking, granulated, acidulous. Good for stewing only. 
November. 

AUGUSTE JURIE. 

A seedling of M. Fortune, Willermoz, I^rance. Tree moderately 
vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, yeUow, shaded with dark red in the 
sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, slightly vinous, and slightly 
musky. Good. August. 



THE FEAR. 663 

AUGUSTE ROYER. 

Tree very vigorous and productive, and promises to be a valuable 
orchard fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin gi-eenish yellow, covered with rus- 
set-fawn. Flesh whitish, half melting, juice abundant, sugary, and 
pleasantly perfumed. Good. Ripe October. 

Augustine Lelieur. 
Auguste Lelieur. 

A variety from Belgium, but of unknown origin. 

Fruit below medium, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, with 
patches and nettings of russet, russet dots, and a blush-red cheek in sun. 
Stalk long, curved. Calyx closed, basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, buttery, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. Octo- 
ber, November. 

Augustus Dana. 

An American Pear, originated with Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. 
The tree is a good but not strong or a handsome grower. Young shoots 
of a light reddish brown color. 

Fruit medium, varying in form from acute pyriform to obtuse pyri- 
form. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and russet dots. 
Stalk often one side of a true axis, curved, and set with slight depression. 
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 

AUKATE. 

An old variety. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellowish green. Flesh Juicy, rich. 
Very good. Last of July. 

Autumn Bergamot. 

English Bergamot. York Bergamot. 

Common Bergamot. English Autumn Bergamot. 

Fruit small, roundish, and flattened. Skin roughish green. Flesh 
greenish white, coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sugary. September. 

The Bergamotte d'Automne of the French is a distinct fruit from 
this. Skin light yellowish green, brownish red cheek. Flesh breaking, 
juicy, and refreshing, but not high-flavored. A second-rate fruit. 

Autumn Colmar. 

A French Pear, of fair quality and a good bearer. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong or obtuse pyriform, a little uneven. 
Skin pale green, dotted with numerous russety specks. Stalk about an 
inch long, straight, planted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx small, closed, 
set in a slight basin, a little furrowed. Flesh a little gritty at the core, 
buttery, with a rich and agreeable flavor. Good. October. 



664 



THE PEAK. 



Autumn Nelis. 
Graham's Autumn Nalis. Graham's Bergamot. 

An English Pear. Tree much the habit of Winter Nelis, verj 
hardy and jiroductive. Young wood light olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, niostlj 
overspread and netted with russet. Flesh yellowish, fine-grained, melt- 
ing, rich aromatic. Yery good. October. 

AVEIL. 
D'Avril. Poire d'Avril, 

Tree a vigorous grower, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
slightly shaded and somewhat spotted with russet, and thickly covered 
with russet dots. Stalk long and curved, inserted usually in a depres- 
sion. Calyx closed, basin deep and irregular. Flesh whitish, compact, 
coarse, granular, juicy, half-melting, sweet, and agreeable. A good bak- 
ing pear. November to February. 

Barbancinet. 

Origin, Nursery of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree vigorous, 
spreading, upright, productive. Young wood light brown. 

Fruit medium oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with a brown- 
ish shade in the sun, sometimes slightly netted and patched with russet, 
and sprinkled with dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at junction. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short. Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous. Yery good. September. 

Barbe Nelis. 

Raised by Gregoixe, of Belgium. Tree very vigorous, moderately 
productive. Young wood stout, light yellowish brown. 

Fruit small, oblare obtuse j)yriform, greenish yellow, shaded and 
marbled with dull red in the sun, many green dots, and a few nettings 
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, often with liracts 
in a slight cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, juicy, half-melt- 
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August. 

Baron Deman De Lennick. 

A Belgian Pear, too small to be of great value at its season. 

Fruit small, roundish to roundish oblate, greenish yellow, with net- 
tings and traces of russet, especially near the calyx, and many russet 
dots.^ Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse at centre, juicy, half- 
melting. Good. November, December. 

Baronne i>e Mello. 

Adcl«5 de St. Denis. St. Cerran. 

Adele de St. Cerras. Beurre Van Mons. 

.A Belgian Pear, first described by Bivort, in Album Poniology. Tree 



THE PEAK. 665 

hardy, vigorous grower, and productive. Young wood light olive brown 
with many specks. 

Fruit medium, irregular in form, varying from curved pyriform to 
long acute pyriform, occasionally roundish acute pyriform. Skin yel- 




Baronne de Mello. 

lowish, nearly covered with brown russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
russet dots. Stalk long, curved, inclined, fleshy at base, and often with 
a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Flesh whitish, a 
jttle coarse, juicy, melting, vinous subacid. Yery good. October. 

Bakry. 
De Lestumieres. Doyemi6 Barry. 

An old variety, lately introduced and renamed. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and 
shaded and dotted with russet. Stalk short, obliquely inserted, short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh wliitish, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good tc 
very good. October. 



666 



THE PEAB. 



Bartlett, or Williams' Bonghretien. 



Bartlett. of all American Gardens. 
Williams' Bonchretien. 
Clement Doyenne. 
Poire Guillaume, of the French. 



Harnett's William. 
Bonchretien Bamett. 
Delavaiilt. 



TMs noble Pear is, justly, one of tlie most popular of all the summei 
varieties. Its size, beauty, and excellence entitle it to this estimation, 
apart from the fact that it bears very early, regularly, and abun- 
dantly. It is an English variety, originated about 1770, in Bei'kshire, 
and was afterward propagated by a London grower by the name of Wil- 




Bartlett, or Williams' Boiichrfitien. 



liams. When first introduced to this country its name was lost, and 
having been cultivated and disseminated by Enoch Bartlett, Esq., of 
Dorchester, near Boston, it became so universally known as the £artlett 



THE PEAK. 667 

"f *ear, that it is impossible to dispossess it now. It suits our climate 
Imirablj, ripening better here than in England, and has the un\isual 
propei-ty of matnring perfectly in the house, even if it is picked befon? 
it is full-grown. It has no competitor as a summer market fruit 
The tree grows upright, with thrifty, yellowish brown shoots, and nar- 
row, folded leaves. 

Fruit of large size, oblong, obtuse pyi-iform. Surface uneven. 
Skin very thin and smooth, clear yellow (with a soft blush on the 
sunny side in exposed specimens), rarely marked with faint russet 
Stalk one to one and a half inches long, stout, inserted in a shallow 
cavity. Calyx ojien. Segments short, erect, set in a very shallow, ob- 
scurely plaited basin. Flesh white, and exceedingly fine-grained and but- 
tery ; it is full of juice, sweet, with a highly perfumed vinous flavor. 
(In damp or unfavorable soils it is sometimes slightly acid.) Ripens 
from last of August to middle and last of September. 

Bartram. 

Origin, an accidental seedling on the premises of the late Miss Anna 
Bartram, near Philadelphia, Pa. Tree an irregular grower. Young 
wood slender, reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit mediiim, obovate, obtuse pyriform, pale lemon yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with brown gray dots and traces of russet. Stalk inclined in 
a narrow cavity. Calyx partially open. Flesh white, fine-grained 
juicy, melting, rich, slightly vinous. Very good. September. 

Bead NELL. 
Beadnell's Seedling. 

Foreign, Tree vigorous. Shoots long, bright chestnut. 
Fruit medium, pyriform, pale yellowish green, blushed red in fcle 
sun. Flesh melting, juicy. Good. Last September. (Elliott.) 

Beau Present d'Artois. 
Present Royal de Naples. Present Royal de Nantes. 

A foreign variety, by some persons highly esteemed. Tree vigo- 
rous, with long branches. Young wood dull brown, vnth white oblong 
specks. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, dotted and patched 
•wnth russet. Stalk long, rather stout, inclined, little or no depression. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh buttery, juicy, 
mel :ing. Good to very good. September. 

Beauvalot. 
Augi^re. Augert. Anger. 

A foreign variety of indifferent quality. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, gi-eenish yellow 
sprinkled and patched with russet and many ru-sset dots. Flesh juicy, 
vinous, pleasant. JSTovember, December. 



668 THE PEAK. 

Belle de Bruxelles. 

Belle d'Aoftt. Gros Muscadille. Beurre de Bruxelles. 

Petit Certeau. Bellisime d'Automne. Muscat Rouge. 

Beauty of Brussels- Muscadille. Vermilion des Dames. 

De Coq. Vermilion. Vermilion d'Automne. 

Des Dames. 

A large and handsome fruit, of poor quality. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a soft red 
cheek when fully exposed. Flesh white, sweet, and slightly j)erfumed. 
Middle of August. 

Belle de Figuier. 

Originated at Angers, France, in 1860. 

Fruit medium to lai'ge, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, greenish 
red, with fawn-colored spots. Stalk short. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet aromatic acid, gritty at core. December, 
January. (Leroy.) 

Belle de l'Orient. 

A foreign variety, showy but of poor quality. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and 
dotted with russet. Flesh white, tender, rots at core before ripe. Oc- 
tober. 

Belle de Thouaks. 

Coulon de Saint Marc. Belle de Thouarse. 

Belle de Troyes. Saint Marc. 

Belle de Prague. Belle de Jersey. 

A foreign variety, of indifferent or poor quality. 

Frviit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform, yellow, covered 
with a thin cinnamon russet. Flesh white, dry, sweet. December, 
January. 

Belle Epine Dumas. 

Due de Bourdeaux. Beurre Rochechourt 

Epine du Rochoir. Beurre St. Louis. 

£pine de Limoges. Colmar de Lot. 

!6pine Dumas. ' Comte de Limoges. 

Beurre de Rochoir. Bmile de Rochois. 

Beurre d'Elberg. 

Tree vigorous, pyramidal form, good bearer. Young wood dull yel- 
low brown, with sharp-pointed buds. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyiiform. Skin green, becoming 
greenish yellow when ripe, with small russet brown dots. Stalk long, set 
in a very small depression. Calyx partially closed, in a shallow, regular 
basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet, and of a peculiar 
flavor. Yery good. November and December. 

Belle Julie. 

Tilloy . St. Germain Dutilleul. 

Alexandre Helie. St. Germain du Tillay. 

St. Germain du Tilloy. St. Germain de Graines, 

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, and productive. Young wood 
rather slender, light yellowish brown. 



THE PEAR. 669 

Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform, sometimes inolined. Skin 
rather rough, greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched with 
russet, especially around the stalk and calyx. Stalk generally curved, 
set in a slight depression, often without and sometimes with a lip. 
Calyx open. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. 
Good to very good. October, 

Belle Moulinoise. 

Originated at Moulins, France, and introduced in 1864. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyiiform. Skin rough, greenish, dotted 
and marbled in the sun, with fawn-color near the stalk. Stalk long, 
large, curved. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, firm, juicy, crisp, 
sweet, musky. February, March, (Leroy.) 

Belle Rouennaise. 

A French Pear, introduced in 1856. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblique acute pyriform. Skin lemon yel- 
low, covered with russet dots. Calyx large, half open. Stalk stout. 
Flesh white, tender, melting, juicy, rich, sugary, with a delicate aroma. 
Early in October. (Hogg.) 

Belle Williams. 

A foreign variety little known. Tree a very erect, vigorous grower. 
Yoxmg wood olive, slightly yellow, glossy. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, with a gi'oove or sunken 
line from stem to calyx, yellowish, with traces and nettings of russet. 
Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by a lip. Calyx partially 
closed. Flesh whitish, not juicy or rich. Good for cooking. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Bellissime d'Hiver. 

Vermilion d'Hiver des Dames. Du Bur. 

Bellisime du Bur. Belle Noisette. 

An old Pear, valuable only for cooking. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with shade of 
red in the sun, and many russet dots. Flesh white, fine, sweet, break- 
b\g, not gritty. November, January. 

Belmont. 

An English kitchen Pear. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green, a lit- 
tle brownish next the sun. Flesh rather coarse, juicy, and sweet. 
October. 

Bekgamotte Boussiere. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate pyriform, yellowish green 
Flesh white, juicy, harsh at centre. Good. October, December. 



670 THE PEAK. 

Bergamotte Bufo. 
Bergamotte Capraud. Crapaud, 

An old French Pear, heretofore confoxinded with Bergamotte Cadet, 
Cree vigorous, productive. Young wood light reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, in a 
broad, rather shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, jiiicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October. 

Beegamotte Cadet. 
Poire de Cadet. De Cadet. Milan de Bourdeaux. 

A good Bergamot from France. Productive. Young wood clear 
light yellowish brown. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin smooth, pale 
yellow, rarely with a pale red cheek. Stalk an inch long, thick set in 
an angular, shallow cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin nearly flat. Flesh 
buttery and jnicy, sweet and lich. Good. October and November. 

Bergamotte d'Esperi^n. 

A seedling of Esperin, in 1830, Tree vigorous, productive. Young 
wood warm rich dark yellow brown, with small white specks. 

Fruit medium, oblate, exceedingly depressed, sides often unequal. 
Skin greenish yellow, thick and rough, covered with russet dots and 
patches. Stalk long and stout, thickened at its insertion in a small 
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx small, closed in a rather deep 
slightly furrowed basin, surrounded by russet. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, buttery, sweet, and rich. Good. December to February. 

Bergamotte de Millipieds. 

Said to have originated by Goubalt, at Millipieds, France, and first 
fruited in 1852. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, ribbed at apex, pale yellow, moderately 
sprinkled with small brown dots. Stalk long, stout. Cavity small. Calyx 
open. Segments erect. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, 
a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good to very good. Novem- 
ber. 

Bergamotte Dussart. 

A Belgian variety, described by various authors. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with gray dots 
und traces of russet. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. Good. 
December, January. 

Bergamotte Gaudry. 

Gaudry. 

A foreign Pear of little valtxe. 

Fruit small, roundish oval oblate, greenish yellow, partially netted 



•I'HE PEAR. 671 

aaid patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long. Flesh 
whitish, coarse, breaking, giitty at core, pleasant, vinous. Hardly good. 
October. 

Bergamotte Heimbourg. 

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, Bergamo tte-shaped. Skin rough, green, changing to 
lemon-yel'ow when ripe, dotted with brown, and tinged with red next 
the sun. Flesh white, very fine, somewhat buttery, juice abundant, 
sugary, perfumed. Ripe early in October. (Gard. Cliron.) 

Bergamotte Leseble, 

A Pear of French origin, only good in quality. Tree vigorous and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, or Bergamotte-shaped. Skin yellow, with a 
sunny cheek, numerous small dots, and russeted patches. Stalk long, 
f^ui'ved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, broad. Basin irregular. 
Flesh juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, and pleasant. October. 

Bergamotte Parthenay. 

Bergamotte de Parthenay. Poire Poriault. Parthenay 

Beurre Parthenay. Bergamotte Stoffels. Poireau. 

Bergamotte Poireau. 

An old French Pear, large, and valubje only for cooking. 
Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyramidal, olive yellow, with fawn-colored 
specks. Flesh white, firm, juicy, subacid, astringent. January to May. 

Bergamotte Piqu'ot. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, broad obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, tinge 
of red in the sun, traces of russet and russet dots. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Rots at core. September. 

Bergamotte Saqeret. 
Sageret. 

A French Pear, of vigorous growth of tree. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, very thickly sprinkled with 
brown and russet dots. Stalk fleshy at insertion. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Octobei". 

Bergamot Seckel. 

Raised by William Pitmaston, England. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, regular. Skin reddish-brown, 
russet specks. Stalk short, thick, inclined without depression. Calyx 
3hort, stiff. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, sugary, with all the 
vpicj flavor of the Seckol. (Gard. Chron.) 

Bergen. 
A chance seedling found in a hedge on land formerly belonging to 



672 THE PEAR, 

Simon Bergen, of New TJtreclit, Long Island. Tree moderately vigo- 
reus, npiiglit. Young wood reddish, an early and good bearer, but 
not profuse. 

Frxiit large, elongated, obtuse pyriform, often with, sides not sym- 
metric, angular. Skin waxen, lemon yellow, finely shaded with crim- 
son and fawn where exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with 
brown and crimson dots. Stalk long, rather stout, curved, inserted in 
a moderate depression by a fleshy ring. Calyx small, open. Segments 
stiff. Basin small, surrounded by a wavy border. Flesh whitish, 
veined with yellow, a little coarse and gritty, buttery, juicy, melting, 
with a sweet aromatic flavor, delicately perfumed. Good to very good, 
Bipe last of September and beginning of October. 

Berriays. 
Poire de Berriays. 

This is a new French variety, obtained from seed in 1861, by M. Bois- 
bunel. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young shoots reddish. 

Fruit medium, surface a little uneven, roundish obovate obtuse. 
Skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a shade of brown in the sun, and 
thickly sprinkled with brown and green dots. Stalk long, set in a 
small cavity. Calyx closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. 
Flesh white, a little coarse at the core, juicy, melting, refreshing, slightly 
vinous. Good to very good. September. 

Beurre Antoine. 
Saint Germain Fondant. 

Originated in 1822, and was rebaptized in 1849, under name of the 
present synonym. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform, sometimes with a suture 
one side. Skin pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with green and brown 
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx large, open. 
Flesh white, buttery, not very juicy or melting, but sweet. Good. Last 
September. 

Beurbe Antoinette. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1846. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled vsdth russet dots. 
Stalk long, slender, inserted generally with a lip. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, pleasant, a little perfumed. Slightly 
vinous. Good. September. 

Beurbe Assomption. 
Beurre de 1' Assomption. 

Originated near Nantes, in France. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit large, irregular, generally oblong pyriform, obtuse, yellow, 
dotted, marbled, and splashed with red in sun. Stalk short. Calyx 
large, open. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough next the core, 
acid sweet, July, August, (Leroy), 



THE PEAR. 67** 

Beurr^ Auneniere. 

Origin, supposed France. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
dull yellowish bro^vn. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with a few 
traces of russet, and sprinkled with bi-own dots. Stalk stout. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
sweet, aromatic. Good. Last September. 

Beurre BaCHELIER. 
Bachelier. Chevalier. 

A French Pear, introduced in 1845. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
rich dark brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with brown dots and patch of russet next the stalk. Stalk short- 
ish, very much inclined in a moderate depression by a lip. Calyx partial- 
ly closed, set in a shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a 
brisk, vinous, aromatic flavor. Yery good. November and December. 

BEURRjg: Bailey. 

A variety that originated in France, and first fruited in 1848. 

Fruit large, irregular, elongated pyriform, yellow, dotted with green- 
ish gray, and with fawn color next the calyx. Flesh white, fine, hall 
melting, juicy, sugary, rough near the core. October, November. 
(Leroy.) 

BsuRR^ Beauchames. 

Beauchamps. Haghens d'Hiver. 

Biemont. Bergamotte Beauchamp. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young shoots stout, 
dark dull olive yellow, many long white specks, and patches of whitish gray. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin rough, light yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, and with many brown and crimson 
dots. Stalk pretty stout, long and curved, set in a moderate cavity, 
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin rather narrow, abrupt, and 
uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, a little buttery, very sweet, 
giitty, pleasant. Good. November. 

BEURRlfi BeAULIEU. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly 
covered with russet. Stalk short, inclined, without cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse, buttery, melt- 
ing, with a brisk vinous flavor, resembling Brown Beurr^. Good. 
October. 

Beurr]6 Beguines. 

A small but very rich Pear, one of Yan Mons' seedlings, too small 
for the season. 

Fruit small, obovate oblate. Skin rough, nearly covered with dull 
russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, coarse, melt 
ing, sweet. Good. October. 

43 



674 THE PEAB. 

Beurr6 Bennekt. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate pyriform, palt yellow, sometimes 
shaded and mottled with fawn and crimson in the sun, and often net- 
ted and patched with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open, flesh 
whitish or light rose color, juicy, melting, a little coarse, sweet, per- 
fumed. Good. November, December. 

Beurr6 Benoist. 
Beurre Augfuste Benoit . Benoist. Beurre Benoist Nouveatu 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very productive. Young wood 
reddish, with sharp spur-like buds. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to acute pyriform. Skin yellow, 
spotted and shaded with brown russet, red cheek in sun. Stalk of 
moderate length, inserted by a fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open, in a 
regular basin. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, sugary, and 
well perfumed. Very good. E,ipe end of September. 

Beurre Berckmans. , 

Alexandre Berckmans. 

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, dedicated to M. Louis Berckmans, 
once a colaborer in pomology. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. 
Young wood very stout, blunt at ends, yellowish olive. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform, sometimes obovate acute 
pyriform. Skin yellowish, rough, chiefly covered with russet. Stalk 
of medium length, fleshy, very much inclined. Calyx small, open, in a 
shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, juicy, very buttery, melting, with 
a rich, highly perfumed flavor. Yery good. October, November. 

Beurr^ Boisbunel. 

Originated with L. M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, France, in 1835. Tree 
moderately vigorous and productive. Young wood dull yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with traces 
of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, 
curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small, open. 
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed 
Good. September. 

Beurr:^ Bollwiller. 

A winter cooking Pear, of good quality. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, with spots 
of grayish brown and russet near the calyx, shade of red in the sun. 
Flesh white, half fine^ j aicy, sweet, agreeable. Good. January, March. 

Beurre Bosc. 
Bosc's Flaschenbime. Calebasse Bosc. Cannelle. 

The Beurre Bosc is a Pear to which we give our unqualified praise. 



THE PEAR. 676 

It is large, handsome, a regular bearer, always perfect, and of the high 
eiit flavor. It bears singly, and not in clusters, looking as if thinned on 
the tree, whence it is always of fine size. It was raised in 1807, by Van 
Mons, and named Calebasse Bosc in honor of M, Bosc, a distinguished 
Belgian cidtivator. Having also been received at the garden of the 




Benrr6Bos& 

Horticultural Society of London under the name of Beurr6 Bosc, Mr. 
Thompson thought it best to retain this name, as less likely to lead to a 
confusion with the Calebasse, a distinct fruit. The tree grows vigor- 
ously. Shoots long, brownish olive. 

Fi-uit large, pyriform, a Uttle uneven, often tapering long and gra- 
dually into the stalk. Skin. pretty smooth, dark yellow, a good deal cov- 
ered with streaks and dots of cinnamon russet, and slightly touched 
with red on one side. Stalk one to two inches long, rather slender. 



676 THE PEAR. 

curved. Calyx short, set in a very shallow basin. Fleab white, melt 
ing, very buttery, with a rich, delicious, and slightly perfumed fiavor. 
Best. Ripens gradually from the last of September to the last of Octo« 
bar. 

Beukk^ Brettouneau. 

Docteur Brettouneau. Brettouneau. 

One of Major Esperen's seedlings, originated in 1818. Tree vigorous, 
but comes late into bearing. Young wood yellowish brown. 

Fruit large, variable in form, generally obovate pyriform. Skin 
rough, light green, golden yellow at maturity, reddish brown in the sun. 
Flesh fine, yellowish white, not juicy, half melting, sugary, vinous, plea- 
santly perfumed. Good. March and April. 

Beurre Bruneau. 

Grassane d'Hiver de Bruneau. De Saint Herblaiu. 

Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver. Grassane Bruneau. 

Grassane d'Hiver. Bergamotte Crassane de Bruneau. 

This variety, we believe, was originally figured and described in the 
Annals of Pomology as Bergamotte Crassane d'Hiver, but having re- 
ceived it as Beurre Bruneau, we prefer to continue that name as the 
most simple. It is not a variety of much excellence, although the tree 
is hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium, short obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, spotted and shaded 
with grayish brown. Flesh white, juicy, vinous a little acid. Good 
November, December. 

Beurr6 Burnicq. 

Originated and first fruited with Major Esperen, in 1846. Tree vig- 
orous, spreading, irregular, productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, partially ■ 
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx generally open. Basin small, un- 
even. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, sKghtly astringent. Good. 
October. 

Beurr^ Charron. 

Originated at Angers, France, in 1838. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish, with many gray dots. Stalk 
long. Calyx small, closed. Basin deep. Flesh juicy, melting, buttery. 
Very good. October. 

Beurr^ Chatenat. 

A French Pear, too small for profit, but very good iu quality. 

Fruit small, varying in form from obovate to ovate pyriform, pale 
yellow, netted and patched with russet, occasionally a red cheek in the 
sun. Stalk rather short. Calyx partially open. Flesh wMte, half fine, 
juicy, sweet, vinous. October. 

Beurr^ Citron. 

From Belgium, one of Yan Mons' seedlings. Ti-ee vigorous. Young 
wood reddish brown. 



THE PEAR. 



677 



Fruit medium or below, obovate oblate. Skin whitish yellow, shade 
of red or crimson in the sun, traces of russet and many russet dots. 
Stalk long, a little curved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a slight 
Up. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, a little per- 
fumed. Good to very good. Last September and October. 

We have received another and quite different pear under this name, 
the wood of which is yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, irregular, sometimes obovate obtuse pyri- 
form, and again ovate acute j^yriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted 
with russet, and with small brown or russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy 
at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, not juicy or melt- 
ing. Hardly good. November, December. 

Leroy makes General Lamorici6re identical with Beurre Citron, but 
as we have received them they are quito distinct. 




Beorrd Clairgcan. 



678 THE PEAK. 

BEUKRfi ClAIRGEAU. 

Clairgeau. Clairgeau de Nantes. 

Raised by Pierre Clairgeau, of Nantes, France. Tree very vigorona, 
forming a beautiful pyramid. Young wood reddish brown, very produc- 
tive. 

The size, early bearing, productiveness, and beauty of this Pear ren- 
der it a profitable market sort. 

Fruit large, pyriform, but with unequal sides. Skin warm yellow, 
inclining to fawn, shaded with orange and crimson, thickly covered with 
russet dots, and sometimes sprinkled with russet. Stalk short, stout, and 
fleshy, inserted by a lip at an inclination almost withovit depression; 
when the lij) is absent the cavity is uneven. Calyx open. Segments 
stij0F, in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, some- 
what granular, with a sugary, perfumed, vinous flavor. Good. October 
to January. 

Beurr6 Colmar. 
Beurre Colmar d'Antomne. Beurre d'Enghien of France. 

It is one of Dr. Van Mons' seedlings, and is quite distinct from the 
Autumn Colmar. 

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, regularly formed. Skin smooth, 
pale green, becoming yellowish at maturity, with a blush next the sun, 
and thickly sprinkled with dots. Stalk an inch long. Calyx expanded, 
and set in a very shallow, narrow, irregular basin. Flesh very white, 
slightly crisp at first, but becoming very juicy and melting, with a 
slightly perfumed flavor. Good. October. 

BeurrI; Coloma. 
Benrre du Coloma. Capucine d'Antomne Coloma. 

The trees of this foreign Pear are good growers. 

Fruit small to medium, long oval pyriform, greenish yellow, with <i 
tinge of red in the sun, and many green and brown dots. Stalk me- 
dium, inserted without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish yello-w, 
juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. October. 

Beurr^ d'Albret. 

Poire d'Albret. Beurre Delbret. 

Dalbret. Calebasse d'Albret. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood red dish. 

Fruit medium or above, elongated pyriform, angular, often with a 
suture on one side. Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet. 
Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, much inclined at its insertion by a lip. 
Calyx small, open, or partially closed. Basin small and uneven. Flesh 
greenish wMte, exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with a rich vinous 
flavor, highly perfumed. Yery good. October. 

Beurr^ d'Amanlis. 

Hubard. Beurre d'Amalis. Kaissoiae. 

Beurre d'Amanlis. Kessoise. TMessoise. 

A Belgian Pear, very productive, variable. Succeeds best in cold 
latitiides. 



THE PEAR. 



679 



Fruit large, obovate, not very regular, a little swollen on its sides 
f^kin rather thick, dull yellowish green, with a pale reddish brown cheek 




Benrr^ d'Albret. 

overspread with numerous brown dots and russet streaks and patches- 
Stalk a little more than an inch long, set rather obliquely in a shallow, ir- 
regular cavity. Calyx open, with broad divisions. Basin shallow. Flesh 
yellowish, somewhat coarse, but buttery, melting, abundant, rich, with 
slightly perfumed juice, often asti'ingent and poor. September. 

Beurre d' Amanlis Panachee differs from the above only in its skin, 
having green and greenish yellow shades and stripes. 



Beuer^ d'Anjou. 
Ne Plus Mauris of the French. 

A noble fruit, said to be of French origin. Tree vigorous. Young 
shoots yellowish brown, very productive. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Stem short, thick, and fleshy, inserted in 
R, cavity, surrounded by russet. Calyx very small, open, stiff, in an exceed- 
ingly small basin, surrounded by russet. Skin greenish, sprinkled with 
russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson, and sprinkled thickly with 
brown and crimson dots. Flesh whitish, not very fine, melting, juicy, 
with a brisk vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Very good to berst. 
October, November. 



1)80 



THE PEAK. 



This is one of the most profitable varieties foi orcharding, bearing 
abundantly and evenly, whether grown on quince or pear stocks. 




Benrr6 d'Anjon. 



Bbuer^ d'Aremberg. 



Due d'Aremberg. 
Deschamps. 
Colmar Deschamps. 
D'Aremberg Parfait. 
L'Orpheline. 



Beurre des Orphelines. 
Beurre Burchardt. 
Orpbeline d'EngMen. 
Beurre Deschamps. 
Delices des Orplieliiis. 



The Benrre d'Aremberg is a fine fruit, high-flavored, bears most 
abundantly, and always keeps and matures with perhaps less care than 
most other winter fruits in the house. 

The Beurrg d'Aremberg was raised by the Abbe Deschamps, in the 
garden of the Hospice des Orphelines, at Enghien. The Beurre d'Arem- 
berg of many French catalogues is the Glout Morceau. The two sorts 
are easily distinguished. The fruit of the d'Aremberg has a short, or 
thicker stalk, usually bent to one side ; its flavor is vinous instead of 



THE PEAK. 



681 



sugary, and its wood not so strong, with more deeply serrated leaves. 
Branches clear yellowish brown, dotted with pale specks. Tree un 
healthy and subject to canker. 

Fruit obovate, but narrowing a good deal to the stalk. Skin thick, 
rather uneven, pale gi-eenish yellow, becoming yellow at maturity, with 
many tracings and spots of light russet. Stalk short, half an inch to an 
inch long, thick, and very fleshy, especially where it joins the fruit, and 
usually planted very obliquely. Calyx short and small, set in a deep 
basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with an abundant, rich, deli- 
cious vinous juice. Yery good. December. 

Beurr6 d'Avoine. 

A variety of comparatively recent introduction from Belgium. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with a few patches 
and nettings of russet, and some russet dots. Stalk medium. Calyx 
closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good to 
very good. October. 




BeurrS de Brignaia. 



BEXTRRt DE BrIGNAIS. 
Des Nonnea. Poire des Nonnes. Nun's Pear. De Nonne. 

A valuable variety, the origin of which we cannot learn. Tree 



682 THE PEAB. 

vigoroTiSj Lardy, and productive. Young -wood rich dark j'-elloAn.gli 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate. Skin greenish, with numerous gray 
dots. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a narrow, uneven cavity. Caly:s 
closed. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a 
brisk, perfumed, high flavor. Very good. Ripe middle and last of 
September. Core small, continues a long time ere it decays. 

Beurre de Capiaumont. 

Capiumont. Beurre Aurora. Calebasse Vasse. 

Aurore. De la Glaciers. 

A Flemish Pear, very fair and handsomely formed, and a capital 
bearer, hardy in all soils and seasons ; sometimes first-rate ; but when 
the tree is heavily laden, it is apt to be slightly astringent. It grows 
freely. Branches a little pendent, grayish yellow. 

Fruit of medium size, long turbinate, very even, and tapering regu- 
larly into the stalk. Skin smooth, clear yellow, with a light cinnamon- 
red cheek, and a few small dots and streaks of russet. Calyx large, with 
spreading segments prominently placed, and not at all sunk. Stalk 
from three-fourths to an inch and a half long, curved. Flesh fine-grain- 
ed, buttery, melting, sweet, and, -when not astringent, of high flavor. 
September and October. 

Beurr^ Defais. 
Beurr^ Audusson d'Hiver. Beurre Defays. 

A French Pear. Tree productive, and a strong, vigorous grower. 
Young shoots rich clear reddish brown, with a large pointed bud at 
end. 

Fruit rather large, oblique obtuse pyriform. Skin fine yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, and a few russet dots. Stalk varying in 
length, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx small, partially open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good. October. 

BEURBli: DE F^VBIER. 

This winter Pear originated in Rouen, France, and is classed as a 
superior variety ; we have not fruited it, and give our description from 
Leroy. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, with 
clear spots of red in the sun. Flesh white, half fine, melting, slightly 
granulouSj juicy, sweet with a vinous perfume. January, February, 

Beurr6 DE Ghelin. 
Beurre Fromentel. 

Raised by M. Fontaine de Shelin, near Mons, Belgium. Tree vigo- 
rous, productive. 

Fruit large, very irregular in its outline, often roundish oblong 
oval, yellowish, with some few mai-bliugs of russet. Stalk short. Cav- 
ity irreg\ilar. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, juicy, sweet, agreeabjs. 
Octobei", December. (Leroy.) 



THE PEAR. 



683 



BEURRfi d'Hardenpont d'Automne. 

Wilfred ? 

Tree upright, vigoroxis. Young wood gi-ayish reddisli broArn. 

Fruit rather lai'ge, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yel 
low, netted and patched with russet, and many large russet dots 
Stalk long, curved. Calyx open. Basin narrow, abrupt. Flesh yel 
lowish, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Octo- 
ber. 

Beurr:6 de Johnge. 

Originated in the garden of M. Gambler, near Brussels. Tree 
hardy, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, fleshy next the 
stem. Skin pale yellow, a tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted 
and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk short, inclined. 
lip at base. Calyx open. Segments short. Basin rather small and 




BenrrA deEonlng. 

uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumeu 
Good to very good. December, January. 



684 THE PKAB. 

Beuere de Koning. 

Beiirr6 Eoninck. Beurre de Conick. Benrre Conning. 

Augusts de Maraise ? 

A Belgian Pear, Tree modei-ately vigorous. Young shoots slen 
der, olive reddish yellow. 

Fruit medium, obovate, slighbly obtuse pyriform. Skiii yellovvisl: 
green, with russet and brown dots and marblings. Stalk medium, si out, 
Calyx open, in a broad basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous 
Good to very good, October, 

Betjkre Delannoy. 
De Launay. 

Originated with Alexander Delannoy, of Tournai. Tree vigorous, 
productive. Young shoots dull reddish-yellowish brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin gi-eenish yellow, a lit- 
tle brownish in the sun, with patches and traces of russet and many rus- 
set dots. Stalk varying, a little curved and inclined. Calyx open 
Flesh whitish, melting, refreshingly sweet, Yery good, October, No- 
vember. 

Beurr^ Delbecq. 

Delbecque. Fleur de Mars. 

Fondante Delbecq. Beurre Delberg. 

A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous and prodxictive. 

Fruit medium, oval obovate, golden yellow, splashed and dotted 
with red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
September, October. 

Beurre Delfosse. 

Beurr6 Philippe Delfosse. Delfosse Bourgmestre, 

Delfosse. Philippe Delfosse. 

Bourgmestre Delfosse. 

Raised by M, Gregoire, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young shoots very stout, rich warm yellow brown. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes only 
obovate. greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and many 
russet dots. Stalk curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, November. 

Beurr6 de Mons. 

Beurre de Mans. 

A foreign Pear of little value, as it rots at the core. 
Fruit small, roundish obovate, yellowish, with a shade of brownish 
red in the sun, many green and gray dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
open. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, astringent. Poor. August. 

Beurr6 de Montgeron, 

New Frederick of Wurtemburg. De Montgeron. 

Beurre de Montigeron. 

A variety obtained by M, Guyot, of Yilleneuve, in 1830. Tree vigo- 
rous, moderately productive. Young wood dull yellow brown. 



THE PEAR. 68b 

Fruit medium, broad jjyriform. Skiu yellow, shaded with fine rich 
red in the sun, and sprinkled -with minute light bro^vn docs. Stalk long, 
curved. Calyx open. Basin furrowed. Flesh whitish yellow, juioy, 
melting, with a pleasant vinous flavor. Good to very good. August. 

Beurr^ de Nantes. 
Beurre Nantaia. Beurr^ Blanc de Nantes. 

Raised by Franqois Maisonneuve, at Nantes, France. Tree very vig- 
orous, xipright, healthy, and comes eai'ly into bearing. Young wood olive. 

Fruit lai'ge, elongated pyiiform or pyramidal. Skin greenish yel- 
low, with a red cheek and minute dots. Stalk rather long and large, 
inserted by a lip almost without cavity. Calyx large, open. Basin 
broad and furrowed. Flesh juicy, sweet, melting, and pleasantly per- 
fumed. Very good. October. 

Beurri^: de Nivelles. 

A Belgian Pear, as yet but little known. 

Frviit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with brownish red 
in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted "svith russet. Stalk set in a 
small ca\T.ty. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin small, narrow, abrupt. 
Flesh wMtish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. October. 

Beurre de Quenast, 

"We have received several Pears under this name, one of which has 
proved identical with Louise Bon de Jersey, and as we have doubts of 
the others, we copy description from the Annals of Pomology, as fol- 
lows : — 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong pyriform, slightly acute, gi-eenish 
yellow, with patches of russet, and russet next the stalk and calyx. 
Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, and pleasantly perfumed. October 

Beurre Derouineau. 

A French Pear of small size and poor quaKty. 

Fruit small, obovate, yellowish, sprinkled with russet patches. Flesh 
white, sweet. October, November. 

Beurr6 de Saint Arnaud. 
Beurre de Saint Arnaud. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1853. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, yellow, becoming broTVTiish 
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, agreeable. Good, 
October. 

•Beurr^ des Mouchouses. 

Origin, France. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse obovate, yellow, with many gray dots 
Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous. July, August. (Leroy.) 

Beurr^ de Wetteren. 
This Pear was discovered by Louis Berckmans, in his garden at 



586 



THE PEAR. 



Heyst-op-den-Berg, among a number of wild pear-trees of his sowing 
Tree vigorous, very thorny, suitable for a pyramid. 

Fruit middle size, turbinate. Stalk medium, with some small plaits 
around its insertion. Eye in a wide even cavity. Skin completely 
covered with russet, and slightly colored next the sun. Flesh fine, yel- 
lowish white, half melting, buttery, with an abundant sugary, agreeably 
perfumed, muskv iuice. February. (An. Pom.) 




BentrS DieL 



Beurr* Diel 

Dillen. 

Des Trois Tours. 

Mabille. 

Beurre d'Yelle. 

De Melon. 

Melon de Kops. 

Beurre Magnifique. 

Beurre Incomparable. 



Diel's Butterbime. 
DieL 

Dorotliee Royale. 
Grosse Dorothea. 
Sylvanghe vert d'hiver. 
Beurre Royale. 
Dorothee Royale. 
Gros Dillen. 

A. chance seedling near Brussels, Belgium, dedicated by Yan Mons, 



Beurr6 de Gellft 
Dillen d'Hiver. 
Dry Toren. 
GracioH d'Hiver, 
Fourcroy. 

Guillaume de Nassau. 
Beurre Vert. 



THE PEAR. 687 

And named in honor of his friend Dr. Augustus Frederick Adrien Die], 
a distinguislied German pomologist. Its vigor, productiveness, and 
beauty have made it ah-ead)'^ a general favorite with our planters. It 
is in every respect a first-rate fruit in favorable situations, biit on very 
young trees and in cold soils it is apt to be rather coarse and astringent. 
The tree has long, very stout, twisting branches, and is uncommonly 
vigorous. Young shoots reddish yellow grayish brown. 

Fruit lai-ge, varying from obovate to obtuse pyriform. Skin rather 
thick, lemon yellow, becoming orange yellow, marked with large brown 
dots, and marblings of russet. Stalk an iuch to an inch and three-quar- 
tei's long, stout, curved, set in a rather uneven cavity. Calyx nearly 
closed, and placed in a slightly furrowed basin. Flesh yellowish white, 
a little coarse-grained, especially at the core, but rich, sugary, half melt- 
ing, and, in good specimens, buttery and delicious. Very good. In 
eating, in this countiy, from September to December', if picked and 
ripened in the house, 

Beuree du Cercle. 
Beurre de Cercle. Pratique de Rouen. 

A new French Pear little known. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium or below, very ii'regiilar in form, varying from obovate 
to oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with golden 
russet, and shade of red in sun, and many russet dots. Stalk rather 
short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly vinotis. Good. October. 

Beurr^ Duhaume. 

Tree a moderate grower, productive. Young wood yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, very much depressed, with a suture 
along one side. Skin rough, covered with thin russet, and thickly 
sprinkled with rvisset dots. Stalk short, thick, and fleshy, inserted by a 
lip at an inclination. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin irregular. 
Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, with a pleasant vinous flavpr, 
Good. November to February. 

Beurr^ Dumont. 
Beurre Dumon. 

A Belgian variety, raised by Joseph Dumont. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with rather slender branches. 

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform obtuse. Skin pale yellow, 
with a shade of red in the sun, and a few nettings and patches of rus- 
set and russet dots. Stalk rather stoiit, set in a slight cavity. Calpc 
open. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, refreshing, sweet 
Good. September and October. 

Beurr^ Dumortier. 

Du Mortier. Dumontier. Dumoustier. 

A Belgian Pear. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often with unequal 



688 THE PEAE. 

sides Skin rough, greenish, partially netted and patched with russet, 
and many russet dots. Stalk generally inclined and without depression. 
Calyx open. Segments long, recurved. Flesh greenish white, juicy, 
sweet, melting, a little vinous. Good to very good. October. 

BEUBEili; DURAND. 

Originated at Angers, France, and introduced in 1855. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse ijyiiform, yellow, dotted and mar- 
bled with fawn-color and sj)lashed with red in the sun. Stalk short. 
Calyx half closed. Flesh white, fine, melting, sugary, vinous. Sep- 
tember, October. (Leroy.) 

Beukr^ Duval. 
Duval. Dwael. Eoi Louis Nouveau. Audibert. 

A Belgian Pear, raised by M. Duval. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood pretty stout, grayish olive brown. 

Fruit medium to large, varying in form from obovate to oblong 
obtuse pyi-iform. Skin warm yellow, dull brown in the sun, and with 
patches and nettings of russet and many brown dots. Stalk mode- 
rately stout, with little or no depression. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Beurke Duvivier. 
Duvivier. General Duvivier. 

A coarse, poor French Pear. 

Fruit small, obovate, greenish with russet. Flesh white, coarse, 
sweet, pleasant, hardly good. Rots at core. September. 

BeurriS Flon". 

Originated near Angers, France, in 1852. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Sides unequal. Skin 
rough, thick, citron yellow, mostly overspread, marbled, splashed, and 
dotted with red. Stalk short, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, a little rough, sweet, aromatic. 
September, October. (Leroy.) 

Beurr^ Fougiere. 

A foreign Pear, introduced by J. C. Lee. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin greenish yellow, with patches 
and points of light russet, and some dark green spots. Flesh yellowish 
white, coarse-grained, a little gritty at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, 
and good. October. (Rob. Manning's MS.) 

Beurre Gendron. 
Poire Grendron. 

A large foreign Pear, fine for cooking. 

Fruit large, irregular, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish, 
with a shade of brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breakiug, 
juicy, sweet, vinous;. Januarv, March. 



THE PEAR. 



Beurii6 Gens. 
Tree vigorous and productive. 



689 



Young wood yel' 



A. Belgian Pear, 
lowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow 
shaded with bright red and sprinkled with russet dots, and netted and 
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, partially closed. Basir 
narro-w. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic, a 
little gritty at the core. Very good, October. 



Beurr^ Giffard. 
Poire Giffard. 



Giffart. 



A chance seedling, originated with M. Giffard, Angers, France. 
Tree of moderate growth, with slender reddish-colored shoots. 




Beurre Giffard. 



Fruit medium in size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, which is rather 
long. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with red on the sunny side. 
Calyx closed. Segments stiff, set in a very small basin. Flesh white, 
melting, juicy, with an excellent vinous flavor, delightfully perfumed. 
An early Pear of value, but requires to be gathered early, and does not 
continue long. Very good. Ripening middle of August. 

44 



690 



THE PEAR. 



BeURR6 GpUBALT. , 

Poire Goubalt. 

Originated in France, ia 1842. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, andl 
productive. 

Fruit small, irregularly obovate. Skin greenisb yellow, Tvdth gray 
lines. Stalk long. Calyx large. Flesh juicy, melting, pleasant, but 
not rich. Good. September. 

Beurr^ Gris d'Hiver Noxjveau. 



Beurre Gris d'Hiver. 

de Lu^on. 

Superieur. 



Beurre de Fontenay. 

d'Hiver. 

de Lu9on. 



Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Young wood dark yeUow- 
ishreddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin golden russet, with 
a fine sunny cheek, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk very stout, rathe 




Benrre Gris d'Hiver Nonvean. 



fibort, inclined, sometimes inserted in a large cavity, at others with a 
lip. Calyx very small and open. Segments small, slightly recurved. 
Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh somewhat granular, juicy, buttery, melt- 
ing. Flavor rich and sugary, with a very peculiar aroma. Yery good 
T^ovember, February. 



THE PEAR. 



691 



Beurr6 Haffner. 

A Belgian Pear, by some confounded with Flemish Beauty, froir 
which it is entirely distinct. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
clear reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyi-iform. Skin gi-eenish yellow, often witli 
a shade of red, netted and patched "vvith russet, and many russet dots 
Stalk rather long, ciirved, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. 
Calyx large and open. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant. Very good. September, October. 



Beurr6 Hamecher. 

A Pear from Belgium. 

Frmt medivim, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellow, 
long, curved. Calyx small and closed. Flesh dry, sugary, 
tober, November. 

Beurr6 Hardy. 



Stalk large, 
Poor. Oc 



Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood dark grayish olive brown. 
Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, covered with 




BenrrA Hardy. 



light russet, considerably shaded with brownish red, and sprinkled with 
brown dots. Stalk about an inch long, a little swollen at its insertion, 
at an inclination, in a small, rather uneven cavity. Calyx open. Seg- 



692 THE PEAR, 

ments long, recurved in a la-oad, shallow basin. Flesh buttery, melt 
ing, juicy, brisk, vinous, and highly perfumed, slightly astringent nexi 
the skin, Yery good. September and October. 

BEUER]il JaLAIS. 

Originated in 1848 with M, Jacques Jalais, of Nantes. Tree very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate pyriform, golden yellow, with marblinga 
and veins of reddish brown in the sun. Stalk short, curved. Calyx 
small, half closed. Flesh whitish, fine, melting, rough at the core, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. September, October. (Leroy.) 

Beurrb Jean Van Geert, 

Originated in Belgium with M, Jean Van Geert, and introduced in 
1864. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, dotted and marbled with 
fawn, and washed with vermilion red in the sun. Stalk short. Calyx 
half closed. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, rough at the core, 
sweet, aromatic. October, November. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Kennes, 

A Belgian Pear, a seedling of Yan Mons, introduced and described 
by Bivort in 1846. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood brownish 
red. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyiiform. Skin greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin russet, shaded with crimson, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet and crimson dots. Stalk of medium length, 
thick, and inclined, fleshy at its insertion, by a large ring or lip. Calyx 
partially closed, set in a broad, shallow basin. Flesh whitish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, with a very sweet, rich, perfumed flavor. Yery good. 
October. 

Beurre Kenrick. 

No, 1599 of Van Mons. 

A Flemish seedling, of medium size. Skin greenish yellow, russet 
spots. Flesh juicy, sweet, and buttery. Poor. September. 

Beurre Knox. 

A Flemish variety, of vigorous growth, productive. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin pale green, russet on one side. 
Flesh tender and soft, juicy and sweet, but not high-flavored, hardly 
good. Last of September. 

Beurre Kossuth. 

A variety from Belgium. Tree of moderate vigor, productive. 
Fruit large, very variable in form, generally pp'iform obtuse. Surface 
uneven. Stalk long, curved. Calyi small. Basin moderately deep and 



THE PEAR. 693 

round. Skin dull yellowish green, tracevi and freckled with gi-aj or bronze, 
dotted with sj)ecks of the same color, shade of red in the sun. Flesh 
very fine, melting, buttery, sugary, a little vinous. Good. September, 
October. 

Beurr^ Langelier. 
Langelier's Beurre. 

Raised by M. Langelier of Jersey. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
shaded with crimson and blotched with i-usset, and covered with russet 
dots. Stalk short and fleshy, inserted often by a lip without depression, 
Calyx o^^en or partially closed. Segments persistent. Basin somewhal 
irregular, shallow, and open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, somewhat 
granular, with a very brisk, rich, vinous flavor. Very good. November 
to Januaiy. 

Beurre Le Fevre. 
Beurre de Mortefontaine. Lefevre. 

A French Pear of large size, roundish or roimdish obovate, greenish 
yellow, with brownish orange iii the sun. Flesh white, gritty, coarse. 
Octobex-. 

Beurre Leon le Clerc. 

Tree vigorous, upright, productive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform. Ski}) 
pale yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet 
dots. Stalk rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments broad. Basin abrupt, furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, 
melting, sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Yery good. October. 

Beurre Luizet. 

Originated with M. Luizet, France, in 1847. Tree very productive. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin gi-eenish yellow, 
shades of red in the sun, fawn- color next the stalk. Flesh white, fine, 
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. October, November. (Leroy.) 

Beurre Mauxion. 

Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellow russet, 
with a bright red cheek. Stalk short, moderately stout, swollen at the 
extremities, inserted in a shallow cavity. Calyx open, stifl", set in a very 
shallow basin. Flesh fine, buttery, melting, abounding in juice, sugary, 
with a spicy vinous flavor, pleasantly perfumed. Yerj good. Ripe iu 
September. 

Beurr^ Menaud. 

Beurre Menand. 

A French Pear of recent origin. 

Fruit modirm to lai-ge, long obovate. Skin pale lemon yellow 



694 



THE PEAR. 



Stalk stout. Cal}-x open. 
brisk. October. (Hogg.) 



Flesh tender, buttery, mtlting, very juici/ 



BeubrjS Millet of Angers. 

Origin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous and very jjroductive. Young 
wood yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin greenish, covered with 
russet and thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots. Stalk medium, 
stout, curved, inserted in a rather abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set 
in a deep irregular basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat buttery, juicy, 
melting, with a brisk Acinous flavor. Good to very good. November to 
January. 




Benrr6 Moinu 



Beurrfi Moiret. 



Beurb6 Moire. 
Moire. 



A French Pear of vigorous and productive habit, 
reddish yellc ■" olive brown. 



Belle de Mcixe. 

Young wood 



THE PEAR. 696 

Fruit lai-ge, oblong obtuse pyx-iform. Skin greenish yellow, pro- 
fusely s})rinkled witb yellow dots, sometimes a tinge of red in the sun. 
Stalk medium, stout, curved, inserted in an uneven depression. Calyx 
small. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, a little granular, buttery 
melting, with a fine rich brisk flavor, highly perfumed. Good to very 
good. October, 

BeURR^ MoisTDELLE. 

A Belgian Pear, but little known. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate obovate, or pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, netted and patched and mostly covered with cinnamon russet, 
and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity, 
sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin broad, uneven. Flesh yel- 
lowish, coai-se, juicy, meltiiag, aromatic. Good. October. 

Beurr6 Navez. 

Beurre de WaeL Beurre Noisette. 

Cohnar Navez. Due de Nemours. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, introduced first by M. Bouvier. Tree 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to cin- 
namon, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, thick, fleshy, inserted in 
an inclined cavity. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, pleasant. Good. October. 

Beurr^ Paimpol. 

A French Pear, recently introduced, of only good quality. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, patches nettings 
and dots of russet. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. 
September. 

Beurr]6 Pointelle de Boux. 

A Belgian Pear, showy, but of second quality. 

Fruit medium, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, dotted, 
splashed, and shaded with red in the sun. Flesh white, half tender, 
melting, juicy, sweet. Good. October. (Leroy.) 

Beurr^ Preble. 

A Pear named by Mr. Manning in honor of Commodore Edward 
Preble, U.S.N., and raised from seed by Elijah Cooke, of Raymond, 
Me. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate. Skin greenish yellow, mottled with 
russet and green spots. Stalk about an inch long, very stout, set in a 
moderate hollow. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, with a rich, high 
flavor. Good. October and November. 

BeurriS Precocee. 

Precocee Goubault Bezi Precocee. 

Raised by Mr. Goubault, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 



696 THE PEAB. 

Fruit nKJclium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin greenish yel 
low, slightly netted and jjatched with russet. Stalk long, curved. Calyj 
nearly closed. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good. Middle of August. 

BeuRRE E.ANCE. 

Beurre Ranse. Bon Chretien de Rans. 

Hardenpont du Printemps. Beurre de ISoirchain. 

Beurre Epine. Beurre de Rhin. 

Beurre de Flandre. Beurre d'Hiver. 

Josephme, incorrectly of some. Beurre Bon Chretien. 

Beurre de Ranz. Gastelier. 

Noirchain. Jenart. 
Beymont. 

The Beurre Ranee is considered by all English cultivators the best 
very late Pear yet generally known. The wood is dull grayish brown- 
ish yellow, straggling in growth, and rather pendulous when in bearing, 
and when the tree has attained a moderate size it bears well. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyriform. Skin dark green, even at 
maturity, rather thick, and dotted with numerous russet specks. Stalk 
rather slender, an inch and a half long, set ia a slight blunt depression, 
or often without any cavity. Calyx quite small, and set in a basin very 
little sunk. Flesh greenisli white, melting, a little gritty at the core, 
full of sweet, rich juice, of excellent flavor. Succeeds in England, Bel- 
gium, and France, but does not in this country, except at the South, or 
in warm soils and particular localities. 

Beymont is doubtless a seedling of Beurre Bance, but so identical ia 
every respect except its wood as to make a second description unneces- 
sary. 

Beurre Richelieu. 

Tree vigorous. Young shoots dull olive reddish brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform truncate. Skin greenish, inclining to 
yellow, sprinkled with dots. Stalk short, inserted by a slight lip in a 
broad depression. Calyx firmly closed, set in a broad, shallow furrowed 
basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, melting, with a fine sweet, aromatic flavor 
sometimes astringent. Good to very good. December. 

Beurre Robert. 

Originated near Angers, France, in 1860 or 1861. The tree is vigo- 
rous and promising of considerable value. 

Leroy describes the fruit as large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin 
greenish yellow, covered with small gray dots, and with a brownish red 
next the stalk and calyx. Flesh white, melting, fine, juicy, sweet, vi- 
nous, delicate perfume. November, December. 

Beurr^ Romain. 

Fondante de Rome . Beurre de Rome. La Reine. 

An old variety, variable in quality. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green. 
Flesh white, juicy, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September to October 



THK PEAR. 



697 



BEURRfi E.OUGE d'AjWOU. 
Rouge d'Anjou. 

A French Pear. Tree a good grower and productive. Young wood 
dull oKve brown. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish obovate pyrifoim. Svu-face 
uneven. Skin yellow, partially netted aud patched with russet, a tiuge 
of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with many green and brown dots. 
Stalk medium, set in an acute cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx 
open. Basin uneven. Flesh whitish, half melting, not juicy, sweet 
Good- October. 

BeURRE SCHEIDWEILER. 

Grosse Sucre. 

Tree stout and vigorous, inclining to a pyramid, good bearer. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin green or dull green, with a 
few traces of russet, changing very little at matiirity. Flesh buttery, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good. September and October. 

Beurre Seutin. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, inclining to oval, irregular or angulai. 
Color green, sprinkled with russet, sometimes shaded with dull crimson. 
A late-keeping, dry, cooking j^ear. 

Beurre Six. 
Poire Six. 

Originated in Belgium. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform, pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather stout, little or no depression. 
Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous. Good. 
September. 

Beurr:^ SouIlAjsige. / 

Size medium to large. Form acute pyriform. Stalk an inch or more 
in length, fleshy at its junction. Color pale clear yellow, with occasional 
traces of russet. Flesh melting and very juicy, flavor rich, sugary, 
with a peculiarly pleasant aroma. Season — October, November. (Wil- 
der's Bep.) 

Beurre Spae. 

A Belgian Pear, figured and described in the Illustration Horticole, 
from which we copy. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish pyi'iform, pale yello^\ish, spotted and mottled 
with brown in the sun. Stalk curved, inserted in a furrowed cavity. 
Flesh very juicy, fine, sugary, melting, perfumed. Very good. No- 
vember. 

Beurr6 Spence. 

Many varieties having been received from Euroi)e for Beurre Spence 
and proved incorrect, we give description of one which we have received. 



698 THE PEAK. 

and presume to be tlie true variety, originated by Van Mona. Tre« 
moderately vigorous. Young sboots reddish. Very productive. 

Fruit medium, short pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin green- 
ish, becoming yellow at maturity, shaded with dull crimson, thinly 
sprinkled with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk long, 
fleshy at its insertion, which is often at an inclination by a lip. Calyx 
small, closed, in a deep, rather abrupt basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with 
a fine rich, vinous flavor. Good to very good. Core small. September 

Beurrb Sterkmans. 
Doyenne Sterkmans. Belle Alliance. Calebasse Sterkmans. 

A Belgian Pear, Tree vigorovis, with stout yellowish-brown shoots, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, remotely pyriform. Skin green, sjjeckled with 
russet, and shaded with crimson. Stalk about an inch long, stout, 




Benrrd Sterkmans. 

inserted in a small, uneven cavity. Calyx open. Segments stiff, set in a 
broad, uneven basin, slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish white, fine, very 
melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, pleasantly perfumed. Good to very good. 
October and November. 

BeueriS Superfin. 
This really good Pear originated in France, in 1837. The 1a*ee is 



THE PEAB. 692 

rery healthy, hardy, and moderately vigorous, not an early, but a good 
bearer when at full age. Young shoots slender, light yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly shaded 
with crimson on the sunny side, and partially covered with russet, and 




Beurr^ Superfiu. 

thickly sprinkled with minute dots. Stalk stout, rather long, inserted 
without depression by a fleshy enlargement. Calyx partially closed, in 
an abrupt, small basin. Flesh exceedingly juicy, buttery, melting, with 
a brisk vinous or subacid flavor. Very good to best. Ripe all of Octo- 
ber. 

Beuek^ Yan Driessche. 

Originated in Belgium, and but recently introduced. We find no 
description of it except in Leroy, which we copy. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull yellow, dotted 
with clear brown, and shaded with the same next the stem. Flesh 
wliitish, half fine, half melting, rough at centre, juicy, sweet, vinous. 
Excellent. February, May. 

Bezi de Caen. 

This Pear is of lecent introduction, and promises to be valuable as a 
midwinter variety. Young wood dull yellow brown. 



700 THE PEAE. 

Fruit medimn, pyriform. Skin dull browB, -witli smootli russet oi> 
greenisli yellow. Stalk set witliout depression. Calyx open. Segmeiita 
short > Flesh white, fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous, Yery 
good: December, Jamiary. 

Bezi de Caissoy. 

Bezy da Quessoy. Nutmeg Pear. 

Roussette d'Anjou. De Quessoy. 

Petite Beurre d'Hiver. Small Winter Beurr6. 

^ Wilding of Caissoy. Besi de Quassoy. 

Terrenetivaise. Besi de Bretagne. 

An old Pear, said to have been discovered in the forest of Caissoy, 
in Bretagne. Tree hardy and very productive. Young wood slender, 
dull olive yellow. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, reddish brown in sun 
and numerous russet specks. Stalk short, set in a rather deep cavity. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, tender, buttery, sweet and aromatic. Yery 
good. November to February. 

Bezi de Caissoy d'^tiS. 
Bergamotte Quessoy d'Ete. Besi Quessoy d'l^te. 

This variety resembles in all respects the preceding Bezi de Caissoy, 
only in maturing its fruit early in September instead of winter. 

Bezi d'Heri. 

Bezi Royal. Wilding of Hery. 

Franzosische Rumelbime. Besi d'Airy. 

Besidery. De Henri. 

Bezi de Hery. De Bordeaux 

This is a very excellent winter stewing pear, which bears most 
abundantly. It is of no value for the dessert. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin greenish yellow, with a reddish 
blush. Flesh tender, juicy, free from grit, with an anise-like flavor. 
Fit for cooking from October to January. 

Bezi de la Motte. 
Bein Armudi. Beurre blanc de Jersey, 

The tree is exceedingly vigorous and productive, and the grayish 
olive shooT-s, like the fruit, have a peculiarly speckled appearance. It 
ripens gradually, and may be kept a good while. 

Fruit of medium size, bergamot-sliaped, roundish, flattened at the 
eye. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly sprinkled with conspicuous 
russet green dots. Stalk about an inch long, green, slightly curved, and 
inserted in a slight flattened hollow. Calyx small, open, set in a shal- 
low, rather abruptly sunken basin. Flesh white, very fine-grained, but 
tery, juicy, with a sweet, delicate perfumed flavor. Good. October. 



THE PEAR 70i 

Bezi de la Pierre. 
Besi de la Pierre. 

Originated at Aiivergne, France. Introduced in 1862. Tree pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small to medium, oval, citron-yellow, marbled, dotted, and 
splashed with fawn-color. Stalk short, curved. Calyx half closed. 
Flesh whitish, half fine, melting, juicy, rough at core, vinous. Octo- 
ber, November. (Leroy.) 

Bezi* de Montigny. 

Troiive de Montigny. Beurre CuUem. 

Doj'enne. Musqne. De Montigny. 

Louis Bosc. Comptesse de Lunay. 

A pleasant juicy fruit, with a musky flavor, but not first-rate. The 
skin is remarkably smooth, and the pear is evenly formed. It is a gooa 
bearer. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit of mediiim size, very regulaidy obovate. Skin pale yellowish 
green, mth numerous gray dots. Stalk stout, thickest at the point of in- 
sertion, an inch long, inserted in a small shallow cavity. Calyx small, 
half open, reflexed, in a very smooth basin, scarcely sunk. Flesh 
white, melting, juicy, half buttery, with a sweet, musky flavor. Good 
First of October. 

Bezi des Yetj^rans. 
Banueau. Des Veterans. 

A Belgian Pear, of vigorous thrifty habit, and productive. Young 
wood olive brown, with many specks. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with gray dots, and slight patches of russet. Flesh firm, not tender ; 
chiefly for cooking. December to February. 

Bezi Esperen. 
Bezy d'Esperen. Besi Esperen. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree a moder-ate grower and good bearer. 
Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit large, roundish obtiise pyriform. Skin dull yellow, sprinkled 
tind patched with russet, and thickly covered with russet dots. Stalk 
rather long, stout, inserted by a ring or lip, at an inclination, in a small, 
irregular cavity. Calyx open, set in a deep, acute basin, surroiinded by 
russet. Flesh juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. October, 
November. 

Bezi Goubault. 

A French Pear, originated in 1845. 

Fruit medium size, irregular in form, generally roundish, obovate. 
Skin yellow, mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and many russet dots. 
Flesh tender, half melting, gritty at core. Good. February, March. 

* Bezi signifies wilding^ i.e., natural seedling found near Montigny, a town in 
France. 



702 THE PEAR. 

Bezi Mai. 
Besi de Mai, 

Raised by J. De Jonghe, Brussels, and first fruited in 1856. It ia 
a winter fruit, said to mature from April to May. As yet it has not 
fruited here. The tree is hardy, a good grower, and described as produc- 
tive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse oval, dull yellowish green, with brown dots. 
Stalk nearly an inch long. Calyx small, with short, stiff, erect seg- 
ments. Flesh buttery, juicy, sugary, rich, very firm. February, 
April, 

Bezi Yaet. 

Beurre de Beaumont. Besi Ya. De Saint Waast. 

Besi Vaat, Besi Vath. Besi Waet. 

Besi de St. Waast. 

The Bezi Yaet has been considerably cultivated in this country, but 
is not generally considered more than a good second-rate Pear. The 
young shoots are reddish olive brown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing to the stalk. Skin rough- 
ish, pale green, becoming yellowish, with many russety spots and a 
brownish cheek. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted in a slight cavity. 
Calyx set in a small basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, juicy, with 
a sweet, somewhat perfxuned flavor. Good. November to January. 

Bezy Sanspareil. 

Bergamotte Sanspareil. Nonpareille. Sans PareiUe. 

Besi Incomparable. Sans Pair. 

An old French Pear, of little value and only good for cooking. 

Fruit large, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellowish green, covered 
with numerovis brown dots. Stalk fleshy at its insertion, in a slight 
cavity, at an inclination. Calyx open in a moderate uneven basin. 
Flesh coarse and granular, buttery, juicy, melting, with a brisk vinous 
flavor. October to December. 

Bishop's Thumb. 

A long, oddly shaped English Pear. 

Fruit rather large, oblong and narrow, and tapering in-egularly. 
Skin dark yellowish green, having a russet red cheek. Flesh juicy, 
melting, with a vinous flavor, somewhat astringent. Good. October 

Black Worcester. 
Black Pear of Worcester. Parkinson's Warden. Iron. 

A market fruit esteemed for cooking. The branches incline down 
wards with the weight of the fruit. Young shoots dark yellow olive, 
diverging. 

Fruit large, obovate or oblong pyriform. Skin thick, rough, green, 
nearly covered with dark russet. Flesh hard and coarse, but stews and 
bakes well. ISTovember to February. 



THE PEAR. 703 

Blanquet Anastere. 
Blanquet Anasterque. Blanquet d'Austrasia. 

A French Pear, of poor quality. 

Fruit small, pyriform, yellowish green, with a tinge of brown in Jbhe 
L. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, rots easily. August. 



Large Seckel. 
Feaster. 



Bleecker's Meadow. 

Heidelberg. 
Spice Butter. 



Meadow Feaster. 
Frankford. 



A native fruit, said to have been found in a meadow in Pennsylva 
aia. It is a handsome, hardy fruit, and bears large crops, but it has 
been overpraised as to quality. 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin bright clear yellow, with crimson dots 
on the sunny side. Flesh very white, firm, with a peculiar musky or 
wasp-like aroma and spicy taste, but mostly remains crisp and hard. 
Stalk straight and stiff, Basin shallow. Calyx open and reflexed. 
frood. October and November. 




Bloodgood. 



Bloodgood. 
Early Beurre. 
The Bloodgood is the highest flavored of all early Pears, and de- 



704 THE PEAK. 

serves a place even in the smallest garden. It was named from the cix' 
cumstance of its having been brought into notice, about 1835, by the 
late James Bloodgood, nurseryman. Flushing, L. I. The sort was 
brought to that nursery as a new variety, without a name, however, by 
some person on Long Island, unknown to Mr. B., who was never able 
afterward to trace its history further. The tree is rather short-jointed, 
with deep reddish brown wood, grows moderately fast, and bears early 
and regularly. The fruit, like that of all early pears, is better if j-ipen- 
ed in the house. It surpasses every European variety of the same sea- 
son, and together with the Dearborn's Seedling, another native sort, wil' 
supplant all inferior early pears. 

Fruit of medium size, turbinate, inclining to obovate, thickening very 
abruptly into the stalk. Skin yellow, sprinkled with russet dots and 
network markings, giving it a russety look on one side. Calyx strong, 
open, set almost without depression. Stalk obliqiiely inserted, withoui 
depression, short, dark brown, fleshy at its base. Flesh yellowish 
white, buttery, and melting, with a rich sugary, highly aromatic flavor 
The thin skin has a musky aromatic perfume. Very good. Core small 
Ripe from the 5th of July to the 10th of August. 

Bon Chr]etien Fondante. 

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles. Bon Chretien Musque Fondante. 

Pioulice. Bugiarda. 

Bon Chretien Fondante Musque. Petit Musque. 
Bon Chretien d'Ete Musque. 

A Flemish Pear, abounding with juice, and having a refreshing., 
agreeable flavor. In good seasons it is first in quality, and it bears 
early and abundantly. Young shoots slender, diverging, olive gi'ay. 

Fruit pretty large, roundish obovate, regularly formed. Skin pale 
green, sprinkled with small russet dots, and considerably covered 
with russet. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, curved, inserted in a 
slight depression. Calyx small, set in a narrow hollow. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, gritty round the core, exceedingly juicy, tender, and melting, 
with a rich and pleasant flavor. Yery good. October. 

Bon Chretien Joseph Lamarque. 

Originated in Liege, Belgium. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yellowish, with 
a shade of brown red, and spotted and dotted with black and dark 
brown specks. Stalk rather stout, curved, set in deep furrowed cavity. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, delicate perfume. 
October. (An. Pom.) 

Bon Gustave. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree very vigorous, with stout shoots. 

Fruit middle size, regular, pyriform. Stalk medium. Calyx open. 
Basin shallow. Skin light green, covered with russet. Flesh white, 
fine, b ittery, juicy, sugar v, and perfumed. Ripe December, January. 
(Gard. Chr.) 



THE PEAR. 70ft 

Bonne Antoine. 

Fruit very large, conical or pyriform obtuse, yellowish gi-een, with 
kspots, marblings, and patches of brown. Flesh white, fine, slightly gi-a- 
uulous, juicy, sweet, perfumed. First quality. October, November. 
(Leroy.) 

Bonne Charlotte. 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit of moderate size, variable in form, generally resembling Doy 
enne. Skin smooth, pale yellow, with green dots. Stalk long. Calyx 
open. Flesh moderately fine, more buttery than melting, sugary, and 
strongly perfumed. Good. Should be gathered early. Middle of 
August. 

Bonne d'Ez^e. 

Bonne des Haies. Bonne de Longueval. 

Bonne de Zees. Belle et bonne d'Ezee. 

A French Pear. Tree moderately vigorovis, productive. Young 
wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform. .Skin light yellowish green, 
with russet patches and dots. Stalk large, long, curved, inserted in a 
broad cavity. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, of little depth. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sugary, brisk, rich. Good to very good. Sep 
tember and October. 

Bonne de Jalais. 
Beurre de Jalaise. 

A French Pear, originated at Nantes in-1857. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, washed, 
splashed, and dotted with red. Stalk rather long, largest at junction 
with the tree, inclined, and set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white, fine, 
melting, juicy, aromatic, sweet. Good. October. 

Bonne de la Chapelle. 

Beurre de la Chapelle. 

This variety was found by a gardener in the wood of La Chapelle- 
sur-Ei'dre, near Nantes, in 1845. Tree moderately vigorous and pro. 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, varying in form from roundish oblate to oblate pyri- 
form. Skin greenish yellow, with nettings and patches of russet, and dis- 
tinct brown dots. Stalk long, sleuder, curved. Calyx open. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, rather coarse. Good. November, December. 

Bonneseere de Saint Denis. 

Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France, in 1863. Tree very 
productive. Young wood reddish brown grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obovate, yellowish green, dotted 
and splashed with red. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh 
white, fine, melting, jxiicy, rough at the core, sweet, vinous, delicioua 
perfume. December, January. (Leroy.) 

45 



706 



THE PEAK. 



Bonne de Soulers. 



De Soulers. 
Peurre de Soulers. 



Bergamotte de Soulers. 
Soleure, 



An old variety, described in 1675. Tree moderately vigorous, pr-o- 
dnctive. 

Fruit medium, oval. Skin pale greenish yellow, dull red in the suru 
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. Jan- 
uary to March. 

Bonne Sophia. 

Bonne Saplier. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow, with a 
shade of crimson, a few patches and nettings of msset, and many small 




Bonne Sophia. 



Drown dots. Stalk long, inclined, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open 
Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Yery good 
New and promising. October. 



THB PKAB. 7)7 

Bonne THfiRfisE. 

Originated in Marines, France. 

Frnit medium, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow, marbled with 
red at the stalk. Stalk short, straight. Calyx small, open. Flesh very 
white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October. (Leroy.) 

BOUCQUIA. 

Beurre Boucquia. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit rather large, oval turbinate. Skin pale yellow. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, rather astringent, and liable to rot at the core. October. 

BOUEGEMESTER. 
Bouvier Bourgemestre. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with large gray dots, rus- 
seted arovmd the eye. Flesh tender, juicy, and astringent. November. 
Wood cracks and cankers badly. 

Braconot. 
Poire Braconot d'Epinal. 

Originated in 1840 or 1841, with M. Leclerc-Epinal, France, A 
new Pear, very showy and promising. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit very large. Skin pale yellow, washed with a brown shade in 
sun. Stalk long and stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh yellowish white, 
fine, crisp, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October. 

Brande's Saint Germain. 
Brande'e, Bian de St. Germain. 

Origin uncertain, said to be a seedling of Van Mons. Tree a slow 
grower, with slender branches, spreading. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, narrowing towards both ends. Skin 
yellowish green. Flesh melting, juicy, with a rich and excellent flavor. 
Good. November and December. 

Brand YwiNE. 

Found on the farm of Eli Harvey, on the banks of the Brandy wine, 
Delaware Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upi'ight, uniformly productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, varying in foi-m from oblate depressed pyriform to 
elongated pyriform. Skin dull yellowish green, considerably dotted and 
Bomewhat spiinkled with russet, having a warm cheek on the side of the 
sMn. Stalk is fleshy at its junction with the fruit, and generally sur- 
rounded by folds or rings. Calyx open. Basin smooth and shallow. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sugary, and vinous, somewhat aromatic 
Good to very good. Ripe last of August and first of September. 



708 



THE PEAK. 



Brewee. 

Fruit medium, o borate pyriform. Skin lemon-yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with minute brown dots. Stalk very long, curved, set in a 
small cavity. Calyx open. Basin rather small, slightly corrugated 
Flesh white, coarse, not juicy or meltiug, but sweet and pleasant. Good 
October. 




Brandywine 



Brialmont. 

A Belgian Pear, of recent introduction and good promise. Young 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, ovate, greenish yellow, with traces of russet and many 
green and brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a small cavity. Calyx 
open, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, 
pleasant. Very good. October. 

Briffaut. 

Originated with M. Briffaut of Sevres. Tree very productive. 

Fruit large, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish, with fawn 
eolored shades, especially around the stalk, bright red cheek in 
sun. Stalk long, straight, without depression. Calyx large and open. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, rough at the core. July, August. CLeroj.' 



THE PGAB. 



709 




Brindamouk. 

An old variety, which originated in Yienne, France. Tree vigorous 
and productive. 

Fi-uit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin bronzed, marbled, and 
shaded with fawn and gi-een. Stalk short, set without depression. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, fine, fibrous, melting, watery, sugary 
acid, perfumed. November, December. (Leroy.) 

Bringewood. 

A foreign Pear, described in Hovey's Magazine, from which we 
copy, not having seen the fruit : — 

" Fruit medium, pyiiform, yellowish brown and russet. Stalk long 
and slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish white, gritty at core, the 
rest buttery. Very good. November." 



British Queen. 

An English Pear, raised at Frogmore, supposed from seed of Mario 
Louise. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood very strong, clear rich 
reddish brown. It is described in Hogg as follows : — 



710 THE PEAR. 

" Emit large, obovate pjrriform, the outline undula.ing and bossed 
Skin smooth, and almost entirely covered with a thin coat of cinnamon' 
colored russet, but on the side next the sun it has a blush of rosy crim- 
son. Calyx rather small, with short, narrow segments. Stalk stout, 
obliquely inserted in a round, narrow cavity. Flesh yellowish white, 
very fine-grained, buttery, melting, rich, sugary. October, November." 

Bronx. 

A new American Pear, raised in 1850, by James P. Swain, of Bronx- 
rille, N. Y. The tree is an iipright pyramidal grower, with reddish 
brown young shoots. 

Pruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin dull greenish yellow, pen-- 
tially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, and set in a small 
cavity. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven, 
and much russeted. Plesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, a little per- 
fumed. Good to very good. Early September. , 

Brougham. 

An English variety. 

Fruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, some russet. Flesi 
coarse, astringent. November. 

Brown Beurr^. 

Beurre Gris. Red Beurre. 

Beurre Rouge. Badham'a. 

Beurre d'Or. (Jray Beurre. 

Beurre Doree. Beurre Vert. 

Beurre d'Amboise. Red Butter. 

Beurre d'Ambleuse. Beurre Rousse. 

Beurre du Roi. Beurre Roux. 

Poire d'Amboise. Gisambert. 

Isambert. Beurre d'Isambert le Bon. 

Isambert le Bon. Beurre Gris d'Automne. 

Beurre. Eisenbart. 

Golden Beurre. Beurre de Caen. 

The Brown Beurre, almost too well known to need description, was 
for a long time considered the prince of Pears in France, its native 
country, and- for those who are partial to the high vinous flavor — a rich 
mingling of sweet and acid— it has, still, few competitors. It is, how- 
ever, quite variable in different soils, and its variety of appearance in 
different gardens has given rise to the many names — gray, brown, red, 
and golden — under which it is known. Shoots diverging, dark reddish 
brown. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate, tapering convexly quite to the stalk. 
Skin slightly rough, yellowish green, but nearly covered with thin rus- 
set, often a little reddish brown on one side. Stalk from one to one and 
a half inches long, stout at its junction with the tree, and thickening 
obKquely into the fruit. Calyx nearly closed in a shallow basin. Flesh 
greenish white, melting, buttery, extremely juicy, with a rich subacid 
flavor. Very good. September. 



THE TtlAS.. 



711 



BUPFUM. 
Buffam. 

The Buffam is a native of Rhode Island, and from its general resem 
blance to the Doyenne, it is, no doubt, a seedling of that fine sort. It 
is an orchard Pear of the first quality, as it is a very strong, upright 
grower, with reddish or reddish brown young shoots, bears large, regular 
crops, and is a very handsome and salable fruit. It is a little variable 
in quality. We have frequently eaten them so fine as scarcely to be 
distinguished from the Doyenne, and again when rather insipid. It 
may be considered a beautiful and good, though not first-rate variety. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, a little smaller on one side. 
Skm fair, deep yellow (brownish gi-een at first), finely sufTused over 




Buffum. 



half the fruit, with bright red, sprinkled with small brown dots, oi a 
little russet. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a very slight cavity. 
Calyx with small segments, and basin of moderate size. Flesh white, 
buttery, not so juicy as the Doyenne, biTt sweet, and of excellent flavor 
The strong upright reddish brown shoots, and peculiar brownish green 
appearance of the pear before ripening, distingviish this fruit. Very 
good. September. 

BURLINGAHIE. 

A Pear of quite indifferent quality that originated in Ohio. 



ri2 THE PEAR. 

Fruit small or medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with red in 
the sun. Flesh coarse, not juicy, sweet. Poor. September. 

Burnett. 

Raised by Dr. Joel Burnett, of Southborough, Mass. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow. Flesh greenish 
white, a little coarse-grained, but juicy, sweet. Good. First of Octo 
ber. 

Cabot. 

Originated from the seed of the Brown Beurre, by J. S. Cabot, Esq., 
of Salem, Mass. It has a good deal of the flavor of its parent, and ia 
an agreeable subacid fruit. The tree grows upright and very strong, 
and produces amazing crops. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish turbinate, narrowing rather 
abruptly to the stalk, which is bent obliquely, and inserted on one side 
of a tapering summit. Skin roughish, bronze yellow, pretty well cov- 
ered with cinnamon russet. Calyx small, open, set in a round, smooth 
basin. Flesh greenish white, breaking, juicy, with a rich subacid flavor. 
Good to very good. Middle and last of September. 

Cadet de Vaux. 

Origin unknown. Tree very productive. Young wood yellow 
brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, irregular. Skin ochre yellow, dotted 
with brown, and shaded ynth fawn and pale red in the sun Stalk short, 
large, curved. Calyx large. Flesh yellowish white, fine, almost melting, 
sweet, juicy, perfumed. Good. December to March. 



Caen de France. 
Doyenne de Bruxelles, erroneously. 

A foreign Pear promising great value. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, regular, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, 
overspread with a dull russet, and Avith many rough russet dots. Stalk 
rather short and stout, a little inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx 
closed, or partially open. Segments short. Basin rather small, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly aromatia 
Very good. December, February. 

Calebasse. 
Calebasse Double Extra Calebasse d'HoUande. Calebasse Musquee. 

The Calebasse is a very grotesque-looking Belgian fruit, named froni 
its likeness to a calabash or gourd. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong, a little crooked and irregular or 
knobby in its outline. Skin rough, dull yellow, becoming orange russet 



THE PEAR. 713 

on the sunny side. Flesh jiiicj, crisp, a little coarse-grained, but 8Ugar> 
and pleasant. Good. Middle of September. 




Caen de France. 

Calebasse d'Et6. 
Belle de Forets. 

A variety raised from seed by Major Esperen. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Not desirable. 

Fruit mediiim, oblong acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly cov- 
ered, netted, and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Stalk long, 
stout, fleshy at base. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, vinoxis, astrin- 
gent. Poor. Early September. 

Calebasse Delvigne. 

Origin imcertain. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at calyx. Skin yellow, slightly rus 
eeted, sometimes shaded on the sunny side. Stalk short, thick at its 
jvinotion with the fruit. Calyx open. Segments stiff, in a very shallow, 
uneA'en basin. Flesh white, coarse, butteiy, juicy, melting, perfumed, 
slightly astringent. Good. October. 

Calebasse Tougard. 
A Belgian Pear raised by Van Mens. Tree vigorous, productive 



714 THE PEAR. 

Fmit medium, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. 
Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with rough russet, and tliickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk curved. Calyx open. Basin small, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. 
Good to very good. October. 

Calhoun. 

Eaised by the late Governor Edwards, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, roundish, obliqtiely oblate. Skin yellowish, shaded 
with dull crimson, si)rinkled with russet, russet dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, pleasant. 
Good. October. 

Camerling. 
Camerlyn. Camerlingue. Camerling d'Allemagne. 

A Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin yellow, with numerous brown dots 
and a slightly marbled cheek. Stalk long, slightly inclined, in a small 
cavity surrounded by russet. Calyx open. Flesh juicy, melting, sugary, 
with a peciiliar aroma. Good. September, October. 

Camille de Eohan. 
Prince Camille de Rohan. 

A foreign Pear, with thorny yellow olive brown shoots, hardy. 

Fruit medium, roiindish obovate. Skin yellow, considerably netted 
and patched with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk 
long, slender. Calyx partially closed. Basin medium. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, melting, vinous. Good. November, January. 

Canandaigua. 
Catherine. 

Origin uncertain, supposed to have been brought from Connecticut 
to Canandaigiia about the year 1806, vigorous and productive. 

Fruit rather large, irregular, elongated acute pyriform. Surface un- 
even, resembling Bartlett. Skin lemon-yellow, sometimes a shade of red 
in the sun. Stalk medium, or rather short, inclined. Calyx open. Basin 
narrow and deep. Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, vinous. Good. Sep 
tember. 

Cantelope. 

A seedling of the late Gov. Edwards. Not valuable. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, sometimes a blusli 
in the sun. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, dry. Good ordy for cook- 
ing. October. 

Capsheaf. 
Cops Heat. 

A native of Rhode Island. It is a very agreeable frui^ . Young 
shoots stout, upright, yellowish brown. 



THE PEAR, 715 

Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate piriform. Skin deep yellow, 
with patches ;xnd traces of cinnamon russet. Stalk au inch long, stoat, 
inclined, inserted in a shallow hollow. Calyx small. Basin slightly 
Bunk. Flesh white, juicy, and melting, very sweet and jjleasant. Good. 
October. 

Capucin. 
Capuchin. Capucin Van Mons. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate grower. 

Fruit medium, oval pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled and shaded 
in the sun with fawn and red, slightly netted with russet, and with 
many russet crimson dots. Stalk slender, set in a slight depression by 
a lip. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, vinous. Good to 
very good. October to Decembei-. 

Cassante de Mars. 

A variety from Malines, said to be a seedling of Major Es])eren. It 
may be a distinct sort, but as we have received, it has proved identical 
with Winter Nelis. We copy description from the Album Pomology : — 

" Tree vigorous. 

" Fruit, which is borne in clusters, resembles Doyenne blanc. Skin 
smooth, bright green, becoming golden yellow at maturity, striped and 
shaded with fawn. Flesh when in full perfection is half melting, juicy, 
sugary, vinous, and well perfumed. Ripe December to April." 

Casserule. 

Of foreign origin. We have fruited it but once. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin rough. 
Color yellowish, covered with a dull yellow brown russet. Stalk short, 
without depressions, often oblique. Calyx large, open, round, with con- 
nected segments. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitish, coarse, granu- 
lated, especially next the rore, dry, and without flavor. Good. De- 
cember, January. 

Castelline. 

A Belgian Pear, described by foreign authors as first quality, here it 
has only proved good. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with 
slight nettings and patches of russet, and sprinkled with dots. Stalk 
long, largest at junction with the tree, curved, set in a shallow ca%dty. 
Calyx open, with long reciuwed segments. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh 
yellowish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. November, December. 

Catharine Gardette. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. Young shoots short 
jointed, yellow brownish oKve. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin fair, yellow, with r.umerous 



716 THE PEAR. 

small carmine dots on tlie exposed side. Stalk curved, inserted by a 
fleshy termination into a slight depression. Calyx small, set in a rather 
deep basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Catherine Lambre. 

One of the new Belgian Pears that promises to sustain here its 
foreign reputation. It originated with Van Mons, and was named and 
introduced by Bivort. The tree is very vigorous and hardy, and a good 
bearer, with long, strong, dark rich yellow brown shoots. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth, 
greenish yellow, shaded in the sun with red, and dotted with bronze 
specks. Stalk medium, set without depression, inclined. Calyx lai'ge, 
open. Flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet. Very good. 
October, November. 

Catillac. 

Grand Monarque. Grand Mogol. 

Cadillac. Gros Thomas. 

Katzenkop. . De Bell Argentine. 

Groote Mogul. Tete de Chat. 

40 Ounce. Gros Rateau. 

Bon Chretien d' Amiens Chartreuse. Grand Tamerlan. 

ilonstrueuse de Landes. De Gros Rateau Raisenette ? 

Cotillard de Livre. Roi de Louvairf. 

Besi de Maraise. Gros Rateau gris. 

De Citrouille. Misporde Benoist ? 

De Tout Temps. 

The Catillac is an old French baking and stewing Pear, of very large 
size, and of good quality for these purposes. In rich soil the fruit is 
often remarkably large and handsome. 

Fruit very large, broadly turbinate (flattened-top shaped). Skin 
yellow, dotted with brown, and having sometimes a brownish red cheek 
at maturity. Stalk stout, about an inch long, curved, and placed in a 
very narrow, small cavity. Calyx short and small, and set in a wide, 
rather deep plaited basin. Flesh hard and rough to the taste. Novem- 
ber to March. 

Catinka. 

Raised by Major Esperen. Tree of vigorous growth. Branches 
rather slender, productive. Young wood duU yellow brown. 

Fruit small to medium, obovate pyriform. Stalk very long, inserted 
by a ring in an uneven cavity. Calyx large and open, with segments 
persistent. Basin shallow. Skin pale yellow, netted, patched, and 
'■hickly sprinkled with russet dots. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, 
melting, juicy, with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good to very good, 
October to December. 

Cedarmeke. 

Originated in the grounds of W. C. Bryant, Roslyn, Long Island. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, with rus- 
set nettings and dots. Stalk rather short, curved. Calj'x open 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good, August. 



THE PEAR. 717 

Certeau d'Et6. 

Gros Certeau d'fite. Conrte de Ersol. 

Houges des Vierges. Coloree d'Aoftt. 

Emmanuel. De Champagne d'fitt^. 

This showy Pear is by some authors attributed to Van Mons. Others 
say it was described in 1540. Tree vigorous and i)roduotive. Young 
wood i-eddish yellow broA\Ti. 

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform. Skin smooth, almost waxen 
yellow, shaded with brigh tcrimson over most of the surface, and sprin- 
kled Avitli light dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx 
small, open. Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet. 
Good to very good. Last of August. 

Chancellor. 

Supposed to be a native of Gerraantown, Penn., on the grounds of 
Mr. Chancellor. Branches horizontal, not very vigorous, spreading. 
Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, obovate obtuse pyi'ifoi-m. Skin greenish yellow, 
sometimes red in sun, rough, somewhat inclining to russet, thickly 
covered with dots. Stem medium, curved, i-ather stout, fleshy at its 
insertion by a lip, inserted in a rather broad cavity. Calyx small, set 
in a moderate basin. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sugary, 
perfumed. Good. October, November. 

Chapman. 

An American Pear of poor quality, imworthy. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyi-iform, yellow, dotted with brown and 
green. Flesh white, half melting, astringent. September. 

Chaptal. 
Beurre Chaptal. 

An old French Pear, that sometimes is very good but often ordy 
good. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish 
yellow. Stalk stout, in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, 
breaking, juicy. December. 

Charles Basiner. 

A foreign Pear which we have not yet fruited. Young wood light 
yellow. Buds projecting, prominent. Hogg describes it as : — 

" Frxiit obovate, pale yellowish green. Stalk long, slender. Calyx 
small, open. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. October." 

Charles Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear, an early bearer, but only good in quality. Young 
shoots dark rich yellow bi'own. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse, pale Avhitish yellow, \vith a few 



718 THE PEAR. 

patches and nettings of russet, and conspicuous russet dots. Stalk 
rather short, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Charles Frederick. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, sometimes obtuse oblong. 
Skin pale yellow, shaded and mottled, with red in the sun, patches, net- 
tings and dots of russet. Stalk short to medium, sometimes in a small 
cavity, others without. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, 
buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. September. 

Charles Smet. 
Charles Smith. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree a vigorous grower. Young 
wood dull oUve gi-ayish brown. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, broad at the crown. Skin yellowish, con 
siderably russeted. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at its insertion. Calyx 
open, small. Basin narrow. Flesh juicy, sweet, and highly perfumed. 
Good to very good. January, February. 

Charles Yan Hooghten. 

Fruit large, varying in form from obovate acute pyriform to round- 
ish obtuse obovate. Skin yellow, netted and patched with russet, and 
with many russet dots. Stalk varying, always fleshy at insertion. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather coarse, sweet. Good. Eai-ly 
October. 

Charlotte de Broweb. 

One of Esperen's seedlings. Tiee of moderate, vigor, and of great 
productiveness. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, 
slightly netted and patched with russet, and with many russet dots, and 
slightly shaded in the sun with crimson. Stalk stout and fleshy at its 
insertion. Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
vinous. Good. October. 

Chaumontel. 

Bezi de Chaumontelle. Oxford Chaumontel. 

Winter Beurre. Bon Chretien de Chaumontel. 

Beurre d'Hiver. Beurre de Chaumontel. 

Shaumontel. Shaw-monteL 

This old French Pear takes its name from the village of Charunon- 
telle, in France, and succeeds well in Europe, but has not proved good 
here, except in very favorable situations. It may be valuable South. 
Tree a good and vigorous grower. Young shoots yellow bro"'vn gi-ayish 
oKve. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin a little rough, yellowish in the shade, 
dotted with many brownish russet dots, and brownish red or rich deep 



THE PEAK. 712 

red in the sun. Stalk about an inch long, inserted moderately deep, in 
an angular basin. Flesh buttery and melting, sugary, with a pecvdiai 
and agreeable perfume. Good. November to February. 

Chelmsford. 
Tynsboro'. Mogul Summer. 

Origin, Chelmsford, Mass. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, red cheek. FlesL 
coarse, sweet, good for cookmg. Last of September. 

Choisnard. 

Originated with M. Choisnard, Ormes, France. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin rouc^h, dull 
yellow brown in the sun, and with many fawn-colored dots. Stalk 
rather long. Calyx, large, open. Flesh yellowish white, half crisp, hall 
fine, roxigh at centre, juicy, delicate musky flavor. Januarv, March. 
(Leroy.) 




Church. 

Clarke ? 

This really good Pear, originated on land belonging to the Trinity 
Church, at New Rochelle, N. Y. ; hence its name. . The habit of the 
Church Pear is somewhat spreading in its growth, tmiformly productive, 



/20 THE PEAR. 

and the fruit unvarying in its quality. Young wood dull yellow, oi 
brown. 

Fruit rather below medium size, generally depressed, somewhat an- 
gular. Stalk rather long, stout at its insertion, in a small cavity 
surrounded by russet. Calyx small and closed, in a broad, rather shal- 
low basin. Skin green, becoming yellow at maturity. Flesh white, 
very buttery, juicy, melting, with an exceedingly rich, sweet, and highly 
perfvimed flavor. Yery good. Core small. Ripens slowly, and con- 
tinues in use all of September. 

CiTRINA. 

Originated with Dr. ShiirtlefF, Boston, Mass., first fruited in 

1862. Tree productive. Wood slender, grayish. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, bright yellow. Surface slightly knobby 
and uneven. Stalk medium. Calyx small. Basin corrugated. Ilesh 
nearly white, rather coarse. Gritty at the core. September. (Journal 
of H.) 

Citron. 

A seedling of the late Governor Edwards, a vigorous, upright grower, 
producing large crops, but inclined to rot at the core. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, approaching turbinate. Stalk short, 
rather stout, set in an abrupt, uneven cavity. Calyx closed. Basin 
broad, shallow, irregular. Skin greenish, slightly shaded with dull 
crimson. Flesh greenish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, 
with a musky ptn-fume. Good. Ripe from middle of Atigust to mid- 
dle of September. 

Claha. 
Claire. 

Une of Yan Mons' seedlings. It is of medium size, oval pyriform. 
Skin clear yellow, dotted with red. Flesh white, molting, very juicy, 
and sweet, relieved by a slight acid. Hardly good. September and 
October. 

Clap. 

■ This variety was raised from seed, by Capt. William Clap, of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Friiit below medium, acute pyriform, yellowish green, with a brown- 
ieli blush in the sun. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, aromatic. Middle 
of August. (Prince.) 

Clapp's Favorite, 

This extremely fine and valuable Pear was raised from seed by the 
late Thaddeus Clapp, of Dorchester, Mass. The tree is an upright 
spreading, vigorous grower, forming an open, well-shaped head, on which 
the fruit is evenly distributed and almost uniform in size. Yerv pro 
ductive. Youno; shoots dark reddish brown. 



THE PEAK. 



721 



Fruit larpte, oboate ovate, slightly obtuse pyriform. Surface un 
even. Skin thin, pale lemon yellow, marbled and faintly splashed with 
orimson and fawn when fully exposed to the sun, thickly sprinkled with 
brown dots, and sometimes patches and traces of russet. Stalk neai-ly 




Clapp's Favorite, 



an inch long, a little inclined, stout, and somewhat fleshy, inserted in a 
slight depression. Calyx partially closed. Segments stiff", erect. Basin 
shallow, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, fine-grained, juicy, buttery, 
melting, rich, sweet, vinous, a little perfumed. Very good. Last of 
August or early September. 



Clay. 

Sponge. 

Raised by the late Governor Edwards. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes pyriform. Skin waxen 
yellow, shaded with crimson, and sprinkled with brown or crimson 
dots. Stalk medium. Calyx closed. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, 
granular, juicy, sweet. Good. October. 

46 



722 tele peak. 

Clkmence. 
Clementine. 

A seedling of Van Mons, originated in 1833. Young wood olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, sometimes oToovate acute pyriform^ 
pale yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson, and patched and netted 
with russet, few brown dots. Stalk short, curved, fleshy at insertion. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, sweet, 
melting, pleasant. Very good. September. 

Clement Bivort. 

A Belgian Pear that we have not yet fruited. Young shoots 
smooth, short-jointed, yellow brown. It is described by the Societe 
Van Mons as : — 

" Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin golden yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 
November." 

Clinton. 

Van Mons, No. 1238. 

A poor fruit, of medium size, light yellow skin. Flesh soft, butte-^, 
and good, but not high-flavored. Middle of November. 

Coit's Beure6. 
Beurre Coit. 

Originated with Col, Coit, Collamer, near Cleveland, O. Tree a 
healthy, good grower, productive. Young wood brownish olive, with 
rough specks. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, inclining to russet, 
sometimes with a sunny cheek, thickly covered with dots, which become 
crimson on the exposed side. Stalk short, rather stout, set in a small 
cavity, sometimes inclined by a lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. Very good. September, 
October. 

Collins. 

Watertown. Colin Noir. Meconnaitre. 

Charbonnidre. Malconnaitre. 

Raised by A. Collins, of Watei-town, Mass., and first exhibited be- 
fore the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1848. Tree of moderate 
growth, with reddish brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with russet spots, and frequently a blush on the sunny side. 
Stalk short, thick, inserted at an inclination without cavity. Calyx 
small, and very little sunk. Flesh fine, laelting, juicy, with a brisk, 



THE PEAR. 



723 



sugary flavor, resembling white Doyenn^. Very good. Ripens first of 
October. 




Coit's Beurr6. 



COLMAR. 



De Maune. 
Incomparable. 
Winter Virgalien. 
Bergamotte Tardive. 
Colmar Dor^e. 



Belle et Bonne d'Hiver. 
Colmar d'Hiver. 
Commodore. 
Bergamotte Eoyal d'Hiver 



A.n old Belgian Pear. The tree hardy, vigorous, and prodiictive. 
Valuable for cooking, often very good in quality. 

Fruit medium or large, obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow. Flesh 
melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet. December, February. 



Colmar Artoisenet. 



Young 



A Belgian Pear of vigorous growth, and a good bearer, 
shoots reddish olive brown. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, 
often with a brownish cheek, netted and patched with cinnamon russet, 
and with many russet dots. Stalk short, inserted in a slight depression, 



724: 



THE PEAR. 



often with a lip. Calyx small, closed. Basia furrowed. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good. September, October. 

COLMAR d'AlOST. 

Delicea d'Alost. 

A Belgian Pear, said to have originated with M. Hellinck in 1840 
Zoung wood dark olive brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, brown- 
ish in the sun. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, gritty at core, sweet, 
vinous. Good. October, November, 

COLMAR D'ArEMBERG. 

Kartofel. Cartofel. 

A large Belgian Pear, mainly to be valued for its size and for cook- 
ing. 

Fruit large to very largo, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin green, 
becoming yellow at maturity, with nettings of russet and dots. Flesh 
whitish, half fine, granulous, sweet, vinous. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

CoLMAR d'AuTOMNE NoUVEAU. 

Received from France. Tree vigorous. Young shoots light yellow 
brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, sometimes inclined. Skin pale yel- 
low, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, partially patched and net- 
ted with traces of russet, and russet brown dots. Stalk long, inclined, 
set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, recurv- 
ed. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, rich, vinous. 
Very good. Last September. 

COLMAR d'Ete. 
Colmar Precoce. Autumn Colmar. 

A Belgian Pear, originated in 1825, and ranked high among foreign 
pomologists ; here it proves only good, or rather poor, and rots at the 
core. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
sometimes a slight blush in sun, patches of russet, and brown dots. 
Stalk long, a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Flesh white, coarse, 
astringent. Early in September, 

Colmar de Jonghe. 

Originated with M. J. De Jonghe, Belgium, and not having fruited 
it, we copy from his description : — " Tree hardy, robust, vigorous, and 
productive, rather upright. Young wood nut brown, with a few gray 
specks, 

" Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, mostly covered with 
reddish brown blotches. Stalk thick, set without depression, Calyx 
open. Flesh white, fine, juicy, vinou*?, sweet, and aromatic. Septem 
oer," 



THE PEAR. 720 

COLMAB DE MeESTER. 
Demeester. 

Oiiginated in Belgium. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a few 
nettings of russet, and sprinkled with many brown and green dots. Stalk 
long, a little inclined. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, coarse, juicy 
half melting, slightly vinous. Scarcely good. October. 

COLMAR DES TkVALIDES. 

Poire des Invalideg. Va Deux Ans. 

Beurre de Prmtemps. Colmar Van Mons. 

Gros Colmar Van Mons. 

This Belgian Pear is said to have been raised at Enghien in 1808. 
It is large and showy, but only valuable for cooking. Young wood red- 
dish olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly marbled with 
crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with russet and brown dots and traces. 
Stalk rather short, set in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Seg- 
ments long, recurved. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, breaking, sweet. 
November to February. 

Colmar Epine. 

An agreeable juicy Pear, sent to this country by Van Mons, and 
originated by him. Young shoots stout, upright, brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, tapering gradually to an obtuse point 
at the stem, which is one inch long. Color gi-eenish yellow, Flesli 
white, sweet, melting, juicy, and good. Middle of September. 

COLOREE DE JuiLLET. 

Originated in Eouen, France. 

Fruit below medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, witli 
a shade of brownish red in the sun, and small patches and dots of brown 
russet. Stalk medium or stout, set in a shallow cavity. Flesh white, 
half tender, juicy, a little gritty at core, sweet, perfumed. Good. July, 

Columbia. 
Columbian Virgalieu. Columbia Virgalouse. 

The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. Casser, in Westchester 
Co., N. Y. The tree grows upright. Young wood stout, upright, olive 
brown. 

Fruit large, regulai-ly formed, obovate, usually a little oblong, and 
always broadest in the middle. Skin smooth and fair pale green in au- 
tumn, but when ripe of a fine golden yellow, with occasionally a soft 
orange tinge on its cheek, and dotted with small gray dots. Stalk 
rather more than an inch long, slightly curved, placed towards one side 
of a narrow depression. Calyx of medium size, partially open, set in a 
very shallow basin. Flesh white, not very fine-grained, but melting, 
iuicy, with a sweet ai'omatic flavor. Good. November to January. 
Very apt to drop from the tree previous to ripening. 



726 



THE PEAR. 
COMMISSAIEE DeLMOTTE. 



Originated in Belgium by Gregoire. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish, yellow, sometimes a 
shade of crimson in the suu, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. 
Stalk medium, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or partially 
closed. Basin rather abrupt, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melt 
ing, sweet. Good. January to March. 

COMPBETTE. 

A Flemish seedling of Kttle value. 

Fruit small, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green. Flesh white, 
buttery, with a sugary perfumed juice. October, November. 

Cgmte d'Egmont. 

Fruit smallj obovate, lemon yellow, covered with dots of reddish 
brown russet, forming almost a patch. Stalk stout, inserted without 
depression. Calyx small, open. Flesh yellow, melting, slightly giitty 
very rich, sugary, and delicious. Last of October. (Hogg.) 




Comte de Flandre. 



THE PEAR. 72? 

Cjmte pe Flandre. 
St. Jean Baptiste. St. Jean Baptiste d'Hiver. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, jirodtictive. iTouug 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit large, elongated pyriform, obtuse. Skin yellowish, con- 
siderably covered with russet. Stalk long, much inclined, and insert- 
ed by a lip in a small cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow, cornigater] 
basin. Flesh very buttery, melting, juicy, granular, sweet, and rich 
Good to very good. October, November. 

COMSTOCK. 

Comstock Wilding. 

A coarse cooking Pear that originated in Dutchess Co., N. Y. 

Fi-uit of medium size, regularly formed, obovate. Skin smooth and 
glossy, bright yellow, with a crimson cheek. Flesh white, crisp, and, if 
well ripened, Avith a sweet and sprightly flavor. November. 

Comte de Lamt. 

Beurre Curtet. Beurre Quitelet. Comte Lamay. 

Dingier. Bis Curtet. Beurre Cutter. 

Henri Van Mons, erroneously. 

Originated in Belgium in 1828. Tree vigorous, spi-eading. 

Fruit of medium si2;e, oblate pyrifoim. Skin yellow, with a 
brownish red cheek, and sprinkled with patches and small russety dots. 
Stalk an inch long, straight, obliquely inserted under a lip, or planted 
in a slight cavity. Calyx open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, 
fine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet. Good. Last of September tc 
middle of October. 

Comte de Paris. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree pyramidal, very vigorous. 
Young shoots reddish brown grayish. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, often elongated. Skin greenish yel- 
low, a little netted and patched with russet, and dotted with conspicuous 
russet and green dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a shallow 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, open. Segments long. Basin 
small. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, brisk, slightly vinous, 
musky. Good to very good. September. 

Comte Lelieur. 
Frederick Lelieur. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately productive. 
Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin yellowish green, with a brownish-red 
cheek, speckled with gray, netted and patched with russet. Stalk short, 
curved, inclined, set by a lip. Flesh yellowish white, a little coarse- 
grained, melting, juicy, sweet. Good to very good. September. 



728 THE PEAR. 

COMTESSE d'AlOST. 

A Belgian Pear, highly commended abroad, but here proves onlj 
good. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull reddisli yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, sometimes acute. Skin pale yel- 
low, slightly netted and patched with russet, and many brown dots, 
shade of red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, vinous, 
astringent. Scarcely good. November. 

CoMTESSE DE ChAMBORD. 

Originated at Poictiers, France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young 
wood olive yellow brown. Leroy describes the fruit as follows : — 

" Fruit small to medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish green in 
the shade, bright golden in the sun, veined, dotted, and marbled with 
yellowish gray. Stalk short. Calyx large, half closed. Flesh yellowish 
white, melting, rough at centre, sweet, vinous, delicate aroma." Novem 
ber, December. 

Congress Pomologique. 
Triomphe de Pomologique. 

Originated with M. Boisbunel, at Rouen, in 1856. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with moderate-sized young shoots, long-jointed, and of a dull 
yellowish-brown color, with many rough specks. Productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, 
with traces of yellow, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, slen- 
der, with bracts, set in a shallow cavity. Calyx large, open. Segments 
long, recurved. Basin broad, shallow, uneven, russeted. Flesh whitish, 
buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October, 
Novemlaer. 

CONKLIN. 

Originated in Westchester Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish or pale 
yellow, netted and patched with russet, and dotted with green and brown 
dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Calyx partially closed in a 
deep, abrupt basin. Flesh yellowish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. 
Good. September. 

CONSEILLER RaNWEZ. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive- 
Young wood dull olive reddish brown. 

Fruit large, very irregular in form, obovate obtuse, obscurely pyri- 
form. Skin greenish yellow, rough, with a few patches of russet, and 
many brown dots. Stalk inserted in a broad cavity, by a slight Hp or 
fleshy ring. Calyx open, stiff, set in a furrowed basin. Flesh coarse, a 
little granular, juicy, melting, perfumed, sweet, vinous, slightly astrin 
gent. Good. October. 



THE PEAR. 729 

COPIA. 

A Philadelphia seedling. 

Fruit large. Skiu yellow. Flesh rather coarse, but sugary. Poor 
September to October. 

CORNWELL. 

Cluster ? 

An old Pear, origin unknown, transferred by travelling grafters from 
the New England States, and may yet prove some named sort. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with light russet. Flesh yellowish white, juicy, vinous, a little asti-in- 
gent. Good. Early September. 

COTER. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, of moderate growth and productive. 

Fruit medium or below, irregular in form, varying from obtuse to 
acute pyiiform. Skin yellowish, with niimerous russet dots, some 
patches of russet, and russet around the calyx and stem. Stalk slightly 
curved, and enlarged at its insertion, without cavity, and inclined. 
Calyx open, set in an abrupt, not very deep basin. Flesh wliitish, not 
very fine, juicy, vinous. Good. December. 

Crassane. 

Bergamotte Crassaae. Cresane. Bergamotte Crassane d'Automne. 

Beurre Plat. Flat Butter. Crassane d'Automne. 

An old variety, cultivated as long ago as 1667. Tree hardy, vigo- 
rous, and prodvictive. Young wood light reddish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, rarely with a 
blush, dotted 's\'ith russet dots. Flesh coarse, rather dry, sweet, plea- 
sant. Good. October, November. 



Crawford. 
Bancrief. Lammas of the Scotch. 

A Scotch fruit, of second quality ; the chief merit of which is its 
hardiness in a cold climate. 

Fruit middle-sized, obovate. Skin light yellow, tinged with brown 
in the sun. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, and of a tolerably pleasant 
flavor. August. 

Croft Castle. 

An English variety, peculiar in its shape, and especially so in its 
flavor ; very productive. 

Fruit medium. Skin pale gieenish yellow. Flesh juicy, crisp, and 
3\?eot. Scarcely good. October. 



730 THE PEAR. 

Cross. 

Originated on the premises of Mr. Cross, of Newbuiyport, Mass. 
Hranches rather slender, of slow growth. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin smooth, deep yellow, 
with a red cheek, and marked with numerous russet dots, and patches 
of russet around the eye. Stalk planted in a slight depression. Flesh 
coarse, white, melting, juicy, and sweet. Good. In eating from the 
last of November to the middle of January, but chiefly in December. 

Crouch. 

Originated at Colchester, Conn. Tree vigorous. Young wood dull 
yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish inclining to oblate. Skin pale 
yellow, considerably nettied and patched with russet, many russet dots. 
Stalk slender, curved. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant. Good. Early September. 

Cumberland, 

A native fruit, in Cumberland, Rhode Island. 

Fruit lather large, obovate pyriform. Skin orange yellow, pale red 
cheek. Flesh white, buttery, and tolerably juicy. Good. September 
and October. 

Gushing. 

The Gushing is a native of Massachusetts, having originated on the 
grounds of Colonel Washington Gushing, of Hingham, about forty years 
ago. It is a very sprightly Pear, and, like many of our native varieties^ 
it produces most abundant crops. Branches rather slender, diverging 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate, tapering rather obliquely to the stem 
Skin smooth, light greenish yellow, sprinkled with small gray dots, ano 
occasionally a dull red cheek. Stalk an inch long, planted in an abrupt 
cavity. Calyx rather small, set in a basin of moderate size. Flesh white, 
tine-grained, buttery, melting, sweet, sprightly, perfumed. Good. 
Middle of September. 

Dallas. 

Raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree upright, 
vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. A profitable Pear to grow, aa 
it produces abundantly and keeps long after gathering. 

Fruit rather large, ovate obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, with a 
sunny cheek, thickly sprinkled with crimson and russet dots. Stalk • 
large, long, inserted by a slight lip in a very moderate cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh buttery, juicy, with a sweet, rich, 
pleasant aromatic flavor. Yery good. Ripe October and November. 

Dana's Hovey. 

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous, hardy. 



THE PEAR. 731 

and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown, retains its foliage late 
in season. This is one of the highest-flavored Pears, next to the 
Seckle, that we have known. It lacks in size for a market variety, 
but as an amateur sort is one of the most desirable. 




Dana's Hovey. 

Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, regular. Skin greenish yei- 
low or pale yellow, considerably netted and patched with russet, and 
sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk rather short, a little curved, 
set in a slight caAdty, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Basin small, 
uneven, and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, with 
a sugary, rich, aromatic flavor. Best. November to January. 

Darlington. 

An American variety, the origin of which we have been unable to 
learn. Tree very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Young wood 
yellow broAvn. 

Fruit large, oblate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with sometimes 
a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of lusset, and 
russet dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, sweet. Not quite good. Rots at 
core. Early September. 

Davis. 

Introduced from Delaware Co., Pa. The only claim this Pear hat- 
ia that some specimens are almost, or entirely, seedless. 

Fruit small, obovate obtuse, yelloAvish, netted and patched with 
russet dots. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. 



732 



THE PEAR. 



Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, not juicy, melting, sweet. Good. Sep 
tember. This is similar to and may be identical with Elton. 

Dearborn's Seedling. 



Nones. Dearborn's Sanding. 

A very admirable early Peaa." 
of first quality, raised in 1818, bj 
the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, of 
Boston. It bears most abundant 
crops, and is one of the most de- 
sirable early varieties, succeeding 
the Bloodgood, and preceding the 
Bartlett. Young shoots long,' 
reddish brown. 

Fruit scarcely of medi\im size, 
roundish pyriform, and very regu- 
larly formed. Skin very smooth, 
clear light yellow, with a few mi- 
nute dots. Stalk slender, rather 
more than an inch long, set with 
very little depression. Calyx 
with delicate spreading segments, 
set in a very shallow basin. 
Flesh white, very juicy and melt- 
ing, sweet and sprightly in fla- 
vor. Very good. Ripens about 
the middle of August. 




Dearborn's Seedling. 



De Bavat. 
Poire de Bavay. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree a moderate gi'ower. Young 
wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin yellowish, netted and patched 
with russet, and sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk stout, curved, 
a little inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow, un- 
even, often russeted. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, 
sweet, a little aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

De Deux Foix Lane. 

A small foreign Pear, handsome but of poor quality. 

Fruit small, oblate pyriform, irregular, or a little inclined, lemon 
yellow, with a crimson-red cheek, fawn and russet nettings and dots. 
Flesh wliite, coarse, rather dry, sweet. Poor. August. 

Delices de Charles. 

We have received two Pears under tMs name, one as of Van Mons, 
the other of Bouvier. 

The foT-mer is medium in size, irregular in form, varying from obo- 
vate to obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and patched 



THE PEAR. 733 

with nisset, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk railier loi.g, inclined, 
set in a slight depi-ession, often with a lip. Calyx op(in. Flesh yellow 
ish, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet, September, October. 

The latter is above medium in size, obovate obtuse;. Skin greenish, 
with traces of russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, 
curved, set in a rather large cavity. Flesh whitish, buttery, rots at core. 
Middle of September. 

DiSlices de Froyennes. 

This variety was obtained by M. de Courcelle, of Lille, near Tour- 
nay. 

Fruit medium, acute pyiiform. Skin a little rough, clear fawn-color. 
Stalk straight, stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, tine, melting, juicy 
sweet, perfumed. November, December, (Revue Horticole.) 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. 

Beurre des Hautes. Vignes. 

Beurre Lasalle. Delices d' Angers. 

Tree of moderate growth, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish, becoming yellowish at maturity, 
with a warm cheek, sprinkled and patched with russet. Stalk short 
and thick, inserted by a ring or lip at an inclination, in a shallow cavity. 
Calyx open. Segments short, stiff, in a small, uneven basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish, nearly melting, juicy, svigary, aromatic. Good to very good. 
October, November. 

DjSlices D'Hardenpont of Belgium. 

Fondante Pariselle. Charles d'Autriche. 

Delices d'Ardenpont. Pariselle. 

Archduke Charles. 

Tree moderately vigorous, upright, with long, slender shoots of dull 
olive brown color. 

Frait medium, truncate conic or pyramidal, angular. Skin rough, 
greenish, covered with small brown dots, becoming yello'wish at matu- 
rity. Stalk short and thick, inserted in a small uneven cavity at an in- 
clination. Calyx large, set in a shallow furrowed basin. Flesh white, 
buttery, "juicy, melting, sweet, with a fine aromatic perfume. Good. 
November, December. 



Delices de Jodoigne. 

This Belgian Pear originated in 1846, but it is yet little known. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, varying from obtuse to acute pyriform. Skin 
pale yellow, rich brownish crimson in the sun, netted and patched and 
dotted "with russet. Stalk medium, sometimes with a slight depression 
at insertion, again fleshy, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments I'e- 
curved. Basin small, shallow. Flesh white, iuicy, buttery, half melt- 
ing. Good to very good. October. 



734 THE PEAR, 

Delices de la Cacaudiere. 

This variety originated in France, in 1846, We do not know of ita 
being fruited in this country, blLt its size and period of ripening are pro- 
mising of value. 

Fruit large, oboeate pyriform, yellow green, shaded with red in the 
sun and many small dots. Stalk long, stout, set without depression 
Flesh white, a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet. Ripens early in 
A.ugust. (Yerg.) 

Delices de Louvenjal. 
Jules Bivort. 

An old variety, yet little known in this covintry. Tree moderately 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
with patches of russet and many small green and russet dots. Stalk 
rather stout, curved. Calyx small. Basin shallow. Flesh juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet, rich, vinous." Good to very good. October, November. 

Delices Yan Mons. 
Delices de Mons. Delices de la Meuse. 

The date of origin of this Pear is unknown. So far as we can learn, 
it was first described simply as Delices, The ti-ee is a healthy free 
grower, with young wood of a dull grayish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Surface somewhat uneven. 
Skin pale yellow, with a shade of crimson in the sun, nettings of russet. 
and numerous brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity small, russeted. 
Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin small, slightly russeted. 
Flesh white, coai-se at the core, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly 
vinous. Good or very good. October. 

De Louvain. 

Poire de Louvain. Gros Quere. Valandree, 

Bezy de Louvain. Parabelle Mtisqu6. 

Raised by Yan Mons in 1827. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to pyriform, and tapering 
to the stalk. Skin rather uneven, clear light yellow, a little marked 
with russet, and dotted with brown points, which take a ruddy tinge 
next the sun. Stalk about an inch long, stout, inserted obliquely with- 
out depression, or by the side of a fleshy lip. Calyx placed in a very 
narrow, shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting. Good. 
October, 

Democrat. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Tree a Adgorous grower and produc- 
tivo. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate roundish. Skin gi'oenish yellow, 
nettings and patches of russet, and dotted with conspicuous russet and 
brown dots. Stalk long, slender, curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx 
large, open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh half melting, juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 



THE PEAH. 735 

Des Ciiasseuks. 

Chasseurs. Sportsman. 

Poire des Chasseurs. Hunter. 

This Belgian Pear is supposed to be one of Van Mons' seedlings. 
The tree is moderately vigorons, somewhat sprea,ding, productive. Young 
shoots warm yellow bro\vTi. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, 
covered with minute dots, and a few patches of russet. Stalk long, en- 
larged at its junction, without depression. Calyx small. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh buttery, juicy, slightly granular, perfumed. Good to very 
good. October. 

DesiriSe Cornelis. 
Comelis. 

Raised by M. Bivort. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
cinnamon russet brown. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform, slightly obtuse. 
Skin greenish yellow, with nettings of russet and irregular conspicuous 
brown dots. Stalk curved, set in a slight cavity. Calyx pai-tially closed. 
Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet. Very good. 
Early September. 

Desiree Van Mons. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1836. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse pyriform]^ Skin dull greenish, with 
a few traces and patches of russet, especially around the stalk, minute 
marblings and dots of black. Stalk slender, curved, set in a very slight 
depression. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Good. 
September, October. 

De Sorlus. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, slightly netted and patched with russet, and si^riiikled with 
minute green and brown dots. Stalk rather long, generally straight, 
set with little or no cavity, sometimes by a ring or enlargement at base. 
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, not 
juicy or melting. Good. November. 

De Tongres. 
Poire Durandeau. 

Thif? fine fruit was raised by M. Durandeau, of Tongres, France. 
Tree vigorous, with long slender branches, pyriform, bears young and 
abundantly. Young shoots olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate acute jiyriform, slightly irregular. Skin pale 
jrellow, covered with rich cinnamon russet, which becomes crimson on 



736 THE PEAR. 

the sun-exposed side. Sprinkled with russet and brown dots. Stalk 
long, curved, inserted without depression, often hy a lip. Calyx small, 
open, or partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin shallow, abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous, rich saccharine. 
Very good. October. 

Deux Sceurs, 
Des Deux Sceurs. The Two Sisters. 

A chance seedling found near Malines, France, and named by Majoi 
Esperen. Tree vigorous, thorny, hardy, productive. 

.Fruit medium, oblong oval, irregular. Skin greenish yellow, sprin- 
kled with brown dots. Stalk rather short, set in a slight depression oi 
by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. 
Good. October, November. 

Devergnies. 

Belle du Vemis. Duvemay. 

Belle du Vernie. Duvemis. 

Beurre Duvemay. 

A Belgian Pear, originated at Hainault in 1817. 

Fruit medium, roundish short pyriform. Skin dull yellow, shaded 
and blotched with brownish red in the sun, dark russet dots and specks. 
Stalk curved, set in furrowed cavity. Calyx large. Basin farrowed. 
Flesh whitish, half fine, sweet. Good. December. 

DiCKERMAN. 

Pardee's No. 3. 

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dark rich brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, shade of bright 
cinnamon in the sun, thickly covered with minute dots. Stalk curved, 
fleshy at its insertion, in a moderate cavity. Calyx nearly closed. Seg- 
ments persistent. Basin broad and uneven. Flesh whitish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, perfumed. Good to very good. Ripe from the middle of 
September to the middle of October. 

DlEUDONN^ AntHOINE. 

A variety from Enghien, Belgium. Tree vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin light yellow, vary- 
ing to a cinnamon yellow, with occasionally a flush of red in the sun. 
Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sugary, vinous, perfumed. October. 
(An. Pom.) 

DiLLER. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree a slow and poor grower. Young wood 
light brownish yellow. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular. Skin yellowish, sprinkled 



THE PEAK. 



r37 



and patched with russet. Stalk long, inserted in a very slight cavity by 
a fleshy ring. Calyx closed, set in a rather broad, shallow basin. JFlesh 
whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, buttery, melting, with a very sweet, 
aromatic perfumed flavor. Good to very good. Ripe last of August 
and first of September. 




Dix. 



Dix. 

Lewis, erroneously of the French. 

The Dix is, unquestionably, a fruit of the highest excellence, and 
deserves the attention of all planters. It is one of the hardiest of pear- 
trees, but the tree does not come into bearing until it has attained con- 
siderable size. The young branches are dull olive yellow brown, upright, 
and slender. The original tree stands in the garden of Madam Dix, 
Boston. It bore for the first time in 1826. 

47 



738 THE tEAR. 

Fruit large, oblong, or long pyriforai. Skin roighish, fine deep yeL 
low at naaturity, marked with distinct russet dots, and sprinkled with 
russet around the stalk. Caljx small for so large a fruit. Basin nar- 
row, and scarcely at all sunk. Stalk rather stout, short, thicker at each 
end, set rather obliquely, but with little or no depression. Flesh not 
very fine-grained, 'but juicy, rich, sugary, melting, and delicious, with a 
sKght perfume. Very good to best. October and November. 

DOCTEUR BOUVIER. 

A vigorous tree, forming a beautiful pyramid, very productive. 
Young wood yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin greenish, becom- 
ing slightly yellow at maturity, sprinkled, shaded, and dotted with 
russet, sometimes slightly crimson and fawn in the sun. Stalk curved, 
set without depression. Calyx open. Flesh a little coarse, juicy, melt- 
ing, brisk, vinous, slightly perfumed. Good to very good. December. 

DoCTEUR CaPRON. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings, originated in 1842. 

Fruit medium, regiilar, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, a little 
brownish in the sun, with nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk 
medium, inclined, set in a slight depression, russeted. Calyx open. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October, 
November. 

DoCTEUR LeNTIER. 

Doctor Lenthier. 

A Belgian Pear, originated about 1847, and named after M. Lentier, 
a physician. Tree vigorous, productive. Young shoots olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
or pale yellow, with traces and patches of russet, es^^ecially next the 
stalk, sometimes a shade of crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with mi- 
nute brown dots. Stalk varying, set without depression. Calyx par- 
tially closed. Basin small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September, October. 

DocTEUR Trousseau. 

Raised from seed at Saint Remy, France, in 1848. Tree a vigorous 
grower, with long, strong, rather spreading branches. Young wood 
dull dark red brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk variable, curved, set in a sKght depression or 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
ing, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. November. 

Doctor Nelis. 
Another Belgian variety, originated in 1847, and named and de- 



THE FSAR. 739 

dicated to a physician. Tree moderately vigorous and j)roductive. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyi-iform, slightly obtuse. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, somewhat patched and netted 




Doctor Nelia, 



with russet, and sprinkled with russet green dots. Stalk short, a little 
inclined, set in a small, russeted cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, sKghtly vinous. Very good. 
Last of September. 

Doctor Reeder. 
Keeder's Seedling. 

Raised from seed of the Winter Nelis by Dr. Henry Reeder, Varick, 
Seneca Co., N. Y. Tree very hardy, healthy, vigorous, spreading, open 
form, an excellent bearer. Young shoots wai'm olive brown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish ovate obtuse pyriform, compressed, 
often apparenily slightly furrowed on one side. Skin yellow, netted 
and patched wdth russet nearly over the whole surface, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long and slender, slightly curved, a 
little inclined, in a small cavity. Calyx large and open. Segmenta 
large, lying flat on the fruit. Basin medium, nearly regular. Flesh 
tine, juicy, melting, buttery, a little granular, very sugary, vinous, with 
a high musky perfume. Very good to best. November. 



74A THE FEAB. 




Doctor Beeder. 



Doctor Turner. 



A Connecticut Pear, origin unknown. Tree a moderate spreading 
grower. Young wood a dark olive brown. 

Fruit large, acute obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes 
with a slight blush, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots, 
a few traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a slight depression by 
a ring or lip. Calyx closed. Basin rather small. Elesh white, juicy, 
half melting, slightly vinous, somewhat astringent. Good. August. 

DOROTH:fiE ROYALE NOUVELLE. 

Fruit about medium, pyriform, uneven. Skin smooth, clear deep 
lemon yellow, with here and there a patch of cinnamon russet. Calyx 
open. Stalk stout. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, rich. Last of Oc- 
tober. (Hogg.) 

DORSORIS. 
American Beauty. 

Origin unknown. Introduced by Isaac Coles, of Glen Cove, Long 
Island. Tree a vigorous, upright, spreading grower, and an early bearer 
young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roun<iish pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded witl 



THE FEAR. 74 i 

bright rich crimson in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and green 
dots. Stalk medium. Calyx nearly closed. Flesh white, buttery, 
Bweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Dow. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New HaA'en, Conn. Tree upright, vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit rather above medium, obovate, acutely pyriform, sometimeh 
turbinate. Skin rough, yellowish green, spx'inkled with russet dots, and 
a few small patches of russet. Stalk long, inserted at an inclination in 
a very slight cavity. Calyx large, open, set in a very small basin. 
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor, some- 
times slightly astringent. Good. September, October. 

Doyen Dillen. 

Deacon Dillen. Doctor Dillen. 

One of Yan Mons' Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform. Skin fine yellow, inclining to 
russet, thickly sprinkled with russet specks. Stalk short, thick, and 
fleshy, strongly fixed, without any depression. Calyx small, rarely open. 
Basin of moderate depth. Flesh jviicy, buttery, sweet, and rich 
Yery good. October, November. 




Dcyennd Bonssook 



742 THK PEAK. 

Doyenne Boussock. 

Doyenne Boussouck Nouvelle. Beurre Boussock. 

Beurre de Merode. Albertine. 

Double Philippe. Beurre de Westerloo. 

Bossoch. Beurre Magnifique. 

Doyenne de Merode. 

Tliis Belgian Pear proves one of the most vigorous of trees, au i pro- 
fitable as a market sort.- Tree vigorous, upright, spreading. Young 
wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit varying in form, obovate inclining to pyriform, or roundish 
obtuse obovate. Skin rough, deep yellow, netted and clouded with rus- 
set, with a warm cheek. Stalk rather short and stout, inserted in a 
round cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh buttery, juicy, 
melting, sweet, aromatic, and excellent. Yery good. September and 
October. 

Delpiere, as we have received it, proves identical with the above. 

DoyENN:^ D'ALEsrgoN. 

Doyenne d'Hiver d'Alengon. Doyenn^ Marbre. 

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Doyenn^ d'Hiver Nouveau. 

St. Michael d'Hiver. 

A foreign Pear, of unknown origin. Tree moderately vigorous and 
productive. Young shoots dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, inclining to obovate or pyriform. 
Skin rough, yellow, shaded with dull crimson or carmine, sprinkled, 
netted, and patched with russet brown dots. Stalk of moderate length, 
pretty large, inserted in a medium cavity. Calyx open. Segments per- 
sistent. Basin deep, round, upright. Flesh somewhat granular, but- 
tery, juicy, sugary, very rich, sprightly, and highly perfumed. Yery 
goo<l. December to April. 

Doyenn:^ de Cercle. 

Doyenne de Cercle Pratique de Rouen. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, inclining to pyriform. Sides unequal. 
Skin gi-eenish yellow, with a blush of crimson in the stm, a few traces 
and nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with large brown dots. 
Stalk varying, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly 
russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. October. 

Doyenne d'Et^. 

Summer Doyennd JoUiemont. 

Doyenne de Juillet. Roi Jolimont. 

St. Michael d'fite. Jolimont. 
Jolivet. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, obtained in 1823. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots reddish yellow 
brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin smooth, 
fi.ne yellow, often shaded with bright red, and covered with nuinerous 



THE PEAR. 743 

gray or russet dots. Stalk rather short and thick, fleshy at its jiuiction 
with the fruit, almost without depression. Calyx small and open, in a 




Doyenne d'£t6. 

very shallow, slightly corrugated basin. Flesh white, melting, juicy, 
with a sweet, pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Last of July. 

DOYENNfi DeFAIS. 
Defays. Doyemie d'Affay. 

Originated at Angers, Erance. Tree moderately vigorous. Young 
wood dull olive brown, with many white specks. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, some- 
times a slight shade of red in the sun, traces of russet and sprinkled with 
brown dots. Stalk short, a little curved, in a broad cavity. Calyx 
open. Basin abrupt, fuiTowed. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

DOYENN* DE SaUMUK, 

Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish olive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate. Skin pale whitish yellow, 
thickly sprinkled with large green and brown dots. Stalk medium; 
curved. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, swe* t, pheasant 
Good tt very good. September. 



744 



THE PEAE. 



Doyenne Downing. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to the late A. J. Downing 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood slender, dark rusty brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, inclining to turbinate. Skin 
greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, veiy slightly shaded 
with crimson, and thickly covered with russet dots. Flesh fine, buttery, 
juicy, melting, with a sweet, vinous, rich, perfumed flavor, somewha* 
aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Doyenne du Comice. 

A French Pear, of comparatively recent introduction, which promises 
to be of much value. Tree moderately vigorous, upright. Young wood 
rich warm reddish yellow brown. 




Doyenne du Cornice. 



Fruit large, varying, roundish pyriform or broad obtuse pyriform, 
sometimes obtuse. Skin greenish yellow, becoming fine yellow at matu- 
rity, often lightly shaded with crimson and fawn in the sun, slight net- 



THE PEAR. 



746 



tings and patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk short, stout, inclined and set in a shallow cavity, often russeted. 
Calyx small, open. Basin large, deep, and uneven. Flesh white, fine, 
melting, a little buttery, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. Yery 
good or best. Core small. October, November. 

D0YENN6 GOUBAULT. 

Origin, Angers, France. Of slow growth, and rather slender 
branches. An unprofitable sort. 

Fruit medium, occasionally large, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk 
short. Calyx small. Skin dull pale yellow, with a few traces of rus- 
set, particularly around stem and calyx. Flesh melting and juicy, sweet, 
aromatic. Good to vei-y good. Ripe December to February. 




Doyeim6 Gray. 



DoYENNfi Gray. 



Gray Butter Pear. 

Gray Deana. 

Gray Doyenne. 

Red Doyenne. 

St. Michel Dore. 

Doyenne Galeux. 

Doyenne Boussouck, of some. 



Doyenne Gris. 

Doyenne Rouge. 

Doyenne Roux. 

Doyenne d'Automne. 

Red Beurre, / incorrectly 

Beurre Rouge, ) of some. 

Le Beurre. 



The Gray Doyenne strongly resembles the White Doyenne in flavoi 
and general appearance, except that its skin is covered all over with a 



746 "• THE PEAK. 

fine, lively ciunamon russet. It is a beautiful Pear, usuallji keeps a lit* 
tie longer, and is considered by many ratter the finer of the two. 
Shoots upright, grayish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, ovate obovate,but usually a little rounder than 
the White Doyenne. Skin wholly covered with smooth cinnamon rus- 
set (rarely a little ruddy next the sun). Stalk half to three-fourths of 
an inch long, curved, set in a narrow, rather deep and abrupt cavity. 
Calyx small, closed, and placed in a smooth, shallow basin. Flesh 
white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting, rich, and delicious. Best. 
Middle of October, and will keep many weeks. 

Doyenne Robin. 
Beurr6 Kobin. 

Raised by M. Robin, Angers, France. Tree vigorous. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, netted, 
patched, and thickly sprinkled with russet and gray dots. Stalk long, 
stout, inserted in a broad deep cavity. Calyx partly closed. Flesh 
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, somewhat granular, vinous, per- 
fumed. Good. September. 

DoYENNfi Rose. 

Fruit above medium, obovate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow, 
beautifully shaded with crimson. Stem short. Cavity small. Caljx 
small ; deep, regular basin. Flesh white, coarse, granular, with veiy 
little flavor. Rots at the core. Poor. Last of October. 

DoYENNJa: SaNTELLET. 

A fine handsome Pear from Flanders. 

Frviit above medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with mar- 
blings and specks of gray russet. Flesh white, a little gritty, tender, 
musky perfume. October. (Lindley.) 

DOYENN^ SlEULLE. 
Sieulle. Beurre Sieulle. Bergamotte Sieulle. 

A hardy tree, and a profitable market Pear in some sections. 
Raised by M. Sieulle. Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, thickly 
riprinkled with green or brown dots, shaded with crimson and fawn 
in the sun. Stalk curved, stout, inserted in a broad cavity by a ring 
or lip. Calyx open in a small shallow basin. Flesh white, coarse, very 
buttery, juicy, with a rich vinous, slightly aromatic flavor, Good. 
October, November. 

Du Breuil Pere. 

A seedling grown by M. Alphonse Du Breuil. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate pyriform. Skin greenish, with mar- 
blings and rays of brown in sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, juicy, 
sweet, vinous. Middle September. (Leroy.) 



7 HE PEAR. 747 

Due Alfred de Cruy. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin smooth, greenish yellow, with 
a thin ci'ust of brown russet over the surface ; on the side next the sun 
it is tinged with pale brown. Stalk fleshy at base, set without depres- 
sion. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, not very juicy, buttery, rich, spicy. 
November, December. (Hogg.) 

Due d'Aumale. 
Gedeon Paridant. 

A seedling of Van Mons', of vigorous growth and productive habit. 
SToung wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, slightly obtuse pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded 
and marbled with brownish red in the s\in, sliglit netting and patches 
of russet, and many russet dots. Stalk rather long, a little curved. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good to 
very good. September. 

Due DE Brabant. 

Fondante des Charneuse. Jamin. Waterloo. 

Miel d'Waterloo. Beiurre Charneuse. Belle Excellente. 

Beurre d'Waterloo. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Young wood 
olive brown grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, sometimes acute, sometimes obtuse. 
Skin greenish, shaded with crimson on the sunny side, and thickly 
sprinkled with greenish dots. Stalk long, curved, and twisted, some- 
what fleshy at its insertion, in a very small cavity. Calyx large and 
open. Segments persistent, in an irregular ribbed basin. Flesh whit- 
ish green, very juicy, buttery, melting, with a refreshing vinous flavor. 
Very good. October, November. 

DucHESSE d'AngoulIime. 
Beurre Soule. 

A magnificent large dessert Pear, sometimes weighing a pound and 
a quarter, named in honor of the Duchess of Angouleme, and said to 
be a natural seedling, found in a forest hedge near Angers. AVhen in 
perfection, it is a most delicious fruit of the highest quality. We are 
compelled to add, however, that the quality of the fruit is a little i;n- 
certain on young standard trees. The tree is a strong grower, the shoots 
upright, reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, with an uneven, somewhat knobby 
surface. Skin dull greenish yellow, a good deal streaked and spotted 
with russet. Stalk one to two inches long, very stout, bent, deeply 
planted in an irregular cavity. Calyx set in a somewhat knobby basin. 
Flesh white, buttery, and very juicy, Avith a rich and ver^ excellent 
flavor. Very good. October. 

DueBLESSE d'Aremberg. 

A French Pear, the fruit of which we have seen but once. Tree 
a vigoious grower and oai-ly bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, dull greenish. Stalk long, 
slender, curved, set in a broad, rather deep cavity. Calyx 2:)artiallj 



748 



THE PEAB. 



closed. Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy 
Good. September. 

DUCHESSE DE BeKRY d'JStiS. 

Duchesse de Berry. Duchesse de Berry de Nantes. 

Originated at Nantes, France. Tree vigorous, upright. Youn^ 
wood dark reddish. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, obscurely pyriform. Skin yellow 
shaded with light red, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk short, in 




Duchesse de Berry d'Et6. 

serted in a small cavity. Calyx partially open, set in a broad shallo'W 
basin. Flesh juicy, melting, with a good vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. Ripens last of August. 

Duchesse de Bourdeaux. 
Beurre Perrault. 

Originated with M. Secher, near Angers, France, in 1850. Tree mo- 
derately vigorous. Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, 
netted and traced with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
long, stout, fleshy at insertion, often by a lip. Calyx open. Basin 
medium, uneven. Flesh white, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. December to February. 

Duchesse de Brabant. (Durieux.) 

Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit of good size, turbinate pyriform, sometimes elongated. Skin 
rough, bright green, becoming moderately yellow at ripening, much 
-haded with bright russet. Flesh whitish yellow, tine, melting, juice 



THE PEAR. 749 

abundant, sugary, vinous, finely perfumed. Fruit of the first quality, 
ripening at the end of October. (An. Pom.) 

DucHESSE DE Brabant. (Capenick.) 

Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, depressed at crown, clear yellow, tinged 
with bright red in the sun. Stalk long, inserted in a small contracted 
cavity. Calyx open. Flesh white, rather firm, but melting, juicy, rich, 
sweet. October. (Hovey Mag.) 

There is also another Duchesse de Brabant, the origin of which is un- 
known. We have fruited, but are in doubt of the correctness of our tree. 

Duchesse d'Hivee. 
Tardive de Toulouse. Winter Duchess. 

Originated with M. Barthere, at Toulouse, France. Tree a vigorous 
handsome grower, and an early bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, obovate pyi-iform, uneven surface, didl greenish, with 
brownish dull russet shades and spots. Stalk stout, set in a slight un- 
even cavity. Flesh white, juicy, pretty fine-grained, mild, sweet, plea- 
sant. Very good. December to April. 

Duchesse de Mars. 
Comtesse da Lumay. 

A French Pear, first described in 1850, by M. Prevost, in Album 
Pomologie. Tree hardy, branches rather slender. Young wood very 
dark reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate, obtuse pyriform, yellowish 
broTSTi, with considerable russet and russet specks. Stalk short, set in 
a rather deep cavity. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous 
Very good. Core small. October, November. 

Duchesse d'Orleans. 
Beurre St. Nicholas. St. Nicholas. Due d'Orleans. 

A French Peai', of wliich the precise location of origin is unknown. 
Tree a good grower, upright, with long jointed wood. Young shoots 
dull olive brown, slightly grayish. 

Fruit rather above medium, elongated pyriform, narrowing towards 
the basin. Skin yellowish gi'een, sometimes a sunny cheek, with brown 
dots. Stalk long, pretty large, curved. Calyx nearly closed, set in a 
shallow uneven basin. Flesh juicy, melting, slightly aromatic, with a 
very good flavor. Very good. September, October 

Duchesse HiSlene d'Orleans. 
Princess Helen d'Orleans. Beiiie de Vierge. 

According to the Album Pomologie this variety was first described 
in 1847. It has been, by some, confounded with Marechal de la Cour, 
and also with Duchesse d'Orleans, but is found by its gro%vtli of wood, 
more than by its fruit, to be distinct. The tree is a vigorous gi-ower, 
with long jointed, stout wood, the young shoots of a rich warm reddist 



760 THE PEAK. 

brown color, witli scattered, neaily oblong, light gray specks. Buds 
sharp pointed. 

Fruit large, varying from oblong pyriform to oblong obovate pyri- 
form, whitish yellow, considerably netted and patched with rnsset, and 
thickly spiinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium or rather stout, a 
little inclined, set in a small cavity, sometimes with a lip. Calyx open, 
or partly so. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, a little vinous. Good to very 
good. September, October. 

DUMONT DUMORTIER. 

This is a Belgian variety. Not having fruited it, we copy description 
from Hovey. " Tree a moderate grower and a good bearer. 

" Fruit large, roundish obovate, rounding to an obtu*e point at 
stem. Dull green, nearly covered with dark russet, reddish in sun, and 
dotted with russet specks. Stalk rather short, straight. Cavity mode- 
rately deep. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melt- 
ing, juicy, pleasant, slightly vinous. Good. Core large. October." 

DUNDAS. 

Eliott Dundas. Felicite Dundas. 

Rousselet Jamin. Rousselet de Jamin. 

A Belgian variety, sent to this country by Yan Mons, in 1834. 
Tree an upright, vigorous grower, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with 
crimson in sun, thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots, and a few nettings 
and patches of russet. Stalk medium, curved. Cavity small, some- 
times a lip. Calyx open. Segments small, persistent. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, agreeable. Good to very good. 

DUNMORE. 

The Dunmore is a large Pear, raised by Knight. It is a strong- 
growing tree, and bears exceedingly well. Young wood grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate, rather swollen on one side, greenish, 
dotted and speckled vrith smooth brownish-red russet, and nettings 
and patches of I'usset. Stalk rather long, curved, inserted in a slight 
depression by a lip. Calyx open, with reflexed segments. Basin shallow. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, melting, rich, vinous, sometimes gritty, ami 
rots at core unless gathered early and carefully ripened. Yery good,- 
September. 

DupuY Charles. 

A variety produced by Louis E. Berckmans, in 1847, and by him 
dedicated to Charles Dupuy, Loches, France. By description, in 1850, 
the tree is vigorous, half upright in growth, and productive. 

Fruit below medium,- acute pyriform, yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk varying in length, 
^urved, set without depression. Calyx open. Basin small, shallow, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Oc 
tober. 



THE PEAR, 731 

DUREE. 
Dur^e's Seedling. 

The original tree of this variety was found on the farm of White- 
head Duree, Westburj, Long Island, N". Y., by Isaac Hicks, and by 
him introduced. Tree a vigorous, spreading grower, and an early 
bearer. Young wood dull dark olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish, considerably 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly .sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, curved, without depression. Calyx open. Basin uneven 
Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, slightly musky. Goon 
to very good. October. 

Early Bergamot. 

A. second-rate French sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin pale yellowish green. Flesh quite 
Jincy, crisp, with a pleasant, sweet flavor. Ripe about the 20th of Augvist. 

Early Butter (of Cincinnati). 
Early Summer Butter. Meat's Summer Butter. 

A variety somewhat groAvn around Cincinnati, O. Origin unknown. 
Tree upright, and a good grower. 

Fruit small, oval, inclining to obovate, light yellow, with a tinge 
of red in the sun, brown and green dots. Stalk rather long, curved. 
Calyx large, with long recurved segments. Flesh white, juicy, buttery. 
Good. Last of Julj. 

. Easter Bergamot.- 

Bergamotte de Paques. St. Herblain d'Hiver. 

Bergatnotte d'Hiver. Bergamotte de la G-rilliere. 

Bergamotte de Bugi. Bergamotte de Careme. 

Bergamotte de Toulouse. Bergamotte Eonde d'Hiver. 

Robert's Keeping. Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours. 

Winter Bergamotte. Anderson's Favorite. 

Paddrington. Cape May. 

Royal Tairling. Bonner's Pope's Pear. 
Terling. 

An old French variety. Tree vigorous and productive, keeps well, 
and a good cooking fruit. Young wood olive, with round white specks. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish obovate, narrow at the stalk. Skin smooth, 
pale green, thickly speckled with conspicuoiis light gray dots, and be- 
coming pale yellowish at maturity. Flesh white, crisp, juicy, with a 
Bpiightly flavor. Good for cooking. February to May. 

Easter BEURRfi. 

Bergamotte de la Pentecute. Pastorale d'Hiver. 

Beurre de la Pentecute. Beurre de Paques. 

Beun-e d'Hiver de Bruxelles. Philippe de Paques. 

Doyenn^ d'Hiver Bezi Chaumontelle tr^s-groa. 

Doyenne du Printemps Chaiimontelle tres-gros. 

Beurre Roupe. Canning. 

Du Patre. Seigneur d'Hiver. 

Merveille de la Nature. Canning d'Hiver. 

The Easter Beurre is considered abroad one of the very best late 



752 



THE PEAR. 



winter or spring Pears. It seems to require a rather warmer cKmate 
than that of the Eastern States to arrive at full perfection, and has dis- 
appointed the expectations of many cultivators. It bears well here, but 




Easter BenrrA. 

is rather variable in quality. In good seasons, if packed away in boxes 
and ripened off in a warm room, it is a delicious, melting, buttery fruit. 
The tree grows u])right, and thriftily, with reddish yellow shoots. It 
requires a warm exposure and a rich soil to give fine fruit as an open 
standard tree. It is said to succeed well at the South. 

Pruit large, roundish obovate obtuse, often rather square in figure. 
Skin yellowish green, sprinkled with many russety dots, and some russet, 
which give it a brownish cheek in some specimens. Stalk rather short, 
stout, planted in an abruptly sunken obtuse cavity. Calyx small, 
closed, but little sunk among the plaited folds of the angular basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, melting and juicy, with a 
sweet and rich flavor. January to March. 

Eastnor Castle. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin green and thick. Flesh greenish 
'bite, juicy, melting. December. 



THE PEAR. 



753 



Bezi d'Echassey. 
Beai I'Echasserie. 
Jagdbirne. 
Bezi de Chasaeray. 



ECHASSERIE. 

L'Echasserie. 
Verte Longue d'Hiver. 
Besidery Sandry. 
Echassery. 



Winter liong Green. 
Winter Green Long. 
Landry Wilding. 



A French Pear of second quality, prodiictive. 

Fruit of medixim size, roundish oval. Skin smooth, pale green, yel- 
lowish at matui'ity, slightly dotted with gray. Flesh melting, buttery, 
with a sweet perfumed flavor. January to Api-il. 

Edmonds. 
Origin, town of Brighton, N. Y. A chance seedling on the farm of 




Eliphalet Edmonds. Tree a strong grower, 
reddish bro\vn, with lai'ge spots. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. 

48 



Young shoots yellowish 
Siu'face uneven, yellow, 



754 THE PEAR. 

bronzed red in sun, and slight nettings of russet and russet dots. Stali 
long, inclined, ciirved, fleshy at insertion. Cavity broad, uneven. 
Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin abrupt, corrugated. Flesh 
fine-grained, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, with a peculiar flavor. 
Very good. September. 

Edward Morrek. 

A foreign variety, the origin of which we have not traced. Tree 
xagoi-ous and productive. Young wood rich brownish olive. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish, with brownish cheek, sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk long. Cavity small, often a lip at base 
of stem. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, half melt- 
ing, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November. 

Edwards. 

Raised by Governor Edwards. A very good baking fruit. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, sometimes shaded 
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx closed. Basia deep, un- 
even. Flesh coarse, granular, not tender. September. 

Edwards' Elizabeth. 

Edwards' Elizabeth is a seedling raised by Ex-Governor Edwards, 
of New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit of medium size, often large, oblate obtuse pyriform, angular, 
and oblique at the base, the stalk frequently planted in a fleshy protu- 
berance like a fold, yellowish green, very fine, and a peculiar waxen ap- 
pearance. Flesh white, buttery, slightly subacid, and good. October. 

Edwards' Seedling St. Germain. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle. 

Fruit medium, globular pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches 
of russet, russet green dots. Stalk rather stout, set often with a lip. 
Calyx open. Basin medium. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. October to December. 

Eleonie Bouvier. 

A Belgian variety, as yet little known. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblong obovate pyriform, clear yellow, 
shaded with crimson and fawn, patches and nettings of russet, and many 
russet dots. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion. Cavity slight. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, rather coarse, sweet. Good. September. 

Eliza d'Heyst. 

A French variety, introduced and described by Major Esperen in 
1844. Tree a good grower. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, shade of brown 
in sun, nettings and patches of russet, many browai russet dots. Stalk 
rather stout, often curved, set in a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. 
Segments short, erect. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
sweet, pleasant, aromatic. Good to very good. January to March. 



THE PEAR. 



756 



Elliott's Melting, 

Raised by Betsey Elliott, Carlisle, Pa., some sixty years since. Tree 
vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, oblique, greenisb, netted with 
russet, especially at the ends. Stalk short. Ca\ity narrow, smalL 
Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic, 
pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Ellis. 

Kaised from seed of the Seckel, by Mrs. Ellis, of New Bedford, Mass., 
in 1843. The tree is a vigorous grower, hardy, and proKfic. Young 
shoots dull yellow brown, with long gray specks. 




Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Siu-face somewhat un- 
even, greenish yellow, patched and mottled with russet, and sometimea 
a shade of crimson in the sun, many russet dots. Stalk rather large. 



756 THK PEAK. 

long, curved, and set in a small cavity. Caljrx: open. Segments lo.ig^ 
recurved. Basin uneven. Flesli whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
vinous, aromatic. Very good. September and October. 

There is another Pear under the name of Ellis, grown in Western 
New York, entirely distinct. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with crim- 
son red in sun, many small brown dots. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
vinous, and often astringent, and disposed to rot at the core. Good. 
August and early September. 

Ellsworth. 

Origin unknown. 

Fruit medium, globular pyriform, greenish yellow. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, sweet. Only to be valued for cooking. October. 

Elton. 

According to Lindley, the original tree of this variety grew in Here- 
fordshire, England, and must be now nearly two and one-half centuries 
old. The fruit is stated by Hogg to be frequently without core or seeds, 
the flesh being solid throughout. 

Fruit medium, oval obovate, greenish, with russet, shaded with 
orange red in sun. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy. Yery good. September. 

Emerald. 

A Belgian variety, variable, sometimes good. 

Fruit medium size, obtuse pyriform, oblique. Surface uneven, yellow- 
ish, with a brown cheek in sun, and brown dots. Stalk rather stout, 
curved. Calyx partially closed. Flesh white, melting, rather coarse, 
juicy, subacid, vinous. Good. November, December. 

Emerance. 
Emerance Bivort. 

A foreign variety, the tree of which grows strong but somewhat 
rambling. 

Fruit large, obovate acute' pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with 
reddish crimson in the sun, patches and nettings of russet, and many 
brown dots. Stalk curved, inserted with a knob or rim, fleshy. Calyx 
partially open. Basin medium. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 

Emilie Bivort. 
Emily Bivort. 

A Belgian variety, dedicated by its first describer, Bouvier, to the 
laughter of the distinguished pomologist, A. Bivort. Young wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish irregular, sometimes oblate, yel- 
low, blotched and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; sometimes 
nearly the whole surface is covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk medi- 



THE PEAK. 



757 



um. Cavity shallow. Calyx pai-tially open. Basin abrupt, deep, fiu*- 
rowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatia 
October. Very good. 

Emile d'Heyst. 

This fruit was dedicated by INIajor Esperen to the son of his friend 
L. E. Berckmans, of Georgia. It is of Belgian origin, and is one of 
the very best. The tree is hardy and productive, so much so as to re- 
quire thinning to obtain full-sized fruit. It holds its foliage quite late in 
autunui, and holds its fruit well. Tree vigorous, sp)'eading. Young 
wood olive color. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate pyriform, angular and irregular. Skin 
clear yellow, with brownish orange cheek in sun, netted and patched with 




Emfle d'Heyst. 



russet, and thickly sprinkled with large russet dots. Stalk medium to 
long, uiclined, cvirved. Cavity slight, often with a lip or fleshy ridge 
at base of stem. Calyx small, closed. Segments short. Basin medi. 
nm, somewhat furrowed. Flesh yellowiBh white, fine-grained, juicy, 



758 THE PEAK. 

melting, sweet, slightly vinous and aromatic, ricli and excellent. Verj 
good to best. November, December. 

English Jakgonelle. 

Epargne. Sweet Summer. 

Grosse Cuisse Madame. Chandelle. 

Beau Present. Choiiine. 

Poire de tables des princes. Certeau Madam. 

Saint Sampson. Beurre de Paris. 

Saint Lambert. Espargne. 

Belle Verge. Reserve Pear. 

Sparbirne. Jargonelle de Knoop. 

Frauenschenkel. Sicile. 

Real Jargonelle. Long Island Summer. 

An old variety, variable in quality and decays at the core soon aftei 
maturity. If gathered early is very good. Tree a strong grower, with 
a rather straggling, pendent habit. 

Fruit pretty large, long pyriform, tapering into the stalk. Skin 
greenish yellow, smooth, with a little brownish color on the sunny side. 
Stalk nearly two inches long, rather slender, curved, obliquely set. 
Calyx open, with quite long projecting segments, and sunk in a small 
and furrowed basin. The flesh is yellowish white, rather coarse-grained, 
juicy, with a sprightly refreshing flavor. Good. August. 

Epine d'Ete. 

Summer Thorn. Petite Epine d'^te. 

Fondante Musqu^e. Bugiarda. 

Satin Vert. Bugiarda des Italiens. 

Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Eruit medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh tender, 
melting, with a sweet, musky, peculiar flavor. Good. Last of August 
and first of September. 

fipiNE ROYALE. 

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. 
Fruit medium, pyriform, yellowish, with bright red in the sun. 
Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. October. (S. V. M.) 

Ermesinde. 

A French variety. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, dull greenish, mostly covered 
and netted with russet, few dark blackish dots. Flesh white, fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October. (Alb. Pom.) 

Ernestine Auzolle. 

Of French origia. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, sornetimes acute pyriform, greenish 
yellow, with a shade of brown in s\in, often netted and patched with 
russet. Flesh rather coarse, yellowish, moderately juicy, half melting, 
Bweet. Good. September, October. 



THE PEAR. 769 



ESPEUINE. 



This variety originated with Van Mons, and by him was dedicated 
to Major Esperin, of Malines. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit large, pyriform, greenish yellow, red iu the sun, and shaded 
and specked with cinnamon russet. Stalk medium, set with a lip or 
inclined. Calyx with open, short, half erect segments. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, very juicy, and sweet. Good to very good. October. 
(S. V. M.) 

Essex. 

introduced by Jonathan Batty, from the garden of Wm. Flack, 
Essex, Essex Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and health3\ 

Fruit below medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, with 
many brown and green dots, marbled with carmine in the sun. Stalk 
long. Cavity large. Basin russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
granular, sweet. Good. September. 

ESTURION. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform, yellow, shaded with crimson in the 
sun, russet around the calyx. Flesh white, coarse, not juicy, hardly 
good. September. 

Excelsior. 
Dana's Excelsior. 

A. seedling of Francis Dana, Boston, Mass. Tree a strong upright 
grower, and good bearer. Young wood rich -olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes iiTegular, green- 
ish yellow, with traces of russet and many brown dots. Stalk long, 
curved, rather slender. Cavity small, russeted. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments a Kttle recurved. Basin small. Flesh juicy, melting, ?weet, 
pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Eyewood. 

A seedling of Mr. EJnight's. Tree vigorous and hardy. 
Fruit of medium size, oblate or flattened. Skin much covered with 
russet. Flesh buttery, rich, and excellent. 

Famenga. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium, obovate, greenish yellow. September. (Elliott.) 

Feast. 

Feast's Seedling. 

Originated with Samuel Feast, of Baltimore, from seed of Seckel. 
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, gi-eenish yellow, with brown dots 
Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Felix de Leim. 

A Belgian variety, but little known. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, often inclined, ^^ellowist 



760 THE PEAK. 

green or pale yellow, marblings and traces of russet, many small russei 
green dots. Stalk medium, rather slender, set inclined in a small cavity 
"with a lip. Calyx with long reflexed segments. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. October. 

FiGUE. 

Figue d'Alengon. Petaless. 

Verte longue de la Mayeime. Figue d'Hiver d'Alenjon. 

Verte longue d' Angers, PettaUess. 

Figue d'Hiver. Figue d'Alen9on d'Hiver. 

Bonnisseme. Pistolette. 

Bonnissima de la Sartha. Grosse Figue ? 

Sylvange d'Hiver. 

Originated in the town of Alengon, France. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive. Young wood reddish or reddish brown on the upper side, 
olive yellow brown underneath, prominent pointed buds. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, inclining by a lip over the 
stalk, greenish yellow, sometimes with a brownish cheek, partially netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet green dots. 
Stalk short, stout, fleshy at insertion by a lip, often russeted. Calyx 
open. Segments stiff, long, recurved. Basin small, shallow, uneven. 
Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Very 
good. October to December. 

Figue de Naples. 

Seurre Bronzee. Fig Pear of Naples. Fourcroy ? 

Comtesse de FrenoL De Vigne Pelone. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous, with upright brown shoots. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded and 
marbled with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, many 
russet-green dots. Stalk long, slender, generally curved and enlarged 
at junction of fruit, and a little inclined. Calyx open. Basin small, 
shallow, and uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good or very good. October. 

Fine Gold of Summer. 

Fin Or d'Ete. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, with a beautiful red cheek. Flesh 
iuicy, good flavor, not rich. Very productive. Good. Middle of 
August. 

Flemish Beauty. 

Belle de Flandres. Bergamotte de Flandre. 

Boscli Nouvelle. Beurre Foidard. 

Boscli. Petersilie Peer. 

Bosc Sire. Beurre de Bourgogne. 

Poire Davy. Beurre St Amour. 

Imporatrice de France. Belle des Bois. 

Fondante du Bois. Beurre de Deftinge. 

Boschpeer. Beurre Deftinghem. 

Beurre Spence (erroneously). Beurre Davy. 

Brilliant. Poire de Persil. 

BriUante. MoUe Bouche Nouvelle. 

Au old Pear, supposed of Belgian origin, although foreign authors 



THE PEAR. 



'01 



sonflict in regard thereto. The tree is very luxuriant, hardy and bears 
eaxly and abundantly ; the young shoots upright, reddish olive brown. 
The fruit requires to be gathered sooner than most pears, even before 
it parts readily from the tree. If it is then ripened in the house it ia 
always fine, while, if allowed to mature on the tree, it usually becomes 
soft, flavorless, and decays soon. 

Eruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface a little rough, the 
ground pale yellow, but mostly covered with marblings and patches of 




Flemish Beauty. 

light nxsset, becoming reddish brown at maturity, on the sunny side. 
Stalk rather short, from an inch to an inch and a half long, and pretty 
deeply planted in a peculiarly narrow, round cavity. Calyx short, 
open, placed in a small round basin. Flesh yellowish white, not very 
fine-grained, but juicy, melting, veiy saccharine and rich, with a 
slightly musky flavor. Very good. Last of September. 



Flemish Bon Chretien. 



Bon Chretien Turo. 
Bonchretien Vernois. 



Turkish Pear. 
Turkish Bonchretien. 



The Flemish Bon Chretien is an excellent cooking Pear, not very 
productive. 



762 THE PEAR. 

Fnut of medium size, obovate pyriform, yellow, russet ed neai 
the calyx, and with many large russet dots. J'lesh whitish, coarse, 
juicy ; stews very tender. November to March. 

Florent Scouman. 

Fruit large, pyriform, clear green, striped and spotted with brown 
ish red. Flesh very fine, melting, juicy, sweet. October to December 
(S. V. M.) 

Floeimond Parent. 

One of Yan Mons' seedhngs. Tree of moderate vigor and fer- 
tility. 

Fruit very large, pyramidal, swelled towards its centre, green, 
pointed and striped with brown russet, becomes deep yellow at ma- 
turity. Flesh coarse, melting, juicy, sugary, and agreeably perfumed. 
Good. Kipe at the end of September. 

FONDANTE AgR^ABLE. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Color dull yellowish green, 
slightly russeted. Stalk planted at an inclination, and fleshy at its 
junction with the fruit. Flesh juicy and melting. Flavor very pleasant 
and refreshing, with a delicate aroma. Ripe last of August. (Wilder 
in Hort.) 

FONDANTE d'AlBRET. 

Received from Fi-ance. Tree a vigorous upright grower, produc- 
tive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit above medium, nearly globular, a little oblique, pale yellow, 
slightly netted and patched with russet, thickly sprinkled with green 
and russet dots, a bronzed red cheek in sun. Stalk rather short, stout. 
Cavity broad. Calyx large, open. Basin large. Flesh whitish, a little 
3oarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant, vinous, slightly musky, 
Good to very good. September. 

FONDANTE d'AuTOMNE. 

Belle Lucrative. Arbre Superbe. 

Seigneur d'Bsperin. Lucrate. 

Bergamotte Fievee. Fondante de Maubege. 

Gresillier. Autumn Melting. 

Du Seigneur. Esperin's Herrenbime. 

Beurre Lucrative. Bergamotte Lucrative. 

Seigneur, 

This Flemish Pear is, when grown in perfection, one of the very 
best ; but if the trees are overloaded, soil unsuited, or a dull, cloudy, 
rainy season, it is only second-rate. The tree is moderately vigorous, 
healthy and productive. Young shoots yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium size, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform 
to globular. Pale yellowish green, slightly russeted. Stalk little more 



THE PEAR. 7G.^. 



than an inch long, stout, often fleshy, obliquely inserted it a sliglit, 
irregular cavity. Calyx very short, open, with few divisions, set in a 




Fondante d'Automne. 



basin of moderate depth. Fleslj juicy, melting, sugary, rich, and 
delicious. Yery good to best. Latft of September. 

Fondante de Cuerne, 

A French variety, said to be superior to, and ripening with, Beurre 
(jriffard. We have not fruited it, and thei efore copy description : — 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale greenish yellow, with 
traces of russet and russet brown in the sun. Stalk rather short, vary- 
ing. Calyx small, open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, 
agreeable. August. (An. Pom.) 

Fondante d'Ingendal. 

Fruit small, acute pyriform, greenish yellow, a little browTiish in sun, 
with green and gray dots. Stalk long, curved, fleshy where joined to the 
fniit. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, 
Bweet, a little vinous, perfumed. Yery good. September. 



764 THE PEAK. 

FONDANTE DE LA MaITRE d']6cOLE. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium, pyriform, yellow, dotted with green. Flesh yellow^ 
half melting. December, January. (Hov. Mag.) 

FONDANTE DE MaLINES. 

One of the seedlings of Major Esperen, of Belgium. Tree vigorous, 
somewhat irregular in habit. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, lemon yellow, with a tinge of crim 
son and fawn in the sun, sometimes i-usset patches and thickly sprinkled 
with brown russet dots. Stalk long, often curved, set in a shallow cavity 
by a lip. Calyx large, open, stiff segments. Basin rather abrupt, im* 
even. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, a little aroma 
tic. Good to very good. September, October. 

FONDANTE DE E"eES. 

Fruit large, deep yellow, mottled and dotted with pale brown russet-. 
Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy. Second-rate. October. (Hogg.) 

FoNDANTE DE NOEL. 

Belle de Noel. Belle apres Noel. 

Of French origin. Tree vigorous and a good bearer. Young wood 
oKve brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow, 
mostly covered with cinnamon russet, and a brownish cheek in the sun, 
many russet dots. Stalk short, fleshy at insertion. Calyx open. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, juicy, melting, brisk, a little astringent. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

FONDANTE DES Pr^S. 

A seedling of Van Mons'. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood 
rich warm brown. 

Fruit medium, varying from obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyri- 
form, pale yellow, often with red cheek in sun, many brown dots. Flesh 
buttery, melting, agreeable. Only good. October. 

FoNDANTE DU COMICE. 

Originated at Angers, France, about 1849. The tree is a good 
grower, with olive brown young shoots. 

Fruit large, ovate pyriform, sometimes obovate pyriform, yellow, 
with a warm cheek, inclining to russet, with russet dots. Stalk varying, 
Bometimes curved, inserted in a depression. Calyx open, set in a rather 
deep, open basin. Flesh juicy, buttery, with a rich, sugary, vinous fla- 
vor. Good to very good. October, November. 

FoNDANTE Yak Mons. 

Raised by Dr. Yan Mons, and first introduced by Mr. Manning. 1 1 
bears al)undantly. Young wood brick red. 



THE PEAR. 



76a 



Fruit nearly of medium size, roundish, a little depressed. Skin pale 
yellow. Stalk stout, an inch and a half long, planted in a rather deep 
cavity. Calyx set in a pretty deep basin. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
sweet, and of very agreeable flavor. Only good. Fii'st of November. 

Foote's Seckel. 

Raised' by Asahel Foote, of WilliamstoA\Ti, Mass., from seed of the 
Seckel. A very pi-omising new variety, ripening a week or two later 
than its parent, and a little more vinous. Tree healthy, vigorous, more 
spreading than Seckel. Young wood dark rich brown. 

Fruit small, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, shaded with brownish 
crimson in the sun, nearly covered with rich crimson russet. Stalk 
shoi-t, fleshy. 




Foote'a Seckel. 



Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin medium, rather deep. Flesh whitish, 
fine, juicy, melting, sugary, sKghtly vinous. Yery good. September. 



Forellen-bime. 
Grave de Corail. 



Forelle. 

Corail. 
Poire Truite. 



Petit CoraiL 
Trout Pear. 



This exquisitely beautiful German Pear — called in that language 
Forellen-bime, i. e., trout pear, from its finely speckled appearance — is 
one of the most attractive dessert fruits. Young shoots long, with few 
and dark-colored branches. 

Fruit oblong ovate, inclining to pyriform, smooth, at first green, but 
when fully ripe lemon yellow, washed with rich deep red on the sunny 
Bide, where it is marked with large, margined, crimson specks. Stalk 
."ather slender, slightly curved, shallow, xmeven cavity. Calyx rather 
small. Basin abruptly sunk. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melt- 



766 THE PEAK. 

ing, sliglitlj vinous. Good. Beginning of JSTovember, and may be kept, 
with care, till Christmas. 

Forme de Bergamotte Crassake. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, a tinge of red in 
Bun, slightly netted and patched with russet, many small -russet dots 
Stalk rather sto\it, inclined, curved, set in a depression, often with a 
lip. Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, pleasant, a little astrin- 
gent. Good. January to April. 

Forme de Delices. 

A Flemish Pear, received from the London Horticultural Society. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin rough, yellowish, with dull russet. 
Flesh buttery, melting, somewhat dry, but sweet. Good. Last of Oc- 
tober. 

FoRTuisn&E. 

Episcopal. Surpasse Fortun6e. 

La Fortunee de Paris. Fortunee de Remme. 

La Fortunee de Parmentier. Beurre de Remme. 
Bergamotte Fortunee. 

An old variety, raised by M. Parmentier, of Enghien, and valuable 
and profitable to grow for sale as a cooking Pear. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
open. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet. November, December. 

Foster's St. Michael. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate. Stalk medium, in a small cavity. 
Calyx nearly closed, stiff. Basin shallow. Skin yellow. Flesh coarse. 
sweet. Good. September. 

Franchimont. 

Supposed French origin. 

Fruit below medium, roTindish oblate, yellow, shade of red in sun. 
netted and patched with russet, many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good or very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 

Francois Bergia. 

A new French sort. 

Fruit medium, obtuse obovate, golden yellow, with large russet dots. 
Flesh coarse-grained, not very juicy, brisk, and not good. October. 
(Hogg.) 

Franc 1 tAi. d' ^iver. 

Franc Real. Fine Gold of Winter. Golden End of Winter. 

Tin Or d'Hiver. Gros Micet. 

The Winter Franc Real is a good cooking Pear, bears well, anc 
grows upright. 



THE PEAR. 767 

Fmiit of medium size, roundish, slightly ])3Tiform. Skiu yellow, 
speckled with russet brown, iind having a brownish cheek. Fleah criiip 
and firm. In use from December to March. 

Frangipane. 
Franchipane. 

An old variety. 

Fruit small, roimdish pyriform, yellow, with some light russet 
Stalk short, fleshy at base. Flesh whitish yellow, juicy, melting, sweet. 
Good. September, Octobei-. 

Frederic de Wurtemburg. 

Frederick of Wurtemburg. Roi de Wurtembei'g-. Medaille d'Or. 
Vermilion d'Ete. King of Wurtemberg. 

Origin disputed by authors. A very handsome and sometimes xer} 
good fruit, but often poor. 

Fruit large, one-sided, pyriform, rather uneven in its surface. Skir 
deep yellow at maturity, with a remarkably rich crimson cheek. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, and sweet, and when in perfection, buttery and 
good. September. 

Frederick Leclerc. 

A French Pear, described in the Album Pomologie by L. E. Berck- 
mans, and dedicated to Doctor Leclerc. Tree moderately vigorous, 
young wood olive. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, gi-eenish yellow, 
with thin traces of rvisset. Stalk slender. Cavity narrow, acute. 
Flesh whitish yellow fijie, melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. November, 
December. 

Frederika Bremer. 

Introduced by J. C. Hastings, of Clinton, Oneida Co., N. Y. Tree 
vigorous. 

Fruit medium, irregularly obtuse pyriform, sometimes Bergamotte- 
shaped, gi-eenish yellow. Flesh whitish, melting, buttery, sweet, and 
vinous, slightly perfumed. Good. October. 

French Jargonelle. 

Bellissime d'^te. Saint Laurent. 

Bellissime Supreme. Muscadet d'fit^. 

Bellissime Jargonelle, Bassin. 

Vermilion d'fite. Just. 

Red Muscadel. Belle Comelie. 

Sabine d'^fite. Butler's Harvest. 

Summer Beauty. Cuisse Madame. 

English Red Cheek. Summer Jargonelle. 

Red Cheek. Cuisse Dame d']6te. 

Udal. Fusee d'Me. 
Laurentienne. 

This, which Mr. Thompson calls, by way of distinction, the French 
Jargonelle, because it is most commonly received nndei- that name 



768 



THE PEAR. 



from France, is a higlier colored and handsomer fruit titan the English 
Jargonelle, though much inferior in quality, and, in fact, lasts only a 
day or two in perfection, and is often mealy and overripe, while the 
exterior is fair and tempting. The tree is of very strong, upright 
growth. 

Friiit of medium size, obovate in form, light green, becoming lemon 
color, with a very rich, deep red cheek. Plesh white, coarse, breaking, 
sweet, and soon rots' at the core. Ripens the last of July and first of 
A.ugust. 

Fulton. 

This American Pear is a native of Maine, and is a see-iiing from the 
farm of Mrs. Fulton, of Topsham, in that State. It is very hardy, and 
bears every year abundantly. Tree moderately vigoroxis. Yotmg shoots 
rather slender, and yellowish reddish brown. 




Fnlton. 



Fruit below medium size, roundish, flattened. Skin at first entire- 
ly gray russet in color, but at maturity of a dark cinnamon russet. 
Stalk one to two inches long, slender, planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
with long segments stink in an uneven hollow. Flesh half buttery 
moderately juicy, with a sprightly, agreeable flavor. Yery good. Oc- 
tober and November. 



THE PEAR, 



769 



Gansel's Bergamotte. 



Brocas Bergamot. 
Ives's Bergamot. 
Staunton. 



Bonne Rouge. 
Gurle's Beurre. 
Diamant. 



Gansel's Bergamotte is an old Pear, raised from seed of the Autumn 
Bergamotte, by the English Lientenant-General Gansel, of Donneland 
Hall. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading in habit, and productive. 
Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate, but much flattened. Skin roughish 
brown, becoming yellowish brown at matuiity, tinged sometimes with a 




Gansel's Bergamotte. 

russet red cheek, and sprinkled with spots of russet. Stalk short, fleshy 
at both ends. Cavity moderate. Calyx short and small, placed in a 
smooth, moderate hollow. Flesh white, melting, very jnicy, rich, sweet, 
and aromatic. Yery good. Ripens during all September. 



Gansel's Late Bergamotte. 

Raised by Mr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Of vigorous 
growth. Young wood grayish yellow brown. 

Eruit roundish oblate. Skin greenish, rough, sprinkled with rus- 
set. Stalk much enlarged at its insertion in a pretty deep cavity. 
Calyx large, open. Basin broad and shallow. Elesh juicy, granular, 
melting, sugary, and rich, vinous, highly perfumed with musk. Good 
to very good. December, January. 

49 



770 THE PEAll. 

Gansel's Seckel. 

Raised by JNIr. Williams, of Pitmaston, England. Growth much 
like Seckel, although with a more rough bark. Young shoots dull olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium or small, oblate, much depressed. Skin, yellow, 
rough, and uneven, mostly covered with thin russet. Stalk sbort and 
stout, inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx closed, set in a broad, 
deep basin. Flesh coarse, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous, with 
a rich aromatic perfumed flavor. Very good. November. 

Garden Pear. 
Poire du Jardin. 

An old variety, valued for cooking. 

Pruit large, roundish obovate, yellow or yellow green, with a blush of 
broken stripes, red in sun. Plesh rather coarse, gritty at the core, 
sweet. December. 

Gendesheim. 
Verlaine. Veiiaine d'lfite. Gendebien. 

A Plemish Pear, of not very good quality. 

Fruit small, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale greenish yellow, a little 
russet. Flesh rather gritty near the core, elsewhere buttery. Hardly 
good. October and November. 

General Bosquet. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, thickly sprinkled 
with green and brown dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved, set with- 
out cavity. Calyx with stiff, erect segments. Basin small, corrugated. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy. Good. September. 

General Canrobert. 

A French Pear. 

Fruit medium size, ovate acute pyriform, greenish, with traces of 
russet and many brown dots. Stalk inclined, fleshy at junction. Calyx 
open. Flesh yellowish, buttery, not juicy or melting, without flavor. 
Hardly good. November. 

General de Lourmel. 

Of French origin. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish, greenish brcwn in sun, with 
patches and traces of russet, especially at apex, and many brown dots. 
Stalk variable, sometimes stout, and again long and curved. Calyx 
open. Segments long, recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh juicy, half 
melting, sweet. Good. November. 

General Dutilleul. 

Of Belgian origin. 

Fruit below medium or small, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yel- 



THE PEAK. 771 

lO"W, shade of crimson in the sun, nettings and patches of russet. Stalk 
short, modei-ately stout. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish 
white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good. November. 

General Lamoriciere. 

A French Pear, the tree very vigorous, very productive. Young 
wood dark dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium size, irregular pyi'iform, inclined. Sides often un- 
equal. Siu'face rough greenish yellow, considerably netted and j)atched 
with russet, especially at base of stalk, and thickly sprinkled with large 
russet dots. Stalk rather stout, sometimes curved, set inclined in a 
small cavity. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin small and un- 
even. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to 
very good. October. 

General Taylor. 
Homewood. Keyports. 

We have no doubt of this being a native American seedling. It was 
first introduced by L. IST. Rogers, of Baltimore, who found it in the town 
of Franklin, Md. Afterwards it was said to have been brought from 
Germany by a man named Keyports, but we can find nothing resembling 
it in any foreign pomological work. Tree vigorous, upright. Young 
wood reddish bi'own grayish. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, sometimes oblate obtuse 
pp'iform, yellow, shaded in the sun with -thin light rich crimson, par- 
tially netted and patched with russet, much russet near the calyx, and 
many russet dots. Stalk medium length and thickness, a little inclined 
in a small cavity. Calyx partially open. Basins lightly corrugated. 
Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very 
good. October. 

General Totleben. 
General Todleben. 

Raised by M. Fontaine, of Gheling. First fruited in 1855, and first 
described by M. Adolphe Papeleu, in 1858. Tree a vigorous grower, 
irregular, spreading, productive. YoiTug wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit aboA^e medium or large, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yel- 
low, patched and netted with russet, and many russet brown dots. Stalk 
rather stout, often curved. Cavity small. Calyx small, closed, with 
short segments. Basin large, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish yellow, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and aromatic. Very 
good. October and early November. 

Gerando. 
Poire Grerando. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above mediuui, roundish obtuse pyriform. Surface knobby 



772 



THE PEAR. 



yello-w, mostly overspread with cinnamon russet, dull red in the sun. 
Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, vinous, slightly 
astringent. Good. October. 



Girardin. 



Geraedin. 
Gerardine. Girardon. 



La Girardin. 



A foreign variety. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull 
grayish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, somewhat in-egular. Skin yellow, with 
many spots and patches of rough russet, and a reddish tint towards the 
sun. Flesh coarse, buttery, astringent, granular. Tolerably good, 
Septfjmber. 



Muscat d'Allemagne. 

Almain. 

Muscat I'Alleman. 



German Muscat. 

Muscat Allemand. 
Muscat 1' Allemand. 
Muscat of Germany. 



Muscat Lallemand. 
Colmar Boise. 
Muscat I'Aleman. 



An old variety, described by La Quintiuge in 1690. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. Young w-ood yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, partially net- 
ted and patched with russet. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
sweet, slightly astringent. Good. October to December. 



GiLOGIL, 



Bergamotte Geerard. 

Bellegarde. 

Beurre Geerards. 

Ciree d'Hiver. 

Garde Ecorce. 

Gile-o-gile. 

Poire a Gobert. 

Garde d'Ecosse. 

Jilogil. 

Gilot. 

Gobert. 



Gros Gilot. 

Gros Gobet. 

Teton de Venus. 

Fontarabie acuro. 

Girogille. 

Gros Franc Real. 

Gros Guy Grillaud. 

Livre de Burgoyne. 

Pequini. 

Poire de 16 Ounces. 

Ris de Loup . 



A large showy French Pear, only fit for cooking. 

Fruib large, roundish. Skin thickly covered with russet, with a 
reddish russet cheek. Flesh very firm and crisp. November to Feb- 
ruary. 



Glory of Oombrone. 

Supposed of French origin. Tree a fine grower, healthy, and hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit above medium, or nearly large, oblong pyrifonn, yellowish, 
mostly oversjjread, marbled, and dotted with warm brownish yellow rus- 
set. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity slight. Calyx medium. Seg- 
ments open, reflexed. Basin medium, regular. Flesh whitisli yellow 
granulated, almost buttery, melting, juicy, sugary, delicious. Last of 
September and early October, (Elliott.) 



the pear. t73 

Glou-jiorceau. 

Gloux Morccaux. Trimble. 

Beurre d'Hardenpont. Goulue Morceau de Chambrcn. 

Hardenpont d'lliver. Beurre de Kent. 

Linden d'Automne. Glou ilorceau de Cambron. 

Beurre d'Areraberg. Beurre d'Hardenpont de Cambron. 

Goulu Morceau. Beurre Lombard. 

Kronprinz Ferdinand. Beurre d'Ardenpont. 

von Oestreicb. Glout Morceau. 

Beiirre de Cambron. Hardempont. 

Got Luc de Cambron. Victoria. 

Woolaston. Langlier's Victoria. 
Potts. 

An old Flemisli Pear, originated •with M. d'Ardempont, canon of 
Tournay. Tlie growth of the tree is distinct, having dark olive shoots, 
spreading in habit. 

Fruit rather large, varyiag in form, bnt usually obovate ovate obtuse 
pyriform, smooth, thin, pale greenish yellow, marked with small green 
dots, and sometimes with thin patches of greenish brown. Stalk 
rather slender and straight, an inch or more long, planted in a small, 
regular cavity. Calyx usually with open divisions, set in a moderately 
deep basin. Flesh white, tine-grained, and smooth in texture, buttery, 
very melting, with a rich, sugary flavor, Tvith no admixture of acid. 
Sometimes astringent in heavy soils. Good to very good. December. 

Golden Beurre of Bilboa. 

Hooper's Bilboa. Beurre Dore de Bilboa. 

Driver ? -Beurre Gris de Bilboa. 

Beurre Gris de Portugal. 

The Golden Beurre of Bilboa was imported from Bilboa, Spain, 
about 1827, by Mr. Hooper, of Marblehead, Mass. Its European name 
is unknown. The tree is healthy, hardy, and a vigorous grower, form- 
ing a beautiful upright, round head, and prodiicing abundantlv. It 
is a profitable oi-chard sort. Shoots stout, upright, light yellowish 
brown. 

Fruit medium, regular obovate pyriform, golden yellow, evenly dot- 
ted with small brown dots, and a little marked A\T.th russet, especially 
round the stalk. Stalk about an inch and a half long, rather slender, 
set in a small cavity. Calyx small, closed, placed in a slight basin. 
Flesh white, very buttery and melting, and fine-gi-ained, with a slightly 
vinous flavor. Very good. First to the middle of September. 

GOODALE. 

Goodale's Seedling. Saco. 

Raised from seed of the McLaughlin, by Enoch Goodale, Saco, 
Me. Its size and period of ripening make it promise of high value 
as a market sort. The tree is very hardy, a vigorous, thrifty grower, 
spreading upiight in habit, and uniformly productive. Young wood 
very stout, olive. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, shaded 
with crimson and fawn in the sun, slightly netted and patched with rus 



774 



THE PEAR. 



set, and thickly sprinkled with small russet brown dots,. Stalk rather 
short and set in an inclined cavity of considerable depth, sometimes a 
projection one side. Calyx small, closed. Segments thick. Basin 




Goodale. 



rather deep and uneven. Mesh whitish, juicy, melting, a little gritty a* 
the core, sweet, slightly vinous, with a brisk refreshing musky perfume. 
Very good. October. 



Grand Beetagne. 
Great Britain. 



Supposed of Belgian origin. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded 
and mottled with red in the sun, nettings and patches of russet, and 
russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse, gritty, juicy, sweet. ISTot quite 
good, January, February. 



THE PEAR. 775 

Grand Soleil. 

Introduced by Major Esperen, of Malines. Tree vdgoroiis and pro- 
ductive. Young wood dull dark yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, mostly covered with 
cinnamon russet and fawn, and a red clieek in sun, many russet dots. 
Stalk medium, in a small cavity. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin 
abrupt, deep, a little furrowed. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
half melting, sugary, slightly vinous. Very good. October, November 

Graslin. 

Of Fiench origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate ovate obtiise pyriform, greenish yellow, 
sprinkled with brown dots and sometimes traces of russet. Stalk rather 
long and stout, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. 
Segments large, reflexed. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, juicy, buttery, sweet, slightly vinous. Good. October, No- 
vember. 

Great Blanquette. 

Blanquet de Florence. Musette d'Anjou. 

Grosse Blanquet. Grosse Blanquette. 

Roi Louis. Great Blanket. 

Grosse Roi Louis. Bagpipe of Anjou. 

An old French Pear, of little value. 

Fruit small, ovate acute pyriform, yellowish green. Flesh melting, 
*-vicy, sweet. Good. August. 

Great Citron of Bohemia. 
Citronenbime Bomische grosse, punctirte. 

Fruit small, oblong, yellow. Flesh sugary, juicy, a little coarse- 
grained, and not much flavor. Ripens the last of September. 

Green Chisel. 

Madeleine Vert. Guenette. 

Hativeau. Petit muscat batard muscade. 

An old English Pear. The tree is very productive, erect, fruiting 
La clusters. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate, greenish. Flesh 'white, melting, juicy, 
sprightly. Good. Middle August. 

uREEN Mountain Boy. 

An American variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate or obovate j^yriform, golden yel- 
low, Avith russety brown specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet 
Very good. October. (Elliott.) 



776 THE PEAR. 

Green Pear op Yair. 
Green Tair. 

The Green Pear of Yair is a European fruit, which proves but lit 
tie worthy of cultivation here. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin green. Plesh juicy, but not 
high-flavored or rich. Good. September. 

Groom's Pimncess Royal. 
Matthews Eliza. Princess Roj al. Bergamotte Matthews Eliza. 

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Groom, the famous tulip-grower. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Skin greenish brown, with a tinge 
of brownish red, and some russet tracings. Stalk short and thick, set 
in a very trifling depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. 
Flesh buttery, melting, a little gritty near the core, but sweet and high- 
flavored. Very good. January and February. 

Gros Rousselet d'Aout. 

A seedling of Yan Mons. Catalogued in 1823. Tree vigorous, ol 
pyramidal form, very productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin green, becoming golden yellow at 
maturity, shaded with russet and spotted with fawn. Flesh whitish, 
fine, melting, very juicy, sugary, vinous, deliciously perfumed. Ripens 
in August, (Al. Pom.) 

Grumkower. 

G-rumkower Winterbimie. 

This variety is described by Lindley as of middle size, in shape Uke 
a Bon Chretien, with obtuse angles or ribs. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet, 
musky. November, December. 

GUSTAVE BlVORT. 

A French variety. 

Fruit medium, roundish, pale yellow, patches and nettings of russet, 
shade of red in sun. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly 
perfumed. Good or very good. August. 

GuSTAVE BURGOYNE. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, a little 
brownish in the sun, slightly netted and patched with russet, sometimes 
nearly covered, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk set in a 
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September, October. 

Gustin's Summer. 
Ad American variety, of little value. Originated in New Jersey. 



THE PEAR. 7 ( 7 

Fruit small, roundish. Skin yellow. Flesh white, sweet, without 
much flavor. First of September. 

Hacon's Incomparable. 

Celestus. Downham Seedling. ^ 

An English fruit, raised by Mr. Hacon, of Downham Market, Nor- 
folk, it is a hardy, productive tree, with rather depending bi'anches. 
Young shoots rather slender, diverging, olive-colored. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to turbinate. Skin slightly 
rough, pale, and dull yellowish green, mixed with pale brown, sprinkled 
with numerous greenish russet dots and russet streaks. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. October aud 
November. 

Hadbington. 

Raised by J, B. Smith, Philadelphia. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit above medium, obovate or pyriform. Color greenish yellow. 
with a brownish cheek. Stalk slender, inserted in a small cavit\ . 
Calyx small, in a round, shallow basin. Flesh yellow, crisp, juicy, with 
an aromatic flavor. Good. January till April. 

Hagar. 

A French Pear, of poor quality. Tree very vigorous, upright. 
Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in 
sun, some russet. Flesh coarse, dry, sweet. October. 

Haight. 

An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish pyriform, yellow, shaded and mottled 
with red in the sun, small brown dots and traces of russet. Stalk long, 
a little curved, fleshy at insertion, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. 
Basin broad and uneven. Flesh white, pink at centre, a little coarse, 
breaking, juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Hamilton. 
Hamilton Seedling. 

An American Pear, originated in South Carolina, where it is said 
to be of very good quality, but here at the North it is astringent and 
poor. 

Fruit medium, oblate. Surface rough, yellowish, slightly patched and 
blotched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, coarse^ 
not juicy, slightly astringent. November. 

Hamon. 
Besi Fondante. Besi Hamon. Beurre Seringe ? 

Originated by M. Nerard, Lyons, France, in 1837. Tree vigorous, 
productive. 



778 THE PEAR. 

Fruit medmm or below, irregular, oval, dull pale green, tinged •with 
yellow. Stalk long, curved. Flesh white, half melting, juicy, sweet. 
Good. August. 

According to Leroy, Beurre Seringe should be a synonym of Doyeime 
de Saumur ; but our trees received of these varieties are not idenliidl. 
According to the Jardin Fruiterer, Beurre Seringe is identical Mth 
Hamon. Not having trees of that variety with which to compaio xi, 
we for the present place it here. 

Hampden's Bergamot. 

Bergamotte d'Angleterre. Bergamotte de Bruxelles. 

Fingal's. Bergamotte d'fite Grosse. 

Scotch Bergamot, Bergamotte de Paysans. 

EUanrioch. Gracieuse. 

Milan Vert. ^ Fanfareau. 

Longueville d'Ecosse. Great Bergamotte. 

Hampden. Deutsche National Bergamotte 

Beuzard. Poire sans Pepins. 

Belle et Bonne. Belle de Bruxelles. 

Belle sans Pepins Sans Pepins. 

Belle de Luxembourg. Schone and Gute. 

An old variety, the oiigin of which is unknown. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, a little rising at the stalk end, greenish 
yellow, with traces and patches of thin russet, and greenish I'usset dots. 
Flesh white, a little coarse, tender, half buttery, sweet, agreeable. Good. 
September. 

Hampton's Bergamot. 

Originated with W. 0. Hampton, Mt. Victory, Ohio. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, yellow, netted and sprinkled with rus- 
set and green dots. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous. 
Good, September. 

Hampton's Cluster. 
Hampton. Cluster Pear. 

Raised by W. 0. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit borne in clusters, very small, roundish, greenish yellow, shaded 
with dull red in the sun, and netted with russet. Flesh juicy, melting, 
.sweet. Very good. September. 

Hampton's Yirgalieu. 

A seedling of "W. C. Hampton, Ohio. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Surface uneven, green, slightly 
yellow at maturity, sometimes with a warm cheek in sun, patches, net- 
tings, and dots of rvisset. Flesh yellowish, slightly gritty, juicy, melt- 
ing, brisk, vinous. Yery good, October. 

Hanners'. 
Hannas. 

Originated in the garden of Mr. Hanners, Boston, Mass, Tree ac 
apright good grower and bearer. Young shoots dull olive. 



THE PEAR. 779 

Fruit lai'ge, oblong, very obtuse i)yrifoi™, greenish yellow, slightl)* 
netted and patched with russet, and many green and russet dots. Stalk 
varying, sometimes long, pretty stout, set in a cavity, often with a lip 
Calyx open. Segments long, slender, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven, 
slightly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, pleasant, sweet, a little 
perfumed. Very good. September. 

Hanover. 

From Hanover Furnace, N. J. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate. Skin green, with dull green 
russet markings, and a brown cheek. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow and 
angular. Calyx open, in an irregular basin. Flesh greenish yellow, ex- 
ceedingly melting and juicy. Flavor pleasant. Good. Ripe October. 
(Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Harris. 
Speckled Harris ? 

Received from Georgia. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse to obovate acute pyriform, pale yel- 
low, deep red in the sun, many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, 
buttery, not juicy, sweet. Good. September. 

Hakrison's Large Fall. 

Rushmore's Bon Chretien. Richmond. Englebert Lett. 

Large Swan's Egg. Lott's Pear. 

An American variety, a strong, rajDidly-growing tree, comes early into 
bearing, and produces abundantly. 

Frmt large, irregular, inclined, obovate obtuse pyi'iform, pale yellow, 
with a red cheek. Valued as a cooking fruit. Augusli, September. 

Haevakd. 
Boston Epame. Cambridge Sugar Pear. Belle de Flushing. 

The Harvard produces enormous crops, of fair quality. The tree is 
remarkably hardy and vigorous, with upright shoots forming a fine head. 
It originated at Cambridge, Mass. 

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, russety olive yellow, with a 
brownish-red cheek. Stalk rather stout, inserted rather obliquely on the 
narrow summit or in a small cavity. Calyx set in a narrow basin. 
Flesh white, tender, juicy, and melting, of excellent flavor, but liable, 
if not picked early, to rot at the core. Beginning of September. 

Hakvest. 
Early Sugar. Sugar Pear. Wolcotfc's Early ? 

An American variety. Tree an upright round spreading head, a 
good gi'ower and bearer. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium, or small, roundish, pale yellow, brown tinge of 
red in the sun, and sprinkled with brown and green dots. Flesh whitishj 
not very juicy or melting, but sweet, pleasant. Good. July. 



780 THE PEAK. ■ 

Hawes' Winter. 
Morgan. Hewes' Winter. 

Origin, King and Queens Co., Va., on tlie farm of tlie Hawes family 
Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundisli, greenish yellow, witli traces and 
spots of russet. Elesh wttitish, buttery, half melting, juicy, sweet 
Good. November. 

Heathcot. 
Gore's Heathcot 

The Heathcot originated on the farm of Governor Gore, in Waltham, 
Mass., by Mr. Heathcot, then a tenant; the original tree came into 
bearing in 1824. Tree moderately vigorous. Young shoots upright, 
reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, regularly obovate, pale greenish yellow, with 
a very few dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk an inch long, planted 
in a very small cavity. Calyx closed, and set in a rather narrow and 
shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, and melting, moderately jiiicy, 
with an agreeable vinous flavor. Good to very good. Middle and last 
of September. 

Hebe. 

Raised by William Sumner, Pomaria, S. C. Tree thrifty, thorny, 
hardy, productive, and retains its foliage late. Young wood slender, 
grayish. 

Fruit large, round, obovate, with irregular protuberances, greenish 
lemon yellow, dotted with russet specks and blotches. Flesh sprightly, 
melting, buttery, slightly vinous. Seldom forms seeds. December. 
(Hort.) 

Hegeman. 
Hegerman. Heggerman, Hampton. 

Originated on the farm of Andrew Hegeman, North Hempstead, 
Long Island. Tree vigorous, upright in habit, not an early bearer, bui 
when mature bears heavily. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish ovate, variable in form, gi-eenish yellow, 
netted and dotted with russet. Stalk short. Cavity shallow, uneven. 
Calyx large, open. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, 
»<weet. Good to very good. October. 

HilLENE Gr^GOIRE. 

E-aised by M. Gr^goire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit large, ovate, light greenish yellow, slightly colored in the sun, 
russet patches and spots. Stalk short, set in a narrow cavity. Calyx 
large. Basin furrowed. Flesh fine, melting, half buttery, juicy, sweet, 
perfumed. October. (An. Pom.) 



THE PEAR. 761 

Henkel. 
Cumberland of Belgium. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Growth vigorous, upnght, productive, 
Young wood dull grayish brown. 

Fruit rather large, broad obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted anci 
patched with russet, and sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk 




HenkeL 



inclined, rather stout, fleshy at insertion by a ring or lip. Calyx par- 
tially open. Segments short, stiff, sometimes reflexed. Basin rather 
large, slightly uneven, russeted. Plesh whitish, juicy, melting, with a 
rich, slightly vinous flavor. Very good to best. September. 



Henri Bivort. 

Henri (Bivort.) 

A Belgian variety. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, few patches of 



782 THE PEAK. 

russet, and many green and brown dots. Flesh whitisli, jui(;y, half 
melting, sugary. Good. September. 

Henki Desportes. 

A seedling of Andre Leroy's. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Flesli wMte, juicy, one of the best summer 
Pears. (Leroy.) 

Henrietta. 

Raised by Gov. Edwards, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a free grower, 
of upright form, a good bearer. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, greenish or greenish yellow, a little 
netted and patched with russet, tinge of red in the sun. Flesh whitish 
green, juicy, half melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Henriette. 
Belle Henriette. Henriette Bouvier. Henriette d'Orleans. 

Raised by M. Simon Bouvier, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree a fine 
grower. Young wood reddish. 

Friiit medium, oblate, nearly globular, pale greenish yellow, a little 
shaded with fawn or dull red in the sun, thinly netted with russet, and 
thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, slender, a little inclined, 
fleshy at insertion, or with a mamelon neck. Calyx open. Segments 
long, slender, often recurved. Basin very shallow, slightly uneven. 
Flesh a little coarse, whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, perfumed. 
Good to very good. JSTovember. 

Henri Yan Mons'. 

Bergamotte Roug-e Tardif. Fleur de Neige. 

Beurre Rouge Tardif. Snow Flower. 

One of Yan Mons' earliest seedlings. Tree very vigorous, hardy, 
holding its foliage late in the season, and an abundant bearer. Young 
wood clear olive. 

Fruit medium to large, elongated acute pyriform, pale yellow, shaded 
and mottled with brownish red or crimson in the sun, netted and patch- 
ed with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
rather slender, curved, without cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, 
generally recurved. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet. Good to very good. October. 

Henry the Fourth. 

Henri Quatre. Jaquin. 

Favori Musque du Conseiller, Beurre Ananas. 

Ananas. 

The tree of this French Pear is a good grower, hardy and productive. 
Young wood dull yellow brown, with many specks. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow, 
dotted with small gray specks. Stalk rather more than an inch long, 
slender. Calyx small, placed in a shallow abrupt basin. Flesh whitish. 



THE PEAR. 783 

not veiy fine-grained, but nnusually juicy and melting, with a rich, deli- 
cately perfumed flavor. It should always be ripened in the house. 
Good to very good. Early in September. 

Hericart. 

A second-rate Belgian Pear, with a pleasant, perfumed juice, ripen 
ing early in autumn. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, often rather oblong and irregular, 
yellow and russety. Stalk an inch or more long, lather slender, set in 
a small cavity. Calyx set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
buttery, not rich, but with a delicate, peculiar aroma, gritty, and slightly 
astringent. Good. The fruit ripens the last of September. 

Hericart de Thury. 

Raised by Van Mons. A good grower, of peculiar habits. and aj)- 
pearance, rather pja-amidal, but with diverging crooked limbs. ISTot an 
early nor a very profuse bearer. Yoiing wood dull reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obtuse ovate pjTiform, yellow, thinly 
shaded with red in the sun, slightly netted, and thickly sprinkled with 
russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, curved. Cavity small. Calyx 
closed. Segments short. Basin small, uneven. Flesh white, not verj- 
juicy, and slightly astringent. Good. December. 

Herkimer, 
Earl Pear. 

Originated on the farm of S. Earl, Herkimer, N. Y. The tree is a 
vigorous grower, hardy and productive. Young wood warm reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Surface a little uneven, 
pale greenish yellow, clouded with dull red in the sun, and many green 
dots. Stalk pretty stout, curved. Cavity doep, round. Calyx with 
flat reflexed segments. Basin varying from shallow to moderately deep. 
Flesh white, a little coarse-grained at the core, juicy, sweet, melting, and 
agi-eeable. Good. September, October. 

Hessel. 

Hazel. Hasaelbim. 

A Scotch Pear, very productive. 

Fruit small, obovate. Skin yellowi.sh green. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
l>f little or no value. First of September. 

HiNGHAM. 

Originated in Hingham, Mass. Tree vigoroiis, spreading. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyiiform, pale yellow, .shaded with red 
m the sun, many brown dots. Stalk long. Calyx pai-tially closed. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinoxis. Good. October. 



(C-t THE PEAR. • 

HOLLANDE BeRGAMOTTE. 

Holland Berg'amot. HoUandisclie Bergamotte. 

Beurre d'Alengon. Bergamotte d'HoUand. 

Begamotte d'Alencon. Sarah. 

Jardin de Jougers. Bergamotte d'Hiver d'HollaiLd. 

Bergamotte de Fougere. Beurre Extra. 

Amoselle. Lord Cheney. 

Lord Cheeney's. Musquine de Bretagne. 

An old variety, the origin unknown. An excellent kitchen fniit_; 
which will keep sound till May or June. Shoots stout, diverging^ 
olive brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, green, much raarbled and covered with 
thin brown russet, but becoming yellowish at maturity. Flesh white^ 
crisp, with an abundant, sprightly, agreeable j nice. 

Holland Green. 

An old variety, described by Coxe, and sometimes called Holland 
Table Pear. 

Fruit large, irregular, green, with spots of russet. Flesh juicy, 
jiielting, delicate, delicious. September. (Coxe.) 

Honey. 
European Honey. 

This Pear is considerably grown in many parts of the country, and 
although an old sort, its origin seems unknown, and to our knowledge 
is not noted by any American author. The tree is an upright, good 
grower, and a great bearer. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, sometimes roundish pyriform, 
pale yellow, shaded and mottled with red in the sun, with many light 
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk short, rather stout. 
Calyx open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh whitish, coarse, breaking, 
moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

HOSENSCHENCK. 

Hosenshenck. Queen of August. 

Shenk's. Moore's Pound. 

Watermelon. Eshleman. 

Smokehouse. Moore's Pear. 
Butter Pear. 

This Pear originated on the farm of John Sclienck, Weaver Town- 
ship, Pa. Tree vigorous, productive. Young wood grayish olive 
brown. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oblate. Skin light yellowish green, 
rarely with a blush. Stalk about an inch long, rather stout, inserted 
withoiit much depression, sometimes by a lip. Calyx small. Basin deep. 
Flesh rather coarse, tender, juicy, slightly vinous, melting, with a 
pleasant flavor. Good to very good. Ripens the last of August. 

HOVEY. 
Doyenn^ Hovey. 
Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to C. M. Hovey, of Boston, 



THE PEAR. 



788 



Mass. Tree a vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots clear yellow 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, varying ia form from oblong oval to obo- 
vate obtuse pyriform, yellow or greenish yellow, slightly sprinkled, 
netted, and patched with russet. Stalk medium, moderately stout, in- 
serted without cavity. Calyx with short, stiff segments. Basin shal- 
low, lightly furrowed and slightly russeted. Flesh yellowish, buttery, 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Very good. October, November. 

Howard. 

Received from 1). W. Coit, Norwich, Conn. Tree vigorous, upright, 
productive, with olive yellow brown young shoots. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, pale yellow, patches and traces 
of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved. 
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin uneven, slightly russeted. Flesh 
white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly perfumed, pleasant. Very 
good. September. 




Kaised by Thomas Howell, of New Haven, Conn. A valuable 

50 



786 THE PEAR. 

variety. Tree an upright and free grower. Young shoots reddish yel- 
low brown, an early and profuse bearer. 

Fruit rather large, roundish pyriform, light waxen yellow, often 
with a finely shaded cheek, thickly sprinkled with minute russet dots, 
and some russet patches. Stalk medium, inserted without cavity, some- 
times by a ring or lip, sometimes in a small cavity. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments recurved. Basin rather large and uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, brisk, vinous. Very good. September, October. 

Huguenot. 

A fruit originated by Mr. Johonnot, of Salem, Mass. It bears abun- 
dantly, but is rather dry, and not worthy of general cultivation. 

Frttit medium, roundish, pale yellow, sprinkled with large spots of 
bright red. Flesh white, fine-grained, half breaking, sweet, but wanting 
in flavor and juice. Good. October. 

Hull. 

Originated in the town of Swanzey, Mass. Tree vigorous, somewhat 
rambling in habit, with long shoots of a rich reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, net- 
ted and patched with russet, especially near the stalk, thickly sprinkled 
with russet dots. Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a ring in a shal- 
low cavity. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, erect. Basin 
small, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Very 
Good. September. 

Hungerford's Oswego. 

Rtjceived from Oswego, N. Y. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish, yellow, with brown dots. Flesh white, 
Duttery, juicy, melting, gritty, sweet. Good. October. 

Huntington. 

Origin, New Rochelle, and brought to our notice by S. P. Carpenter. 
It was found by Mr. Huntington, and now stands on his grounds. 
Tree vigorous, forming a pyramid, an early and profuse bearer. Young 
shoots olive color. 

Fruit nearly medium in size, roundish oblate, rough yellow, often 
shaded with crimson, thickly covered with gray and crimson dots, and 
russet patches. Stalk medium or long, nearly straight. Cavity broad 
and uneven. Calyx open. Segments stift\ Basin broad and open. 
Flesh white, very juicy, melting, buttery, with a very sweet, vinous 
flavor, delicately perfumed. Very good. September. 

Hunt's Connecticut. 

An American fruit for kitchen use. Medium, oblate, yellowish 
green, coarse, dry, and sweet, 

Huyshe's Prince Consort. 

Raised by Bev. John Huyshe, of Clythesdon, Devon, England, fron« 
seed of Beurre d'Aremberg, fertilized by Passe Colmar. This is one of 



THE PEAR. 787 

a series of four new Peai-s, originated by Mr. Huyshe, all of which ara 
said to be of superior excellence. The tree is a vigorous grower, with 
short-jointed young shoots of a dark dull reddish brown, and indistinct 
white specks. Hogg describes the fruit as large, oblong obovate pyri- 
form, grass green, much covered with russet and russet dots. Stalk 
long, stout. Calyx small, open. Basin deep, uneven. Flesh yellowish, 
coarse-grained, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, with a peculiar flavor un- 
like any other pear, November. 

Huyshe's Prince of Wales. 
Huyshe's Bergamot. 

Originated at Clythedon, England, by Rev. John Huyshe, from seed 
of Mai'ie Louise crossed with Gansel's Bergamot. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, lemon yellow, mostly covered with cin- 
namon-colored russet. Stalk stout and woody, somewhat obliquely in- 
serted in a round and rather open cavity. Calyx small, open, wiLli erect 
tooth-like segments. Flesh yellowish white, tender, moHing, juicy, and 
richly flavored. November to January, (Hogg.) 

Huyshe's Princess of Wales. 

Origin, Clythedon, England, by the Pev. John Huyshe. 

Fruit medium, oblong, abrupt at stalk, lemon yellow, with patches, 
veins, and docs of cinnamon-coloi'ed russet. Stalk long, stout, woody, 
somew-hat obliquely inserted in a round and rather wide cavity. Calyx 
small, open, with narrow, erect segments. Flesh deep yellow, fine- 
grained, very melting, juicy, rich, and highly aromatic. Last of Novem- 
ber. (Hogg.) 

Huyshe's Victoria, 

This Pear is of the same origin as Huyshe's Prince of Wales. It 
has fruited in several collections in this country. Tree a good grower, 
spreading. Young wood dull brown. 

Fruit medium size, ovate pyriform or ovate acute pyriform, yellow, 
considerably patched and netted with russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
green and brown dots. Stalk medium length, stout, inclined, and 
joined to the fruit without depression. Calyx open. Basin medium, 
uneven. Flesh yellowish, jl^icy, melting, a little vinous. Good to very 
good, Is{^vember. 

Incommunicable. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit above medium, obtiise pyi'iform, grass green, with russety 
Bpecks. Flssh yellowish white, a little gritty, melting, sweet. October 
(Lind.) 

Inconnue Van Mons, 

L'Inconnue. 

One of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, very 
productive. 



788 THE PEAR. 

Fruit rQedium or bolow, broad oval pyriform, light yellow, uetLed 
and patched with riisset, and many russet dots. Stalk long, curved, 
incliaed, and set in a slight depression, sometimes by a lij). Calyx 
open. Segments long, reciu-ved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, very sweet, rich, and pleasant. Good to very good 
December to March. 

Inconstant. 

L'lnconstant. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate acute pyriform, pale yellow, slight 
traces and patches of russet, shade of red in the sun, many dots. 
Flesh white, juicy, half melting, a little astringent. Good. October. 

Iris Ge^goire. 

A Belgian Pear, as yet little known in this country. Tree moderately 
vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong acute pyriform, clear light yellow, 
with shades and marblings of red russet. Stalk short, with two or more 
fleshy rings at its connection with the fruit. Flesh white, fine-grained, 
melting, buttery, sweet, perfumed. December, January. (An. Pom.) 

Isabella. 

Raised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleflf, Brookline, Mass. Tree thrifty, upright. 
Fruit medium size, pyriform, light green, red in sun. Flesh white, 
juicy, sprightly, agreeable. October. (J. of H.) 

Island. 

Originated at New Utrecht, Long Island. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright. Young wood oKve yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyrifoi'm, pale yellow, netted, sprinkled, and 
patched with russet. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh white, a little 
granular, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed. Good. October. 

Ives' August. 

Originated with Dr. EH Ives, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish, with a brownish 
red cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, half melting, a Kttle astringent. 
Good. August. V 

Ives' Beegamotte. 

Raised by Dr. EK Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree closely resembles 
the Seckel, and is very productive. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish, greenish yellow, with slight traces 
of russet. Stalk short and thick. Flesh rather coa.rse, buttery, melting, 
juicy, vinous. Good. Ripens first of September. 

Ives' Pear. 

Raised by Dr. EK Ives, New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous and verj 
productive. 



THE PEAR. 789 

Fruit small, oval oblong pyriform, greenish, with a brownish-red 
cheek. Stalk long. Calyx open. Basin very small. Flesh juicy, melt- 
ingj sugary, and good. Ripens first of September. 

Ives' Seedling. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit nearly medium, somewhat globular, greenish yellow, shaded 
with crimson. Stalk short and thick. Calyx small, nearly closed. Basin 
shallow and irregular. Flesh whitish, coarse, and granular, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a refreshing sugary flavor, well perfumed. Good. Ripe about 
the fii'st of September. 

Ives' Viegalieu. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven. 

Fruit below medium, acute pyriform, broad at calyx, greenish, shaded 
with dull crimson. Stalk inserted by a lip. Calyx open. Basin shal- 
low and ii-regular. Flesh whitish, rather coarse and gi'anular, buttery 
juicy, and melting, with a sweet vinous flavor. Good. October. 

Ives' Winter. 

Raised by Prof. Ives, New Haven. 

Fruit medium, depressed pyriform, yellowish, sprinkled with russet. 
Stem large and long, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, in a large basin. 
Flesh white, coarse, and granular. Cooking. December. 

Ives' Yale. 

Raised by Dr. Eli Ives, New Haven, Conn. 

Fruit medium, roundish, mamelon at base of stem, dull greenish yel- 
low, brownish crimson in the sun. Flesh greenish white, moderately 
jucy. Good. Early August. 

Jackson. 

Origin, New Hampshire. Tree vigorous and productive. Yoimg wood 
dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate, short pyriform, pale yellow, somewhat rus- 
seted. Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a slight 
cavity. Calyx small and open, set in a rather deep abrupt basin. Flesh 
white and juicy. Flavor brisk and vinous. Good to very good. Ripena 
the last of September. 

Jackson's Elizabeth. 
Mrs. Jackson. Jackson. 

Originated with S. S. Jackson, of Cincinnati, O. Tree moderately 
vigorous, very productive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin gi-eenish yel- 
low, shaded with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots. Stalk medium, set in a slight depression. Calyx small, partiaBy 
closed. Basin small, regular. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Last of Septemb(jr. 



\ 



790 THE PEAK. 



Jalousie. 
De Pucelle. 



An old Belgian Pear. 



o 

Fruit rather large, roundisli to obovate, and more frequently Jjyri 
form. Skin rough, of the deepest russet, ruddy in the sun. Flesh a 
little coarse-grained, soft, sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Good. Last 
of September. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Yendee. 
De Fontenay Vendee. Jalousie de Fontenay. Belle d'Esquermes. 

The tree of this French Pear is vigorous, and an early and abundant 
bearer. Young shoots a dull olive brown color. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, slightly acute pyriform, dull yellow 
u,nd green, considerably marked with russet patches and dots, and 
tinged with a red cheek. Stalk about an inch long, set obliquely, with- 
out depression, on an obtuse point. Calyx with stifi' segments, set in a 
shallow, round basin. FlesJi white, buttery, melting, with a rich-fla- 
vored j uice. Yery good. First of October. 

Jaminette. 

Sabine. WHlielmine. Bergamotte GKeminette. 

D'Austrasie. Josephine. Sabine Van Mons. 

Beurre d'Austrasie. Colmar Jaminette. Beurre Saint Helier. 

Belle d'Austrasie. Crassane d'Austrasie. TyroUe. 

Raised by M. Jaminette, of Metz, very productive, and in favoral ie 
seasons an excellent winter fruit. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium or large size, varying in form, but mostly obovate, 
a good deal narrower at the stalk, clear green, paler at maturity, consid- 
erably marked with russety brown, especially near the stalk, and sprink- 
led with numerous brown dots. Stalk scarcely an inch long, rather 
thick, and obliquely planted, without any depression. Calyx open, 
set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, a little gritty near 
the core, but very juicy and buttery, sweet. Good to very good, No- 
vember to January. 

Japan. 

This peculiar Pear originated with Gideon Ross, of "Westfield, N. J., 
from seeds brought from Japan, and is similar to Chinese sand pear. 
The tree is a very vigorous grower, with very large thick leaves, an 
oarly and abundant bearer. Young wood rich clear brown, with long 
white specks. It has a hard flesh, with a peculiar quince-like aroma, 
and is only valued for cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblate, cinnamon yellow russet, with many large 
light-colored specks. Stalk very long. Cavity open, deep. Calyx in- 
conspicuoTis. Basin deep, open, broad. Flesh coarse, gritty, firm, in 
consistence and flavor much like a deKcate quince. Yery fine for cook- 
ing. October, December. 

Jean Baptiste Bivort. 

A new Belgian Pear. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, yellowish, nearly overspread witb 



ITIE PEAR. 791 

cinnamon red and reddish specks. Stalk li^ig, slender. Cavity narrow 
small. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly perfumed 
November. (An. Pom.) 

Jean de Witte, 
Dial. Beurre de Hamptienne. Passe Colmar Fran9oi8. 

Tree vigorous, upright grower. Young shoots very dark olive. 

Fi'uit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, yellowish green, dotted 
sprinkled, and netted with russet, and slightly shaded with fa^vn oi 
crimson in the sun. Stalk long, curved, inclined, set in a small cav- 
ity. Calyx open. Segments stiff. Basin rather abrupt. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. November, De- 
cember. 

Jefferson. 

Origin, Mississippi. Tree very vigorous, an early bearer, and very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, straw color, shaded with red 
in the sun, and dotted with small green dots. Flesh white, not jnicy, 
sweet, coarse, decays quickly at core, not high-flavored. Augus^• ^ 

Jersey Gratioli. 
Gracioli of Jersey. Bedminster Gratioli. Nonis Pear. 

Originated in the Isle of Jersey. Tree a moderately vigorous grower 
and a good bearer. Young wood short-jointed, dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted 
and patched with russet, many brown russet dots. Stalk short, rather 
stout, inclined, in a small cavity, russeted. Calyx, open. Segments rather 
long and slender, recurved. Basin abrupt, deep, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, rich vinous. Very good. September. 

John Griffith. 

Oiiginated in "Westchester Co., N. Y. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obt\ise pyi'iform, gi-eenish yel- 
low, with many brown dots, and some nettings and patches of russet. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, not very juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. 
September. 

JOHONNOT. 

Franklin. 

Originated in the garden of George S. Johonnot, Esq., of Salem, 
Mass. 

The fruit is of medium size, of a roundish and peculiar irregular 
form, dull yellowish. Stalk short and thick, planted by the side of a 
BwoUen protuberance. The flesh is melting, buttery, and good. Septem- 
ber, October. 



792 THE PEAB. 

JOLIE FlLLE DE GuST. 

This " pretty girl of Gust " is of Belgian origin. 

Tlie fruit is small, roundisli acute pjriform, pale yello-w, shaded with 
crimson in the s an. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh white, coarse, dry ; 
its beauty its only value. September. 

JOLY DE BONNEAU. 

Fruit above medium size, obovate, pale green, with spots and veins 
of brown russet. Stalk long, obliquely inserted, stout, woody, and in 
serted without depression. Calyx open. Flesh white, with a pink tinge 
fine-grained, melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. December. (Hogg.) 

Jones. 
Jones's Seedling. 

Origin, Kingsessing, near Philadelphia. This is one of the good Pears, 
and, were it a little larger, would be one of the most valuable. The tree 
is vigorous and upright in growth, and productive. Young shoots of a 
dull olive brown. 




Jones. 



Fruit medium or below, pyriform, broad at calyx, tapering to the 
stem, which meets it by a fleshy junction. Skin yellow, shaded with 
russet, bright cinnamon on the sunny side. Calyx open, in a broad, 
shallow, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, sugary, brisk, 
and vinous. Very good. October. 



THE PEAR. 793 

Josephine Bouvier. 

Fruit medium, ovate, green, witli a few patches and nettings of tus 
set, and many brown dots. Stalk medium length, curved. Cavity slial 
low. Calyx partially open. Segments recurved. Elesh white, coarse, 
juicy, melting, sweet, without flavor. January. 

Josephine de Malines. 

Raised by Major Esperen, of Malines, and proves one among the 
best of winter varieties. Tree moderately vigorous and productive. 
Yoimg wood olive yellow brown, very short-jointed. Buds round, pro- 
jecting. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale greenish yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet, especially aro>.ind the stalk, and 




Joaepbine de Halines. 

^■ith many minute brown dots, particularly around the calyx. Stalk 
enlarged at both ends, curved, sometimes set in a small cavity. Calyx 
small, open. Segments short, stiff, nearly erect. Flesh pinkish white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, with a delicate aroma. Very good. Januaiy, 
February. 

Joseph Staquet. 

A new variety, from Belgium. 

Fruit above medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, with patches and 



794 THE PEAR. 

dots of green and russet. Stalk flesliy at insertion, set witliout depres* 
sion. Flesh white, melting, buttery, very juicy, s^^eet, with a muskY 
perfume. September, October. (An, Pom.) 

Judge Andrews. 
Andrews' Kingsessing. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish, traced and mot- 
tled with red in the sun. Flesh coarse, breaking, dry. Poor. Sep- 
tember. 

Julienne. 

A handsome summer Pear. It is a productive fruit, and comes into 
bearing very early. It is often of excellent flavor, and of the first qua- 
lity ; but, unfortunately, it is variable in these respects, and some seasons 
it is comparatively tasteless and insipid. In the Southern States, and in 
rich, warm, and dry soils at the ISTorth, it is almost always fine. The 
tree is of thrifty, upright growth, with light yellowish-brown shoots. 

Fruit of small size, but varying in difierent soils ; obovate, regularly 
formed, clear bright yellow on all sides. Stalk light brown, speckled 
with yellow, a little more than an inch long, pretty stout, inserted in a 
very shallow depression. Calyx open, set in a basin slightly sunk, but 
often a little plaited. Flesh white, rather fixm at first, half buttery, 
sweet, and moderately juicy. Pipens all the month of August. 

Keiser. 

Fruit medium size, pyriform, yellowish green, with small gray 
russet specks, and russet round the stalk. Flesh greenish white, a 
little gritty, melting, sweet. ^ October. (Lind.) 

Kelsey. 

Originated in the garden of Wm. Kelsey, Columbus, O. Tree up- 
right, partially spreading, vigorous. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull green, becoming yellowish 
when well ripened, marblings of russet near the calyx. Dots of russet. 
Stalk slender. Calyx small, opeu. Segments short, erect. Basin slightly 
furrowed. Flesh greenish yellow, melting, sweet, buttery,' vinous, 
slightly aromatic. October to February, (Hort.) 

King. 

Originated at Oswego, N. Y. 

Fruit medium or below in size, roundish oblate pyriform, green- 
ish brown in the sun, with many green and brown dots. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, half melting, sweet. Good. September, October. 

King Edward's. 

Jackman's Melting'. 
Fruit large, pyriform, tapering gradually to the stalk, yellow, red 



THE PEAR. 79 ^ 

cheek. Flesh yellowish, buttery, melting, and good, when the seasor 
is favorable. Good. October. 

KiNGSESSING. 
Leech's Kingsessing. 

Originated in the family biuying-grouud of Isaac Leech, near Phi 
ladelphia. Q^i'se upright and of vigorous growth, with dark olive yel 
low brown shoots. Buds broadly shoiildered, prominent. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyrifoi-m, greenish yellow, thickly sprinkled 
with minute green or gray dots. Stalk medium or long, curved, and 
fleshy at its iusertion in a broad, uneven cavity. Calyx set in a large, 
irregular, corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat coarse and gran- 
ular, juicy, buttery, and melting, with a sweet perfumed flavor. Good 
to very good. September. 

King. 

King's Seedling. 

Medium size, oblate uneven, yellowish green, rough. Stalk in a 
cavity. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh greenish white, granular, 
jviicy, sugary, aromatic, perfumed. Good. October. 




KiRlLAND. 

Kirtland's Seedling. Hadley. Kirtland's Seckel. Kirtland's Beurre. 

Raised by H. T. Kirtland, Poland, O. Tree moderately vigorous 
foung wood olive yellow brown. 

Fniit medium or below, obtusely obovate, sometimes obscurely pyri 



796 THl*; PEAR. 

form, fine yellow, mostly covered with bright cinnamon n sset, occa 
sionally mottled and streaked with red on the sunny side. Scalk rathei 
short and stout, inserted in a small cavity, often by a ring or lip 
Calyx partially open, persistent. Basin shallow and broad. Flesh melt 
ing, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Yery good. Ripe first of September. 

Knight's Monarch. 
Monarch. 

An English Peai, raised by Thomas Andrew Knight, which has not 
proved of much value at the North. In the Southern States it promises 
well. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, yellowish green, with brown russet and 
many gray russet specks. Flesh yellowish, melting, sweet, agreeable. 
Good. December, January. 

Knight's. 
Knight's Seedling. 

Raised by Mr. Knight, of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, yellowish green, rough. Stalk 
long, inserted by a slight cavity. Calyx closed, in a shallow basin. 
Flesh juicy and sweet. Good. October. 

KOPERTSCHER. 

Kossertscher. Beurre Prince de Schwarzenberg. 

Princiere de Kopertsh. Supreme Coloma. 

A foreign Pear, of uncertain origin. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a 
few patches of russet, and many green and brown dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. October. 

Lafayette. 

Origin, Connecticut. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with light russet, and 
dotted with brown russet dots. Flesh yellowish, buttery, juicy, half 
melting, sweet, lacking flavor. Good. November. 

La H^rard. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated in 1825. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pjrriform, pale yellowish green, with 
reddish cheek in sun, and sprinkled with many brown dots. Stalk 
rather long, curved. Cavity small. Calyx partially closed. Segments 
shoi-t, erect. Basin small, slightly furrowed. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, a little perfumed. Yery good. September. 

La Juive. 
Juive. Jewess. 

One of Major Esperen's introduction. Tree vigorous and productive 
Young wood yellow brown. 



THE PEAR. 797 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate, pale yelloAV, considerably russeted, net- 
ted, and patched, and with many brown russet dots. Stalk short, stout, 
fleshy at base. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments persist(!nt, often 
a little recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, sweet, a little aromatic. Good 
to very good. October. 

Lamartine. 
De Lamartine. 

Of foreign origin. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Surface roxigh, greenish yellow, mostly 
covered with a light thin russet, and with many brown dots. Stalk 
short and small. Cavity small. Calyx small and open. Basin rather 
deep. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, rich, sweet. Yery 
good. November. 

Lammas. 
Huntingdon. 

An old variety, described by Lindley as an erect, strong grower, 
hardy, good bearer, and profitable for the market. We do not know of 
its ever fruiting in this country. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with red in the sun. Flesh 
juicy, melting, agreeable. Good. August. 

La Moulinoise, 

A foreign variety, that we have fruited but once. 

Fruit large, oblong pyi'iform, greenish yellow, partially netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown russet dots. 
Stalk long, rather stout, inserted by a lip. Calyx partially open. Seg- 
ments erect. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous. 
Yery good. September. 

Lansac. 

De Lansac. Dauphine. Satin. 

This Pear is described by Lindley as below medium size, nearly glo- 
bular, yellowish green. Flesh yellowish, melting, sugary, slightly per- 
fumed. November and December. 

Large Round Blanquet. 

Grosse Blanquette Eonde. Gros Blanquet Rond. 

An old fruit of little value, small size, round, yellowish, shade of red 
in the sun. Flesh white, half breaking, sweet. Last of July. 

La Savourese. 

Probably of German origin. 

Fruit below medium, roimdish oblate, green, with some marblinga 
and patches of russet. Stalk long, slender. Flesh greenish white, but.- 
tery, sweet, agreeable. Early winter. (Yerg.) 



798 THE PEAR. 

Las Canas. 
Bon Parent. Bouvier. Bow Parent. 

A Belgian Pear, possessed of many of tlie best qualities that make 
ttp a good frviit. The tree is a good grower, an early bearer, and the 
friiit keeps well. 

JFruit medium or below, ovate acute pyriform, pale or greenish yel- 
low, netted and patched with golden russet, and thickly dotted with rus- 
set gray dots. Stalk medium, inclined, fleshy at base, or inserted by a 
lip without depression. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow, russeted. 
Flesh yellowish white, buttery, melting, juicy, slightly astringent, and 
aromatic. Very good. October. 

La Sceur GeiSgoire. 
Soeur Gregoire. 

Raised by M. Gregoire. 

Fruit large, oblong. Stirface uneven, rich golden yellow, mostly 
overspread with dull brick red. Flesh fine, yellowish white, melting, 
buttery, jnicy, sweet, with a delicate aroma. November, January, 
(An. Pom.) 

Laurk de Gltmes. 

A seedling of Yan Mons'. Tree of moderate growth, very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oval, inclining to obovate. Sur- 
face rough, yellow, nearly covered, netted, and patched with russet, 
many russet dots. Stalk rather stout, fleshy at insertion. Calyx par- 
tially open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, corrugated. Flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, buttery, not very juicy, slightly vinous, and a 
little astringent. Good. September, October. 

Lawrence. 

Originated at Flushing, Long Island. Tree hardy, a moderate 
grower, an early and abundant bearer. Young shoots dull yellow 
brown. A valuable sort for orcharding, and unsurpassed in its many 
good qualities among our early winter Pears. 

Fruit medium size, obovate obtuse pyriform, nearly regular. Color 
lemon yellow, with traces and occasional patches of russet, and thickly 
dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk of medium length and rather 
stout, set in an irregular russeted cavity. Calyx open. Segments short, 
persistent. Basin broad, shallow, vmeven, or slightly corrugated, and 
thinly russeted. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, and aromatic. 
Yery good or best. December. 

Le Breton. 

The origin of this Pear is unkno-wTi. 

Fruit medium size, irregular, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellow, net- 
ted and patched with russet, and many russet dots. Flesh yellowish, 



THE PEAR. 



799 



rather coarse at the core, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic. Good tc 
very good. November to January. 




Lawrence. 

Le Brun. 

Originated in Troy, France. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, yellowish, with brown 
and fawn shades. Flesh white, melting, juicy, sweet, with a musky 
perfume. September, October. (Leroy.) 

Lee. 

Lee's Seedling. 

Originated at Salem, Mass. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish oval, greenish, russet brown in 
sun. Flesh white, juicy, coarse. Poor. September. (Elliott.) 



BetuT6 le Fevre. 



Lefevre. 

Beurr^ de Mortefontaine. 



An old Frenph Pear, originated about 1740. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval, dull green, dull brown in sun, with 
numerous conspicuous large gray dots. Stalk stout. Calyx with re^ 
flexed segments. Flesh greenish white, fine, melting, juicy, vinous 
perfumed. October. (Jar.) 



800 THE PEAR. 

Lenawee. 

Origin unknown. Received from Dr. D. K. Underwood, of Adrian, 
Michigan. Tree at iirst upright, becoming straggling, and twisting 
irregular. § 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, light yellow, with a 
crimson cheek in sun, dotted with small russet specks. Flesh bxittery, 
not very juicy, slightly aromatic. Good. September. 

Lent Saint Germain. 

Easter Saint Germain. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong oval obovate, pale green, full of small 
white specks. Flesh firm, breaking, with a very good flavored juice. 
March, April. (Lind.) 

Leochine de Printemps. 

This is one of the new foreign varieties, which we have fruited but 
once. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted and patched with 
russet, and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, firm, not very jtiicy. Good. Late Winter. 

L^ON GrjSgoire. 

This new Pear is described in the Annals of Pomology as : — 
Fruit large, oblong, obtiise pyriform, greenish yellow, marbled, 
mottled, and shaded with reddish brown, and reddish gray dots. Flesh 
yellowish white, melting, buttery, sweet, vinous, agreeable. December, 
January. 

L^ONIE PiNCHART. 

A new Belgian variety. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, much cov- 
ered, netted, and patched with yellow russet, and minute russet dots. 
Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin rather 
shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, melting. Yerygood. Sep- 
tember, October. 

LiiON LE Clerc Laval. 
Blanc-per-ne. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. A good cooking Pear, large size, and 
very distinct from the celebrated " Yan Mons Leon le Clerc." In fa- 
vorable seasons it is of tolerable quality for the table. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform, yellow, tinge of red in the sun, with 
russety spots at either end, and some large dots. Calyx large, with long, 
straight, narrow divisions, and placed in a broad shallow basin. Stalk 
an inch and a half long, pretty stout, swollen at its point of insertion. 
Flesh yellowish white, juicy, crisp, and rather firm, sweet, pleasant 
Good. December to April. 



THE PEAR. 801 

L^ON LE Clerc Louvain. 

A seedling of Van Mons', Belgium, Tree of moderate growth, very 
productive. 

Fruit large, pyriform, russet, on greenish yellow ground. Stalk long 
and curved, inserted in a slight cavity by a lij). Calyx open. Basin shal- 
low. Flesh white, juicy, buttery, melting, rich, and exceedingly sugaiy. 
October, November. 

LifeON Rey. 
Beurre Leon Rey. 
A new variety, obtained by Rey at Toulouse. 

Fruit medium size, roundish pyi-iform. Flesh melting, juicy. Au 
gust. (Leroy.) 

Leopold I. 

A Belgian Pear, little known, and, so far as we have fruited it, not 
specially valuable. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit medium, oblate obtuse pyriform, yellow, partially netted and 
patched with russet. Many russet dots. Stalk stout. Cavity small. 
Calyx open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet. 
Good to very good. (Dec.) 

Leopold Riche. 

One of M. de Jonghe's seedlings. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform ; yellow, thickly dotted 
with, large cinnamon russet dots. Stalk slender. Calyx open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh rather coarse-grained, crisp, very juicy, rich, sweet, with 
a fine aLmorid flavor. November. (Hogg.) 

Lepine. 
De Lepine. Delepine. Poire de Lepine. 

Tree of moderate growth, very productive. 

Fruit small, oblate, yellowish, shaded with crimson, slightly rus 
seted. Stalk long. CaAdty broad and shallow. Calyx small, open, in a 
corrugated basin. Flesh coarse, granidar, melting, juicy, brisk, vinous. 
Good. November, December. 

Lewis. 

This Pear originated on the farm of John Lewis, of Roxbury, Mass. 
It bears enormous crops. The tree grows vigorously, and has long, 
drooping branches of olive brown color. 

Fruit scarcely of medivim size, obovate, dark green in autumn, pale 
green at maturity, with numerous russety specks. Stalk long and slen- 
der, inserted nearly even with the surface. Calyx large, with white 
spread divisions. Basin almost level. Flesh yellowish white, rather 
coarse-grained, melting, juicy, and rich in flavor, with a slight spicy per- 
fume. Good. November to February. 

Liberale. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood dull brown 

51 



802 THE PEAR. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, greenisli yello"w, sLade of 
brown in the sun, sprinkled with brown or russet dots, and with patches 
of russet. Stalk long, curved, inserted in a cavity at an inclination. 
Calyx large and open. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, rich, and peculiarly aromatic. Yery good. October. 

LlEBAKT. 
Chamoisine. Beurre Liebart. 

A foreign variety, the origin of which is unknown. Tree a very 
vigoroiis grower, and an early bearer. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, shade of red in 
the sun, a few large patches of russet and russet dots. Stalk rather 
stout. Cavity slight. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, 
coarse, breaking, not juicy. Poor. September. 

Lieutenant Poitevin. 
• Lieutenant Poidevin. 

A French Pear, introduced in 1853. Tree vigorous, and an early 
bearer, valuable as a cooking fruit. 

Fruit large, broad at calyx, obtuse pyriform, yellow, overspread, net- 
ted and patched with cinnamon russet, many russet dots, sometimes 
shade of crimson in sun. Stalk short. Calyx small, closed. Flesh 
white, rather firm, juicy, breaking, rather coarse. November to March. 

LiMON. 
No. 10. Van Mons. Beurre Haggerston. Bergamotte Louise. 

A fine sprightly Belgian Pear, originated by Yan Mons. The 
young shoots are long, slender, reddish brown. 

Frxiit rather small, obovate, yellow, with a faint red cheek. Stalk 
an inch and a half long, rather stout, set in a moderately depressed 
round cavity. Calyx set in a rather shallow round basin. Flesh white, 
buttery, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly high flavor. Yery good. 
Middle of August. 

Little Blanquet. 

Petite Blanquette. Little Blaiiket. 

Petit Blanquet. Musk Blanquet or Blanquette. 

Poire a la Perle. Small Blanquet. 

Blanquet Petit. White Pear. 

Pearl Pear. 

An old variety, superseded. 

Fruit small, pyriform, yellowish white Flesh half-breaking, plea- 
sant. Good. Early August. 

Little Muscat. 

Little Musk. Primitive. Sept-eu-gxieTile. 

Petit Muscat. Muscat Petit. Chiot. 

This very little French Pear, well known in many of our gardens, is 



THE PEAR. 803 

alitjwed a place there, chiefly because it is the earliest of all Pears, rip- 
ening at the beginning of July. 

Fruit very small, turbinate, yellow, with a dull red cheek. Flesh 
breaking, sweet, with a slight musk flavor. Good. Very productive. 

Livingston Virgalieu. 

An old variety, somewhat grown along the Hudson River, origin 
unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, patched and dot- 
ted with russet. Stalk short. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, nearly melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. September. 

Locke. 
Locke's New Beurre. 

This, is a native fruit, originated, by James Locke, West Cambridge, 
Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, dull yellowish green, slightly 
mottled with spots of darker green and bits of russet. Flesh greenish 
white, melting, and juicy, with a sprightly vinous flavor. Good. 
November and December. 

Lodge. 
Smith's Bordenave. 

The Lodge Pear is a native of Pennsylvania, and is understood to 
have originated near Philadelphia. It is a yery agreeable subacid Pear, 
and has so much of the Brown Beurre character, that we suspect it is 
a seedling of that fine old variety. 

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stem, and one-sided, 
greenish brown, the green becoming a little paler at maturity, and much 
covered with patches of dull russet. Stalk an inch and a foui-th long, 
obliquely planted at the point of the fruit, which is a little swollen 
there. Flesh whitish, a little gritty at the core, which is large, juicy, 
and melting, wdth a rather rich flavor, relieved by pleasant acid. Very 
Good. September and October. 

London Sugar. 

An English Pear, described by Lindley. 

Fruit small, pyriform, pale yellow with a brownish tinge in sun. 
Flesh tender, melting, sweet. Good. Last of July. 

Long Green. 
Verte Longue. Mouille Bouche. Mouthwater. 

An old variety, described by Duhamel. Tree very vigorous and pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform. Stalk of medium length, 
nearly perpendicularly inserted. Calyx small, almost without basiu: 
Skin remains green when fully ripe. Flesh melting, juicy, with a plea 
Kant spicy flavor. Good. September. 



804 THE PEAB. 

Long Green of Autumn. 

Verte longne d'Automne. ' Autumn Mouthwater. 

Mouille bouche d'Automne. Coule Soif d'Automne. 

The Long Green of Autumn is said to be even an older variety than 
Long Green. The fruit of this sort is later in maturing. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate acute pyriform, smooth, pale green, with 
occasional patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small brown 
dots. Stalk long, slendei-, curved. Calyx open. Segments almost joined, 
short, persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh greenish white, buttery, 
juicy, half melting. Good. October. 

Long Green of Esperin. 
Verte Longue of Esperin. 

We received this variety from L. E. Berckmans. It is of Belgian 
origin. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade 
of crimson in the sun, and patches and nettings of russet, and many 
brown dots. Stalk rather short, moderately stout, set in a small cavity. 
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Basin shallow, furrowed. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, juicy, half melting, vinous. Good. September. 

Long Green Panache. 

Culotte de Suisse. Verte longue panache. 

This differs from Long Green only in being striped with yellow. 

Long-Stalked Blanquet. 

Blanquette £i longne queue. Long-Stalked Blanket. 

Blanquette a longue queuen. Sucree blanche. 

Long-Tailed Blanquette. Gillette longue. 

Suchrin blanc d'Ete. 

A very old variety, now entirely superseded. 

Fruit small, roundish, greenish or greenish yellow. Flesh white, half 
breaking, delicate, sweet, vinous. Good. Early August. 

Louise Bonne. 
Louise Bonne Real. St. Germain Blanc. 

An old French winter Pear. 

Fruit large, pyriform, a little rounded towards the stalk, smooth, 
pale green. Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, melting, sweet. Good, 
December. 

• Louise Bonne de Pbintemps. 

This variety was raised by M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France, as he 
supposed, from seed of Louise Bonne de Jersey, which in appearance 
the fruit much resembles. The tree is a vigorous grower and productive. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate pyriform, rich clear yellow, with a red 
cheek in sun, and a little of russet, especially near the stalk. Stalk 
short, set in a narrow, furrowed cavity. Calyx with short persistent 
segments. Basin rather deep, furrowed. Flesh white, melting, juicy, but 
hery, swee*;, and slightly perfumed. February, March. (An. Pom.) 



THE PEAR. 



805 



Louise Bonne of Jersey, 



Beurre d'Araudore. 
Bonne Louise d'Araudoro. 
Beurre d'Avranchea. 
Bonne d'Avranchea. 
De Louise. 
William. 



Bonne de Longueval. 

Louise Bonne d'Avranclies. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. 

Beurre or Bonne Louise d'Araudore. 

"William the Fourth. 

Bergamotte d'Avranchea. 

De Jersey. 

Originated in France, near Avranclies, succeeds admirably on the 
quince, forming a fine pyramid — not of the first quality, but profit 
able. Tree vigorous, upright, very productive. Fruit of better quality 
on the quince than on the pear. Young virood duU olive brovs^n. 




Louise Bonne of Jersey. 

!Fruit large, oblong pyriform, a little one-sided, glossy, pale green ir 
the shade, but overspread with brownish red in the sun, and dotted witl 
numerous gray dots. Stalk about an inch long, curved, rather obliquelj 
inserted, without depression, or with a fleshy, enlarged base. Calys 
open, in a shallow, uneven basin. Flesh greenish white, very juicy and 
melting, with a rich and excellent flavor. Good to very good. Sep- 
tember and October. 



806 



THE FEAB. 



Louise of Boulogne. 

Of Belgic origin. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, sprinkled •witli 
brown dots. Stalk long, a little curved, rather slender. Cavity small, 
russeted. Calyx open. Basin small and uneven. Flesh whitish, light 
pink at centre, juicy, melting, sweet. Good to very good. October, 
November. 

Louis Gregoiee. 

A seedling raised in 1832 by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne. Tree a vigo- 
rous, somewhat upright grower, and productive. Young wood dull yel- 
lowish olive brown. . 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, con- 
siderably covered with russet, and thickly dotted with russet dots. Stalk 
varying, set with little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments large, 

persistent. Basin small and rather 
shallow. Flesh yellowish white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vi- 
nous. Good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

LuciEN Leclercq. 

A seedling of Yan Mons' that 
first fruited in 1844. 

Fruit medium size, ovate, pale 
green, with russet patches and 
russet near the stalk, distinct rough 
dots. Flesh fine, white, melting, 
sweet. November. (Alb. Pom.) 

Lycurgus. 

Originated with George Hoad- 
ley, of Cleveland, O., from seed 
of Winter Nelis. It is one of 
the best in quality of late Winter 
Pears. The tree is a moderate, 
rather spreading grower, produc- 
tive. Young wood dark rich 
olive brown. 

Fruit small, oblong pyriform, 
greenish yellow, mostly covered with a thin brownish russet, many 
large grayish dots. Stalk medium length, a little curved, set with 
little or no depression. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
• email, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little aro- 
matic, and slightly perfumed. Yery good. December to February. 

Ltd I A Thierard. 

Raised by M. Jules Thierard, Bethel, France. Tree very vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit is of Bergamotte shape. Stalk of medium size, curved, a little 
fleshy at the base, in a large and uneven depression. Calyx small, 
open. Basin large, deep, regular. Skin thin, clear green, thickly 




liycnrgus. 



THE PEAB. 



807 



Bprinkled with small brown dots, and rxisset spots near the calyx. 
Flesh fine, melting, juicy," sugary, and highly perfumed. Core large. 
Season, December to January. (Revue Horticole.) 

Lyon. 

Originated at Newport, E.. I. Tree upright, vigorous, hardy, and 
productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate, yellow, with a crimson blush on one 
side, minute dots, russet near the stalk. Calyx small. Segments per- 
sistent. Basin narrow, shallow. Flesh white, coarse, gritty at the core, 
melting, moderately juicy, sweet. Good to yery good. October. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

McLaughlin. 

A native of Maine, introduced by S. L. Goodale, of Saco. Tree 
hardy and vigorous. Young wood light dull red. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, greenish, mostly covered with rus&et, 




McLaughlin. 

which becomes yellowish at maturity, with a warm sunny cheek. Stallc 
short, inserted at an inclination, with some appearance of a lip. Calyx 
open, set in a shallow corrugated basin. Flesh whitish, not very fine, 
juicy, and melting. Flavor sweet, rich, and perfumed. Good to very 
good. November to January. 

McYean. 
Origin, Monroe Co., N, Y. Tree very vigorous, very productive 
SToung wood grayish light yellow brown. 



808 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit; large, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, with nettings and patches 
of russet, and numerous green and brown "dots. Stalk sbort, rather 
stout, fleshy at insertion, and often set inclined, and with a lip. Calyx 
partially closed. Basin slightly corrugated. Flesh coarse, not juicy, or 
melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Madame Durieux. 

A Flemish variety. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate acute pyriform, yellowish, netted 
and patched and dotted with russet. Stalk long or very long, and slen- 
der. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet. Very good. Octo- 
ber. 

Madame Ducar. 

Introduced by M. Esperen. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale lemon yellow, with a few rus- 
Bet dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion. Cavity medium, somewhal 




Madame Eliza. 



THE PEAK. 809 

ribbod. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesb white, juicy, 
melting, pleasant, slightly vinous. Yery good. September. 

Madame Eliza. 

One of Bivort's seedlings, and named in honor of the wife of the 
well-known pomologist, L. E. Berckmans. The tree is vigorous, rather 
open and irregular in form, productive. Young wood dull olive yellow 
brown. It is a Pear desci'ibed as excellent in Belgium, and so far here 
sustains its foreign character. 

Fruit large, oblong ovate acute pyriform, pale whitish yellow, a 
few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with small russet dots. 
Stalk long, inclining, fleshy at insertion, or by a lip. Calyx small, par- 
tially closed. Segments small, erect. Basin abrupt, uneven, russeted. 
Elesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, delicately perfumed. Yery 
good. October. 

Madame Millet. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, much covered, netted, 
patched, and dotted with light russet. Stalk long, stout, curved, set in 
a slight cavity with a lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
rather small, uneven. Flesh whitish, jiiicy, not melting, slightly vinous, 
a little aromatic. Good. November to April. 

Madame Gr^goiee. 

Of Belgian origin, seedling of Gregoire of Jodoigne, and dedicated 
to his wife. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, 
and dotted with brown russet. Stalk rather "long, fleshy at base. Ca- 
vity rather deep. Flesh white, tinted with rose, half melting, sweet, 
vinous, perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) 

Madame Henbi Despoetes. 

Fruit roundish, obovate, yellow, mostly covered with dark cinna- 
mon-colored russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Flesh 
yellow, buttery, rich, sweet, juicy. October. (Hogg.) 

Madame Teeyve. 
Souvenir de Madame Treyve. 
Raised by M. Treyve, of Trevons, France, and dedicated to his wife. 
Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, with a red cheek in 
the sun, some russet, and dotted with minute brown dots. Stalk slen- 
der. Cavity narrow. Calyx small, open. Basin narrow, round, regu- 
lar. Flesh white, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a delicate aroma, 
September. (Yerg.) 

Madeleine, oe Citeon des Caemes. 

Madeleine. Sainte-Madelaine. 

Citron des Carmes. Grune Sommer Magdalena. 

Early Chaumontelle. Grune Magdalena. 
Magdelen. 

The Madeleine is one of the most refreshing and excellent of the 



810 THE PEAR. 

early Pears. It takes its name from its being in perfection, in Frai ce, 
at the feast of Ste. Madeleine. Citron des Carmes comes from its being 
first cultivated by the Carmelite monks. The tree is fruitful and vigo- 
rous, with long, erect, olive-colored branches. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Stalk long and slender, 
often nearly two inches, set on the side of a small swelling. Pale yellow- 
ish green (very rarely with a little brownish blush and russet specks 
around the stalk). Calyx small, in a very shallow furrowed basin. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with a sweet and delicate flavor, slightly 
jierfumed. Good to very good. Middle and last of July. 

MalconkaItre d'Haspin. 

Fruit large, form roundish obovate. Stalk one inch long, inserted 
in a slight depression. Calyx closed, set in a rather deep irregular 
basin. Skin dull yellow, with, a brownish red cheek, stippled with 
coarse dots, and russeted at the calyx. Flesh juicy, tender, and melt- 
ing. Flavor rich subacid, perfumed. Tree vigorous, hardy, and pro- 
ductive. October, November. (Wilder's Pep.) 

Manchester. 
Manchester Late. Manchester October. 

A native variety, originated in Providence, P. I. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, with a blush of crimson in 
the sun, traces and many dots of russet. Stalk rather long. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. October. 

Manning's Elizabeth. 

Van Mons. No. 154. 
Elizabeth Van Mons. 

Manning's Elizabeth, a seed- 
ling of Dr. Yan Mons', named by 
Mr. Manning, is a very sweet and 
sprightly Pear, with a peculiar fla- 
vor. A. beautiful dessert fruit, 
productive, growth moderate, 
shoots dull reddish. One of 
the most desirable Pears of 
its season, for amateur growing. 

Fruit below medium, obovate 
obtuse pyriform, bright yellow, 
with a lively red cheek, dotted 
with brown and red dots. Stalk 
one inch long, set in a shallow, 
round cavity. Calyx open, set 
in a broad shallow basin. Flesh 

MaimiBg's Elizabeth. ^j^-^^^ j^^-^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ melting, 

witn a saccliarine but very sprightly aromatic character. Very good 
or best. Last of August. 




THE PEAR. 811 

Mai^sfield. 

A native variety, origin uncertain. Tree vigorous and productivei 
Toung wood reddish brown. 

Frviit medium, roundisi oblate, yellowish green, with considerable 
russet and many green anl brown dots. Stalk rather long. Cavity 
narrow, small. Calyx open, with rec\irved segments. Basin broad, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, buttery, melting, sweet, a little astringent. 
Good. September. 

Marasquine. 

A Belgian Pear, obtained of Major Esperen. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, light pale yellow, greenish in shade, with 
fawn russet in the sun. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh white, fine, melting, slightly sweet, perfumed. August. (Yerg.) 

March Bergamotte. 

One of Mr. Knight's seedlings. 

Fruit small or medium. Color green, with small gray dots, and 
large patches of russet. Stalk long, straight, in a cavity like that of 
an apple. Flesh coarse, greenish, of no decided excellence. 

Marechal de la Cour. 

B. O. de la Cour. Baud de la Cour. 

Conseiller de la Cour. Grosse Marie. 

Marechal Decours. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Dedicated to his son in 1845. Tree 
moderately vigorous, holding its foliage late in season. Young shoota 
oKve reddish brown, with many specks. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, with a slight netting and few patches of russet, and russet dots. 
Stalk rather long, sometimes inclined, set in a moderate cavity, some- 
what russeted. Calyx open, in a narrow basin, russeted. Flesh yel- 
lowish wliite, buttery, juicy, melting, rich vinous, very good. October. 

Marechal Dillen. 
DiUen d'Autonme. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large or very large, oblong obtuse pyriform, dull greenish 
yellow, mottled with fawn, shades and traces and dots of russet. Stalk 
short, set in a broad shallow cavity. Flesh white, melting, buttery, juicy, 
sweet. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Margaret. 

Raised by Christopher Wiegel, Cleveland, O. Tree a vigorous, up- 
right grower, productive, and an early bearer. Young wood dull 
reddish. 

Fniit small to medium, oblong obovate, yellow, mostly overspread 
with deep dull red, small russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted with- 



813 



THE PEAK. 



out depression. Calpj large, open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh 
white, jixicv, vinous, sweet, good, early. August. (Sort.) 




HarSchal de la Coor. 

Marianne de Nancy. 

Eaised by Van Mons. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obovate pyriform, yellowish green, 
netted and dotted with fine dull russet. Stalk short, stout. Calyx 
open. Flesh white, buttery, half meltiug, juicy, vinous, sweet. Octo 
ber. (Alb. Pom.) 



Marie de Nantes. 

A French Pear, originated by M. Garnier, in 1853. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit small, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, shade of brownish 
ted ill sun, and partially netted and patched with russet, especially near 



THE PEAR. 813 

the base. Stalk short, set in a narrow, furrowed, sliallow cavity. Calyx 
small, open, with short segments. Basin small. Flesh whitish, juicy, 
melting, sweet. Yery good. November, December. 

* Mabie Guisse. 

This variety is said to have been grown from seed of St. Germain, in 
1834, near the town of Metz, France. It was twenty years before it 
fruited. 

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong pyriform. Surface uneven, 
yellow, with shades of red in sun, and large, dull, dark specks. Stalk 
rather long and moderately stout, set in a narrow furrowed cavity. 
Flesh yellowish white, granular, melting, sweet, vinous. December, 
February. (Yerg.) 

Marie Louise. 

Forme de Marie Louise. Marie Louise Donkelar. 

Marie Chretienne. Marie Louise Nouvelle. 

Princesse de Parme. Marie Louise de Jersey. 

Braddick's Field Standard. Corchorus. 

Marie Louise d'Elcourt. Marie Louise Pelacourt. 

Van Donkelear. Van Donckelaer. 

A Belgian variety, of first quality in its native country, and here, in 
some seasons, fully sustains that character ; but it is so uncei'tain, so 
variable in seasons, as greatly to detract from its value. Tree a vigo- 
rous but straggling grower. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit pretty large, oblong pyriform, rather irregular or one-sided in 
figure, pale green, but at maturity rich yellow, a good deal sprinkled 
and mottled with light russet on the exposed side. Stalk an inch and a 
half long, obliquely planted, sometimes under a slightly raised lip, some- 
times in a very small one-sided cavity. Flesh white, exceedingly but- 
tery and melting, wi^ a rich, saccharine, and vinous flavor. Yery 
good. Last of September and middle of October. 

Marie Louise d'Uccle. 

ITiis variety was raised from a seed of the Marie Louise, by M. 
Gambier, in a village (TJccle) near Brussels. Tree a vigorous, upright 
grower. Young wood dark brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Surface rough, 
yellow, with a shade of brown in the sun, considerably netted, patched, 
and numerously dotted with russet. Stalk medium, inclined, curved, set 
in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx large, partially open, with 
persistent segments. Basin large, uneven. Flesh white, juicy, melting, 
vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. September, October. 

Marie Louise Nova. 

This variety was sent by Yan Mons to Mr. Manning. It will by no 
means bear a comparison with the Marie Louise, though in some seasons 
a very good fruit. The wood is very strong and dark colored. 

Fruit medium, regular acute pyriform, yellow, with a brownish- 
red cheek. Flesh at first raelting, juicy, but quickly decays. Good 
Last of September. 



814 THE PEAR. 

Marie Parent. 

Sophia Beekmans. Boussellet de Meester. 

Ferdinand de Meester. 

Raised by M. Bivort, in 1844, from seeds of tlie last generation of 
Van Mons' seedlings. It first fruited in 1851. Tree moderately vigo. 
rous. Young wood dull grayish-reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform to obovate acute pyriform, gi-een- 
isb yellow, with shade of red in the sun, and traces of russet, and 
many minvite brown dots. Stalk medium, generally inserted without 
cavity. Calyx large, open, Flesh whitish, juicy, vinous. Good. 
September. 

Marquise de Bedman. 

Of foreign origin. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish pyriform, pale greenish yellow, 
with a few traces and patches of russet, and many green and brown 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Calyx open. Flesh white, 
sweet, rather firm. Good. September. 

Marmion. 

A Belgian variety. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, some russet. Flesh 
whitish, coarse, sweet, dry and poor. November. 

Martha Ann. 
Dana's No, 1. 

Raised by Francis Dana, of Roxbury, Mass. i 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform, yellowish green, with 
patches and dots of russet. Flesh coarse, jxiicy, astringent. Poor. 
October. 

Martin Sec. 

Eousselette d'Hiver Martm Sec d'Hiver, 

Dry Martin. Troken Martin. 

Winter Rousselette, Martin Sec de Champagne, 

An old variety, of which the origin is unknown. Tree vigorous, very 
productive. 

Fruit small, ovate, yellow, shaded with crimson in the sun, some 
russet. Flesh coarse, granular, juicy, half breaking, agreeable. Chiefly 
valued for cooking. Winter. 

Martin Sire. 
Certeau Musque d'Hiver. Sire Martin. 

A very old sort, valued only for cooking. 

Fruit lai'ge, pyriform, greenish yellow, with a shade of red in the sun, 
Flesh crisp J gritty near the core, juicy, sweet. December to February, 



the peak. 81 b 

Makulis. 
Marcellis. 
Foreign. 
^ Fruit small, roundish, greenish yellow. Poor. September. (Elliott.) 

. Maey. 

Originated in the grounds of William Case, Cleveland, O. Tree 
an upright, vigorous grower, with brownish, short-jointed young wood. 
An early and productive bearer. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, mostly overspread 
with rich red, a little russet, and many gray dots. Stalk short. Calyx 
large. . Erect segments. Flesh white, juicy, almost buttery, sweet. 
Very good. Last of July. (Hort.) 

Mather. 

Originated with John Mather, near Jenkinstown, Montgomery Co., 
Pa. Tree a moderate grower. Young wood olive grayish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish ovate, greenish yellow, slight blush in 
sun, and many miniite brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Calyx open. 
Flesh white, a little coarse, not juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Maynaed. 

Origin unknown, grown in Lancaster Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with russet dots and 
a crimson cheek. Stalk obliquely inserted, fleshy at its junction. Calyx 
open, in a slight depression. * Flesh white, juicy, and sugary. Scarcely 
good. Ripe last of July. 

Mellish. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, netted, patched, 
and dotted with russet. Stalk long, slender. Calyx partially closed. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. 
October. 

Meeriam. 

Origin, Roxbury, Mass. Tree vigorous and very productive. Young 
wood reddish yellow brown ; a good market sort. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, dull yellow, covered with pale rus- 
set around the stem and calyx, and entire surface somewhat netted with 
russet. Stalk short, moderately stout, in a small cavity, with one pro- 
tuberant side. Calyx closed. Basin shallow and furrowed. Flesh yel- 
lowish, coarse, melting, and juicy, slightly vinous, musky. Good to very 
good. October. 

Messiee Jean. 

Chaulis. Messire Jean 1)0x6. 

Emmilacour. Mr. Jolm. 

Marion. John. 

Monsieur Jean. Communautfi. 

Messire Jean Gris. Coulis. 

Messire Jean Blanc. Convent. 

A.n old French Pear, but rather coarse-grained and gritty. 



816 THE PEAR. 

Fruit of medium size, turbinate, yellow, nearly covered with browii 
russet. Flesh gritty, v/hite, crisp, juicy, and breaking, with a very sweet 
flavor. Good. November and December. 




MiCHAUX. 

Comte de Miehaux. 

Fruit of medium, size, nearly round pyriform, light yellowish green, 
with a faint blush on the sunny side. Flesh white, coarse, half buttery, 
juicy, sweet, but second-rate. Poor. September and October. 

MiGNONNE d'HiVER. 

An old Belgian variety, often very good. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate to oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, 
mostly covered with thick rough russet, and veined with crimson and 
fawn. Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, a little gran- 
ular, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, aromatic. Good. November, De- 
cember. 

Milan de Rouen. 

A Flemish Pear, little known and not of much value. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with nettings, patches, and 
dots of russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, melting, vinoiis. Septem 
ber. 

MiLLOT DE Nancy. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, named after M. Millot, a resident of 
Nancy, France. Tree productive. Young shoots reddish brown. 



THE PEAR. 817 

Fmit medium, oblong obovate, greenish yellow, with many brown dots. 
Stalk medium, curved, often inclined, and set in a small cavity. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short, erect. Flesh yellowish, not juicy 
melting, sweet. Good. November. 

Mitchell's Russet. 

Origin, Belleville, 111. 

Fruit medium or small, roundish, slightly pyriform, rough, yellow 
brown russet, thickly covered with gray dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. 
Flesh juicy, melting, astringent. Scarcely good. October. 

MOCCAS. 

Originated by Mr. Knight. A good gi'ower, productive, but not of 
good quality. 

Fruit medium, obovate, green, sprinkled with small dots. Flesh 
juicy. Poor. December. 

Mollet's Gueknsey Beurb:^;. 
Mollet's Guernsey Chauraontelle. 

An English variety, raised by Charles Mollet, Esq., of the Island 
of Guernsey. 

Fruit of medium size, oval pyriform. Skin rather lineven, yellow 
and yellowish green, nearly covered on one side with dark cinnamon 
brown russet, in stripes and tracings. Flesh yellowish, melting, and 
buttery, with a rich vinous flavor. Good. December. 

Monseigneur Affre. 

One of Bivort's introducing. Tree hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit below mediiim, roundish, greenish, considerably covered with 
thick russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, curved, 
inserted in a moderate cavity. Calyx small, open, persistent. Basin 
broad. Flesh white, rather coarse, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. 
November. 

Monseigneur des Hons. 

A new summer Pear, from Troyes, France. Tree vigorous, spread- 
ing. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, rich warm yellow, veined 
with green, and shaded with a warm red cheek in the sun. Stalk me- 
dium, inserted without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh 
half fine, melting, aromatic, sweet. Early August. (An. Pom.) 

Monseigiteur Sibour. 

A new French Pear, described in the Annals of Pomology : — 
"Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, with greenish shades, 
ra.ottled, shaded, and dotted with warm red or crimson. Stalk long, 

52 



818 TiUS PEAK. 

Blender. Calyx large, open. Flesh, yellowish white, half fiiie, melting, 
juicy, sweet. November." 

Morel. 

An English Pear, mainly valued for cooking. 

l^'ruit medium, obovate, yellow, freckled with large russet spots, 
Flesh yellowish white, crisp, juicy, and sweet. December to April. 
(Hogg.) 

Mount Yernon. 

Walker's Seedling. 

A chance seedling, originated in the grounds of Samuel Walker, 
Koxbuiy, Mass., and by him named Mount Yernon. Thft tree is a vigo- 
rous grower, and an early bearer. Young wood yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, varying in form, but generally roundish 
obtuse pyriform, light russet on a yellow ground, biownish red in the 
sun. Stalk short, inserted by a lip, with little or no depression. Calyx 
small, closed, with short segments. Flesh yellowish, granulated, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic. Yery good. November, 
December. 

, MOYAMENSING. 
Smith's Early Butter. 

Origin in the garden of J. B. Smith, Philadelphia, Moyamensing 
District. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, lemon or greenish yellow, with 
patches, marblings, and dots of russet. Stalk short. Calyx nearly closed. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Muscadine. • 

The Muscadine is remarkable for its high musky aroma. Its history 
is uncertain, and it is believed to be a native. It bears very heavy 
crops, and if the fruit is picked early, and ripened in the house, it is a 
good Pear of its season. Tree vigorous, upright in growth. Young 
shoots stout, dark gray brown. 

Fruit of medixim size, roundish obovate, regularly formed, pale yel- 
lowish green, a little rough, thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
about an inch long, set in a well-formed small cavity. Calyx with re- 
flexed segments, set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, buttery, half melt- 
ing, with an agreeable, rich, musky flavor. Good to very good. lasl 
of August and first of September. 

Muscat Eobert. 

Poire a. la Reine. Queen's Amber. 

D'Ambre. Virgin of Xaintonge. 

St. Jean Musqnee Gros. Muscat d'Ambre. 

Musk Robine. The Princess. 

Early Queen. Great Musk Pear of Cone. 

Queen's Pear. Maiden of Flanders. 

Beurre a la Reine. Maiden of Xaintonge. 

Robine. Robert's Muskateller. 
Muscat Robine. 

An oJd Pear, of unknown origin. Tree very productive. 



THE PEAB. 819 

Fruit small, rotindisli pyriform, inclining to ovate, greenish yellow 
with a dull crimson. Stalk long, sometimes inserted by a lip, and some- 
times in a slight cavity. Calyx large, open. Flesh breaking, juicy, 
sweet. Good. Last of July. 

Muskingum. 

Origin, supposed Ohio. Tree very vigorous, upright, hardy, and 
productive. Young wood diiU reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, much dotted with russet 
and green. Stalk long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin very shal- 
low. Flesh melting, with a pleasant, brisk flavor. Good. Ripe mid- 
dle and last of August. 

Kapoleon. 

Medaille. Melon. 

Sucree Doree. Beurre d'Autien. 

Poire Liard. Liart. 

Eoi de Rome, erroneously. Mabille. 

Bonaparte. Mailanderin Grosse Grune. 

Belle Canaise Napoleon d'Hiver. 

Charles. Bois Napoleon. 

Poire Napoleon. Napoleon Vrai. 

Gloire de TEmperenr. Bon Chretien Dore. 

Captif de Sainte Helene. 

The Napoleon is hardy, thrifty, and bears abundant crops, even 
while very young. In poor soils, or unfavorable exposures only, it is 
astringent. The tree is thrifty, and a vigorous grower. Shoots upright, 
olive colored. It was raised from seed, in 1808, by M. Liard, gardener 
at Mons. 

Fruit pretty large, obtuse pyriform, clear green at first, but becom- 
ing pale yellowish green at maturity. Stalk varying from half an inch 
to an in chlong, pretty sbout, set in a slight depression or under a swol- 
len lip. Calyx set in a basin of moderate depth. Flesh white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, sprightly. Good. September. 

Napoleon Savinien. 

This is a new French variety, resemblrag Napoleon in appearance 
but maturing later in the season. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, partially netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx large, open. Segments reflexed. Basin large, uneven. Flesh 
whitish, rather coarse, juicy, half melting. Good. Januaiy. 

Naumkeag. 

A native of Salem, Mass. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellow russet. Flesh juicy, melting, 
but rather astringent in flavor. Good. October. 

Navez Peintre. 

Fruit medium, ovate, yellowish green, with brownish red in the sun, 
and bands of brown russet. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, meltingi 
juicy, piquant, sugary. Last of September. (Hogg.) 



820 THE PEAK. 

Negley. 

This is supposed to be a seedling originated near Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Introduced by J. S, ISTegley. Tree vigorous, upright, and an early 
bearer. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform, waxen yellow, 
slightly netted with russet, beautifully shaded with bright crimson in 
the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown russet dots. Stalk 
medium. Cavity deep, regular. Calyx open. Segments persistent. 
Basin shallow, a little russeted. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half- 
melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. Early 
September. 

Ne Plus Meuris. 

This is a Belgian Pear, one of Dr. Van Mons' seedlings, named in 
allusion to Pierre Meuris, his gardener at Brussels. The tree grows 
upright, has short-jointed, olive-colored shoots. 

Fruit medium or rather small, roundish, usually very irregular, with 
swollen parts on the surface, dull yellowish brown, partially covered 
with iron-colored russet. Stalk quite short, set without depression, in 
a small cavity. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, with a sugary and 
agreeable flavor. Good. January to March. 

New Bridge. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform, dull gray, covered with gray russet 
brown in the sun. Flesh melting, a little gritty, a sugary juice without 
flavor. October. (Lindley.) 

Newhall. 

Raised from seed by Thaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree hardy , 
healthy, and prolific. Young wood quite reddish. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform, inclining to oval. Surface a little 
uneven, yellow at maturity, with a few traces or blotches of russet, 
sometimes a blush cheek in sun. Stalk inserted without much cavity 
Calyx small, partly closed, set in a corrugated basin. Flesh melting, 
very juicy, buttery, and tender, sweet, with a musky aroma. Yery 
good. October. ( Journ. of Hort.) 

Newtown. 
Newtown Seedling. 

Originated at Newtown, Long Island. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, lemon yellow, netted and patched 
with russet. Flesh whitish, rather coarse, half melting, sweet, and 
pleasant. Good. September. 

NiCKERSON. 

This variety originated in Peadfield, Me., from seed planted by 
Bx-Governor Huntoon. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, greenish yellow, with a dull red cheeli 
in sun, Flesh white, juicy, melting, vinous, sweet. Good. October 



THE PEAR. 821 



NiELl,. 



Beurre NielL Colmar Bosc. 

Poire Niell. Fondante du Bois, incorrectly. 

Colmar Niel. 

A Ijirge and handsome Belgian vai-iety, raised by Yan Mons, from 
seeds sown in 1815, and named in honor of Dr. Niell, of Edinburgh, a 
distinguished horticulturist and man of science. The tree bears 
plentifully. 

!Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyriform, rather shortened in figure 
on one side and enlarged on the other, tapering to the stalk, which is 
about an inch long, obliquely planted, with little or no ca^^Lty, pale 
yellow, delicately marked with thin russet, finely dotted, and sometimes 
marked with faint red. Flesh white, buttery, sweet, with a plentiful 
and agreeable juice. Good to very good. Last of September. 

NlLES ? 

A. foreign variety, imported by John M. ISTiles, Hartford, Conn. 
The original name having been lost, it has not yet been identified. Young 
wood whitish gray. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Color yellow at maturity, thickly 
covered with russet dots. Stalk long, inserted in a deep, abriipt, uneven 
cavity. Calyx closed, set in a deep round basin. Flesh juicy, buttery; 
sweet, and pleasant. December. (Ad. Int. Rep.) 

Nonpareil. 

A seedling raised by Judge Livingston, of New York. Tree vigo- 
rous, productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, russety yellow, specked with red. 
Flesh fine, melting, sugary, juicy, rich vinous. December. (Ho v. Mag.) 

NOTARIE MiNOT. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, mostly overspread 
and shaded with red in sun, and bright fawn russet in shade. Stalk 
slender. Cavity rather deep, narrow. Flesh yellowish white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. November. (Alb. Pom.) 

NOUVEAU POITEAU. 
Tombe de 1' Amateur. Choix d'un Amateur. 

A seedling of Yan Mons', a very vigorous grower, forming a beauti- 
ful pyramid ; very productive. Young wood brownish red. An early 
bearer. 

Fruit large, obovate, inclining to pyiiform, green, with numerous 
russet dots, and sometimes patches of russet. Stalk rather short, curved, 
inserted in a small cavity. Calyx partially closed, set in a narrow basin 
gf moderate depth. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, with a 
sugary, vinous, and very refreshing flavor. Good to very good. Kipe 
November. 



822 THE PEAR. 

NOUVELLE FULVIE. 
Fulvie Gregoire. 

This new Belgian Pear is described in tlie Annals of Pomology as : — 
Frtiit very large, pyriform. Surface uneven, rich light yellow, shaded 
and marbled with brown red in the sun, and an occasional fawn russet 
patch. Stalk stout, inserted as it were by a neck. Calyx large, in a 
round, regular basin. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy, 
sweet, with an exquisite perfume. January and February. 

As we have received and fruited this Pear it is only of medium size, 
roundish, slightly pyriform, and ripens in November. 

Oak-Leaved Imperial. 

Imperial. Imperiale a feuilles de chene. 

Imperial Oak-leaved. Oak-leaved Imperial. 

An old Pear, of unknown origin and of little value, except as a curi- 
osity, from its peculiar foKage somewhat resembling the oak. 

Fruit below medium, ovate pyriform, deep green, with some nettinga 
and patches of russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. 
December to March. 

Oakley Park Bergamotte. 

One of Knight's seedUngs. It is described by the London Horti- 
cultural Society as : — 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, with some 
russet. Flesh buttery, melting. October. 

(Eur. 

Fruit small, oval, greenish yellow, with light red in the sun, and 
gray russety dots. Stalk long. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, 
tender, melting, sweet, musky. Ripe in August, and will keep three 
weeks without decaying. (Hogg.) 

Oken. 

Oken d'Hiver Cenfe Courormes. 

Wiater Oken. Beurre Oken. 

A Belgian Pear, of little value. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, yellowish, with a little brown in 
sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Hardly good. Oc- 
tober. 

Oliver's Russet. 

Originated in the grounds of Oliver, Lynn, Mass. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, cinnamon russet on yellow 
ground, with a blush. Stalk in a cavity. Basin small. Flesh whitish, 
coarse, without much flavor. Last of September. 

Olivier de Serres. 
Originatea with M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Frauc\:. Tree vigorous, 



THE PEAK. 



823 



rather spreading, and very productive. Young wood slender, rich yel- 
low brown. A new sort, reputed of first quality in France. It has 
not yet fruited here. 

Fruit medium to large, irregular in form, generally roundish. Deep 
yellow, with shade of rough russet, and many reddish russet dots in 
sun. Flesh white, fine, melting, rich, juicy, sweet, delicate perfume 
February, March. (Verg.) 

Oneida. 

Origin, Western New York. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, pale yellow, partially netted and 
patched with light russet. Flesh white, coarse, juicy, half melting, 
pleasant. Good. September. 




Onondaga. 

Onondaga. 
Swan's Orange^ Kilmer. 

Supposed to have originated in Farmington, Conn. Tree very vigo 



824 THE FEAR. 

rous and productive. Young wood olive brown. A profitable market 
variety. 

Fruit large, ovate obovate obtusely pyriform. Skin somewhai 
coarse and uneven, thickly covered with russet dots, fine rich yellow at 
maturity, generally with some traces of russet, and sometimes with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk rather stout, of medium length, inserted in a small 
cavity, at- an inclination. Calyx small, firmly closed, set in a narrow, 
somewhat uneven basin. Flesh buttery, melting, aboianding in juice, 
slightly granular, and when in perfection with a fine, rich, vinous 
flavor. A variable fruit. Good to very good. September to No- 
vember. 

Ontaeio. 

Origin, Geneva, Ontario Co., N. Y. Tree vigorous and produc- 
tive. Young wood light yellow, a shade of red next the buds. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, pale yellow, thickly dotted 
with minute brown and green dots, and slightly netted with russet. 
Stalk long, inserted in a small cavity, with a ring or lip. Calyx open, 
with long recurved segments. Flesh whitish, slightly veined with yel- 
low, melting, juicy, bvittery, slightly granulous, sweet. Good to very 
good. Last September. 

Ora2jge. 

Eed Orange. Orange d'Automne. Orange Rouge. 

An old variety of little value. 
. Fruit medium, nearly globular, pale yellow, with a few traces of 
russet and brown dots. Flesh white, half melting, sweet. Early Sep- 
tem.ber. 

Obauge Bergamotte. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, yellow. Flesh firm, rather acid 
for eating, but excellent for baking. September. 

Orange d'Hiver. 

Winter Orange. 

Fruit medium ; an old Pear, very productive ; not desirable for ta- 
ble, but a good baking Pear. November, December. 

Orange Mandarine. 

Fruit about medium, roundish, golden yellow, with many brown 
russet dots, and a warm glow on the side next the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
very tender, melting, acidulous, sugary. October. (Hogg.) 

Orange Musqu]6e. 

Orange Musk. Musk Orange. Orange d':£te. 

Fiuit medium, round, yellow, marbled and shaded with red in tha 
Bun. Flesh breaking, with a musky j uice. Good. Last of August. 



THE PEAK. 



82fi 



Orange Tulip:6e. 



Poire aux Mouclies. 
Striped Orange. 



Tuliped or Fly-Pear. 
Great Orange. 



Fruit pretty large, oval pyriform, green, shaded in sun with brown- 
is-h red. Flesh melting, juice agreeable. September. (Lind.) 

Orpheline Colmar. 

One of Yan Mons' Belgian Pears, as yet little known in this coun- 
try. Tree vigorous, very fertile. Young AVood dull olive brown. 

Fruit very large, pyriform, bright green, somewhat yellow, dotted 
with gray, brown, and black, and shaded with russet, fawn on the sunny 
side, and around the calyx and stem. Flesh whitish yellow, fine, melt- 
ing, a little granular around the core, juicy, sweet, and perfumed. Octo- 
ber. (An. Pom.) 

Osband's Summer. 
Osband's Favorite. Summer Virgalieu. 

Origin, Wayne County, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, 
an early and prolific bearer. Young wood rich yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish ovate obovate pyriform, clear yellow, thickly 
dotted with small greenish and brown dots, with a warm cheek on the 
side of the sun, and some traces 
of russet, particularly around 
stalk and calyx. Stalk of medi- 
um length, rather strong, inserted 
in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, 
set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, with 
a rich sugary flavor and pleasant 
musky perfume. Yery good. Ri- 
pens early in August. 



/ 



Osborne. 



Pro- 



Origin, Economy, Ind. 
ductive and a free grower. 

Fruit medium, short pyri- 
form, yellowish green, with nu- 
merous gray dots. Stalk rather 
long. Basin broad and shal- 
low. Calyx partially closed. 
Flesh white, juicy, brisk, vinous. 
Hardly good. Middle of Sep 
tomber. 




Osband's Summer. 



Oswego Beurr^. 
Read's Seedling. 

Kaised by "Walter Read, of Oswego, N. Y. 
Emd productive. Young wood olive yellow. 



Tree vigorous, hardy, 



826 THE PEAR. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes inclining to conic, yeJowdsb gi-eeiij 
streaked and mottled with thin russet, but becomes a fine yellow. Stalk 
rather short, inserted in a deep, round cavity. Calyx closed, set in an 
even, shallow basin. Flesh buttery, juicy, meltiug, with vinous, arc 
matic flavor. Good to very good. October, November. 

Oswego Incomparable. 

Originated at Oswego, N. Y. Tree very vigorous. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse obovate pyriform, yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, a tinge of crimson in the sun, and many russet 
dots. Flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Sep- 
tember. 

Ott. 

A seedling of the Seckel ; originated with Samuel Ott, Montgomery 
Co., Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. Young wood 
reddish olive-brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate, greenish yellow, partially netted 
with russet, reddish on the sunny side. Stalk long and curved, insert- 
ed in a slight depression. Calyx open, in a round, open basin. Flesh 
melting, sugary, rich, perfumed, and aromatic. Ripe middle of August. 
An excellent little pear, somewhat variable. Good to very good. 

Ott's Seedling. 

Originated by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, from seed of the Ott. I'ree 
moderately vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, globular obtuse pyriform, greenish, shaded with dull 
crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and light dots. 
Stalk stout, inclined in a slight depression by the lip. Calyx small, 
closed. Segments short. Flesh whitish, juicy, sweet, rich. Good to 
very good. Last of August. 

Owen. 

Originated in the garden of John Owen, Cambridge, Mass. A tme 
cooking Pear. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, dark green. Flesh tender, deli- 
cious, fiijely colored. October to December. (Cole.) 

Paddock. 

Received of Chauncey Goodrich, of Burlington, Yt. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, 
sometimes with a faint blush. Stalk medium. Calyx in a rather 
broad, shallow basin. Flesh fine-grained, melting, sweet, but not very 
high flavor. Good. Ripe last of July. 

Pailleau. 

A Belgian Pear of good quality, but rather coarse-grained. 
Fruit medium, turbinate, greenish yellow, with patches of russet 
Flesh juicy, sweet. Good. Early in September. 



THE PEAR. 



827 



Paradise d'Automne. 



Calebasse Bosc. 
Maria Nouvelle. 
Princesse Marianne. 
Faux Spreciew. 



False Sprteciew. 

Marianne. 

Calebasse. 

Calebasse Princesse Marianne. 



A Belgian Pear, of uncertain or igin. Tree very vigorous. Shoots 
long and twisting, dull reddish brown, thickly sprinkled with veiy 
conspicuous dots. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, yellow, mottled, 
and often entirely overspread with bright cinnamon russet. Sui-face 




Paradise d'Automue. 



uneven. Stalk long, enlarged at both ends, and inserted without much 
cavity, often by fleshy wrinkles or folds. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, 
and surrounded by prominences. Plesh moderately fine, sometimes 
slightly granular, juicy, melting, with a very rich vinous, aromatic 
flavor. Very good. September, October. 

Pardee's Seedling. 

Kaised by S. D. Pardee, 'New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous, verj 
productive. Young shoots slender, grayish red brown. 



828 THE PEAB. 

Fruit small, roundisli, greenish yellow, chiefly covered with russet 
Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Calyx open. Basin furrowed, 
Flesh coarse, granular, buttery, j uicy, melting, viuous, slightly afomatia 
Good to very good. October. 



Pakfum d'Aodt. 
Perfumed. August Perfume. 

An old sort, of little value. 

Fruit small, pyriform, light yellow, deep red in the sun, with many 
dark yellow dots. Flesh white, rather coarse, musky, juicy. Hardly 
good. August. 

Parfum de Rose. 

A Belgian variety, of little value. 

Fruit small, oblong ovate acute-pyriform, yellow, nearly covered 
with light russet, and with numerous brown and gray dots. Flesh yel- 
lowish, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. October. 

Parsonage. 

Origin, New Rochelle, N. Y. Tree a fine healthy grower, produces 
large crops of perfect fruit annually, making it, although not of first 
quality, a profitable market sort. Young wood dull olive brown. 

Fruit medium or large, obovate obtuse pjrriform, often inclined, 
orange yellow, rough, generally shaded with dull crimson, netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
short and thick, fleshy at its junction, inserted in a small cavity, russet- 
ed. Calyx partially open, stifi', set in a shallow, slightly russeted ba- 
sin. Flesh white, slightly coarse, somewhat granular, juicy, melting, 
with a refreshing vinous flavor. Good. Ripe all of September. 



Passans du Portugal. 

Summer Portugal. Poire Chenille. 

Miller's Early. CheniLLe. 

Butter of Michigan. 

A delicate and pleasant Pear, which comes early into bearing, and 
produces very large crops. Shoots gi'ayish reddish brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a cheek of fairest 
bro'svn, becoming red in the sun. Stalk nearly an inch long, inserted in 
a round, regular hollow. Calyx stiff. Basin moderately sunk. Flesh 
^^ Kite, juicy, breaking, of very delicate, agreeable flavor. Ciood. Last 
of August. 



THE PEAR. 829 

Passe Colmak. 

Ananas d'Hiver. Gambier. 

Passe Colmar Epineaux. Cellite. 

Colmar Gris. Colmar Preule. 

Passe Colmar Gris Pucelle Condesienne. 

Beurre Colmar Gris, dit precel. Bergentin. 

Precel. Colmar Epineaux. 

Fondante de Mons. Beurre Chapman. 

Beurre d'Argenson. Chapman's. 

Regintin. Colmar Bonnet. 

Colmar Hardenpont. Passe Colmar Vineux. 

Present de Malines. Colmar de Silly. 

Marotte Sucree Jaune. Preul. 

Souveraine d'Hiver. Imperatrice. 

Colmar Souveraine. Souveraine. 

The Passe Colmar is a Belgian Pear, raised by the Counsellor Har- 
denpont. Vigorous growth, and abundant bearer. It grows indeed 
almost too thriftily making long bending shoots, and owing to this over- 
luxuriance the fruit is often second-rate on young trees, but on old trees, 
with high cultivation, it is sometimes of the best quality. It is a very 
variable fruit, and often poor. The young shoots are of a dark olive 
yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, varying considerably from obovate to obtuse 
pyriform. Skin rather thick, yellowish gi'een, becoming yellow at 
maturity, a good deal sprinkled with brown russet, especially around the 
stalk and calyx. Stalk an inch and a half long, inserted in an obtuse, 
uneven cavity, or sometimes without depression. Calyx open. Basin 
shallow. Flesh yellowish white, buttery, and juicy, with a rich, sweet, 
aromatic flavor Good to very good. December, January. 

Passe-Colmar Musqu^. 
Colmar Musque. Passe-Colmar Musque d'Automne. 

Raised by Major Esperen of Malines. 

Fruit medium size, varying from roundish oblate to roundish ovate 
pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched with russet, and thickly 
sprinkled with green and brown dots. Stalk rather short. Calyx 
small, partially closed. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, very but- 
teiy, juicy, melting, pleasant perfumed. Good. October. 

Passe Crassane. 
Snrpasse Crassane. Neue Crassane. 

Originated in France. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
yellow olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform, yellow, with slight nettings and 
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
father stout, inclined. Cavity medium. Calyx small and closed. 
Basin abrupt, uneven. Flesh yellowish, gi"itty near the core, J nicy, 
melting, slightly vinous. Good. December, January. 

Passe Tardive. 

One of Major Esperen's seedlings. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Surface uneven, pale yel 



830 THE PEAK. 

lo"w, tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with gray brcvvu 
dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, and without cavity. Calyx open 
Flesh white, juicy, breaking, sweet, pleasant. Good. January to 
March. 

Pater Noster. 
Paul TMelens, erroneously. 

An old variety, of which the origin appears unknown. It was in 
Van Mons' catalogue in 1823. 

Fruit large, variable in form, from obovate obtuse pyriform to irre- 
gular obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, mottled and shaded in 
sun with red, netted, patched, and dotted Avith russet brown. Stalk 
stout, usually planted with a lip. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Paul Ambre. 

The origin of this Belgian variety is unknown. 

Fruit medium, roundish or roundish oval, pale greenish yellow, often 
shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, sometimes netted with rus- 
set, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots. Stalk medium, set 
La a small cavity. Calyx large, open, with long, broad, recurved seg- 
ments. Basin shallow, smooth. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, melting, 
sweet. Good to very good. October. 

Paul Thielens. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings, first fruited in 1844. Tree vigorous 
and productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Friiit medium or below, roundish oblate, pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet dots, light shade of 
crimson in the sun. Stalk medium length, pretty stout. Cavity broad, 
irregular. Calyx small. Segments persistent. Basin small, abrupt, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, melting, a little astringent. 
Good. October. 

Patenche. 

Poire de Payency. Paquency. 

De Perigord. Payenchi de Perigord, 

Payenchi. Payency, 

This Pear was first discovered in the village of Payenche, in 1830. 
Tree a moderately vigorous grower and an early bearer. 

Fruit medium size, oblong ovate pyriform, light yellow, with a rich 
warm red cheek in the sun, much netted and specked with rough russet. 
Stalk stout, curved, often a little inclined, and set with a scarcely per- 
ceptible cavity. Calyx rather large, open. Basin small, abrupt. Flesh 
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, iuicy, sweet, slightly aromatic 
Good to very good. October. 



THB fEAR. 831 

Peach Peak. 
Poire P^che. Peach. Pfirsichbirne. 

A seedling of Esperen, of moderate growth and productive. Young 
wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, netted and patched 
with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather long, 
curved, fleshy at insertion, by a lip. Calyx partially open. Basin small, 
uneven. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous, sometimes astrin- 
gent. Good. August. 

Pemberton. 
General Banks. 

Originated with S. A. Shurtleff, of Boston, Mass. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, obtuse at the stem, nearly smooth, 
yellowish green, shade of red in the sun, and dotted with greenish 
specks. Stalk short, stout. Calyx large, open. Basin shallow, ribbed. 
Flesh yellowish white, fine, melting, jucy, with a rich bergamot aroma. 
Early September. (Hov. Msig.) 

Pendeeson. 

Raised by Samuel Penderson, of New Haven, Conn. Tree a great 
bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow. Flesh white, crisp, half 
melting, brisk, somewhat astringent. Good. October. 

Pendleton's Early York. 

Haised by Mrs. Jeremiah York, of Pendleton Hill, Conn. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate, varying to obtuse pyriform. Skin 
yellow, sometimes with a faint blush, a few patches and traces of russet, 
and many green and brown dots. Stalk inserted in a moderate cavity, 
Calyx, open. Basin irregular. Flesh white, not nxelting, sweet, slightly 
perfumed. Good, Bipens last of July. 

Pengethly. 

One of Mr. Knight's seedKngs. 

Fruit medium, inclining to oval. Stalk long, rather slender. Calyx 
large. Segments quite long and narrow. Skin light green, thickly 
sprinkled with dark dots, yellowish on the side of the sun, sometimes 
a red cheek. Flesh somewhat coarse, but juicy, sweet, and good. 
February, March. (Robert Manning's MS.) 

Penn. 

Fraser or Butter Pear. Railroad Fuss. 

A variety originated in Bordentown, N. J., near the old Penn 
Manor, hence the name. Tree vigorous, upright, an annual bearer. 
Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes roimdish oblato, pale lemoc 



832 THE PEAR. 

yellow, thickly sprinkled witli small grayish and russet dots, and some- 
times a few patches and dots of russet around the calyx. Stalk rathei 
stout, enlarged at insertion. Cavity slight, uneven. Calyx open. Seg 
ments short, erect. Basin slightly furrowed. flesh white, a little 
coarse, jucy, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very 
good. October. 

Pennsylvania. 

Smith's Pennsylvania. 

The Pennsylvania is a seedling originated by J. B. Smith, Esq., of 
Philadelphia, a well-known amateur. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish obovate, brown russet, nearly cover- 
ing a dull yellow ground, and becoming russet red on the sunny side. 
Flesh yellowish white, not very fine-grained, juicy, half melting, 
sweet, perfumed, musky flavor. Hardly good. Middle and last of 
September. 

Perpetual. 

Origin, Long Island, N. Y. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyiiform, greenish yellow, slight tinge 
of red in the sun. Flesh whitish, firm, moderately juicy. A good cook- 
ing Pear. Keeping to May. 

Peters. 

Paised in 1848, by Rev. Absalom Peters, of Williamstown, Mass. 
Tree vigorous grower, and an annual abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse pyriform, greenish yellow, 
shaded with brownish red in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, moderately 
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Petre. 

An American Pear. The original tree is growing in that interesting 
place, the old Bartram Botanic Garden, near Philadelphia. The tree is 
not a rapid grower, but produces very regular and abundant crops. 
Young wood slender, yellowish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, or rather large obovate, pale yellow, some- 
times marked with greenish russet, and sprinkled with russet about the 
eye. Stalk stiff and strong, about an inch long, stout at the lower end, 
and set in a peculiar, abruptly flattened cavity. Calyx small, set in a 
narrow but smooth basin. Flesh whitish, fine-grained, buttery, and 
very melting, with a perfumed, slightly musky, high flavor. Good to 
very good. October. 

Philadelphia. 
Latch. Orange Bergamot, erroneously. 

Origin, near Philadelphia. Tree healthy, vigorous. Young shoots 
b'ght yellowish brown, productive. Fruit sometimes cracks. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse pyriform, yellow, thickly sprinkled with 
green or gray dots, sometimes netted with russet. Stalk of mediurc 



THE PEAR. 833 

lengtli, stoiit at its insertion, in an abrupt cavity. Calyx open, set in a 
broad, uneven basin. Plesh coarse, juicy, buttery, melting, with a sugary 
flavor, slightly perfumed. Good. September. 

Philippe Goes. 

A. Belgian variety, much, resembling Baronne de Mello. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. Young wood dark oKve brown. 

Fruit small to medium, roundish acute pyriform, yellow, covered 
with brownish russet. Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertion. Calyx 
small, partially closed. Basin small. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, 
vinous, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. September. 

PiCCIOLA. 

Of Belgian origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. Yovmg 
wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate, greenish yellow, sometimes a slight 
blush in sun, and traces of russet. Stalk long, curved, set in a cavity 
somewhat furrowed. Calyx small, open, with short, erect segments. 
Flesh whitish, very juicy, melting, with a vinous flavor. Good to very 
good. September. 

Pie IX. 

A Belgian Pear, quite variable in quality, but almost always smooth 
and handsome. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit above medium, roundish acute pyriform, slightly inclined, yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet, especially at each end, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk stout, joined insensibly as it were to 
the fruit. Calyx open. Segments short, persistent. Basin broad, 
shallow. Flesh white, a little firm, juicy, melting, brisk, vinous. Good 
to very good. September, October. 

PlISTNEO. 

Boston. Early Denzelona. 

Graves. Hebron. 

Silliman's Eusset. Lebanon. 

Summer Virgalieu. 

An old American variety, said to have originated in Columbia, Tol- 
land Co., Conn. Tree a moderately vigorous grower, a good bearer. 
Young wood light reddish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, slightly pyriform, pale yellow, 
netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and often a warm red cheek 
in sun. Stalk rather long, nearly straight, sometimes curved. Cavity 
medium or small. Calyx partially open. Basin broad. Flesh whito, 
fine, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. Last of August. 

PiTMASTON DUCHESSE D'AnGOUL^ME. 

This is the unfortunate name given to a Pear raised by John Wil- 
liams, of Pitmaston, England. Tree vigorotis. 

Fruit very large, oblong obovate, yellow, with light russet near 
the stalk. Flesh yellowish white, melting, buttery, juicy. October, 
November. (Gard. Chron.) 

53 



834 THE PEAK. 

Pitt's Pkolific. 

Pitt's Surpasse Marie. Surpass Maria Louise, inccrreotly. 

An Englisli fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, a 
little russeted. Flesh juicy, soft, sweet, rather coarse, and of indif£er« 
ent quality. September. 

Plajsttagenet. 

A new Belgian Pear. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 
Fruit medium, pyriform, greenish yellow, netted, patched, and dot^ 
ted with russet. Stalk long, slendei', set in slight cavity, with a lip. 
Calyx open. Segments partially recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melt- 
ing. Good to very good. November. 

Platt. • 
Piatt's Seedling. 

Origin on the farm of the late Thomas Tredwell, Beekmantown, 
Clinton Co., IST. Y. Tree vigorous, hardy, and productive. Yoxing 
wood grayish reddish brown, with many specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish, irregular oblate, pale yellow, netted and 
patched with russet and sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium. 
Calyx small, closed. Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, plea- 
sant. Good. October. 

Pocahontas. 

Origin, Qiiincy, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood olive 
brown. 

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform, yellow, netted, patched, and 
dotted with russet, sometimes shaded in the sun with bright crimson. 
Stalk rather long, stout, set without cavity by a lip. Calyx open. 
Basin small, slightly russeted. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly musky, pleasant. Good to veiy good. September. 

POLLAN. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. 

Fruit below medium, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with a shade 
of brown in the sun. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, moderately juicy 
vinous, pleasant. Good. August. 

Pope's Quakee. 

Origin, Long Island, N. Y. 

Fruit very fair, middle-sized, oblong pyriform, smooth, yellow rus- 
»et, jviicy, melting, and pleasant. Hardly good. October. 

Pope's Scarlet Major. 

Origin, Long Island, N. Y. 

Fruit rather large, obovate, yellow, with a bright red cheek. Flesb 
white, breaking, and rather dry. Poor. Last of August. 



THE PEAK. 836 



Pound. 



TTvedale's St. Germain. Bolivar d'Hiver. 

Winter Bell. Comtesse de Terweuren. 

Bretagne le CouT. Duchesse de Berry d'Hiver 

Belle Angevine. Gros fin or long d'Hiver. 

Belle de Jersey. Union. 

Du Tonneau. Grosse de Bruxelles. 

Royal d'Angleterre. La Quintinye. 

Beaute de Tervueren. Grosse Dame Jeanne. 

Pickering Pear. Lonise Bonne d'Hiver. 

Lent St. Germain. Bellissime d'Hiver, du Bur, 

Cordelier. Abbe Mongein. 

Anderson. ■ Chamber's Large. 

Angora ? Dr. Udales Warden. 

D' Horticulture. German Baker. 

Berthebirn. Pickering's Warden. 

Bolivar. Piper. ^ 

Faux-Bolivar. 

The Pound, or Winter Bell Pear, valued only for cooking, is an 
abundant bearer, and a profitable orchard crop. The trees are strong 
and healthy, with very stout, upright, dark-colored wood. 

Fruit large, pyriform, swollen at the crown, and narrowing gradually 
to a point at the insertion of the stalk. Skin yellowish green, with a 
brown cheek (yellow and red when long kept), and sprinkled with 
numerous brown russet dots. Stalk two inches or more long, stout, 
bent. Calyx crumpled, set in a narrow, slight basin. Flesh firm and 
solid, stews red, and is excellent baked or preserved. 

Prairie du Pond.^ 

Introduced by A. H. Ernst. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, greenish yellow, with many brown and 
green dots. Flesh whitish, moderately juicy, half melting, vinous, 
astringent. Poor. September 

Pratt. 

A native of Rhode Island. Tree a vigorous upright grower, very 
productive. Young wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shaded with 
crimson, and sprinkled with numerous russet and conspicuous dots, fre- 
quently patched and netted with russet. Stalk long, slender, curved, 
inserted in a regular cavity. Calyx open, set in a broad, shallow basin. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, briskly vinous, and saccharine, variable, 
but when in perfection of great excellence. Good to very good. 
Ripens last of September. 

Peecilly. 

A Belgian Pear. Tree very vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow 
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots, 
Flesh yellowish white, coarse, juicy, breaking. Good for cooking. Oo- 
tober. 



836 THE PEAR. 

Pk:6mices de Wagelwater. 

Fruit below medmm, roundisli obovate pyriform. Sides unequal, 
Skin, yellow, a few traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, very 
sweet. Good to very good. October. 

President. 

Raised by Dr. S. A. Shurtleff, Brookliue, Mass., and first described in 
the Ne%o England Farmer^ 1862. 

Pruit very large, roundish obovate, somewhat irregular. Skin 
slightly rough, greenish yellow, pale red in the sun, considerable of russet 
next the base of stalk, arid traces of russet and conspicuous russet dots 
over all. Stalk short, rather stout. Calyx medium, with short, stiff, 
closed segments. Basra medium. Flesh yellowish white, rather coarse, 
juicy, slightly vinous. Good. Early November. 

President Felton. 

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. Tree moderately vigorous. 
Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, pale yellow, with a crimson cheek 
in sun, nettings, traces of russet, and many brown and gray dots. Stalk 
short. Calyx open. Flesh fine, juicy, yellowish, half melting, slightly 
vinous, sweet. Good. October. 

President Mas. 

A new Belgian variety. . 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
with some patches and traces of russet. Flesh yellowish white, fine, 
juicy, melting, buttery, sweet. December, January. (Transom's Cat.) 

Prevost. 
Poire Prevost. 

A French Pear. Tree vigorous, very productive. Young wood 
stout, olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, with a 
tinge of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with minute brown dots. 
Stalk medium length, moderately stout. Calyx open. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, jnicy, breaking, sweet, and pleasant. Good. February. 

Prince Albert. 

One of Van Mons' late seedlings. Tree very vigcrous. Young 
wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, some- 
times brownish yellow in the sim, nettings and patches of russet. Calys 



THE PEAK. 83? 

opei. Flesh yellowish, juicy, valuable as a cooking pear. Decem- 
ber to March. 

Prince de Joinville. 

A Belgian Pear, first fruited in 1848. 

Fruit medium, roundish, greenish yellow, with a red cheek in sun, 
and more or less of shades and patches of fawn russet. Stalk slender 
Cavity medium. Calyx small, closed. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, vinous, sweet, with a peculiar pei-fume. November. 
(Alb. Pom.) 

Prince Imperial de France. 

One of M. Gregoire's seedlings. Tree vigorous, irregular spreading, 
productive. 

Fruit large, obovate ovate pyriforra. Skin clear warm greenish yel- 
low, becoming golden or brownish in sun, with small patches and dots 
of fawn russet. Stalk medium. Cavity deep, acute, furrowed. Flesh 
white, slightly tinged with rose, melting, juicy, sweet, with an agreeable 
perfume. October. (An. Pom.) 

Prince Napoleon. 

Introduced by M. Boisbunel, Rouen, France. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous and very productive. Young wood didl brown, slightly reddish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform, dull greenish, much 
shaded with thin brown russet, and russet patches. Stalk short, stout. 
Flesh greenish white, fine, jnicy, sweet, perfumed. December. (Yerg.) 

Prince's Harvest. 

Raised by William Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree 
rigorous, upright, and productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, rarely a brownish 
blush, red cheek in sun, sprinkled with brown dots, and sometimes 
patched with russet. Stalk medium, fleshy at insertion, by a large lin 
and rings. Calyx open. Flesh white, firm, breaking, moderately juicy, 
sweet, slightly musky. Good. Last of July. 

Prince's Pear. 
Poire de Prince. Cher Adame. Chair a Dame, 

An old variety, of unknown origin, and of little value. 

Fruit small, pyriform, roundish, greenish yellow, mostly covered 
with dull reddish russet, with some gray specks. Flesh crisp, sweet, 
jiiicy. Last of August. 

Prince's St. Germain. 
Brown St. Germain. New St. Germain. 

Originated with William Prince, Flushing, Long Island. I^'ree a 



838 THE PEAR. 

moderately vigorous grow.Tr, and an abundant bearer of fruit, in quality 
very good, and possessing a good keeping character. Young wood dull 
reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval pyriform. Skin 
nearly covered with brownish russet over a green ground, and becoming 




Prince's St Germain. 

dull red next the sun. Stalk an inch or more long, a little eutved, and 
placed in a medium uneven cavity. Calyx lai'ge, open, firm, and 
nearly without divisions, set in a smooth, nearly flat basin. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, juicy, melting, with a sweet, somewhat vinous, and very 
agreeable flavor. Very good. November to March. 

Pbincess Charlotte. 

Raised by Major Esperen. A vigorous tree, productive. Young 
wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform. Color greenish. Stalk stout an<J 
long in a slight cavity. Basin broad and shallow. Flesh yellowish pink 
ish at centre, melting, juicy, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. 

Princess Maria. 
One of Van Mons' seedlings. 



THE PEAR. 839 

Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin yellow 
considerably covered "with rough dull russet, and thickly sprinkled with 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx small, closed . Flesh whitish, rather 
coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, aromatic. Go < September. 

Princess of Orange. 
Princesse d'Orange. Princesse Conquete. 

A Flemish variety, raised by the Count Coloma, in 1802. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin cinnamon russet in the shade, bright 
reddish russet in the sun. Flesh pale yellowish white, crisp, juicy, astrin 
gent. Poor. October and November. 

Professeur Hennau. 

A new Flemish Pear. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or above, ovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly 
covered with wai-m reddish brown in sun, and dotted with numerous 
small and large dots. Stalk very short, inserted, inclined, with a ring 
or lip. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet. December. (An. 
Pom.) 

PULSIFER. 

Raised by Dr. John Pulsifer, of Hennepin, 111. An upright and 
"vigorous grower. Young wood light yellow brown. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet brown dots, 
sometimes shaded with crimson in the sun. Stalk medium. Cavity 
small. Calyx partially open. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good. August. 

Puvis St. Germain. 
Saint-Germain-Puvis. 

A French Pear, as yeb little known in this country. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate acute pyriform, dull green or greenish 
yellow, with nettings, patches, and specks of dull russet. Stalk stout, 
curved, set with a knob or lip. Flesh greeLish white, fine, half melting, 
juicy, vinous, sweet. September. (Yerg.) 

Queen of the Low Countries. 
Keine des Pays Bas. 

A seedling of Yan Mons'. 

Fruit large, often very large, broad acute pyriform. Skin in the 
shade dull yellow, dotted and russeted around the eye, and overspread 
with fine dark red on the side next the sun. Flesh white, buttery, melt- 
ing, and juicy, with a rich, subacid, vinous flavor. Yariable, sometimes 
poor. Early in October. 



84C THE PEAR. 

QUILLETETTE. 

An odd-looking, late autumn fruit, received from Yan Mons. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, rotindisli, a little flattened. Skin green 
ish, nearly covered with dull iron-colored russet. The flesh is white^ 
buttery, and melting, sweet and perfumed. Scarcely good. November. 

QuiNsr. 
Knight's Seedling. 

This variety was imported by Prof. Mapes, and the name being lost 
when the fruit was shown before the American Institute Farmers' Club, 
it was newly christened as above. 

The fruit is below medium size, acute pyriform. Skin inclined to 
golden russet. Flesh juicy. Good. January. (Hort.) 

IvALLAY. 

An old variety, of unknown origin . 

Fruit small to medium, globular acute pyriform. Skin rough, dull 
yellow, dull reddish cheek, and over all spots of russet. Flesh yel- 
lowish white, breaking, juicy, gritty. Good. November, December. 
(Elliott.) 

Rapelje. 

Introduced by Professor Stevens, Astoria, Long Island. Tree vigo- 
rous and productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate, sometimes obtuse, and sometimes acute pyri- 
form. Skin yellowish, covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk long, 
rather thick, generally inserted by a lip. Calyx large and open, set in a 
very shallow basin. Flesh whitish, somewhat granular, juicy, and melt- 
ing, with a sweet, vinous, aromatic flavor. Variable, sometimes poor. 
September. 

Ravenswood. 

Origin, Ravenswood, Long Island. Tree a vigorous grower, witb 
grayish olive brown, young shoots. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, sometimes a ting<"' 
of red in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green dots. Stalk short. 
Calyx partially closed, with persistent segments. Flesh whitish, slight 
ly coarse, juicy, melting, slightly vinous. Good to very good. Early 
August. 

Raymond. 

The Raymond is a native of Maine, and originated on tlie farm of 
Dr. I. Wright, in the town of this name. Tree of slow growth. Young 
shoots slender. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, marked with 
russet near the stalk, and tinged with a little red towards the sun, and 
thickly sprinkled Avith russet dots. Stalk an inch or more long, inserted 
with little or no depression. Calyx round, firm, open, set in a shal- 
low basin. Flesh white, buttery, melting, juicy, sweet, aromatic 
Good to very good. September. 



THE PEAR. 841 

Reaking. 

Originated in Oley Township, Berks Co., Pa. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Young wood dull brown grayish, with conspicuous appa- 
rently rough dots. 

Fruit medium to large, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, thickly dot- 
ted with brown and gray dots and sprinkled with russet. Stalk long, 
curved, enlarged and ribbed at its insertion, generally in a depression. 
Calyx open. Segments strong, in an exceedingly shallow basin. Flesh 
whitish, granular, melting, with a brisk, vinous flavor. Good. January 
to March. 

Red Beegamot. 

Bergamotte Roug-e. Du Colombier. 

Bergamotte Musque. De Sicile Musquee. 

De Sicile. Crassane d'£te. 

Petit Muscat d'Automne. Bergamotte Doree. 

A very old Pear, of little value. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, sometimes obovate acute pyriformj 
pale yellow, mostly overspread with dull red in sun. • Flesh soft, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet. September. 

Red Garden. 

Raised by Josiah Youngken, of Richlandtown, Pa. Tree a good 
grower and bearer. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale yellow, shaded and mottled 
with a few crim.son dots in sim, netted and patched with russet, and 
thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk rather long, slender. Calyx 
partially open. Segments short. Flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good or very good. September. 

Regine. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, roundish pjaiform. Skin greenish yellow, with slight 
nettings of russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and brown dots. 
Stalk long, inclined. Calyx open. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. September. 

Reine Caroline. 

A. European Pear, only fit for cooking. 

Fruit of medium size, narrow pyriform. Skin yellow, with a 
brownish red cheek. Flesh white, crisp, rather dry and indifierent in 
quality. November. 

Reine d'Hiver. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with a brownish fcmge 
in sun, and nettings, patches, and dots of russet. Flesh yellowish, juicy, 
melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. November. 



842 THE PEAR. 

Heine des Poires. 

A French. Pear, of poor quality. 

Fmit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yello'"', shaded 
and mottled with crimson in the sun. Flesh white, coarse, breaking, 
not juicy. Scarcely good except for cooking. October. 

Eeine Yictoria. 

Supposed a seedling of "Van Mons'. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform, greenish yellow, with shades 
and patches of fawn. Flesh white, tinted with rose, fine^ melting, juicy, 
sweet. December. ■ (Alb. Pom.) 

Retour de Eome. 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. Young wood reddish 
brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellowish, 
blotched with russet, and thickly sprinkled vdth russ'^t dots. Stalk 
short, and stout at its insertion in a small inclined cavity. Calyx 
partially closed, in a round narrow basin. Flesh whitish, coarse, 
granular, melting, juicy, with a rich vinous flavor, slightly astringent. 
Good. September. 

ReYjS'AER Beernaert, 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin golden yellow, dotted "vdth 
red. Flesh melting, juicy, sweet. December. (Soc. Y. M.) 

Richards. 

Origin, Wilmington, Del. Tree moderately vigorous. Youjig wood 
olive brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with nu- 
merous small russet dots, and traces and patches of russet. Stalk of 
medium length, curved, inserted by a fleshy ring in a slight depression. 
Calyx partially closed. Basin very small. Flesh buttery, melting, 
granulated, with a sweet, pleasant, vinous flavor." Good. Ripens first 
of October. 

Ridelle's. 
Poire Ritelle. 

Tree of moderate vigor, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate turbinate, remotely pyriform. Skin yellow, 
covered nearly all over with bright red. Stalk short. Calyx open. 
Flesh not very fine, rather jviicy, not melting or delicate in flavor 
Scarcely good. September. 



THE PEAK. 843 

RiVEKs' Winter Beure^. 
Winter Beurre (Rivers). 

Raised Ly Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vigoroLSj 
spreading, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull yellow 
, brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish elongated pyriform. Skin greenish, rough, 
spotted, netted, and patched with russet. Stalk stout, curved, inclined at 
its insertion. Calyx partially closed, set in a shallow irregular basin. 
Flesh white, fine-grained, gritty at core, melting, buttery, vinous or sub- 
acid. Good. January, February. 

Roe's Bergamot. 

Raised by William Roe, Newburgh, X. Y. Tree moderately vigo 
rous, very productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate or Bei'gamotte-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow, 
with minute yellow dots Ih the shade, mottled and clouded with red 
on the sunny side. Stalk short, inserted in a narrow, abrupt cavity. 
Calyx small, with short stiff segments, set in a narrow basin. Flesh 
rather coarse, melting, with a sweet, rich, brisk, well-perfumed flavor. 
The flavor of this excellent new Pear is extremely like Gansel's Ber- 
gamotte, but much more sugary. Good to very good. September. 

Roi d'JSte. 

Grros Rousselet. Large Rousselet. 

Great Rousselet. The Rousselet. 

Russelet. King of Summer. 

An old variety, of little value. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, pale green, dull red in the sun, 
with niimerous gray russety specks. Flesh half buttery, melting, 
agreeable subacid. Last of August. (Lind.) 

Roi DE Rome. 

This variety was found in a province of Hainault, Belgium, by M, 
I'Abbe Duquesnes, and first fruited in 1810. Under the name of Roi de 
Rome, the Napoleon has been repeatedly received in this country, biit, as 
described in the Annals of Pomology, is entirely a distinct fruit. 
J Fruit very large, regular, oblong ovate pyriform. Skin clear yellow, 
marbled with crimson in the sun, specked with russet, and dotted with 
many small gray dots. Stalk short, set with little or no cavity, but 
surrounded with slight furrows. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, agreeable. October, November. 

ROITELET. 

A Flemish Pear. 

Fruit small, roundish, yellow, netted, shaded, and sprinkled with 
russet. Flesh whitish, half melting, juicy, sweet. Good. September. 



844 



THE PEAK, 



E,OKEBY. 

Raised by M. Bivort, Belgium. Tree vigorous, very prolific^ 
Young wood dark olive brown, with narrow oblong white specks. 

Fruit below medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish, sometimes 
a tinge of red in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk 
short. Cavity shallow. Calyx open. Flesh white, half melting, vi 
nous, astringent. Poor. Early September. 

ROJTDELET. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, shaded 
with brown russet, tinged wibh red in the sun, and speckled with large 
gray dots. Stalk an inch long, inserted in a narrow cavity. Flesh fixie- 
gi-ained, buttery, melting, juicy, rich, sweet, with a musky perfume. 
November. (Hogg.) 



EONVILLE. 



Martin Sire (incorrectly). 
Lord Martin Pear. 




,^ocrenaille. 
Poire de Eunville. 



vinous. Good or ypry good. 



An old Belgian Pear, of little 
value. 

Fruit medium to large, ovate, 
yellowish green, russeted at end, 
dotted with gray russet specks. 
Flesh white, breaking, gritty at 
core, sweet, pleasant. October. 
(Prince.) 

BOPES. 

Origin, garden of Mr. Ropes, 
Salem, Mass. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate. 
Color cinnamon russet, slightly 
tinged with red on the sunny side 
Stem short, in an inclined cavity. 
Calyx small, open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh whitish, coarse, melting, and 
juicy, sugary, and good, with a 
perfume. Good. October, No- 
v.ember. 

ROSLYN. 

Found on the place of W. C. 
Bryant, of Roslyn, Long Island. 
Tree vigorous. Young wood red- 
dish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. 
Skin yellow, netted, patched, and 
dotted with russet. Stalk long. 
Calyx partially closed. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, melting, slightly 
Last of August. 



THE PEAR. 845 

ROSTIEZER. 

A foreign variety, which is scarcely medium in size and has not 
generally much beauty of color, yet combines an assemblage of excel- 
lences that places it in the rank before any other of its season. Tht' 
young trees produce but few shoots of strong growth, and require severe 
shortening to bring them into a iine symmetric form. The color of 
the young wood is dark olive brown. It is healthy and vigorous in 
its habit, an early and most profuse bearer, and in flavor is only 
equalled by the Seckel, which ripens six weeks later. 

Fruit medium or below, obovate oblong pyriform. Skin dull yel- 
low green, mixed with reddish brown on the sunny side. Stalk long 
and slender, curved, and inserted with very little depression. Calyx 
open, persistent. Basin small and corrugated. Flesh juicy, melting, 
somewhat buttery, exceedingly sugary, vinous, aromatic, and pleasantly 
perfumed. Best. Middle of August to middle of September. 

RoussE Lench. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Skin lemon yellow, with a slightly rus- 
seted covering. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, sugary, pretty well fla- 
vored, January, February, (Hogg.) 

EOUSSELET AeLENS. 

A Belgian Pear of medium size, obovate acute pyriform, yellow, 
with shade of r^d in sun, patches of russet, and dots of grayish red. 
Stalk inserted without cavity. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. (An. Pom.) 

ROUSSELET BlVORT. 

A Belgian Pear, raised from seed of the Simon Bouvier in 1840. 

Fruit medium, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly 
netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk 
rather long, with a fleshy fold at insertion. Calyx partially open. 
Basin small, furrowed. Flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, buttery, melting, 
sweet. Good to very good. November. 

BOUSSELET DeCOSTER. 

Rousselet de Coster. Decoster'a Russelet. 

A seedling of Van Mons', dedicated to M. Decoster, of Louvain. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood dull reddish brown. 

Fruit small, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow, 
patched and blotched with russet, especially around the stalk and 
calyx, thickly sprinkled with russet dots, and sometimes a brownish 
cheek in sun. Stalk rather long. Cavity small. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments stiff. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh coarse, yellowish, juicy, 
melting, slightly vinous, aromatic. Good. September. 

Rousselet de Janvieb. 

Of Belgian origin. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish. Flesh fine, halt 
melting, buttery, perfumed. January. (Soc. Y. M.) 



846 THE PEAK. 

ROUSSELET DE JONGHE. 

Fruit small, curved obovate, uneven and irregular in its outline. 
Skin smootli lemon color. Calyx very large, open. Flesh yellow, fine- 
grained, firm, melting, juicy, rich, sugary. November, December. 

ROUSSELET DE RhEIMS. 

Eousselet. Eousselet Musque. 

Petit Eousselet. Late Catherine 

Spice or Musk Pear. Autumn Catherine. 

This French Pear, originally from E,heims, is supposed to have been 
the parent of our Seckel. There is a pretty strong resemblance in the 
color, form, and flavor of the two fruits, but the Seckel is much the 
most delicious. The growth is quite difi'erent, and this Pear has re- 
markably long and thrifty dark brown shoots. It is sugary, and with a 
peculiarly aromatic, spicy flavor, and if it were only buttery and melt- 
ing, would be a first-rate fruit. 

Fruit small, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin yellowish green, 
with brownish red and russety specks. Flesh breaking or half buttery, 
with a sweet, rich, aromatic fiavor. Ripe at the beginning of Septem- 
ber, subject to rot at the core. 

RoussELET Enfant Prodigue. 
Nectarine ? Enfant Prodi^e. 

One of "Van Mons' seedlings. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin thick and rough, green, covered 
with russet, sometimes with a sunny cheek. Stalk of medium length, 
in an inclined cavity. Calyx large. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish, 
juicy, gi-anular, with a vinous flavor, highly perfumed with musk. Good. 
October, November. 

RoUSSELET ESPEREN. 
Eousselet Double. 

Tree very vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, with reddish gray 
and white dots, and covered with russet around calyx and stalk. Flesh 
whitish, half fine, half melting, juicy, siigary, vinous, and perfumed. 
Good. September. 

RoUSSELET HaTIF. 

Early Catharine. Early Eousselet. 

Kattem. Perdreau. 

Cyprus Pear. Poire de Chypre. 

The Rousselet Hatif is productive, with long slender branches, of 
dark dull reddish brown color. 

Fruit rather small, acute pyriform. Skin, when fully ripe, yellow, 
with a brownish-red check. Flesh a little coarse-grained, sweet, plea- 
sant, and slightly perfumed. Ripens the middle of August. Apt to 
rot at the core. 



THE PEAK. 847 

RoussELET St. Nicholas. 

A Belgian Pear, so far as we have seen it, of little value. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, yellow, shaded with crimson 
Lq the snn, netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Elesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, vinous. November. 

RoussELET Stuttgart. 

Poire de Stuttgard. Clievriera de Stuttgardt. 

Stuttgarter Geishirtel. Bellisime de Provence. 

Originated in the environs of Stuttgardt in 1779. Tree a vigorous, 
upright, healthy grower, and a good bearer. Young wood reddish 
purple. 

Fruit below medium, pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, netted and 
patched with russet, and sprinkled with russet and green dots, brownish 
crimson in the sun. Stalk rather long, curved, enlarged at its insertion, 
generally without depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh 
rather coarse, juicy, half melting, with a sweet, rich flavor, spicy aroma. 
Ripe last of August. 

RoUSSELET VaNDERWECKEN. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. A pyramidal tree 
of medium vigor, but very productive. 

Fruit small, varying in form from Doyenne to "Bergamotte. Skin 
yellow at time of maturity. Flesh white, fine, melting, juice abundant, 
sugary, and strongly aromatic, like that of the Rousselet. Fruit quite 
of first quality, and ripe first of November. (An. Pom.) 

Rousseline. 
Basselin. 

An old variety, now superseded by larger and better Pears. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Pale yellow, shaded with red in sun, 
and sprinkled with many russet dots. Flesh "white, melting, sweet, 
musky. Good. November. 

ROUSSELON. 

Raised by Major Esperen in 1846, and figured and described by L. 
E. Berckmans in 1851. Tree of medium vigor, grows well as a pyramid. 

Fruit medium, shaped like a Doyenne. Skin citron yellow at matu- 
rity, dotted with russet, and highly colored on the side of the sun. Flesli 
fiine, half melting, sufficiently juicy, sugary, vinous, with an agreeable 
perfume. February. (An. Pom.) 

Royal. 

Peck's Seedling. 

A. seedling raised by Thomas R. Peck, Waterloo, N. Y. Tree a vigo 
rous grower, productive. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, mostly covered with 
Lhin crimson russet, and a shade of crimson in the sun, sprinkled with 



848 



THE PEAB. 



brown and russet dots. Stalk medium. Cavity small Calyx pai-tiallj 
closed. Segments short. Flesh, white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September. 



Winter Eoyal. 



ROYALE d'HiVEK. 

Eoyal Winter. 



Spina di Carpi 



An old variety, of unknown origin. 

Fruit rather large, obovate pyriform, or nearly pyriform. Skin yel 
low, with fine red in the sun, marbled with numerous brown specks and 
dots. Flesh yellowish, half buttery, melting, jtiicy, sweet, well flavored. 
December to February. (Lind.) 

RUTTER. 

Raised by John Rutter, of Westchester, Pa. Tree a moderate 
grower, a good bearer, with young wood of a dull olive yellow brown 
color. 




Fruit medium to large, nearly globular, remotely pyriform. Skin 
rough, greenish yellow, sprinkled and netted with russet, and numerous 
njsset dots. Stalk large, Idng, and woody. Cavity small. Calyx 



THE PEAR. 849 

small, closed. Segments narrow, nearly erect. Basin rather small, un- 
even. Plash white, moderately juicy, half fine, somewhat gritty, nearlj 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. Yery good. October, November. 

Sacandaga. 
Van Vranken. Sacandaga Seckel. 

Found on the farm of Wm. Yan Vranken, Edinb\irgh, Saratoga Co., 
N. Y. Tree an upright moderate grower. Young wood rich warm 
brown. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Skin pale greenish yellow, shaded 
with brownish crimson, and netted and dotted with russet. Stalk 
medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments rather long, erect. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, a little perfumed. Good to 
very good. September. 

Saint Andr^. 

Imported by Mr. Manning, from the Brothers Baumann, of Bolwyl- 
ler. Wood often cracks and cancers. 

Fruit medium, obovate. Skin light greenish yellow, somewhat dot- 
ted with red. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, melting, and good. 
Early in September. 

Saint Crispin. 

A seedling raised by Israel Bxifium, of Lynn, Mass. Tree a strong 
grower, and an abundant bearer. Young wood yellow brown grayish. 

Fruit large, irregular in outline, generally oblong obovate pyrifovm. 
Skin a little rough. Surface uneven, greenish yellow, with tinge of red in 
sun, and russet patches. Stalk rather long. Calyx large, closed. Flesh 
yellowish white, a little coarse, melting, juicy, subacid. October. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Saint Denis. 

Tree vigorous, with long dark reddish branches. 

Fruit small, turbinate angular. Skin yellowish, considerably shaded 
with crimson, thickly sprinkled with crimson dots. Stalk long. Calyx 
open; broad, shallow, vineven basin. Flesh breaking, a little coarse, 
sweet, and aromatic, rots at the core unless gathered early. Last of 
August. 

Saint Dorothee. 
Royale Nouvelle. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous. Young wood grayish brown. 

Fruit rather large, oblong obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, curved, inserted by a fleshy lip in a small cavity. Calyx 
open. Segments rather large, recurved, set in a rather abrupt basin. 
Flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, with a sugary, vinous, peculiarly per- 
fumed flavor. Good to very good. October. 

54 



860 THE PEAB. 

Saint Geemain. 

St. Germain Oris. Saint Germain blano. 

Jaune. Arteloire. 

Inconnue la Fare. Richmond. 

Lafare. Saint Germain bran. 

St. Germain Dord vert. 

Franklin. d'Hiver. 

Hermansbime. 

This is a well-known old French variety. The tree is rather a slo\» 
grower, with a dense head of foliage. The wood slender, and light olive 
colored. 

Fruit large, pyriform, tapering regularly from the crown to the stalk. 
Skin yellowish green, marked with brownish specks on the sunny side, 
and tinged with a little brown M^hen ripe. Stalk an inch long, strong, 
planted obliquely by the side of a small fleshy swelling. Calyx open, 
set in a shallow basin. Flesh white, a little gritty, but full of refresh- 
ing juice, melting, sweet, and agreeable in flavor. November and De- 
cember. 

The Steiped Geemain {/St. Germain JPanacli^e) is a pretty variety 
of this fruit, differing only in being externally striped with yellow. 

Saint Geemain de Pepins. 

A foreign variety. Tree a good grower and an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular or obovate, slightly pyriform. Skin 
pale yellow, lightly shaded or mottled with crimson in the sun, netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with riisset dots. Stalk 
rather long and stout, largest at junction with the tree. Cavity small, 
irregular, russeted. Calyx partially closed. Basin irregular, corru- 
gated. Flesh yellowish, coarse and gritty, with a hard core. Good. 
February. 

Saint Ghi slain. 
Quinnipiac. 

A most excellent Belgian Pear. When in perfection it is of the 
highest quality, but on some soils it is a little variable. The tree is 
remarkable for its uprightness, and the great beauty and vigor of its 
growth. Young shoots olive brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit of medium size, pyriform, tapering to the stalk, to which it 
joins by fleshy rings. Skin pale clear yellow, with a few gray specks. 
Stalk an inch and a half long, curved. Calyx rather small, open, set in 
a shallow basin. Core small. Flesh white, buttery, and juicy, with a 
rich sprightly flavor. Good to very good. September, October. 

Saint Lezin. 

Fruit very large, pyriform. Skin dull greenish yellow, covered with 
flakes of russet. Stalk long. Calyx open. Flesh firm, crisp, juicy, 
sweet. A cooking Pear. September, October. (Hogg.) 

Saint Menin. 

Omer Pacha. His Poiteau. Poire His. 

Tree a vigorous grower. Young wood grayish olive. 

Fruit rather large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skift pale yellow, 



THE PEAR, 851 

slightly brown in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and thickly 
dotted with conspicuous russet dots. Stalk short. Cavity deep. Calyx 
closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. September. 

Saint Michael Archangel. 
St. Michel Archange. Plombgastel. Dusnas. 

A French Pear, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous and productive 
Young wood yellowish olive. 

Fruit large, ovate obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, slightly net- 
ted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with green and rus- 
set dots. Stalk rather stout, a little inclined in a small cavity by a 
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments rather short, stiff 
Basin uneven, furrowed. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, slightly 
aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Saint Yincent de Paul. 

A new foreign Pear. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood a 
very dark rich olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate pyriform, broad at calyx. Skin light yellow, 
mostly covered with thin light russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx with short erect segments. Basin 
abrupt. Flesh firm, juicy, melting, not sweet. Good. November. 

Salisbury Seedling. 

A native of Western New York. Tree vigorous. 

Fruit obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, some^rhat covered with russet, 
and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk short and thick. Calyx 
partially closed, in a deep, uneven basin. Flesh coarse, white, sweet, 
breaking, not juicy or melting. Scarcely good. September. 

Salviata. 
Fomiquet. Perfumed. l&pine Rose Gris. 

An old variety, now superseded by better sorts. 

Fruit below medium, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform, light yellow, 
dotted with russet. Flesh breaking, juicy, musky. Good. Last of 
August. 

Sand Pear. 
Chinese Sand Pear. / 

This variety is valued mainly as a curiosity, although it is good for 
cooking. The tree is remarkably vigorous, with large, glossy foliage. 

The fruit is of medium size, roundish pyriform, dull yellow, covered 
with a rough, sandy-like russet. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, cooks 
well, and acquires a fine color. September. 

San"guinole. 
Sanguine d'ltalie. Bloody. Grenade. 

An ancient Pear, of unknown origin. As an amateur curiosity it is 
only desirable. 



8'52 THE PEAR. 

Fruit small to medium. Form roundisli, pale yellow, biownisli in 
Buii, with irregular-sliapecl brown dots and S2:»ecks. Flesh white, tinged 
with red, juicy, melting. Good. September. 

SAJifGUINOLE DE BeLGIQUE. 

Fruit medium, ovate pyriform. Skin greenish, mottled and dotted 
with red in the sun, netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled with 
red and brown dots. Stalk long, curved. Flesh stained with red, 
which renders it a curiosity, that being its only value. September. 

Sarah. 

EaisedbyThaddeus Clapp, Dorchester, Mass. Tree of an erect habit, 
hardy, healthy, and productive. Young wood rich olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, partially netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots. Stalk medium, a little incliaed, set with a slight 
depression by a ring or lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, 
erect. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh white, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, 
rich, aromatic. Yery good. October. 

SCHUMAN. 

A native of Buck's Co., Pa. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Pale yellow, shade of red in sun. 
Flesh coarse, pasty. Poor. September. 

Seal. 

From Pennsylvania. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish. Skin pale yellow, lightly shaded 
with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with green and russet 
dots. Stalk medium length, largest at ends, inserted by a ring or lip. 
Calyx open. Segments persistent. Flesh white, coarse, moderately juicy, 
melting, slightly astringent. Good. Last of August. 

Sebastopol. 

Sebastopol d'llte. 

A Belgian Pear, described by Alexander Bivort as : — 
Fruit of medium siz3, ovate obovate, greenish yellow, dotted with 
grayish brown. Flesh white, half fine, melting, a little gi-anulouji, 
sweet, vinous, perfumed. Agreeable. August. (Jar. Yan Mons.) 

Seckel. 

• Seckle. Syckle. New York Eed Cheek. 

Sickel. Eed-Cheeked Seckel. Shakespeare. 

We do not hesitate to pronounce this American Pear the richest 



THE PEAR. 



85.1 




and most exquisitely flavored variety known. In its liighly Doncen 
fcrated, spicy, and honeyed flavor 
it is not surpassed, nor indeed 
equalled, by any European vari- 
ety. When we add to this, that 
the tree is the healthiest and har- 
diest of all pear-trees, forming a 
fine, compact, symmetrical head, 
and bearing regular and abundant 
crops in clusters at the ends of the 
branches, it is easy to see that we 
consider no garden complete with- 
out it. Indeed we think it indis- 
pensable in the smallest garden. 
The stout, short-jointed, olive- 
brown colored wood distinguishes 
this vai'iety, as well as the pecu- 
liar reddish brown color of the 
fruit. The soil should receive a 
top-dressing of manure frequently, 
when the size of the Pear is an 
object. The Seek el Pear origi- 
nated on the farm of Mr. Seckel, 
about four miles' from Philadel- Seckei. 

phia.* It was sent to Europe by 

the late Dr. Hosack, in 1819, and the fruit was pronounced by the Lon- 
don Horticultural Society exceeding in flavor the richest of their autumn 
Pears. 

T^^ruit small, reguiarlj formed, obovate. Skin brownish green at 
first, becoming dull ysilcFT'.sh brown, with a lively russet red cheek. 
Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, slightly curved, and set in a 
trifling depression. Calyx small, and placed in a basin scarcely at all 
sunk. Flesh whitish, buttery, very juicy and melting, with a' peculiarly 
rich spicy flavor and aroma. It ripens gradually in the house from the 
end of August to the last of October. 

* The precise origin of the Seckel Pear is unknown. The first pomologists 
of Europe have pronounced that it is entirely distinct from any European vari- 
ety, and its affinity to the Rousselet, a well-known German Pear, leads to the 
supposition that the seeds of the latter Pear, having been brought here by some 
of the Germans settling near Philadelphia, by chance produced this superior 
seedling. However this may be, the following morceaii of its history may be 
relied on as authentic, it having been related by the late venerable Bishop White, 
whose tenacity of memory is well known. About 80 years ago, when the Bishop 
was a lad, there was a well-known sportsman and cattle-dealer in Philadelphia, 
who was familiarly known as " Dutch Jacob. " Every season, early in the autumn, 
on returning from his shooting excursions, Dutch Jacob regaled his neighbors 
with pears of an unusually delicious flavor, the secret of whose place of growth, 
however, he would never satisfy their curiosity by divulging. At length the 
Holland Land Company, owning a considerable tract south of the city, disposed 
of it in parcels, and Dutch Jacob then secured the ground on which his favorite 
pear-tree stood, a fine strip of land near the Delaware. Not long afterwards it 
became the farm of Mr. Seckel, who introduced this remarkable fruit to public 
notice, and it received his name. Afterwards the property was added to the 
vast estate of the late Stephen Girard. The original tree still exists (or did a 
few years ago), vigorous and fruitful. Specimens of its pears were quite latelj 
exhibited at the annual shows of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 



854 THE PEAR. 

Selleck. 

Origin somewhat uncertain. Tiie oldest beaiicg tiee stands on the 
grounds of Columbus Selleck, Sudbury, Vt., and is of healthy growth, 
and very productive. Young wood grayish olive brown. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven, fine yellow, 
sometimes with a crimson cheek, and thickly sprinkled: with russet dots. 
Stalk long and curved, fleshy at its insertion in a moderate cavity. 
Calyx nearly closed, in a rather small uneven basin. Flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy and melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. 
September, October. 

Senateur Mosselman. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly obovate. Skin greenish 
yellow, shaded in the sun with orange and crimson, and numerous brown 
and russet dots. Flesh yellowish, firm, moderately juicy, sweet. Good. 
February, March. 

Seraphine Ovin. 

A Belgian variety, originated in 1854. Tree vigorous,, making long 
annual shoots, pretty stout, of olive brown, with oblong white specks. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, mottled and 
marbled in the sun with crimson, numerously dotted with large conspi- 
cuous russet and gray dots or specks. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
half melting, buttery, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic, musky. Good. 
September. 

Serrurier. 

Ser:kirier d'Automme. Nouveaa Maison. 

Fondante de Millot. Nouveau Mauxion. 

Fondante Serrurier de Millot. 

A seedling of Professor Yan Mons'. Tree vigorous, healthy, pro- 
ductive. Young wood light yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate obtuse. Skin pale yellow, with a 
tinge of red in the sun, considerably netted and patched with russet, and 
numerously sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk medium, inserted in a 
small cavity, often russeted. Calyx open. Basin small. Flesh yellow- 
ish white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, slightly astringent. 
Good to very good. October. 

Seutin. 
Poire Seutin. 

A seedling of M. Bouvier's. 

Fruit medium or above, ovate, green, with a brownish shade in sun, 
marblings, patches, and dots of dull russet. Stalk quite long. Calyx 
large, with short persistent segments. Flesh half fine, white, melting, 
juicy, sweet, perfumed. September, October. (Alb. Pom.) 



THE PEAR. 855 



Shawmut. 



Originated with Francis Dana, Roxbury, Mass. Tree an upright, 
moderately vigorous grower. Young wood grayish reddish brown. 

Fruit large, obtuse pyriform. Skin nearly smooth, dull yellow, dot- 
ted with large round russet specks. Stalk long, fleshy, and wrinkled at 
base. Calyx open. Basin broad, deep. Flesh yellowish, coarse, melt- 
ing, juicy, vinous, sprightly, musky perfume. October. (Hov. Mag.) 

Sheldon. 
Wayne. Bland. Huron. Wisner. 

An accidental seedling on the farm of Norman Sheldon, in the town 
of Huron, "Wayne Co., E". Y. Tree vigorous, erect, hardy, and a 
good bearer. Young wood yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse obovate. Skin greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin light russet, a little brownish crimson in the 




Sheldon. 

Bun, dotted with russet. Stalk short, stout. Cavity deep. Calyx 
open. Segments partly recurved. Basiu broad, large. Flesh whitish, 
very juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, rich aromatic. Yery good. Octo- 
ber. 

Sheppard. 

Eaised by James Sheppard, of Dorchester, Mass. ; introduced to 
notice by Dr. L. W. Puffer. Tree a free grower, and very productive. 
Young wood grayish olive brown. 



866 THE PEAR. 

Fruit large, obovate pyriform. Skin rough, yellow, sometimes wj-'J] 
a brownish red cheek, slightly sprinkled with russet dots, and with some 
patches of russet. Stalk short and stout, in a depression, often inclined, 
surrounded by russet. Calyx partially closed, set in a very shallow 
furrowed basin. Flesh whitish, coarse and gi-anular, buttery, melting, 
juicy, vinous, perfumed. Good to very good. Eijjens last of Septem- 
ber and first of October. 

Simon Bouvier. 
Souvenir de Simon Bouvier. 

Originated in 1833, with M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Young wood rich brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin rough, yel- 
low, netted, patched, and dotted with russet, and a few specks and mar- 
blings of crimson in the sun. Stalk short, inserted in a shallow, broad 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. Flesh white, buttery, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (Al. Pom.) 

Skinless. 

Poire sans Peau. Sanspeau. Friihe Rousaelet. 

Fleur de Guignes. Precoce de Glady. 

The Skinless is a very nice little Pear, with a remarkably thin, 
smooth skin, and a delicate perfumed flavor. It bears in clusters, and 
very regularly. It is not first-rate, but is esteemed by many. 

Fruit below medium size, long pyriform. Skin very smooth and 
thin, pale green, becoming light yellow, speckled with light red in the 
sun. Stalk long, slender, curved, inserted in a very trifling cavity. 
Calyx closed, set in a small basin. Flesh white, juicy, half melting, with 
a sweet and slightly perfumed flavor. Good. Middle of August. 

• Sold AT Laboureur. 
Augusta Van Krans. Blumenbach.. Soldat Esperen. 

A seedling of Major Esperen' s, produced about 1820. Tree vigo- 
rous, upright, an early and abundant bearer. Young wood dull grayish 
reddish brown. 

Fruit rather large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin yellow, patched, 
netted, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather stout, long and curved, 
inserted in a small, abrupt cavity. Calyx open, scarcely sunk. Basin 
very small. Flesh yellowish, slightly granular, melting, juicy, with a 
sugary, vinous, perfumed flavor. Good to very good. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Souvenir du Congress. 

This Pear was originated by M. Morel, of Lyon-Yaise, France^ and 
by him dedicated to the Pomological Congress of France. Tree vigo- 
rous and fertile, pyramidal in form. 

Fruit large to very large, resembling in form the Bartlett. Skin 
smooth, of a handsome yellow at maturity, washed with bright red, or 
carmine, on the side exposed to the sun. Flesh much like the Bartlett. 
having the musky flavor, though in a less degree. Its maturity com 
mences in August and continues in September. (Revue Horticole.) 



THE PEAR. 

Souvenir d'Esperen. 



857 



This seedling Pear of Major Esperen's proves one of the very best, 
either for amateur or market cultivation. Tree vigorous, healthy, hardy, 
and productive, and holds its foliage well and late. Young wood olive 
reddish yellow brown. 

Eruit large, oblong pyriform. Surface iineven. Skin greenish yel- 
low, mostly covered with dull rough russet, especially around the stalk 




Souvenir d'Esperen. 

and calyx. Stalk long, inclined, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a 
lip. Calyx open. Segments medium, erect, sometimes a little recurved. 
Basin small, narrow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, vinous, aromatic, 
Very good. October, November. 

Souvenir de la Reine des Belges. 

A Belgian Pear seedling of M. Gregoire. Tree vigorous and pro 
ductive. 

Eruit above medium, acute pyriform, pale yellow, tinged with crim 
von browii in sun, patched and dotted with thin russet. Stalk short 



858 " THE PEAR, 

enlarged at end, and inserted by a ring. Flesh yellowisli white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. October, November. (An. Pom.) 

Souvenir Favre. 

A French Pear, originated with M. Favre in 1850, and first fruited 
Ld. 1857. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit above medium, oblong obtuse pyriform, pale yellow, deeper iu 
the sun, and dotted with many gray dots, or reddish in the sun. Stalk 
rather stout, inserted with a slight cavity. Calyx open, with long half- 
erect segments. Flesh a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet, and 
perfumed. November, December. (An. Pom.) 

Souveraine d'Ete. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin light yel- 
low, with numerous dots, which ai-e crimson on the sunny side. Stalk 
short, in a narrow cavity, frequently by a lip. Calyx partially closed. 
Basin medium. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, ax'omatic. 
Good. .Ripens first of September. 

SOUVERAINE DE PrINTEMPS." 
Poire de Printemps. 

A. French Pear. Young wood dark olive reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, irregular in form, generally roundish obovate, slightly 
pyriform. Skin rough, greenish yellow, partially netted and patched 
with rough dark russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
curved, enlarged at insertion, in a small cavity, sometimes a lip. Calyx 
large and open. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good 
to very good. October. 

Spanish Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien d'Espagne.' Bon Chretien dore d'Bspagne. 

Spina. Van Dyck. 

De Janvry. Compagnie d'Ostende. 

Bon Chretien d'Automne. Janvry. 

Gratiole d'Automne. Grosse Grande Bretagne doree. 

President d'Bspagne. VermUlon d'Espagne d'Hiver. 

Safran d'Automne. Gracioli de la Toussaint. 

Safran rosat d'Automne. Vandyck. 

Bon Chretien Jaune d'Automne. Good Christian of Spain. 

Blanche. Spanish Warden. 

Grosse Grande Bretagne. Autumn Bon Chretien. 

Bon Chretien Spina. 

A very old variety. Tree a good bearer, and the fruit highly va- 
lued for cooking. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Skin at maturity deep yellow, with a brilliant 
red cheek, and dotted with reddish brown specks. Flesh white, crisp, 
or half breaking, good for cooking. December to January. 

Steinmitz Catherine. 

A Pennsylvania Pear. Tree very vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium or small, oblong pyriform, gi-eenish, with a tinge of 
brown in the sun. Flesh white, moderately juicy, half melting, vioous 
Good. September. 



THE PEAR, 



859 



Steinmitz Spice. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. 

Emit small, roundish pyriform, greenish yellow, with nettings, 
patches, and dots of russet. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melting, sweet 
pleasant, aromatic. Good. September. 

Sterling. 
De Mott. 

Origin, Livingston Co., N. Y. ; grown from seed brought from Con 
necticut. Tree vigorous, upright. Young wood grayish-yellowish brown, 
an early bearer, and productive. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, slightly oval, very obscurely pyriform. 




sterling. 

Skin yellow, sometimes with a few small patches of russet, and on the 
sunny side a mottled crimson cheek. Stalk rather stoiit, inserted in a 
slight cavity, sometimes by a ring. Calyx open, in a medium, rather un- 
even basin. Flesh rather coarse, jiiicy, melting, with a very sugary, brisk 
fla-v'or. Good to very good. Ripens last of August and first of Septem- 
ber. 



Steveks' Genesee. 



Guernsey. 
Louise de Prusse. 
Crottee. 

Doyenne Galeux. 
Saint Michel Crotte. 

Beurre des Beiges. 

This admirable Pear, combining in some degree the excellence of the 



Philippe Strie. 
Doyenne Crotte. 
Passa-tutti. 
Stephen's Genesee. 
Genesee. • 



860 THE PEAR. 

DoyennI and Bergamotte, is reputed to be a seedling of Western Ne^v 
York. It originated on the farm of Mr. F. Stevens, of Lin.a, Living- 
ston Co., N. Y. Although placed among aiitumn pears, it freqiiently 
ripens here at the end of August, among the late summer varieties. 
Young shoots diverging, dark gray. 

Fruit large, roxmdish, and of a yellow color. Stalk about an 




SteTens' Genesee. 

inch long, stout, thicker at the base, and set in a slight, rather one- 
sided depression. Calyx with short, stiff divisions, placed in a smooth 
basin of only moderate depth. Flesh white, half buttery, with a rich 
aromatic flavor. Good to very good. First of September. 

Stone. 

Origin, Ohio. Tree vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish pyriform, uneven. Skin bright yellow with a 
sunny cheek. Stalk large, long, and ciu'ved. Calyx large. Basin 
6pen, broad, and shallow. Flesh white, somewhat buttery, slightly astrin- 
gent. August. 

Styer. 

Origin uncertain, introduced by Alan W. Corson, of Montgomery 
Co., Pa. Tree a very vigorous grower. Shoots stout and short-jointed, 
producJtive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate. Skin pale yellow, nelted, 
patched, and dotted with cinnamon rvisset. Stalk rather short, inserted 



THE PEAR. 861 

in a small, shallow cavity. Calyx almost obsolete. Basin narrow, mo- 
derately deep. Flesli yellowish, white, somewhat gritty at the core, 
buttery, melting. Good to very good. Ripens middle of September. 

Styrian. 
Keele Hall Beurr^. 

This very bright-colored and excellent Pear comes from Eng- 
land,, Tree vigorous and productive. Young shoots dull grayish olive 
brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, lightly 
shaded with crimson in the sun, traces and patches of russet, and nu- 
merous brown dots. Stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a small 
cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx partially closed. Segments a little 
recurved. Basin uneven. Flesh white, a little coarse near the core 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good. September. 

Sucre de Tertolaij. 
Sucre d'Automne de Tertolen. Sucre Vert d'Automne de Tolsduyn 

Originated in Holland. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, pale green, mostly covered, 
netted, patched, and dotted with russet. Stalk rather long. Flesh 
white, tinged with yellow, half melting, juicy, sweet, perfumed. Last 
September, early October. (Yerg.) 

Sucr:6e de Hoverswerda. 

Sugar of Hoyersworda. Sucre Noir d'Jfete. 

Sucre-vert d'Hoyerswerda. 

A pleasant German Pear, of peculiar flavor, good when ripened in the 
house. It bears immense crops. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin pale yellowish green, thickly 
sprinkled with greenish russet dots. Flesh white, quite juicy, with a 
sweet and piquant flavor. Scarcely good. It does not keep long. 
Last of August. 

SUCREE DU COMICE. 

This Pear comes from France, and is described in the Catalogue of 
the Hort. Soc. of Angers as : — 

Fruit of medium size, irregularly formed. Skin yellow, covered 
with green and russet dots. Flesh tender, sugary. Ripe in September 
and Octob-^r. 

Sucre Yert. 
Green Sugar. Bayonnaise. Gris de Chine. Verdette. Sukerey d'Automne. 

An old Pear, of unknown origin. 

Fruit medium or small, obovate pyriform. Skin green. Stalk me- 
dium, fleshy at its insertion in a very slight cavity. Basin shallow. 
Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 



; 



862 THE PEAR. 

Suffolk Thorn. 

An English Fear, raised from seed of Gansel's Bergamot, 
Fruit small, roundish pyriform. Skin yellowish, mostly covered -witt 
thin russet. Flesh rather coarse, jiiicy, melting. Good. October. 

Sugar Top. 

July Pear. Prince's Sugar. Prince's Sugar Top. 

Fruit roundish, top-shaped. Skin smooth, yellow. Flesh white, 
somewhat juicy and breaking, sweet, but with little flavor. Last of July. 

Sullivan. 
Van Mons, No. 889. 

Sent to this country by Yan Mons, and named by Mr. Manning. 
Young shoots slender, diverging, reddish brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oblong pyriform. Skin pale greenish yellow. 
Stalk an inch and a half long, stout, tapering to the stalk. Flesh 
juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant. Good. September. 

Summer Archduke. 

ArcMduc d';6t6. Gros Ognonet. Archduke of Summer. 

Amire roux. Ognonet. Brown Admired. 

Amire roux de Tours. Ognonnet. Great Onion Pear. 

De-la-mi-Juillet. Oignonet. Ognonet Musque. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth, yellowish green, 
covered with dark brownish red next the sun. Calyx open. Basin 
Bhallow. Flesh whitish, rather gritty, juicy, and sweet. Eipe earh* 
August. (Hogg.) 

Summer Bergamot. 
Bergamotte d'fite. 

The Summer Bergamot is an old foreign variety, of small size and 
second quality. The tree is of feeble growth. 

Fruit quite small, round. Skin yellowish green. Flesh juicy, and 
pretty rich in flavor, but quickly becomes mealy and dry. Last of July. 

There is a Large Summer Bergamot, quite distinct from the above. 
Flesh breaking and half buttery, not rich. September. The tree grows 
and bears finely. 

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, Herts, England. 
Tree hardy, moderately vigorous, upright, very prodiictive. 

Fruit medium or below, somewhat turbinate or short obovate. Skin 
of a. lemon color, slight nettings and patches of russet, particularly 
around the stem. Stalk rather long, inserted in a small cavity. Calyx 
very small. Basin deep and narrow. Flesh tender, melting, juicy, brisk, 
vinous and perfumed, apt to rot at the core unless gathered early. First 
of September. (Gard. Chron.) 



THE PEAE. 863 

Summer Bon Chr:6tien. 

Bon Chretien d':&te. Safran d'lfit^ . 

Gratioli Schelis. 

Gratioli d'Ete. Gracioli rouge. 

Gratioli di Roma. Bon Chretien d']&t6 Jaune. 

Summer Good Christian. Canelle d'J&te. 

Musk Summer Bon Chretien. De Duchesse. 

Sommer Apothekerbime. Gros Bon Chretien d'fit4 

Sommer Gute Christenbime. Bon Chretien Gratioly. 

Die Sommer Christebime. Gros Bon Chretien Beauclerc. 

Large Sugar, of some. William Powell. 

Gros Bon Chretien. Stuyversant. 

Beauclerc. Richards Beurre, of some. 
Endicott. 

This is one of the oldest Pears, having been cultivated for the last 
three centuries all over Europe. 

Fruit large, irregularly bell-shaped or pyriform, with swollen, 
knobhy sides. Skin yellow, with an orange blush. Flesh yellowish, 
coarse-grained, very juicy, and of a pleasant, rich, sweet flavor. Good. 
Last of August, or early in September. 

Summek Crassane. 
Crassane d'i^te. 
Fruit small, roundish oblate, pale yellow, covered with crimson 
russet. Flesh half melting, very juicy, sweet, and aromatic. Last oi 
August. (Hogg.) 

Summer Franc R^al. 

Franc Real d'Ete. Royale. 

Fondante. Hitiveau Blanc. 

Gros Micet d'J^te. Coule Soif, 

Milan Blanc. ^ Gros Mouille Bouche. 

Bergamotte d'Ete ou Milan Blanc. Great Mouthwater. 

Milan de le Beurriere. Beurre Blanc. 
Beurre d'^fite. 

The origin of this Pear is unknown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, but largest in the middle, and taper- 
ing each way. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted with small brownish 
green dots. Flesh white, fine-grained, buttery, sugary. Good. Ripe 
earl}'' in September. 

Summer Rose. 

ifipine Rose, De Monsieur. 

CaUlot Rosat d'l&te. De la Montieres. 

Thorny Rose. Ognon de Xaintonge. 

Poire de Rose. Rozatte du Dauphine, 

fipine d':6te Couleur Rose. Viliane d'Anjou. 

Caillot Rosat. Rozatte d'Ingrandes. 

Rosenbime, of the Germans. Beurre Hatif. 

The Rose Pear. D'Eau Rose. 

Rose ^fipine Rose. Bigarride. 

De Cailleau. Tulipee. 

De Caillot. Brute Bonne d'Autonme. 

Calua Rosat. CaiUaurozat. 

Caillou Rozat. Caillorozar. 
Peral del Campo. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin faint yellow, with a red mssei 
eheek. Flesh white, coarse. Last of August, not eatable. 



864 THE PEAK. 

Summer St. Germain, 

Short's Saint Germain. Joli-mont of some. 

Saint Germain de Martin. Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever. 

Saint Germain d'Ete. Jargonelle des Provengaxix 

A. pleasant, juicy summer Pear, of second-rate flavor, bearing larg 
crops. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform. Skin pale green all ovei 
tbe surface. Stalk an inch and a quarter long, obliquely inserted 
Calyx large, in a basin scarcely sunken. Flesh juicy, tender, with 8 
very slight acid. Poor. Last of August, 

Summer Virgalieu. 
Powell's Virgalieu. 

Origin unknown. Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform. Skin yellow, slightly netted and 
patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk rather 
long, often curved, set in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments re- 
curved. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh yellowish, jtiicy, melting, a 
little vinous. Good. August. 

SUPERF0N1>ANTE. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate. Skin smooth, pale yellow, marked 
with russet. Flesh white, buttery, melting, and good. Ocjtober. 

SuprIime de Quimper. 

This nice Kttle Pear is of Belgian origin. Tree moderately vigorous, 
upright and productive. Young wood oKve yellow brown, very short- 
jointed. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly pyriform. Skin fine, clear yellow, 
richly shaded with red, somewhat specked and netted with russet. Stalk 
rather short, obliquely inserted, without cavity, by a slight appearance 
of a lip. Calyx open or partially closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
whitish, juicy, melting, sweet and perfumed. Good to very good. Pipe 
early in August, Should be gathered very early, or it becomes dry. 

Surpasse Meuris. 
Ferdinand Demeester. 

A seedling of Van Mons', Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oval. Skin greenish yellow, some- 
times shaded with dull crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with 
brownish dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at insertion, in a shallow depression. 
Calyx large, oi:)en. Segments long, recurved. Basin shallow, uneven. 
Flesh whitish, juicy, buttery, half melting, sweet. Good. November. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. 
Suzpasse Virgouleuse, Colmar Van Mons, erroneously. 

The precise origin of this very delicious fruit is not known. It was 
Brst sent out from the nursery of the late Mr. Andrew Parmentier, of 
Brooklyn, under this name, and is, perhaps, an unrecognized foreign 



THE PEAH. 865 

Pear, so named by him in allusion to its surpassing tlie favorite Yirga- 
lieu (White Doyenne) of New York. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, sometimes roundish obovate. Skin 
smooth, pale lemon yellow, with a very few minute dots, and rarely a 
little faint red on the sunny side. Stalk rather more than an inch long, 
not deeply planted in a cavity rather higher on one side. Calyx rathei 
small, and pretty firm, set in a slight, smooth basin. Flesh white, ex- 
ceedingly fine-grained and buttery, abounding with delicious, high- 
flavored, aromatic juice. Yery good. October. 




Surpasse Virgalieu. 
SUZETTE DE BaVAY. 

Baised by Major Esperen. Tree vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit small, roundish oblate. Skin yellowish, sprinkled with minute 
dots, and some traces of russet. Stalk curved, inserted in a small cavity. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow and uneven. Flesh whitish, melting, sweet, 
and pleasant. Good. Only valuable for cooking. January to March. 

Swan's Egg. 
Moor-fowl Egg, incorrectly. 

A very old Pear, unworthy cultivation. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale green, washed with pale brown on the 
sunny side, and dotted with brownish specks. Flesh soft, juicy, with a 
sweet, somewhat mTisky flavor. October. 

Swiss Bergamot. 
Beigamotte Suisse. Striped Bergamot. Bergamot Ray^. 

A very pretty, roundish, striped Pear. Branches often striped. 

55 



866 THE^PEAB. 

Frait of medium size, roundish, a little inclined to turbinate. Skm 
smooth, pale green, striped with yellow and pale red. Flesh melting, 
juicy, sweet, and pleasant. Good. October. 

Sylvange. 

J{<irgamotfce Sylvange. Bergamot Sylvanche. 

Green Sylvange. Silvanbime. 

Sylvanche. Silvange Pierard. 

A foreign variety, superseded. 

Fruit roundish obovate. Skin rough, pale green, with a slightly 
darker green cheek. Flesh greenish white, juicy, tender, and melting, 
with a sweet, agreeable flavor. Good. October, and keeps a long time. 

Tardif de Mons. 

Frtiit oblong obovate. Skin yellow, with an orange tinge in sun, and 
strewed with large russety dots. Flesh white, tender, buttery, melting, 
very juicy, rich, sugary. November. (Hogg.) 

Tarquin. 

An old variety, which we have never fruited. The description by 
Prince resembles that of Belle Williams, recently received as new. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform, with a shallow groove from one end of 
the fruit to the other. Skin greenish yellow, marbled over with fawn. 
Stalk medium length, enlarged, with a fleshy appearance near its junction 
with the fruit. Flesh breaking without being dry, rather delicate, and 
has a slight acidity. Good. Hipens April, May. 

Tarquin des Pyrenees. 

Tree vigorous. 

Fruit large, pyriform. Stem long, stout, fleshy at its junction, with- 
out cavity. Calyx large, open, with persistent segments, in a broad, 
irregular basin, surrounded by russefc. Skin green, sprinkled or patched 
with russet, and thickly covered with brown dots. Flesh of poor qua- 
lity, a very long keeper, and said to keep two years. Only a cooking 
Pear. 

Taylor Pear. 
Merriweather. 

Originated on the farm of Mr. Merriweather, near Charlottesville, 
A^lbemarle Co., Ya. Tree vigorous. Young wood clear oUve brown, 
productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin light green, mottled with dark 
green, netted and dotted with russet. Stalk medium. Cavity shallow. 
Calyx small, open. Flesh yellowish, coarse, buttery, juicy, half melting, 
sweet, and pleasant. Good. November, December. 

Tea. 

Raised by Mrs. Ezra Merchant, of Milford, Conn. The seed was found 
in a pound of tea, which she purchased at the store, hence its name. 
Ti'ee vigorous and productive. Young wood olive yellow. 



THE PEAB. 



867 



Fruit medium, obovate, inclining to pyriform. Skin lemon yellow, 
with numerous small brown dots, and sometimes a reddish cheek, netted 
and patched with russet. Stalk rather stout, inserted obliquely under a 
lip in a very small cavity. Calyx half closed. Basin shallow. Flesh 
white, fine, juicy, melting, and vinous. Good to very good. Ripens last 
of August to middle of September. 

Theodore Yan Mons. 

This Belgian Pear, supposed one of Yan Mons' seedlings, originated 
about 1827, but was not brought to notice until about 1843. The tree 
is a vigorous, upright grower, quite productive. The young wood light 
yellow reddish brown. 




Theodore Yan Mooa. 



Fruit medium or above, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish or pale ycl 
low, with traces and patches of russet, and many gray and green dots, 
Stalk curved. Cavity slight, russeted. Calyx open. Segments reflexed. 
Flesh whitish, rather coarse, juicy, melting, vinous. Good to very good 
September, October. 



868 THE PEIE. 

Th^ebse Kumps. 

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1847. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, pale yellow, slightly tinted with 
brownisli in sun, small patches, large specks and dots of thin russet. 
Stalk medium, rough, inserted with rings at base. Calyx with short, 
almost erect segments. Flesh yellowish white, half fine, melting, juicy, 
sweet, vinous, perfumed. November. (An. Pom.) 

Thompson's. 

This Pear, received by us from the Horticultural Society of London, 
was named in honor of Mr. Robert Thompson, the head of the fruit de. 
partment in the Society's garden, to whose pomological acumen the hor- 
ticultural world is so largely indebted. Tree vigorous and productive. 
Fruit variable. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate pyriform, slightly irregular in surface. 
Skin pale lemon yellow, with a few small russety dots and patches 
and streaks. Stalk pretty stout, an inch or more long, inserted in a 
blunt, uneven cavity. Calyx open, stiff, often without divisions. Basin 
abrupt, uneven. Flesh white, buttery, melting, sugary, slightly aromatic. 
Good to very good. October and November. 

TnoaKis. 

A Belgian Pear, introduced in 1854, and unworthy cultivation. 
Fruit below medium, oval, pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with brown 
dots. Flesh white, coarse, dry, sweet, and poor. Early September. 

Thuerlinckx. 
Tuerlinckx. Beurre Tuerlinckx. 

This variety was grown from seed and first exhibited in 1848, by M. 
Thuerlinckx, of Malines, Belgium. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit very large, regvilar oblong obovate pyriform. Skin dull green- 
ish, with a shade of brown at ends, and marbKngs of dull dark green 
and brown. Stalk medium, inserted without depression by a ring. 
Flesh white, buttery, acidulous. November, December. (Af. Pom.) 

TlLLINGTON. 

Raised in the village of Tillington, near Hereford, England, and first 
exhibited by T. A. Knight, Esq., before the London Horticultural Soci- 
ety, in 1820. Tree hardy and productive. 

Fruit medium size, short pyriform, greenish yellow, with light brown 
russet dots. Stalk short. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, tender, but- 
tery, melting, not juicy, vinous, aromatic. Good. October. 

Totten's Seebling. 

Raised by Colonel Totten, of New Haven, Conn. Tree vigorous. 
Young wood dull olive yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, with a shade of crimson 
in the sun, traces, patches, and dots of russet. Stalk long. CaljTC open. 
Flesh white, sweet. Poor, September. 



THE PEAR. 869 

Trescott. 

Originated on the farm of Niles Trescott, Cranston, R, I. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obovate, orange yellow, with patches of 
cinl.^mon russet. Flesh fine-grained, melting, juicy, pleasant Good, 
Last September. (Hort.) 

Tkiomphe de Jodoigne. 

A Belgian Pear, seedling of M. Bouvier in 1830, introduced in 1843. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Young wood short-jointed, dull grayish 
brown. 

Fruit large, obovate ovate obtuse pyriform. Surface uneven. Skiii 
pale greenish yellow, shaded and mottled with crimson in the sun, 
patches, nettings, and traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with brown 
and green dots. Stalk rather long, a little inclined, fleshy at its inser- 
tion by a ring. Cavity small. Calyx open. Segments short and stiff. 
Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet. 
Good to very good. October. 

Triomphe de Lou vain. 

Of Belgian oi-igin. Tree vigorous, productive, an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin rather rough, greenish yellow, 
mostly covered with thin dull russet, with a dull red cheek in sun, many 
russet brown dots. Stalk rather short, stout. Cavity medium. Calyx 
large, open. Segments recijrved. Flesh whitish, coarse, not juicy or 
melting, sweet. Good. September. 

Truckhill Bergamot, 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate. Skin yellow, with crimson 
and fawn in the sun, sprinkled with gray and green dots. Stalk rather 
short. Cavity deep. Calyx open. Basin deep, abrupt, uneven. Flesh 
half melting, somewhat coarse and gritty, moderately juicy. Good, 
October, 

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leopold I. 

This Pear, with its unfortunate long name, is a seedling of M. Gre- 
goire, Jodoigne, Belgium. The tree is of medium vigor, and very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium to large, oval obovate pyriform. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, with a few patches of crimson in the sun, and netted, patched, 
and dotted with russet,"* Stalk medium or slender. Cavity narrow. 
Calyx with half-erect segments. Flesh white, fine, inelting, buttery, 
juicy, sweet, with a delicious perfume, November. (An, Pom.) 

Tyler. 

An American variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Young wood 
reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish pyriform, yellow, netted and patched 
and dotted with russet. Stalk long and slender, in a moderate cavity. 



870 



THE PEAK. 



Btirrounded by nisset. Calyx open. Basin shallow ani uneven- Plash 
white, coarse, granular, buttery, melting, juicy, brisk, and vinous. 
Good. October. 

Tyson. 

A native seedKng, found in a hedge on the farm of Jonathan Tyson, 
of Jenkintown, near Philadelphia. Tree an upright, vigorous grower, 
but a tardy bearer, very productive. Young wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium or below, acute pyriform. Skin clear, deep yellow at 
full maturity, slightly russeted, with a fine crimson cheek, and numeroua 




l^TBOn. 



minute brown dots. Stalk long and curved, generally inserted by a 
fleshy ring or lip. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh rather fine, juicy, 
melting, very sugary, and somewhat aromatic. Yery good to best. 
Ripens last of August and first of September. 



TJppEK Cbust. 

A seedling of South Carolina, and introduced by Colonel Sumner. 
Frait below medium, roundish. Skin greenish, covered with dots 



THE PEAK. 



871 



and patches of russet. Stalk rather short and stont. Cavity broad 
shallow. Calyx large, open. Flesh granular, not juicy, rots at core 
Poor. August. 



Urbaniste. 



Count Coloma. 
St. Marc? 
Beurre Picquery. 

-■ Drapiez. 

Coloma d'Automne. 



Louise d'Orleans. 
Picquery. 
Louis Dupont. 
Henkel d'Hiver. 
tTrbaniste Seedling. 



The Urbaniste is a fruit -which, in its delicious flavor, compares per- 
haps more nearly with the favorite old Doyenne or Yirgalieu than any 
other fruit, and adds, when in perfection, a delicate perfume peculiarly 
its own. Its handsome size and remarkably healthy habit commend it 
for those districts where the Doyenne does not flourish. The tree is a 




tTrbaniste. 



moderately vigorous grower, and though it does not begin to beat so 
early as some varieties, it yields abundant and regular crops, and givea 
urery indication of a long-lived, hardy variety, For the orchard oi 
garden in the Middle States, therefore, we consider it indispensable* 
TVith so many other fine sorts, we owe this to the Flemish, it having 



872 THE PSAB. 

been originated by the Count de Coloma, of Malines. It was first intro- 
duced into tbis country in 1823. Young shoots upright, short-jointed, 
olive yellow brown. 

Fruit of medium size, often large, obovate pyriform. Skin smooth 
and fair, pale yellow, with gray dots, and a few russet streaks. Stalk 
about an inch long, rather stoiit, and inserted in a well-marked or rather 
broad depression. Calyx small, closed, and set in a narrow basin, which 
is abruptly and rather deeply sunk. Flesh white, yellowish at the corq^ 
buttery, very melting and rich, with a copious delicious juice, delicately 
perfumed. Yery good or best. Ripens from the last of September till 
the end of November, if kept in the house. 

Uksula. 

Fruit below medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin yellow, much 
shaded with fine crimson in the sun, partially netted and patched, and 
thickly spiiukled with russet dots. Stalk stout, fleshy at base, inclined, 
set without cavity. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, coarse near the core, 
juicy, half melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October, 
November. 

XJWCHLAN. 
Dowlin. Round Top. 

Origin on the premises of widow Dowlin, Uwchlan township, Pa., 
near the Brandywine. Tree of moderate growth. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, inclining to obovate. Skin yellow, 
mostly covered with golden russet. Stalk long, curved, in a slight 
depression. Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, melting, jiiicy, 
slightly vinous, with a fine aromatic flavor. Good to very good. If not 
picked early it is disposed to rot at the core. Ripens last of August. 

Valentine. 

Originated on Long Island. 

Fruit above medium, oblong acute pyriform, pale yellowish green, 
tinge of red in the sun. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. August. 

Vallee Franche. 
De Vallee. Bonne de Keinzheim. De Keinzheim. 

An old variety, unworthy cultivation. 

Fmit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin yellowish green. Flesh 
white, not fine-grained, quite juicy, but not buttery, and of a simple 
sweet flavor. Last of August. 

Yan Assche. 

Van Assene. Van Asshe. 

This Flemish Pear is quite handsome but of variable quality. Tree 
vigorous, productive. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obovate pyriform. Skin pale whit' 



THE PEAB. 873 

ish yellow, shaded, mottled, and dotted with crimson, and thickly covered 
with conspicuous brown dots. Stalk curved, inclined, set in a shallow 
cavity, sometimes by a Kp. Calyx partially closed. Segments short, 
erect. Basin abrupt, large, deep, slightly corrugated. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. September. 

Yan Buren. 

An American seedling, raised by Governor Edwards, of New Haven, 
Conn. Only valuable for cooking. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate. Skin clear yellow, with a rich 
orange-red blush next the sun, regularly dotted with conspicuous brown- 
ish specks, and slightly touched with greenish and russet spots. Flesh 
white, crisp, sweet. October. 

Van Deventer. 

Origin, New Jersey. Tree very vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit rather small, oblong ovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded 
with brownish red in the sun, with many gray and gi-een dots. Stalk 
inclined, inserted by a lip, and sometimes rings. Calyx partially closed. 
Basin shallow. Flesh whitish, juicy, tender, half melting, sweet, plea.- 
sant. Good. Middle August. 

Van de Weyer Bates. 
Vandeweyer Bates. 

Fruit below medium, roundish obovate, pale lemon yellow, covered 
with small brown dots, and a few veins of the same color. Calyx large, 
open. Flesh yellow, buttery, juicy, rich, sugary, with a pleasant aroma 
One of the finest late Pears. March to May. (Hogg.) 

Van Marum. 

Beurre Van Marum. Calebasse Carafon. 

G-rosse Calebasae du Nord. Calebasse Monstre. 

Bouteille. Calebasse Monstrueuse du Nord. 

Monstrueuse du Nord. Calebasse Royale. 

Triompbe du Nord. Calebasse de Holland. 

Triomphe de Hasselt. Calebasse Imperiale. 

Poire Van Marum. Calebasae du Nord. 

Calebasse de Nerckman's. Calebasse Monstrueuse. 

Originated with Van Mons. Tree a vigorous grower, productive, 
Voung wood reddish brown. 

Fruit large to very large, oblong pyriform. Skin yellow, rarely with 
a little red. Stalk rather long and slender, inserted in a flattened cavity. 
Calyx large, set in a regular shallow basin. Flesh white, liable to rot at 
the core, half melting, not very juicy, but sweet and pleasantly perfumed. 
Good. October. 

Van Mons L^on le Clerc. 

Van Mons Leon le Clerc was originated by M. Leon le Clerc, an 
amateur cultivator, of Laval, in France, who, in naming it, desired to 
couple his own name with that of his friend. Dr. Van Mons — " le grand 
prdtre de Pomona." Its young shoots are strong, upright, olive-colored. 



874 THE PEAR. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate. Skin yellowish, munli mingled with 
brown over nearly the whole surface, and slightly russeted near the 
stalfc. Stalk an inch and a half long, rather stout, obliquely inserted, 
with little depression. Calyx small, open, set in a shallow basin. Flesh 
yellowish white, buttery, and melting, with a sugary flavor. Good to 
very good. October and November. 

Yan Mons St. Germaiit. 
St. Germain Nouveau. 

A seedling of Professor Van Mons', and considered a great acquisi- 
tion to the list of fine Pears. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather above medium, regular, oblong obovate pyriform, green- 
ish yellow, shaded with dull green, and with fawn russet patches and 
minute black dots. Stalk long, inserted with scarcely any depression, 
surrounded by a few folds. Flesh white, half fine, melting, juicy, sweet, 
perfumed. September. (Al. Pom.) 

Vauquelin. 
Poire Vauquelin. Saint Germain Vauquelin. 

A variety from Rouen, France. Tree a vigorous grower. Young 
wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, sometimes oblong obovate pyri- 
form. Skin greenish, a little brownish in the sun, some patches and 
traces of russet, and russet dots. Stalk stout, inserted with little or no 
cavity, and base enlarged. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, vinous, astrin- 
gent. Good. December, January. 

Yerlainb. 
Verlaine d'tt^ f 

One of Yan Mons' seedlings. 

Fruit medium, oblong obovate pyriform, pale yellow orange in stm, 
with patches and dots of brownish red. Stalk slender, inserted in a 
small cavity. Calyx with short, stiff segments. Flesh white, half fine, 
melting, juicy, sweet, vinous. September. (An. Pom.) 

Yermtllon d'en Haut. 

A foreign variety. Tree vigorous, with strong young shoots of a 
light olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate pyriform, greenish yellow, shaded with 
red in the sun. Flesh fine, melting, juicy, sweet. September. 

Yermont. 
Vermont Seedling. 

A supposed seedling, taken from Yermont to near Oswego, N. Y., 
where it has fruited. Tree an upright grower. Young wood grayish 
olive. 

Fruit medium or below, ovate obovate obtuse pyriform, pale whitish 



THE PEAR. 875 

yellow, slight red in the sun, traced, netted, and dotted with russet. 
Stalk slender. Cavity deep. Calyx with erect segments. Flesh whit- 
ish, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good to very good. October. 

Vekulam. 

Black Beurre. Buchanan's Spring Beurre. 

Spring' Beurre. New Spring Beurre. 

An old variety, valuable only for cooking. 

Fruit large, obovate, dull green, covered with thin russet in the 
shade, and reddish brown in the sun, thickly dotted with gray dots. 
Stalk slender. Calyx open. Flesh crisp, coarse-grained, and when 
stewed assumes a fine rose color. January to March. (Hogg.) 

Vezouzieee. 

This is a seedling raised by M. Leon le Clerc, from seeds of the Van 
Mons Leon le Clerc. Tree a vigorous grower, productive. Young 
wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, nearly globular, slightly oblate. Skin yellow- 
ish, sprinkled with minute gray and green dots. Stalk long, curved, 
inserted in a broad, shallow cavity. Calyx open, persistent, in a wide, 
uneven basin. Flesh very juicy, melting, sweet, and agreeable. Good 
to very good. September. 

Vicar of Winkfield. 

Le Cure. Missive d'Hiver. 

Monsieur le Cure. Cueillette d'Hiver. 

Clion. Cornice de Toulon. 

Belle de Berry. Du Cure. 

Belle Heloise. Grosse AUongee. 

Bon Papa. Du Pradel. 

De Clion. Wicar of Wakefield. 

Monsieur. Pradello de Catalogue. 

Belle Andreane. Curette. 

De Monsieur Le Cure. Joufifroy. 

BeUe Adrienne. Messire d'Hiver. 

Vicaire de Winkfield. 

This large and productive Pear was discovered, as a natural seea- 
ling, in the woods of Clion, France, by a French curate^ whence it 
obtained in France the familiar name of Le Cure, or Monsiextr le Cure, 
A short time after it became known at Paris, it was imported into 
England by the Reverend Mr. Rham, of Winkfield, Berkshire, and 
cultivated and disseminated from thence, becoming known in the neigh- 
borhood of London as the Vicar of Winhfield. With regard to its 
merits there is some difierence of opinion — some persons considering it 
a fine fruit. It is always remarkably large, fair, and handsome. We 
think it always a first-rate baking Pear. Occasionally we have tasted it 
fine as a table Peai-, but generally it is astringent, and only third-rate 
for this purpose. If ripened off in a warm temperature, however, it 
will generally prove a good second-rate eating Pear. But its great pro- 
ductiveness, hardiness, and fine size, will always give it a prominent 
place m the orchard as a profitable market cooking Vear The tree 
grows thriftily, with drooping fruit branches. Shoots JxsroAgMig:. c(a> k 
olive brown. 



876 



THE PEAR. 



Fruit large and long pyriform, often six inches long, and a little one- 
sided. Skin fair and smooth, pale yellow, sometimes with a bro-wniafc 




Vicar of Winkfield. 



cheek, and marked with small brown dots. Stalk an inch or an inch 
and a half long, slender, obliquely inserted without depression. Calyx 
large, open, set in a basin which is very slightly sunk. Flesh greenish 
white, generally juicy, but sometimes buttery, with a good, sprightly 
flavor. November to January. 



THE PEAK. 877 

ViCOMTE DE SpOELBERCH. 
De Spoelberg. Beunre de Spoelberg. Desjoilberg. 

A seedling of Van Mons', described in 1830, and dedicated to M. le 
Vicomte de Spoelberg de Lowenjoul. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Young "wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform. Skin pale yellow, covered 
with numerous small dots, and small patches of russet. Stalk curved, 
fleshy at its insertion, with slight russet. Calyx open. Basin small, 
Flesh white, buttery, juicy, melting, not high flavored. Good. Novem- 
ber, December. 

YiNEUSE. 

Vineuse d'Esperen. 

A seedling of Major Esperen's, first introduced in 1840. Tree vigo- 
rous, Avith slender wood, productive. Young wood reddish olive brown. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate ovate slightly obtuse pyriform. 
Skin greenish, slightly bronzed in the sun, a few patches and nettings 
of russet, and many small brown and green dots. Stalk medium. 
Cavity small. Calyx large, open. Basin broad, shallow. Flesh coarse, 
juicy, melting, acid. Good. October. 

ViKGOULEUSE. 

Poire-glace. Le Virgotile. Poire de Glace. 

Chambrette. Virgolese. Ice Pear. 

Bujaleuf. Chambrette d'Hiver. La Virguleuse. 

An old French variety, of little value. 

Fruit medium, pyriform. Skin very smooth, yellowish green at ma^ 
turity, sprinkled with numerous gray or reddish dots. Flesh white, 
buttery. Good. November to January. 

Yon Zugleb. 

A new Belgian variety. Tree slender. Young wood oKve. Pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit medium size, roundish acute pyriform. Skin yellow, nearly 
covered with cinnamon russet. Stalk rather short, inclined in a slight 
depression by a fleshy lip. Calyx small, open. Segments short, erect. 
Basin small. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. 
Yery good. September. 

Wadleigh. 

Origin, New Hampshire. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. Fine yellow, slightly netted and 
patched with russet. Stalk short, stout, inserted in a slight cavity, 
Bometimes by a fold or lip. Calyx with small short segments. Flesh 
white, fine, a little gritty, juicy, melting, pleasant. Good. September. 

"Walker. 
No. 135, Van Mons. 
This is a seedling of Yan Mons', and sent ^'o Robert Manning, of 



878 



THE PEAR. 



a vigoroiiB, 



Salem, Mass., in 1834-5, under number. The tree is 
healthy grower, upright habit. The young wood grayish. 

Fruit large, oblong pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of crimson in the sun. Slight nettings and patches of russet, 
and thickly sprinkled with brown dots. Stalk long, fleshy at insertion, 
in a slight cavity by a ring. Calyx open or partially closed. Segments 
short, erect. Basra small. Flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, half 
melting, vinous, a little astringent. Good to very good. October. 



Washington. 



Robinson. 



Naaman's Creek. 



Robertson. 



Namen's Creek. 



A beautiful* American Pear, 
of very excellent quality, which 
is a native of Delaware. It was 
discovered there in a thorn 
hedge, near Naaman's Creek, on 
the estate of Colonel Robinson. 
It is one of the most attractive 
and distinct of oiir native des 
sert Pears. Young shoots slen- 
der, diverging, reddish yellow 
brown. 

Fruit of medium size, oval 
obovate, regularly formed. Skin 
smooth, clear lemon yellow, with 
a sprinkling of reddish dots on 
the sunny side. Stalk about an 
inch and a half long, inserted 
even with the surface, or with a 
slight depression. Calyx small, 
partly closed, and set in a shal- 
low basin. Flesh white, very 
juicy, melting, sweet, and agree- 
able. Very good. Middle of 
September. 

Watson. 

Washington. ^n American variety, of 

poor quality. 
Fruit below medium, roundish slightly obovate, yellowish, covered 
mostly with russet. Flesh whitish, coarse, moderately juicy, sweet. 
Early September. 

Webstek. 

Originated at Hudson, N. Y. Tree a moderate grower, produt?- 
tive. Young wood reddish brown. 

Fruit medium, globular obtuse pyriform. Skin yellow, sometimes a 
tinge of crimson in the sun. Traces and nettiags of russet, and many 
minute brown dots. Stalk long, slender, inclined, set in a small msseted 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long, reflexed. Flesh white, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly aromatic. Good to very ^ood. November. 




THE PEAK. 87 & 

Welbeck Bergamct. 

Hepworth. 

Fruit above medium, roundish, uneven in outline, bossed about the 
stalk, lemon yellow, blush, of light crimson in the sun, and thickly 
sprinkled with large russet specks. Calyx small, open. Basin shallow. 
Flesh white, rather coarse-grained, half melting, juicy, sweet, without 
flavor. November. (Hogg.) 

"Wellington". 

Raised by "Wellington, Bi'aintree, Mass., and first shown before 

the Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1864. 

Fruit large, oblong obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin clear pale yellow, 
clouded with gi*een. Stalk very short. Calyx open, with short, stiff, 
slightly incurved segments. Basin shallow. Flesh yellowish white, lit- 
tle coase, juicy, melting, sweet, with a jDeculiar aroma. November. 
(Hov. Mag.) 

Wendell. 

A seedling of Yan Mons', named in honor of Dr. H. "Wendell, 
Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous, upright. 

Fruit rather small, roundish pyriform, pale yellow, shaded in sun 
with crimson, and sprinkled with dots. Calyx small, partially open. 
Flesh whitish, fine-grained, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, pleasant. 
Good. September. 

"Westcott. 

A native of Rhode Island. Tree vigorous, an early bearer, very 
productive. 

Fruit meditim, irregular globular. Stalk long, curved, rather stout, 
fleshy at its insertion, in a cavity of moderate depth, with a lip. Calyx 
/ery small, in a shallow furrowed basin. Color light yellow, with 
numerous gray dots. Flesh white, juicy, nearly melting, coarse, granu 
lar, sweet, and agreeable. Good. September, October. 

"Wetmore. 

Raised by E. B. "Wetmore, Westmoreland, N. Y. Tree upright, 
vigorous. Young wood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, roundish oval. Skin pale yellow, with nettings and 
patches of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
slender, set in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments short, erect. Basin shallow, sKghtly corrugated. Flesh white, 
juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good to very good. October. 

Wharton's Early. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous. Young wood olive yellowish brown. 

Fruit medium size, obovate oblong acute pyriform. Skin pale yel- 
low, traces of russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, 
curved, rather slender, set in a slight cavity, sometimes by a lip. CaljTs 
open. Segments short, erect. Basin small, uneven. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly musky. Good or very good. August. 



880 tHE PEAB, 

Wheeler. 

Originated in Green^wicli, R. I. Tree vigorous, upright. Yotmg 
wood olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, roxmdisli obovate. Skin greenish yellow, a few 
traces and patches of russet, and numerous gray and green dots. 
Stalk medium. Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin abrupt, uneven. 
Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant. Good. August. 

Whieldon. 

Whieldon's McLellan. McLellan. 

Originated in the garden of Wm. W. Whieldon, Concord, Mass 
The tree is moderately vigorous, and a profuse bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, obovate obtuse, slightly pyriform. Skin 
pale yellowish green, with a tinge of red in the sun, numerous russet 
nettings and dots. Stalk long, rather slender, a little inclined, set in a 
shallow cavity. Calyx open. Segments a little recurved. Basin me- 
diiim, uneven. Flesh whitish, a little gritty near the core, juicy, melt- 
ing, buttery, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good. 
September. 

White Doyenne. 

Doyenne White. Poire de Limon. 

Virgalieu, of New York. Valencia. 

St. Michael, of Boston. Citron de Septembre. 

Butter Pear, of Philadelphia. Bonne-ente. 

Virgaloo. A courte queue. 

Bergoloo. Kaiserbime. 

Yellow Butter, Kaiser d'Automne. 

White Beurre. ' Weisse Herbst Butterbime. 

White Autumn Beurre. Dechantsbime. 

Dean's. Nouvelle d'Ouef. 

Warwick Bergamot. Edwige. 
Pine Pear. • Carlisle. 

St. Michel. White or Autumn Butter. 

Reigner. Valentia or Valencia, 

i Doyenne. Poire du Doyen. 

Doyenne blanc. Gamer or Gardner. 

Beurre blanc. Sublime Gamotte. 

The White Doyenne is, unquestionably, one of the most perfect of 
autumn Pears. Its universal popularity is attested by the great num- 
ber of names by which it is known in various parts of the world. Aa 
the Yirgalieu in New York, Butter Pear in Philadelphia, and St. 
Michael's in Boston, it is most commonly known ; but all these names, so 
likely to create confusion, should be laid aside for the true one, White 
Doyenne.* It is an old French variety, having been in cultivation over 
two hundred years. The branches are strong, upright, yellowish gray or 
light brown. 

Fruit of medium or large size, regularly formed, obovate. It varies 
considerably in different soils, and is often shorter or longer on the same 

* Virgalieu seems an American name, and is always liable to be confounded 
with the Virgouleuse, a very different fruit. The Doyenne (pronounced dwoy- 
annay)^ literally deansMp, is probably an allusion to the Dean by whom it was 
first brought into notice. 



THE PfiAK. 881 

tree. Skin smootli, clear pale yellow, regularly sprinkleJ with small 
dots, and often with a fine red cheek. Stalk brown, from three-fourtha 
to an inch and a fourth long, a little curved, and planted in a small, 
round cavity. Calyx always very small, closed, set in a shallow basin, 
smooth or delicately plaited. Flesh white, fine-grained, very buttery, 




White Doyenn^, 

melting, rich, high-flavored and delicious. Best. — September — and, if 
picked eai-ly from the tree, will often ripen gradually till December. 

The Doyenne Panache, or Striped Dean, is a variety rather more 
narrowing to the stalk, the skin prettily striped with yellow, green, and 
red, and dotted with brown. Flesh juicy, melting, but not high-flavor 
ed. October. 

White's Seedling. 

Origin, New Haven, Conn. Tree a vigorous grower, veiy produc- 
tive. Yoting wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate obovate. Skin yellow, sometimes with 
a brownish blush in the sun, considerably netted" and patched with rus- 
set, and many russet dots. Stalk long, inclined, set in e. shallow cavity, 
often by a fleshy lip. Calyx open. Segments short, erect. Basin 
small, uneven. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, sweet, aromatic. Good 
to very good. October to February. 

56 



'882 THE PEAK. 

"WlEST. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree a vigorous grower. Young -wood reddish 
yellow brown, with oblong gray specks. 

Fi'uit medium or below, roundish oval, green, shaded with dull red, 
and sprinkled with green and gray dots. Stalk rather stout. Calyx 
small, closed. Segments to a point. Flesh whitish green, juicy, melt- 
ing, subacid. Good. September. 

Wilbur. 

The Wilbur is a native fruit, which originated in Somerset, Mass. 
Shoots slender, light olive brown. 

Fruit below medium size, roundish ovate, pale yellow, slightly netted 
and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk 
small in a small cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Basin small. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, melting, slightly astringent. Good. Septem- 
ber. 

Wilkinson. 

The original tree grows on the farm of Mr. J. Wilkinson, Cumber- 
land, R. I. The tree is very thrifty, hardy, and a regular bearer. 
The shoots are long, upright, stout, oKve yellow, with oblong white 
specks. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, inclining to oval. Skin smooth and 
glossy, bright yellow, dotted with brown points. Stalk an inch and a 
quarter long, rather stout, inserted with little or no depression. Calyx 
small, open, and firm, set in a shallow basin. Flesh very white, j uicy, 
melting, sweet, and rich, with a slight perfume. Good. October to De- 
cember. 

WlLLERMOZ. 

This Belgian Pear was produced in 1848. The tree is an extremely 
fi)ie grower, with young shoots dark dull olive brown, very productive. 

Fruit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, nettings 
and some large patches of russet, and many small russet dots. Stalk 
medium or rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity. Calyx open, or 
partially closed. Basin abrupt. Flesh whitish, buttery, juicy, melting, 
coarse at core, slightly vinous. Good to very good. November, 
January. 

William Edwards. 

A seedling of Ex-Governor Edwards, of New Haven, very produc- 
tive, and a good baking fruit, but not juicy or melting enough for the 
dessert. 

Fruit of medium size, obtuse pyriform, terminating rather abruptly 
at the stalk. Skin yellow, and at maturity profusely dotted with red 
and russet points or dots on the sunny side. Flesh yellowish white, 
buttery, sugary. September. 



the pear. s83 

"William Pbince. 

Origin tmknown. Tree vigorous, upright, productive. 

Truit inedirim, roundish pyriform. Skin greenish ye Uow, with a 
shade of crimson in the sun, and many brown dots. Stalk rather short. 
Calyx open. Basin shallow. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet. Good 
to very good. September, October. 

Williams' Early. 

A native fruit, which originated on the farm of Mr. A. D. Williams, 
of Roxbury, Mass. Tree a moderate grower. Young shoots brown 
red. 

Fruit small, roundish slightly pyriform. Skin bright yellow, thickly 
sprinkled with rich scarlet dots on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a 
half long, straight, a little fleshy where it joins the fruit. Calyx very 
short, open. Basin shallow and slightly plaited. Flesh yellowish white, 
a little coarse-grained at first, but, when ripe, very juicy, half buttery, 
with a slightly musky flavor. Good. First to the middle of September. 

Williamson. 

Origin on the farm of Nicholas Williamson, Long Island. Tree 
hardy, vigorous, and a good bearer. 

Friiit medium, roundish oblate. Skin greenish yellow, a few patches 
and traces of russet. "Stalk rather stout. Calyx open. Basin uneven. 
Flesh, white, coarse, jnicy, half melting. Good. October. 

Wilmington. 

A seedling of Passe Colmar, raised by Dr. Brinckle, of Philadelphia. 
Tree a moderate grower. Young wood dull yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, 
netted and patched with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots. 
Stalk long, set in a small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Seg- 
ments persistent. Basin shallow, uneven. Flesh whitish green, juicy, 
buttery, melting, sweet, pleasant, slightly aromatic. Good to very good, 
Ssptember. 

Windsor. 

Summer BelL Belle d'fite. Green Windsor. 

Konge. Lady Thigh. Grosse Jargonelle. 

Madame. Bell Tongue. Supreme. 

Madame de France. Bellissime. Water, of some. 

Watermelon, of some. 

Tlie Windsor is an old European Pear, very ccmmonly known in 
some parts of this country as the Summer Bell Pear. It is a profitable 
market sort, bearing regularly large crops, and selling well, althotigh in 
quality it is, from its astringency, almost uneatable, and to be valued 
unlj as a cooking fruit. The tree is remarkable for its stout, perfectly 
upright dark brown shoots. 

Fruit large, pyriform or bell-shaped, widest above the middle, nar- 



884 THE PEAR. 

rowing fco tlie eye. Skin yellowisli green. Flesh white, tender or stf\ 
coarse-grained, with a somewhat astringent juice. Rots a^ the core. 
Last of August. 

"WlNSHIP. 

Winship Seedling, 

Originated in the nurseries of the Messrs. "Winship, Brighton, Mass 
Tree vigorous. Young wood rich dull yellow reddish brown. 

Fruit medium size, oblong acute pyriform. Skin greenish yellow 
with traces and patches of russet. Stalk long, rather stout, and uneven 
Calyx large. Segments short, erect. Basin small, corrugated. Flesh 
white, coarse, not juicy or melting. Poor. Augiist. 

Winter Bonchretien. 

Bon Chretien d'Hiver. De Dos. 

Poire d'Angoise. De Fesses. 

Good Christian of Winter. De Bon Crustemenien. 

Winter Good Christian. De Chretien. 

Bon Chretien de Constantinople. Bon Chretien de Tours. 

Panchresta. Bon Chretien de Vernon. 

Poire d'Apothecaire. Bon Chretien. 

Crustemenie. Bon Chretien d'Auch. 

A Tetine. De Saint-Martin. 

This is perhaps one of the oldest Pears known, having been de- 
scribed in 1485. Its value is only for cooking. 

Fi-uit large, obovate obtuse pyriform. Skin dull yellow, tinge of 
brown in the sun, and sprinked witn russet dots. Stalk medium. 
Cavity small. Calyx open. Basin deep. Flesh white, crisp, jui'^y 
Bweet, perfumed. December to March. 

Winter N^lis. 

Nelis d'Hiver. Etoumeau. 

Bonne de Malines. Bergamotte Thotiin. 

Beurre de Malines. Colmar Nelis. 

La Bonne Malinaise. Thouin. 

Milanaise Cuvelier. Colmar d'Hiver. 

The Winter NeKs holds, in our estimation, nearly the same rank 
among winter Pears that the Seckel does among the autumnal varieties. 
It is a very hardy and thrifty tree, and bears regular crops of pears, 
which always ripen well, and in succession. Branches diverging, rather 
Blender, dark reddish brown. It is a Flemish Pear, and was originated 
by M. Nelis, of Mechlin. 

Fruit of medium size, or usually a little below it, roundish obovate, 
narrowed-in near the stalk. Skin yellowish green at maturity, dotted 
with gray russet, and a good deal covered with russet patches and 
streaks, especially on the sunny side. Stalk an inch and a half long, 
bent, and planted in a narrow cavity. Calyx open, with stiff, short di- 
visions, placed in a shallow basin. Flesh yellowish white, fine-grained, 
buttery, and very melting, abounding with juice of a rich, saccharine, 
aromatic flavor. Best. In perfection in December, and keeps till ths 
middle of January. 



VHK PEAB. 865 




Winter Nelis. 



Winter Seckel. 



Origia, near Fredericksburg, Ya. Introduced by H. R. Roby. 

Pruit small, obovate, yellow, with a brownish cheek in sun, patches 
and nettings of russet, and many large green and brown dots. Stalk 
slender. Calyx large, open. Flesh white, a little coarse at core, ju; *y. 
half melting, sweet. Good. January to March. 

Winter Thorn. 
i^pine d'Hiver. ifepine Eose d'Hiver. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate, yellowish green, with grayish 
brown dots. Calyx small, open. Flesh whitish, tender, buttery, sweet, 
musky. November, January. (Hogg.) 

Woodbridge's Seckel. 

Originated at Detroit, Mich. Tree moderately vigorous. 

Fruit small, ovate pyriform. Skin pale yellow, shaded and marbled 
with crimson in the sun, and thickly sprinkled with brown and crimson 
dots. Stalk long, slender. Calyx open. Flesh yellowish, juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet, vinous. Yery good, but rapidly decays at the core. Sep- 
tember. 



886 THE PEAR. 

Woodstock. 

Origin, Yermont. Tree a moderate grower, very prodxicti re. iToung 
wood olive brown. 

Fruit medium or below, varying in form from roundish obtuse io 
obovate pyriform. Skin pals yellow, netted and patched, and thickly 
sprinkled with russet dots. Stalk long, rather slender, inserted in a 
small cavity, often by a lip. Calyx open. Segments long, slender, per- 
sistent. Basin abrupt. Flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, pleasant, 
slightly musky. Good to very good. September. 

Wredow. 

This is of unknown origin, probably French. Tree moderately vi- 
gorous, very productive., Young wood dark olive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform. Skin greenish yellow, shade of 
crimson in the sun, netted, patched, and dotted with rich golden russet. 
Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip. 
Calyx open. Segments recurved. Flesh whitish, juicy, melting, brisk, 
vinous. Good to very good. September. 

/ 

Yat. 

Yutte. ^ Graue Sommer Butterbime. 

Beurre Gris d'iElte. Jutjesbime. 

De Hollands. Jut-peer. 

Gute Graue. Jutte. 

Originated in Holland, of little value. Tree vigorous. Young 
w^ood reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit small, obovate pyriform, green, with some large, round, Kght- 
colored specks, brown I'usset in sun. Flesh white, tender, jnicy, sweet. 
Rots quickly. September. 

Zepherin Louis. 
Zepherin Louis Gregoire. 

Originated and first described by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Bel 
gium. Tree a moderate healthy gi'ower. 

Fruit medium, roundish obovate. Skin dull greenish yellow, clouded 
with brownish red, and shades of russet. Stalk very short. Cavity 
narrow, round. Calyx small. Flesh yellowish white, tinge of green, 
half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly aromatic. January. (Al. Pom.) 

Zephirin Gregoire. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, in 1843. Tree a free> gro-wer. 
young wood smooth, light olive yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, irregular, roundish acute pyriform. Skin greenish 
yellow, reddish in the sun, with patches of russet, and many green and 
gray dots. Stalk short, fleshy, very fleshy at insertion, and without a 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments long. Flesh whitish, melting, juicy, 
perfumed. Good to very good. October, November. 



THE PEAR. 887 

ZoAB Beauty. 
Zoar Seedling. 

A native of Ohio. Tree vigorous, dark brown shoots, an early and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, acute pyriform. Skin yellow, with a beautiful crim- 
son or carmine cheek in sun, thickly dot'^ed with minute green dots. 
Stalk long, curved, fleshy at insertiou, often by a ring or lip, in. a small 
cavity. Calyx open. Segments erect, sometimes reciirved. Flesh 
white, granular, half breaking, moderately juicy, sv/eet, aromatic, per- 
fumed. Unless gathered early it rots at core. Good. Early August. 



SELECT LIST OF PEARS FOE, TABLE USE, M-^JIKETINQ 
AND COOKING. 

Ananas d'Et6. Table and market. 

Baron de Mello. Table and market. 

Bartlett. Table and market. 

Beurre d'Albret. Table and market. 

Beurre d'Anjou. Table and market. 

Beurre Bosc. Table and market. 

Beurre Brignais. Table and market. 

Beurre Clairgeau. Market. 

Beurre Diel. Table and market. 

Beurre GifFart. Table. 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Nouveau. Table and market. 

Beurre Hardy. Table and market. 

Beurre Koning. Table and market. 

Beurre Sterckmans. Table and market. 

Beuire Superfin. Table and market. 

Black "Worcester. Market and cooking. 

Bloodgood. Table. 

Brandywine. Table. 

Brialmont. Table and market. 

Buflum. Table and market. 

Catillac. Market and cooking. 

Church. Table. 

Clapp's Favorite. Table and market, 

Coit's Beurre. Table and market. 

Dana's Hovey. Table and market. 

Dearborn Seedling. Table. 

Dix. Table and market. 

Doctor Reeder. Table. 

Doyenne Boussock. Table and market. 

Doyenne Cornice. Table and market. 

Doyenne d'Ete. Table and market. 

Doyenne Gris. Table and market. 



888 THE PEAK. 

Duchesse D'Angouleme. Table and market 
Ducliesse D'Oileans. Table and market. 
Edmonds. Table and market. 
Emile d'Heyst. Table and market. 
Flemish Beauty. Table and market. 
Fondante d'Automne. Table and market. 
' Foote's Seckel. Table. 

Fulton. Table and market. 

Gansel's Bergamotte. Table and market. 

Henkel. Table and market. 

Howell. Table and market. 

Jones' Seedling. Table and market. 

Josephine Malines. Table and market. 

Lawrence. Table and market. 

Leon le Clerc Laval. Market and cooking. 

Louise Bonne de Jersey. Table, market, and cookingi 

Lycurgus. Table. 

McLaughlin. Table and market. 

Madame Eliza. Table and market. 

Manning's Elizabeth. Table. 

Marechal de la Cour. Table and market. 

Merriam. Table and market. 

Onondaga. Table and market. 

Paradise d'Automne. Table and market. 

Pound. Market and cooking. 

Prince's St. Germain. Table and market. 

Bostiezer. Table and market. 

Butter. Table and market. 

Seckel. Table and market. 

Sheldon. Table and market. 

Souvenir d'Esperen. Table and market. 

Spanish Bon Chretien. Market and cooking. 

Stevens' Genesee. Table and market. 

Surpasse Yirgalieu. Table and market. 

Tyson. Table and market. 

TJrbaniste. Table and market. 

Vicar of Winkfield. Market and cookiug. 

Washington. Table and market. 

White Doyenne. Table and market. 

Winter Bonchretien. Mai-ket and cooking. 

Winter N^lis. Table and market. 



THK FLUH. 889 

CHAPTER XXVIL 

THE PLUM. 

Prunus domestiea, L. JRosaeecs, of botanists. 
Prunter, of the French ; PJlaumenbaum, German ; Prugno, Italian ; Cii'uelo^ 

Spanish. 

The original parent of most of the cultivated Plums of our gardens 
is a native of Asia and the Southern parts of Europe, but it has become 
naturalized in this country, and' in many parts of it is produced in the 
greatest abundance.* That the soil and climate of the Middle States 
are admirably suited, to this fruit is sufficiently proved by the almost 
spontaneous production of such varieties as the Washington, Jefferson, 
Lawrence's Favorite,^ &c. ;. sorts which equal or surpass in beauty or 
flavor the most celebrated Plums of France or England. 

Uses. The finer kinds of plums are beautiful dessert fruits, of rich 
and luscious flavor.. They are not, perhaps, so entirely wholesome as 
the peach and the pear, as, from their somewhat cloying and flatulent 
nature, unless when very perfectly ripe^ they are more likely to disagree 
with weak stomachs.. 

For the kitchen the plum is also very highly esteemed, being prized 
for tarts, pies, canning, sweetmeats, etc. In the South of France an 
excellent spirit is- made from, this fruit fermented with honey. In the 
western part of this State,, where they are very abundant, they are 
halved, stoned, and dried in the sun or ovens in large quantities, and 
are then excellent for winter use. For eating, the plum should be 
allowed to hang on the tree till perfectly ripe, and the fruit will always 
be finer in proportion as the tree has a more sunny exposure. The size 
and quality of the fruit is always greatly improved by thinning the 
fruit when it is half-grown. Indeed, to prevent rotting, and to have 
this fruit in its highest perfection, no two plums should be allowed to 
touch each other while growing, and those who are willing to take this 
pains, are amply repaid by the superior quality of the fruit, 

* There are three species of wild plum indigenous to this country — of toler- 
able flavor, but seldom cultivated in our gardens. They are the following: — 

I. The Chickasaw Pltjm. (Pnmus OMcasa, Midhanx.) Fruit about three- 
fourths of an inch in diameter, round, and red or yellowish red, of a pleasant, 
subacid flavor, ripens pretty early. Skin thin. The branches are thorny, the 
head rather bushy, with narrow lanceolate serrulate leaves, locking at a little 
distance somewhat like those of a peach-tree. It usually grows about 12 or 14 
feet high ; but on the Prairies of Arkansas it is only 3 or 4 feet high, and in this 
form it is also common in Texas. The Dwarf Texas Plum described by Ken- 
rick is only this species. It is quite ornamental. 

II. Wild Red OR Yellow Plum. {P. Americana, Maishail.) Fruit round- 
ish oval, skin thick, reddish orange, with a juicy, yeUow, subacid pulp. The 
leaves are ovate, coarsely serrate, and the old branches rough and somewhat 
thorny. Grows in hedges, and by the banks of streams, from Canada to the 
Gulf of Mexico. Tree from 10 to 15 feet high. Fruit ripens in July and 
August. 

III. The Beach Plum, or Sand Plum. (P. Maritima, Wang.) A low shrub 
with stout straggling branches, found mostly on the sandy sea-coast, from Mas- 
sachusetts to Virginia, and seldom ripening well elsewhere. Fruit roundish, 
scarcely an inch in diameter, red or purple, covered with a bloom. Pleasant 
but somewhat astringent. Leaves oval, finely serrate. 



890 THE PLUM. 

One of the most important forms of tlie plum in commerce is that of 
prunes, as they are exported from France to every part of the world. 
We quote the following interesting account of the best mode of prepar- 
ing prunes from the Arboretum JBritaniiicum : — 

The best primes are made near Tours, of the St, Catherine Plum 
and the Prune d'Agen ; and the best French pluvis (so called in Eng- 
land) are made in Provence, of the Perdrigon blanc, the Brignole, and 
the Prune d'Ast ; the Provence plums being the most Heahy, and hav- 
ing always most bloom. Both kinds are, however, made of these and 
other kinds of plums, in various parts of France. The plums are 
gathered when just ripe enough to fall from the trees on their being 
slightly shaken. They are then laid, separately, on frames or sieves 
made of wicker-work or laths, and exposed for several days to the sun, 
till they become as soft as ripe medlars. When this is the case they 
are put into a spent oven, shut quite close, and left there for twenty- 
four hours ; they are then taken out, and the oven being slightly re- 
heated, they are put in again when it is rather warmer than it was be- 
fore. The next day they are again taken out, and turned by slightly 
shaking the sieves. The oven is heated again, and they are p\it in a 
third time, when the oven is one-fourth degree hotter than it was the 
second time. After remaining twenty-four hours, they are taken out, 
and left to get quite cold. They are then rounded, an opejation which is 
performed by turning the stone ia the plum without breaking the skin, 
and pressing the two ends together between the thumb and finger. 
They are then again put upon the sieves, which are placed in an oven 
from which the bread has been jvist drawn. The door of the oven is 
closed, and the crevices are stopped round it with clay or dry grass. 
An hour afterwards the plums are taken out, and the oven is again 
shut, with a cup of water in it, for about two hours. When the 
water is so warm as j ust to be able to bear the finger in it, the prunes 
are agaia placed in the oven, and left there for twenty-four hours, when 
the operation is finished, and they are put loosely into small, long, and 
rather deep boxes, for sale. The common sorts are gathered by shaking 
the trees ; but the finer kinds, for making French plums, must be 
gathered in the morning, before the rising of the sun, by taking hold of 
the stalk between the thumb and finger, without touching the fruit, 
which is laid gently on a bed of vine-leaves in a basket. When the bas- 
kets are filled, without the plums touching each other, they are removed 
to the fruit-room, where they are left for two or three days exposed to 
the sun and air ; after which the same process is employed for the others ; 
and in this way the delicate bloom is retained on the fruit, even when 
quite dry. 

Pkopagation and Culture. The plum is usually propagated in 
this country by sowing the seeds of any common free-gi'owing variety 
(avoiding the Damsons, which are not readily worked), and budding 
them, when two years old, with finer sorts. The stones should be 
j)lanted as soon as gathered, in broad drills (as in planting peas), but 
about an inch and a half deep. In good soil the seedlings will reach 
eighteen inches or two feet in height the next season, and in the 
autumn or the ensuing spring they may be taken from the seed-beds, 
their tap-roots reduced, and all that are of suitable size planted at once 
in the nursery rows, the smaller ones being thickly bedded until affcei 
another season's growth. 



THE PLUM. 891 

The stocks planted out in tlie nursery will ordinarily be ready foi 
working about the ensuing midsummer, and, as the plum is quite diffi- 
cult to bud in this dry climate, if the exact season is not chosen, the 
budder must watch the condition of the trees, and insert his buds a& 
early as they are sufficiently firm,— say, in this neighborhood, about the 
10th of July. Insert the buds, if possible, on the north side of the 
stock, that being more protected from the sun, and tie the bandage 
leather more tightly than for other trees. 

The English propagate very largely, by layers, three varieties of the 
common plum — the Muscle, the Brussels, and the Pear Plum, which 
are almost exclusively employed for stocks with them. But we have not 
found these stocks superior to the seedlings raised from our common 
plums (the Blue Gage, Horse Plum, &c.), so abundant in all our 
gardens. For dwarfing, the seedlings of the Mirabelle are chiefly em- 
ployed. 

Open standard culture is the universal mode in America, as the plum 
is one of the hardiest of fruit-trees. It requires little or no pruning 
beyond that of thinning out a crowded head, or taking away decayed or 
broken branches, and this should be done before midsummer, to prevent 
the flow of gum. Old trees that have become barren may be renovated 
by heading them in pretty severely, covering the wounds with a 
solution of gum shellac, and giving them a good top-dressing at the 
roots. 

Soil. The pl.um will grow vigorously in almost every part of thi? 
country, but it only bears its finest and most abundant crops in heavy 
loams, or in soils in which there is a considerable mixture of clay. In 
sandy soils the tree blossoms and sets plentiful crops, but they are 
rarely perfected, falling a prey to the curculio, an insect that harbors in 
the soil, and seems to find it difficult to penetrate or live in one of a 
heavy texture, while a warm, light, sandy soil is exceedingly favorable 
to its propagation. It is also undoubtedly true that a heavy soil is na- 
turally the most favorable one. The surprising facility with which su 
perior new varieties are raised merely by ordinary reproduction from 
seed, in certain parts of the valley of the Hudson, as at Hudson or near 
Albany, where the soil is quite clayey, and also the delicious flavor and 
gi'eat productiveness and health of the plum-tree there, almost without 
any care, while in adjacent districts of rich sandy land it is a very un- 
certain bearer, are very convincing proofs of the great importance of 
clayey soil for this fruit.* 

Where the whole soil of a place is light and sandy, we would recom- 
mend the employment of pure yellow loam or yellow clay in the place 
of manure, when preparing the border or spaces for planting the plum. 
Very heavy clay, burned slowly by mixing it in large heaps with brush 
or fagots, is at once an admirable manure and alterative for such soils. 
Swamp muck is also one of the best substances, and especially that from 
salt-water marshes. 

Common salt we have found one of the best fertilizers for the plum- 
tree. It greatly promotes its health and luxuriance. 

Insects and Diseases. There are but two draAvbacks to the culti- 

* When this was written it wac generally supposed that the curculio would 
not attack the fruit of plums growing on trees in clayey aoils ; but practical ex- 
perience has shown that such is not the fact. — Rbvisor. 



S92 THE PLUM. 

vation of the plum in the United States, but they are in some district! 
BO great as almost to destijy the value of this tree. These are the ctW' 
culio and the knots. 

The curculio, or plum-weevil {Hhynchcenus ITenupha/r)^ is the un- 
compromising foe of all smooth-stone fruits. The cultivator of the 
Plum, the Nectarine, and the Apricot, in many parts of the country, 
after a flattering profusion of snowy blossoms and an abundant promise 
in the thickly set young crops of fruit, has the frequent mortification of 
seeing nearly all, or indeed, often, the whole crop, fall from the trees 
when half or two-thirds grown. 

If he examines these falling fruits he will perceive on the surface 
of each, not far from the stalk, a small semi-circular scar. This scar is 
the crescent-shaped insignia of that little Turk the curculio — an insect 
so small as, perhaps, to have escaped his observation for years, unless 
pa/ticularly ch'awn to it, but which nevertheless appropriates to himself 
the whole product of a tree, or an orchard of a thousand trees. 

The habits of this curculio, or plum- weevil, are not yet fully and en- 
tirely ascertained. But careful observation has resulted in establishing 
the following points in its history : — 

The plum- weevil is a small, dark bi-own beetle, with 
spots of white, yellow, and black. Its length is scarce- 
ly one-fifth of an inch. On its back are two black 
humps, and it is furnished with a pretty long, curved 
throat and snout, which, when it is at rest, is bent 
between the forelegs. It is also provided with two 
wings, with which it flies through the air. How far 
this insect flies is yet a disputed point, some cultiva- 
tors affirming that it scarcely goes farther than a 
single tree, and others believing that it flies over a 
whole neighborhood. Our own observation inclines 
us to the belief that this insect emigrates just in 
*it9*mark.*° proportion as it finds in more or less abundance the 

tender fruit for depositing its eggs. Very rarely do 
we see more than one puncture in a plum, and, if the 
insects are abundant, the trees of a single spot will not afibrd a sufficient 
number for the purpose ; then there is little doubt (as we have seen 
them flying through the air) that the insect flies farther in search of a 
larger supply. But usually, we think, it remains nearly in the same 
neighborhood, or migrates but slowly. 

About a week or two after the blossoms have fallen from the trees, 
if we examine the fruit of the plum in a district where this insect 
abounds, we shall find the small, newly formed fruit beginning to be 
punctured by the proboscis of the j)lum-weevil. The insect is so small 
and shy, that unless we watch closely it is very likely to escape our no- 
tice. But if we strike or shake the tree suddenly, it will fall in consider- 
able numbers on the ground, drawn up as if dead, and resembling a small 
raisin, or, perhaps more nearly, a ripe hemp-seed. From the first of 
April until August this insect may be found, though we tlrink its de- 
predations on fruit, and indeed its appearance in any quantity, is con- 
fined to the months of May and June in this climate. In places where 
it is very abundant, it also attacks to some extent the cherry, the peach, 
and even the apple and pear. 

Early in July the punctured plums begin to fall rapidly from the 




THE PLUM. 893 

tree. The egg deposited in each, at first invisible, las become & "white 
grub or larva, -which slowly eats its way towards the stone or pit. As 
soon as it reaches this point the fruit falls to the ground. Here, if left 
undisturbed, the grub soon finds its way into the soil. 

There, according to most cultivators of fruit, and to our own observa- 
tions, the grubs or larvae remain till the ensuing spring, when in their 
perfect form they again emerge as beetles and renew their ravages on 
the fruit. It is true that Karris and some other naturalists have 
proved that the insect does sometimes undergo its final transformation 
and emerge from the ground in twenty days, but we are inclined to the 
opinion that this only takes place with a small portion of the brood, 
which, perhaps, have penetrated but a veiy short distance below the 
surface of the soil. These making their appearance in midsummer, and 
finding no young fruit, deposit their eggs in the young branches of trees, 
etc. But it is undeniable that the season of the plvim-weevil is early 
spring, and that most of the larvae which produce the annual swarm, re- 
main in the soil during the whole period intervening since the fall of the 
previoiis year's fruit. Pkim-trees growing in hard trodden court-yards 
usually bear plentiful crops. 

The modes of destroying the plum-weevil are the following : — 

1. Shaking the tree and killing the beetles. Watch the young fruit, 
and you will perceive when the insect makes its appearance by its 
punctures upon theni- Spread some sheets under the tree, and strike 
the trunk pretty sharply several times with a wooden mallet. The in- 
sects will quickly fall, and should be killed immediately. This should 
be repeated daily for weeks, or so long as the insects continue to make 
their appearance. Repeated trials have proved, beyond question, that 
this rather tedious mode is a very effectual one if persisted in.* Coops 
of chickens placed about under the trees at this season will assist in de- 
stroying the insects. 

Dr. E. S. Hull, of Alton, Illinois, has invented a machine for 
catching the curculio on a large scale for orchard culture, but not having 
seen it, we copy an extract from the Hearth and Some : 

" This is nothing but a gigantic white umbrella, turned bottom up- 
ward, mounted upon an immense wheelbarrow, and split in front to re- 
ceive the trunk of the tree which is to be operated upon. At the in- 
terior end of the split in front is a padded bumper, which strikes against 
the trunk as the operator wheels the barrow, first against one tree, and 
then against another, and with two or three sudden jars fetches all the 
insects off the boughs into the white umbrella, which gapes widely open 
to receive them. Really, it is a most niagnificent institution, but for its 

* Merely shaking the tree is not sufficient. The following memorandum, as 
additional proof, we quote from the Genesee Farmer : — ' ' Under a tree in a re- 
mote part of the fruit-garden, having spread the sheets, I made the following 
experiment. On shaking the tree well I caught five curculios ; on jarring it with 
the hand I caught twelve more ; and on striking the tree with a stone, eight 
more dropped on the sheets. I was now convinced that I had been in error ; and 
calling in assistance and using a hammer to jar the tree violently, we caught, in 
less than an hour, more than two hundred and sixty of these insects." We will 
add to this, that to prevent injury to the tree a large wooden mallet should be 
substituted for a hammer, and it is better if a thick layer of cloth is bound over 
its head. A sharp stunning blow is found necessary to readily dislodge the in- 
Bect, and as such, when given directly upon the bark of the tree, often causes a 
bruise, it is found to be a good practice to saw off a small limb and strike th« 
blow upon the stump. 



894 THE PLTTM. 

practical success three tkings are necessary : 1st. That the land shonld 
be decently clean, and. not overgrown with rank weeds foixr or five feet 
high. 2d. That the orchard be a sufficiently large one to pay the inter- 
est on the prime cost of the machine. 3d. That the trees have a clean 
trunk of some three or four feet." 

For those wishing a full description of the machine, we refer them 
to the Doctor's own statement in the American Entomologist for July, 
1869. 

2. Gathering the fruit and destroying the larvce. As the insect, in 
its larva or grub form, is yet within the plums when they fall prema- 
turely from the tree, it is a very obvious mode of exterminating the next 
year's brood to gather these fallen fruits daily, and feed them to swine, 
boil, or otherwise destroy them. 

A simple and easy way of covering the difficulty, where there is a 
plum orchard or enclosure, is that of turning in swine and fowls dur- 
ing the whole season, when the stung plums are dropping to the 
grotind. The fruit, and the insects contained in it, will thus be de- 
voured together. This is an excellent expedient for the farmer, v?ho 
bestows his time grudgingly on the cares of the garden. 

The knots or black gum. In some parts of the country this is a 
most troublesome disease, and it has, in neighborhoods where it has been 
suffered to take its course, even destroyed the whole race of Plum-trees. 

The knots is a disease attacking the bark and wood. The former 
at first becomes swollen, afterwards bursts, and, finally, assumes the 
appearance of large, irregular, black lumps, with a hard, cracked, tineven 
surface, quite dry within. The passage of the sap upwards becomes stop- 
ped by the compression of the branch by the tumor, and, finally, the 
poison seems to disseminate itself by the downward flow of the 
sap through the whole trunk, breaking out in various parts of it. 

The sorts of plum most attacked by this disease are those with pur- 
ple fruit, and we have never kno^Ti the gi-een or yellow fruited varieties 
infected, until the other sorts bad first become filled with the knots. 
The common Horse Plum and Damson appear to be the first to fall a' 
prey to it, and it is more difficult to eradicate it from them than from 
most other sorts. The common Morello cherry is also very often in- 
jured by the same disease, and, in some districts, the sweet cherry also. 

There is yet some doubt respecting the precise cause of these knotty 
excrescences, though there is every reason to think it is the work of an 
insect. Professor Peck and Dr. Harris believe that they are caused by 
the same curculio or plum- weevil that stings the fruit ; the second brood 
of which, finding no fruit ready, choose the branches of this tree and 
the cherry. This observation would seem to be confirmed by the 
fact that the grubs or larvae of the plum- weevil are frequently found in 
these warts, and that the beetles have been seen stinging the branches. 

On the other hand, the following facts are worthy of attention. 
First, in some parts of the country, where the curculio has been trouble- 
some for many years, the knots have never been known. Secondly, 
in many cases, the knots have been abundant on Plum-trees, when the 
fruit was entirely fair and uninjured by the curculio, even upon the 
same branches. 

These facts seem so irreconcilable with the opinion that the curculio 
produces both those effects, that we rather incline at present to the be- 
lief, that though the curculio deposits its eggs in the tumors on the 



THE PLUM. 8M 

branches while they are yet soft and tender, yet it is not to the curculio^ 
but to some other insect or cause that we owe this unsightly disease. 

Practically, however, this is of little account. The experience of 
many persons, besides oiirselves, has proved most satisfactorily that it is 
'^asy to extirpate tins malady, if it is taken in season and unremittingly 
pursued. As early as possible in spring the whole of the infected trees 
should be examined, and every branch and twig that shows a tumor 
should be c\it off and immediately burned. Whatever may be the in- 
sect, we thus destroy it, and, as experience has taught us that the 
malady spreads rapidly, we will thus effectually prevent its increase. If 
the trees are considerably attacked by it, it will probably be necessary 
to go over them again aboiit the middle of May, but, usually, once a 
year will be sufficient. If any of the trees are very much covered with 
these knots, it is better to head back the shoots severely, or dig them 
up and burn them outright, and it will be necessary to pi*evail upor 
your neighbors, if they are near ones, to enter into the plan, or youi 
own labors will be of little value. Pursue this simple and straightfor 
ward practice for two or three seasons (covering any large wounds 
made with the solution of gum shellac), and the knots will be found to 
disappear, the curciilio to the contrary notwithstanding. 

Varieties. There are now a pretty large number of fine plums, 
and some most important additions have been made by the seedlings 
raised in this country. The Green Gage still stands at the head of the 
list for high flavor, though several other sorts are nearly or quite equal 
to it. The Washington, the Jefferson, and the Madison are among 
the largest and most beautiful ; and Coe's Golden Drop and Heine 
Claude de Bavay are very desirable for their late maturity. 

In describing Plums, the surface of the young wood, when just 
ripened, is an important character ; as it is sunooth in some varieties, 
and downy, or covered with soft hairs, in others. In some varieties 
the flesh parts from the stone, while in others it adheres. And, finally, 
the depressed line or channel which rims down one side of the exterior 
surface of the plum is called the suture, and the prominence or absence 
of this feature enables us to distinguish many kinds at first sight. 



VARIETIES. 

Abricotee de Braunau. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oval, rather flattened on the 
sides, and marked with a suture which is deep towards the stalk, and 
higher on one side than the other. Skin whitish green, covered with a 
thick white bloom on the shaded side, and reddish, with some spots of 
a deeper red on the side next the sun. Stalk an inch long, thick. 
Flesh yellow, firm, juicy, sweet, sugary, and rich flavored, separating 
from the stone. Pipe middle of September. (Hogg.) 

Albany Beauty. 

Denniston's Albany Beauty. 

Originated with Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Bi-anches smooth. 



896 THE PLUM. 

Fruit rather below medium size, roundirh oval, with an obscure su 
ture. Skin pale whitish green, marked with numerous small purplish 
dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slen- 
der, very slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, moderately juicy, rich, and 
sweet ; separates from the stone, which is small and pointed. Good to 
very good. Ripe August. 

American Magnum Bonum. 

A native variety, quite common, but its origin unknown. Tret 
very vigorous, with strong, downy branches. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture broad, shallow. Skin deep pur- 
ple, covered with a thick blue bloora. Stalk rather long, curved, set in 
a moderately deep cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 

American Wheat. 

Tree moderately vigorous, productive. Branches smooth, grayish 
brown. 

Fruit quite small, roundish, with a shallow suture. Stalk slender. 
Skin greenish, shaded with violet purple, and covered with a thin bluci 
bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres partially to the 
stone. Last of August. 

Angelina Burdett. 

^.n English variety, raised by Mr, Dowling, Southampton. Tree 
moderate grower, productive, hardy. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium, round, with a siiture deepest next the stalk. 
Skin thick, dark purple, thickly covered with brown dots and a blue 
bloom. Flesh yellowish, jiiicy, well flavored; separates from the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

Anna Maria. 

Raised by S. D. Pardee, New Haven, Conn. Tree moderately vigo- 
roiis, I'ather spreading, very productive. Branches slightly downy, gray, 
short-j ointed. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oval, without suture. Skin pale 
greenish yellow, splashed with darker green, and covered with a thin blue 
bloom. Stalk rather short, in a small cavity. Flesh pale green, very 
juicy, melting, rich, sugary. Good to very good. Adheres slightly at 
one edge of the stone. Last of August, 

Apple Plum. 

From the garden of D, U, Pratt, Chelsea, Mass, 

Fruit medium, roundish flattened, a little swollen on one side. Su- 
ture medium. Skin reddish purple, with a blue bloom and light dots. 
Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, sweet, sprightly, with considerable 
austerity at the skin ; adheres partially to the stone. Good, Sep- 
tember, 

Apricot. 

Apricot Plum of Tours. Abricotee. Abricotee Blanche. 

Abricotee de Tours. Yellow Apricot. Old Apricot. 

Abricotee Blanc. 

Branches quite downy, nearly white. 



THE PLUM. §97 

Fruit above medium size, roundish, with a deep suture or furrow. 
Skin yellow, dotted and tinged with red on the sunny side, covered 
with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, rather firm, separates from the 
stone ; slightly bitter, until fully ripe, when it is 'melting, juicy, and 
high-flavored. Good. Kipe the middle of August. 

AUBUEN. 

A native of Western 'New York. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth 
reddish. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple, 
with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk rather short. Flesh rather coarse, 
orange yellow, not juicy, sweet, pleasant; separates from the stone. 
Good. Early August. 

AUTOMNE DE SCHAMALI. 

Prune d'Automne de Schamili. Damascena Schamali 

D'Automne de SchamaL 

A German variety. Tree vigorous. Branches upright, smooth, 
light reddish brown. 

Fruit large, oval, with a long, peculiar mamelon neck, one side 
sometimes enlarged. Suture large, deep, two-thirds around. Skin 
light reddish purple, with a light lilac bloom. Stalk long and stout. 
Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sweet; adheres firmly to the stone. Good. 
September. 

ivuTUMN Compote. 

This variety was grown by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, Eng- 
land, from seed of Cooper's Large. Tree vigorous, moderately produc- 
tive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong oval, narrowing to the lower end. Suture broad 
and shallow, one side often swollen. Skin dull whitish yellow, with 
light crimson on the sunny side, and covered with a thin lilac bloom. 
Stalk long, set in a small narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, 
juicy, sweet, pleasantly mixed with acid; adheres partly to the stone. 
. Good to very good. September. 

Autumn Gage. 
Eoe's Autumn Gage. Eeine Claude d'Automne. 

Raised by Wm. Roe, of Newburg. Of good quality, a very abun- 
dant bearer. Branches smooth. Tree vigorous, spreading. 

Fruit medium size, oval, rather broadest towards the stalk. Stalk 
"iiree-fourths of an inch long, inserted without any depression. Skin 
^jale yellow, covered with thin whitish bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
separating from the stone, juicy, sweet, and of delicate, pleasant flavor. 
Good to very good. Stone long, compressed, pointed at both ends 
September. 

Bavay's Green Gage. 
Reine Claude de Bavay. Monstrueuse de Bavay. Saint Clair. 

Raised by Major Esperen, and dedicated to M. De Bavay, of Vil- 
vorde. A very vigorous grower, very productive, and a valuable 
addition to the late varieties. Branches smooth. 

57 



898 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit large, roundish, sligLtly depressed. Skin greenisli yello'W', 
with sti'ipes and splashes of green, covered with a thin bloom. Su« 
fcui-e medium. Apex dimpled. Stalk short and stout, set in a small 

cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a sugary, rich, excellent 
flavor ; separates from the stone. 
Best. Last of September and 
first of October. 

Bejonnieres. 

Prune des Bejonnieres. 

A. foreign variety. Tree vigo- 
rous. Bi'anches smooth, reddish 
brown. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, 
often with a slight neck. Suture 
broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, 
with a thin light bloom. Stalk 
rather stout, in a small cavity. 
Bavay's Green Gage. Flosh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, 

slightly vinous; separates from the 
stone. Good. Last of August. 




Belgian Purple. 
Bleu de Belgique. Bleu de Perque. 

From Belgium. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. Buds prominent. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Apex sunken. 
Skin deep brownish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk hall 
inch long, rather slender. Cavity large. Flesh a little coarse, gi-eenish, 
juicy, rich, sugary; adheres to the stone. Yery good. Early Septem- 
ber. 

Belle de Louvain. 

Prune de Louvain. 

A Belgian variety, of unknown origin. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Branches stout, smooth, grayish brown. 

Fruit large, long oval. Suture deep. Skin purplish red, covered 
with a thin bloom. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, agreeable; 
separates from the stone. September. (Al. Pom.) 



Belle de Septembre. 



Van Mons' Bed ? 
Van Mons' Red Gage ' 
Autumn Beauty. 



Reine Claude Rouge de Septembre. 

Reina Nova. 

Gros Rouge de Septembre. 



Reine Claude Rouge Van Mons ? 

A variety introduced from Brussels, Tree vigorous and productive. 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval. Sides unequal. Suture 
large, extending a little beyond the apex. Skin light reddish purple, 
covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk short, slender. Cavity small. 



THE PLUM. 



899 



Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous ; adheres to the stone. 
to very good. September. 



Good 



Benedict. 

Origin, Pa. Tree vigorous. -Branches smooth, brownish. 

Fruit small, oval, one side a little enlarged. Suture distinct, extend- 
ing a little beyond the apex. Skin pale yellow, covered with a thin 
white bloom and a few red dots and blotches on the sunny side. Stalk 
of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh pale yellow, juicy, 
sweet and pleasant. Good. Adheres to the stone. 

Bingham. 

A native fruit, originally from Pennsylvania, and named after the 
Bingham family. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches do%vny. 

Fruit large, long oval, rather widest towards the stalk. Skin deep 
yellow, somewhat spotted with, rich red on the sunny side. Stalk 
slightly inserted. Flesh yellow, adhering to the stone, juicy, and of 
rich and delicioiis flavor. Very good. Last of August and first of 
September. 



German Gage. 



Bleeckee's Gage. 
Bleecker's Yellow. 



Bleecker's Yellow Gage. 



A fruit of the first quality, not only excellent but remarkably hardy, 
and a good and regular bearer. It was raised by the late Mrs. Bleecker, 
of Albany. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, 
very regular. Suture scarcely percep- 
tible. Stalk quite long, an inch or 
more, straight and pretty stout, downy, 
slightly inserted. Skin yellow, with 
numerous imbedded white specks, and 
a thin white bloom. Flesh yellow, 
rich, sweet, and luscious in fiavor; 
separates; almost entirely from stone, 
which is pointed at both ends. Very 
good. Easily distingiiished from 
Yellow Gage by its longer and stouter 
stalk. Yery good. Last of August. 



Blue Gage. 



Azure Hdtive. 
Black Perdrigon. 



Little Blue Gage. 
Cooper's Blue Gage. 



An ordinary little rovind blue Plum, 
the Azure JIdtive of the French. 
Bx'anches slender and downy. 

Fruit quite small and round. Skin 
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom, 
little acid, somewhat rich, and separates 
Ripe middle of August. 




Bleecker's Gage. 

Flesh greenish, juicy, a 
from the stone. Good 



900 



THE PLUM. 



Iinpfiratrice. 

Veritab .e Imperatrice. 



Blue Imperatrice. 

Violette. 
Imperatrice Violet. 



Empress. 
Violet Empress. 



The true Blue Imperatrice is an admirable Plum, one of the finest 
of the late plums, hanging for a long time on the tree, and may be 
kept in the fruit-room a considerable period after being gathered. It 
is rich, sugary, and excellent. The branches are long, smooth, and 

slender, and the smaller twigs start out 
at nearly right angles with the main 
branches. 

Fruit of medium size, oval obovate, 
obtuse, tapering most towards the stalk. 
Stalk nearly an inch long, set in a slight 
hollow. Skin deep purple, covered with 
a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, pretty firm, rather dry, but quite 
rich and- sugary, adhering closely to the 
stone. Very good. Ripens in Octo- 
ber, and will hang, in sheltered situa- 
tions, till the middle of November, 

Blue Perdrigon. 

Violet Perdrigon. Perdrigon Violette. 

Brignole Violette. 

A very old variety from Italy. 
Blue imp6ratrice. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval. Skio 
reddish purple, with many brown dots, and a very thick whitish 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, sugary; adhering to the 
stone. Good. Last of August. 

Blue Plum. 

From the South. Propagated by suckers. Tree productive. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, scarcely oval. Suture obscure. Skin dark 
blue, with light blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green, juicy, sweet ; adheres 
ho the stone. Early August. . (White.) 

Blum. 

This is supposed to be a seedling of North Carolina. The Country 
Gentleman describes it as: — 

"Fruit full medium or rather large, oval. Color dull orange, with 
numerous small brown dots. Suture distinct. Stalk short. Cavity 
narrow. Flesh yellowish brown, fine-grained, very juicy. Very good. 
July, August." 




Bonnet d'Eveque. 
Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 



Fruit medium, obovate. 
from the stone. October. 



Skin dark purple. 
(Hogg.) 



Flesh rich, sepai iting 



THE PLUM. 



901 



BOULOUF. 

Fruit large, roundish, red or reddish violet, with spots. Flesh 
yellow, fine, juicy, slightly acid, perfumed. September. (S. V. M.) 



Bradshaw. 



Black ImperiaL 



Blue Imperial. 



Tree an upright, vigorous grower. Branches smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, oval obovate, sometimes with a slight neck. Suture 

half round,broad, shallow. Apex 
a little sunk. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with a light blue 
bloom. Stalk rather stout, curv- 
ed, set in a smaU cavity. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, juicy, brisk, 
pleasant ; adheres partially to the 
stone. Good to very good. Au- 
gust. 



Brahy's Green Gage. 
Eeine Claude de Brahy. 

Tree vigorous, with stout, 
smooth branches, brownish pur- 
ple. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclin- 
ing to oval. Suture half round, 
large. Skin greenish yellow, 
splashed with darker green, and 
covered with a pretty thick 
light bloom. Flesh greenish 
yellow, sugary, rich; adlieres to 
the stone. Yery good. Sep- 
tember, 




Bradshaw. 



Brevoort's Purple. 



New York Purple. 
Brevoort's Purple Bolmar. 



Brevoort's Purple Washington. 
Washington Purple. 



Baised by Henry Brevoort, New York. Tree vigorous. Branches 
long, smooth. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin reddish, covered with a violet bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, soft, juicy, not very sweet, but with considerable 
vinous flavor ; adheres closely to the stone. Good. Bipe the first of 
September. 



Petit Bricette. 



Bricet. 



Bricetta. 
Mirabelle Tardive. 



Mirabelle d'Octobre. 



Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin yellow, with spots of red 
Stalk of medium length, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, rathei 



902 THE PLUM. 

firm, very juicy, sugary, and excellent; adheres to tlie stone, (jrciod, 
Ripens middle of September. 

Bryanston's Gage. 

Fruit medi\im, oval, with a shallow suture. Apex a little sunk. 
Skin dull pale yellow, with a bronze cheek in the sun, covered with a 
light bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity medium. Flesh yellow, a 
little coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant; adheres partially to the stone. 
Good to very good. October. 

Buel's Favorite. 

An excellent Plum, raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany, N. Y. 
Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, reddish. 

Fruit pretty large, ovate, broadest towards the stalk. Suture quite 
distinct for half the circumference. Stalk nearly three-quarters of an 
inch long, rather stou.t, slightly inserted. Skin pale green, thickly 
sprinkled with lighter dots, and speckled with a little red next the 
stalk. Flesh greenish yellow, rather firm, juicy, and quite rich and high- 
flavored ; adheres to the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. 
Last of August. 

Burgundy Prune. 

Prune de Bourgogne. 

Fruit medium, egg-shaped, with a neck. Suture indistinct. Skin red- 
dish black, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous small dots. Stalk 
long, set in a very small cavity. Flesh fine, juicy, sugary, very pleasant ; . 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle of September. 

Burlington Gage. 

Origin, Burlington, Yt. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregulat 
grower, productive even when young. Wood yellowish gray. 

Fruit medium size. Form roundish oval. Color dark purplish blue, 
with rich bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich. Freestone. Good. 
Atigust. 

Burettes. 

Raised by M. Gr6goire. Tree of medium vigor, very fertile. 

Fruit large, long oval. Skin dull yellow. Flesh very delicate, 
melting, abounding in juice, very sweet, with a delightful aroma. Eipe 
the end of September. (Al. Pom.) 

Byfield. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, round. Skin light yellow. Flesh yellow, of good flo" 
vor ; adheres to the stone, which is thick. Good. Middle to last of 
August. 

Caldwell's Golden Drop. 
An American variety. Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 



THE PLUM. 903 

Fruit large, oval, one side often enlarged. Suture half round, large. 
Skin yellow, marbled with crimson in the sun, thin bloom. Stalk slen- 
der. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich ; adheres to the 
stone. Good. August. 

Caldwell's White Gage, 

Alnericari. Ti-ee productive. Branches smooth or slightly downy, 
grayish. 

Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little to the apex. Suture shal- 
low. Point at apex. Skin greenish yellow, dotted with purple in the 
sun, covered with a thick bloom. Stalk long. Flesh greenish yellow, 
rather coarse, j uicy, sugary ; adheres to the stone. Good. September. 

Cambell. 
Cambell's Seedling. McCauley's Seedling. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin pale yellow, splashed 
with green, dotted and marbled with crimson in the sun, light bloom. 
Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. September. 

Chapin. 

Originated with Aaron Chapin, Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Skin light reddish purple 
or chocolate, blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity deep. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, and vinous; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Late 
October, 

Cherry. 

Early Scarlet. De Virginia. Prunus Cerasifera. 

Myrobolan. D'Amerique Rouge. Miser Plum. 

Virginia Cherry. Prunus Myrobolana. 

The Cherry Plum or Early Scarlet is a very distinct species. Tree 
grows rapidly, forming a bushy head, with slender branches and small 
leaves. A beautiful early fruit. Good for preserving or market. 

Fruit is round, about an inch in diameter, of a lively red, with very 
little bloom, and a very slender, short stem, set in a narrow cavity. The 
flesh is greenish, melting, soft, very juicy, with a pleasant, lively, sub- 
acid flavor — neither rich nor high flavored — and adheres closely to the 
stone. It ripens about the middle of July, before most other plums, 
and this, and its pretty appearance at the dessert, arc its chief merits. 
Branches smooth. The common Cherry Plum, or Myrobolan, of Europe, 
is rather larger, and shaped like a heart. In all other respects the same. 

Chester County Prune. 

Origin, Chester Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, with long, slen- 
der branches, smooth, and of a light grayish brown. 

Fruit medium or below, long oval or oblong oval, almost without 
suture. Skin black, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather long, slen- 
der. Cavity small. Flesh greenish, swoet ; separates freely from the 
Btone. Good. Early September. 



904 



THE PLUM. 



Matcliless. 



Cheston. 
Diapree Violette. 



Violet Diaper, 



A. pleasant early Plum, but superseded now by better onea 
Branches downy. 

Fruit rather small, oval. Skin dark purple, with a blue bloorc. 
Stalk quite short, set without depression. Flesh yellow, firm, -sweet. 
and rather sprightly ; separating from the stone. Good. Last of Jul} 
and first of August. 

Cleavingek. 

A native of Philadelphia Co., Pa. Tree vigorous, spreading. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Sutiire distinct, one side often enlarged. 
Skin deep purple, thick blue bloom. Stalk moderately stout. Cavity 
deep. Flesh orange yellow, coarse, juicy, vinous, subacid; adheres to 
the stone. Good. Last of August. 



Coe's Golden Drop 



Bury Seedling. 
Coe's Imperial. 
New Golden Drop. 
Fair's Golden Drop. 
Golden Gage. 



"Waterloo of some. 
Goutte d'Or. 
Coe's Plum. 
Prune Goutte d'Or. 



Raised by Mr. Coe, an English gardener, near London. Tree mo 

derately vigorous, productive; re- 
quires a warm, late season to ripen 
it north of 41° latitude. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit of the largest size, oval, 
with a well-marked suture, on one 
side of which it is a little more swol- 
len than the other, the outline nar- 
rowing towards the stalk. Skin light 
yellow, with a number of rich dark 
red spots on the sunny side. Stalk 
nearly an inch long, rather stifi;, set 
on the end of the fruits. Flesh yel- 
low, rather firm, adhering closely to 
the stone, which is quite pointed. 
Flavor rich, sweet, and delicious. 
Very good. Last of September. 

Coe's Late E.ed. 

Saint Martin. 
Saint Martin Rouge. 
Prune de St. Martin. 
Red Saint Martin. 

Tree vigorous, with long, rather 

slender branches, very productive. 

Coe's Golden Drop. A good late variety. Branches 

downy. 

Fruit of medium size, nearly round, with a well-marked suture 




THE Pi.UM. 



905 



pinnin g along one side. Skin iiglit purplish red, with a thin bltte bkom. 
Stalk pretty stout, three-fovirths of an inch long, set nearly even with 
the surface. Flesh yellowish, rather firm and crisp, juicy, with a rich 
vinous flavor ; separating almost entirely from the stone. Good to very 
good. October and November. 

Coe's Yiolet. 
Coe's Golden Drop Violette. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, dark brown. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture large, extending a little beyond the apex 
Skin light reddish, thickly sprinkled 
with brown dots and a lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather long and stout. Cavity 
small. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet ; 
adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
September. 

Columbia. 

Columbian Gage. 

Raised by L. U. Lawrence, Hudson, 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, productive, but 
subject to rot. 

Fi-uit of the largest size, six or seven 
inches in circumference, neai-ly globular, 
one half rather larger than the other. 
Skin brownish pui'ple, dotted with nu- 
merous fawn-colored specks, and cov- 
ered with much blue bloom, through 
which appears a reddish brown tint on 
the shaded side. Stalk about an inch 
long, rather stout, inserted in a narrow, 
smal] cavity. Flesh orange, not very 

juicy, but when at full maturity very rich, sugary, and excellent ; it 
separates freely from the stone, except a little on the edge. The stone 
is quite small and compressed. Good. Last of August. 




Coe's Violet. 



COMTE GUSTAVE d'EgGER. 

An Austrian vaiiety, originated with M. Liegel, of Braunau, from 
seed of the Abricotee. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit small or medium, oblong oval. Suture half round, broad, 
deep, distinct. Skin pale yellow, bronzed in sun and tinged with violet. 
Flesh yellowish, fine, sweet, juicy, delicious; separates from the stone. 
September. (An. Pom.) 



Cooper's Large Red. 



Cooper's Large. 
Cooper's Large American. 



La Delicieuse ? 



Coxe, who first described this Plum, says it was raised by Mr, 
Joseph Cooper, of New Jersey, from a stone of the Orleans. He con 



906 THE PLUSr. 

siders it as a fine large plum, but exceedingly liable to rot upon the tree. 
Tree vigorous. BrancLes smooth, dark brown. 

Fruit large, oval. Sides unequal. Suture broad, large, often ex- 
tending beyond the apex. Skin deep bluish purple, pretty thickly covered 
WTLth a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, deep. Flesh yellow- 
ish, not very j uicy, sweet, slightly vinous; adheres to the stone. Good. 
September. 

Cope. 

Kaised by John Cope, near Philadelphia. 

Fruit large, long oval, dark purple. Flesh not juicy, acidj senaratea 
from the stone. Good for cookins;. 

COPPEK. 
French Copper. 

An old Plum, very productive and profitable. Tree vigorous. 
Branches smooth. Very productive and a good market sort. 

Fruit medium or below, oval, without suture and with a slight mame- 
ion neck. Skin deep copper color, covered with a thick blue bloom. 
Stalk rather long, slender, set on a point without depression. Flesh 
greenish, juicy and acid; adheres to the stone. Good. Valued for cook- 
ing. Last September. 

Corse's Admiral. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Branches downy. 

Fruit above medium size, oval. Skin light purple, covered with a 
pale lilac bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy and s})rightly, but second- 
rate in flavor, and adhering closely to the stone. Good, September. 

Corse's Field Marshal. 

Skin lively purplish red. Raised by Henry Corse, Montreal, Canada. 
Fruit rather large, oval. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, but a little 
tart; adheres closely to the stone. Ripe middle of August. 

Corse's ISTota Bene. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Canada. Tree very vigorous, 
very productive, and hardy. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of rather large size, round. Skin pale lilac or pale brown, 
often dull green on the shaded side, with much light blue bloom. Stalk 
half an inch long, set in a round hollow. Flesh greenish, rather firmj 
juicy, sweet, and rich, and separates from the stone. Good. First of 
September. 

Cox's Seedlij^g. 

Raised by Mrs. Cox, York, Pa. Tree a vig( reus upright grower 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval, slightly compressed. Suture broad, 
shallow. Skin yellow, sometimes a little splashed with green, and cov- 



THE PLUM. 907 

ered with a light bloom. Stalk rather stout, in a narrow, rather deep 
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, jiiicy, sweet; separates 
from the stone. Good. Early August. 

Croft's Early. 

Fruit small, reddish blue. Flesh yellow, dry, devoid of flavor. 
August. (Elliott.) 

Cruger's Scarlet. 
Cruger's. Cruger's Seedling. Cruger's Scarlet Gage. 

Raised by Henry Cruger, of New York. Tree of free growth. 
Branches long, downy, very productive. 

Fruit rather larger than a Green Gage, roundish oval, with an obscure 
suture. Skin, when fully exposed, a lively red, but iisually a bright 
lilac, covered with a thin bkiish bloom, and speckled with numerous 
golden dots ; in the shade it is pale fawn-colored on one side. Stalk 
half an inch long, set in a shallow depression. Flesh deep orange, not 
very juicy nor rich, but with a very agreeable, mild, sprightly flavor. 
It hangs well after ripening. Good. Last of August. 

Damson. 

Common Damson. Purple Damson. 

Black Damson. Early Damson of many. 

The common oval Blue Damson is aJmost too well known to need 
description, as every cottage garden in the country contains this tree, 
and thousands of bushels are annually sold in the market for preserves. 
The tree is enormously productive, but in the hands of cai-eless cultiva- 
tors is liable to be rendered worthless by the knots, which are easily extir- 
pated if the diseased branches are regularly burned every winter or 
spring. Branches slender, a little thorny and downy. 

Fruit small, oval, about an inch long. Skin purple, covered with 
thick blue bloom. Flesh melting and juicy, i-ather tart; separates par- 
tially from the stone. September. 

As the Damson is frequently produced from seed, it varies somewhat 
in character. 

The Shropshire or Prune Damson is an English purple variety, 
rather obovate in figure, but little superior to our common sort. The 
Sweet Damson resembles the common Damson, and is but slightly acid. 

The Late Black Damson, Late Purple Damson, Prince's Early 
Damson, Small Ped Damson, Small White Damson, Large White 
Damson, are also vai-ieties not of sufficient vakie or distinctness to ren- 
der separate description necessary. 

The Winter Damson is a valuable market sort from its extreme 
lateness. It is small, round, purple, covered with a very thick light 
blue bloom. Flesh greenish, acid, with a slight astringency, but makea 
good preserves. It bears enormous crops, and will hang on the tree tiU 
the middle of November, six weeks after the common Damson, unin- 
jured by the early frosts. 



908 THE PLUM. 

Dana's Yellow Gage. 

A New England variety, raised by tlie Rev. Mr. Dani, of Ipjiwich, 
Mass. It is a very hardy and healthy tree, and bears abundantly. 
Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, pale yellow, with a very thin bloom, the 
skin cloiided like that of the Imperial Gage. Flesh adheres to the stone, 
juicy, sweet, with a lively joeculiar flavor. Good. Last of August an 1 
first of September. 

Date Plum. 

Prune Datte. Quetsche de Hongrie. 

ProBe d'Autriche. Quetsche Datte. 

D'Autriche. Dattelzwetsche. 

Fruit small, nearly round. Suture distinct, rather flat. Skin yel- 
low, marked with touches of bright red in the sun, and covered with a 
whitish bloom. Flesh yellow, soft. Early September. (Pom. Mag.) 

De DjSlice. 

A foreign variety of excellence. Tree moderately vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, with a slight neck, a little swollen on 
one side. Suture small. Skin green, marbled and shaded with violet, 
and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
rather stout, very slightly inserted. Flesh orange yellow, juicy, melt- 
ing, with a rich, sugary, luscious flavor ; adheres slightly to the stone. 
Very good. Pipens the last of September. 

De Montfort. 

A seedling of Prevost. Tree of moderate growth, spreading, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oval. Suture large, extending to apex. 
Skin dull purple, with russet dots and stripes, a thin blue bloom. Stalk 
nearly an inch long, rather stout, without depression. Flesh greenish, 
juice abundant, sweet, and rich; separates from the stone. Yery good. 
Ripens last of August. 

Denniston's Red. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany. Yigorous grower, prod\ictive. 
Branches smooth, dark colored. 

Friiit rather large, roundish oval, narrowed towards the stalk. Sii- 
ture running half round. Skin of a beautiful light red, spiinkled with 
many small, fawn-colored dots, and dusted with a very light bloom. 
Stalk very long and slender, slightly inserted. Flesh amber color, 
juicy, rich, and sprightly, with an excellent flavor. It separates from 
the stone, which is small, oval, and compressed. Good. Last of Au- 



Denniston's Superb. 
Madison. 

An excellent seedling, from Mr. Denniston's famous plum orctard. 



THE PLUM. 



009 



near Albany, N Y"., of the Green Gage family, a third larger than the 
latter variety, and nearly as rich in 
flavor. Tree very vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Branches downy. 

Fruit round, a little flattened, and 
having a distinct suture, often extending 
quite round the fruit. Skin pale yellow- 
ish green, marked with a few large pur- 
ple blotches and dots, and oversjDread 
v/ith a thin bloom. Stalk rough, three- 
fourths of an inch long, set in a cavity 
of moderate size. Flesh very thick 
(the stone being small), moderately 
juicy, with a rich vinous flavor; stone 
parts readily, and is roundish and thick. 
Best, Middle and last of August. 



Diamond. 

Branches 




lone 



Denniston's Superb. 



English origin, 
downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, oval. Skin black, covered with a blue 
bloom. Flesh deep yellow, coarse-grained, and rather dry, a little acid, 
and without flavor; separates from the long-pointed stone. Scarcely 
good. Yaluable for cooking only. First of September. 



Dictator. 

Raised by Henry Corse, of Montreal, Tree vigorous and hardy. 
Fruit very large, brownish purple, covered with a bloom. Flesh 
juicy, rich, and high-flavored, (Hov. Mag.) 



DoMiNE Dull. 



Dutch Prune. 



Dutch Quetzen. 



This good American Prune was raised from a seed brought from 
Holland by the Rev, Mr, Dull, a Dutch minister, who afterwards re- 
sided at Kingston, IST, Y, The parent tree was the common Dutch 
Prune, Branches long and smooth, 

Friiit of medium size, long oval, witli little or no suture. Skin very 
dark purple, nearly black, dusted with some blue bloom. Stalk nearly 
an inch long, inserted with very little cavity. Flesh yellow, quite juicy 
at first, but if allowed to hang on the tree becomes dry, rich, and sweet ; 
it adheres closely to the stone. Good, A prodigious bearer, and a 
really good fruit. September. 

Dorr's Favorite. 

Originated with Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately 
vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, oval, with a slight neck. Suture broad. Apex a littla 
sunk. Skin yellowish, marbled and dotted in the sun with pui'plish 
crimson, thin lilac bloom. Stalk long. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, 
a little coarse, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
Last of September. 



910 THE PLUM. 

Downing's Early. 

Originated at Newburgh, IST. Y. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches 
short-jointed, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, slight blush, 
and minute crimson dots. Flesh yellow, sweet ; adheres slightly to the 
stone. Good. Early September. 

DowNTON Imp^ratrice. 

Raised by Mr. Knight. A strong, vipright growing tree. Branches 
long, smooth. 

Fruit of mediiim size, oval, narrowing a little to the stalk. Skin 
pale yellow, quite thin. Flesh yellow, melting, and sweet when fully 
ripe, with a little acidity before ; adhering to the stone. Good to very 
good. Ripens last of September, and hangs some time on the tree. 

Drap d'Or. 
Miiabelle Double. Mirabelle Grosse. Yellow Perdrigon. 

The Drap d'Or, or Cloth of Gold Plum, is about the size and figure 
of the Green Gage, but of a fine golden yellow, and ripens a week earlier. 
Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium size, round, with an indistinct suture, and a 
dimpled or pitted apex. Stalk slendei^, half an inch long. Skin rich 
bright yellow, with a few crimson specks when fully exposed. Flesh 
yellow, sugary, and rich ; separates freely from the stone. Good to very 
good. Early in August. 

Dronet Damask. 

Damas Dronet. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin yellowish, with a thin light bloom. Flesh 
greenish, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. 

Duane's Purple. 
Purple Magnum Bonum. Pourpree Duane. 

Raised by James Duane, of Duanesburgh, N. Y. Tree very vigor- 
ous, distinct from the Red Magnum Bonum of Europe. Branches very 
downy. 

Fruit very large, oval or oblong, considerably swollen on one side of 
the suture. Skin reddish purple in the svm, but a very pale red in the 
shade, sparingly dotted with yellow specks, and covered with lilac bloom. 
Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. 
Flesh amber-colored, juicy, sprightly, moderately sweet ; adheres par- 
tially to the stone. Good. Ripens with the Washington (or a little 
before), about the 10th of August. 

Dunmore. 

Dumore. 

Foreign origin. 

Fruit small, oblong oval. Skin thick and gxeen, becomes golden 



THE PLUM. 911 

yellow at maturity. Flesli yellow, fine, very juicy, sweet, very aroma- 
tic; separates from the stone. Ripens the first of October. (Al. Pom.) 

Early Amber. 

Fruit small, somewhat oblong, broadest at apex. Skin pale greenish 
yellow, with small ci-imson specks in sun, covered with a thin whitish 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, subacid ; adheres to the stone. 
Early August. (Lind.) 

Early Apricot. 

Abricote H4tif. Abricotee HStive. 

Fruit small, roimdish. Skin prle red, darker in the sun. Flesh 
yellowish green, moderately juicy, acid ; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Early August. 

Early Cross. 

Originated with Mr. Cross, Salem, Mass. Tree moderately vigorous, 
productive. 

Fruit small to mediiim, roundish. Skin reddish purple, covered 
with a thick bloom. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, sweet, and good ; adheres to the stone. Good. Ripens the second 
week in August. 

Early Favorite. 
Rivers's Early Favorite. Rivers' No. 1. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Tree moderately vi.gorous. 
Branches rather slender, slightly downy. 

Friiit small to medium, roundish oval, with a shallow suture. Skin 
almost black, sprinkled with russet dots, and covered with a blue 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, vinous, not quite as early 
as Jaune Hative, separates fi'om the stone. Good. First of August. 

Early Green Gage. 

Eeine Claude Hative. 

Fruit small, round, flattened at top. Skin yellowish green, with 
a red cheek, and a few dots. Stalk about half an inch long. Flesh 
yellow, very tender, juicy, sweet, rich; separates from the stone. Last 
of July. (Hogg.) 

Early Orleans. 

New Early Orleans. Monsieur HStif de Montmorency. 

New Orleans. Wilmot's Orleans. 

Grimwood's Early Orleans. Wilmot's Early Orleans. 

Hampton Court. Early Monsieur. 

Monsieur Hatif . Monsieur Hative. 

Tree a moderate grower. Branches downy. 

Fruit of the size and color of the common Orleans, a little mora 



912 THE PLUM. 

oval, and with a moro shallow suture. Skin a little marbled. Flesli 
yellowish green, of brisk flavor, rather richer than the old Orleans, and 
separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Early Prolific. 
Early Rivers. Rivers' Early Prolific. Rivers' Early No. 2. 

Raised by Thos. Rivers, England. A prolific early Plum. Tree 
moderately vigorous, with smooth grayish branches. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a 
fine blue bloom. Stalk about half an inch long, set in a very small 
cavity. Flesh yellowish, ju.icy, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from the 
stone. Good, First of August. 

Early Royal of Nikita. 

A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, 
gray. 

Fruit small, roundish oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin vio 
let purple, with a thin blue bloom. Stalk set with little or no cavity. 
Flesh orange yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. Good to 
very good. Early September. 

Early St. John. 
Prune de St. Jean. St. Jean. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong. Suture shallow, distinct. Skin 
reddish purple. Flesh green, firm, sweet, sprightly ; separates from 
stone. Good. Last of August. 

Early Yellow Prune. 

A foreign sort. Tree vigorous and very productive. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, with a very slight bloom, 
and dotted with red in the sun. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a 
small cavity. Flesh yellow, sweet, juicy, with somewhat of a melon fla- 
vor. Separates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 

There is another Early Yellow Prune that originated in Bedford 
Co., Pa., which diifers but little from the above either in appearance 
or quality. 

Edouard Seneclauze. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit very small, obovate, narrows toward the stalk. Skin cleat 
golden yellow. Flesh very tender, sweet, and rich ; separates freely 
from the stone. July. (Hogg.) 

Elfrey. 

Elfry's Prune. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin blue. Flesh greenish, very sweet, dry, and 
firm ; parting very freely from the stone. Good. Last of August. 



THE PLUM. 913 

Emerald Drop. 

Origin, Newburgh, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous, and veiy pro- 
ductive. Branches long and smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, long oval. Suture strongly marked, and tlie 
fruit larger on one of its sides. Skin pale yellowish green, sometimes 
dull green only in the shade. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
inserted with scarcely any depression. Flesh greenish yellow, very 
juicy ; adheres somewhat to the stone, wMch is long and pointed. Good. 
Last of August. 

English "Wheat. 

Wheat JPlum. Wheaton. Whitlow. Nutmeg. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, with a blue bloom, covered with numerous white dots. Stalk half 
an inch long, rather strong, set in a rather deep cavity. Flesh yellow, 
a little coarse, juicy, sweet, with a rich flavor. It adheres to the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 

English Yellow Gage. 

Little Queen Claude. Reine Claude Blanche. Small Green Gage. 

Petite Reine Claude. petite espece. Gonne's Green Gage. 

White Gage. 

This Plum, formerly known, we believe, as the little Queen Claude, 
but which has now received the sobriquet of Yellow Gage, we suppose 
for good reasons, from the head of the fruit department in the London 
Horticultural Society's garden, is an old Freiich variety described by 
Duhamel. Branches smooth and rather long. 

Fruit below medium size, round, with a distinct suture on one side. 
Stalk half an inch long, rather slender, inserted in a slight hollow. 
Skin pale yellowish green, speckled with a few reddish dots, and over- 
spread with a good deal of bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, and plea- 
sant ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 

Eugene Furst. 
Sweet Damson. Quetsche Precoce de Furst. 

A new German variety. Branches smooth. 

Fruit small, obovate pointed. Skin dark purple, with a thick bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. Good. liast of 
August. 

Fine Bont^. 

This variety originated at Moselle, France. Tree vigorous. Branches 
smooth. 

Fruit small, oval pointed. Skin reddish purple or lilac, blue 
bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet; separates from the stone. 
Last of July. (Verg.) 

Foote's Early Orleaits. 

Raised by Asahel Foote, Williamstown, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
spreading. Branches slightly downy, grayish. 

5S 



914 THE PLtM. 

Fruit medmm, roundish, inclining to oval, dot at apex. Skin deep 
black covered with a blue bloom. Stalk medium, slender, set in a deep 
cavity. Flesh greenish, moderately juicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres tc 
the stone. Good to very good. Early August. 

Foote's Golden Gage. 

Same oidgin as the preceding. Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches 
slightly downy, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, nearly globular. Suture shallow, half round. Skin 
golden yellow, with obscure splashes of green, and shaded with red in 
the sun ; thin bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sweet, slightly vinous ; adheres very slightly to the stone. Very 
good. Early September. 

Fotheringham. 
Sheen. Fotheringay. Grove House Purple. 

An old English Plum of good quality. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, with a distinct suture. Skin reddish 
purple, covered with a pale blue bloom. Flesh pale greenish yellow, 
juicy, sprightly, and rich; separating from the stone. Good. Middle of 
August, 

Frost Gage. 
Frost Plum. 

A late Plum, scarcely yielding to any other late variety in the excel- 
lence of its flavor. It appears to have originated in Fishkill, Dutchess 
Co., N. Y., where it has for many years past been most extensively 
cultivated for market ; but of late has been so subject to knots that it 
is not now much grown. Bi"anches smooth. 

Fruit rather below medium size, roundish oval, with a distinct suture 
on one side. Skin deep purple, with a few brown ^specks, and a thin 
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch in length, inserted with 
little or no depression. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, rich and 
melting; adhering to the stone. Good to very good. Fii'st of October. 

Fulton. 

Origin uncertain. Found at Johnstown, Fulton Co., N. Y. Treo 
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth, reddish. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Siiture shallow, half round. 
Skin whitish yellow, covered with a bloom, blotched and marbled in the 
sun. Stalk rather stout. Cavity large. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, 
sugary, vinous. Good to very good. Separates from the stone. Early 
October. 

^ <b Galbraith. 

Originated with Mr. Galbraith, near Boalsburg, Pa. A straggling 
grower. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth, brownish gray. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oval. Suture shallow. Skin pur 
pie. Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh tender, juicy; adheres to the 
stone. Good. August. 



THE PLUM. 915 



Gem. 



Originated near Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous. Branclies downy. 

Fruit small, roundish. Sutiire slight. Apex a little sunk. Skin 
w^hitish, mostly shaded and mottled with violet in the shade and purple 
in the sun, covered with a bkie bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity 
large. Flesh yellow, j^licy, sweet, adheres partially to the stone. Its 
beauty its only merit. Last of August. 

Genl. Hand. 

Origin uncertain ; supposed to have originated on the farm of Genl. 
Hand, near Lancaster, Pa. Tree very vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit very large, roundish, oval. Suture obscure, running half 
round. Skin deep golden yellow, slightly marbled with greenish yellow. 
Stalk long, set in a shallow cavity, the whole of that end being flattened. 
Flesh coarse, pale yellow, moderately juicy, sweet and good, but not 
high flavor; separates freely from the stone. Good. September. 

German Prune. 

Common Quetsolie. Quetsche Grosse. 

True Large German Prune. Prune d'AUemagne. 

Turkish Quetsche. Quetsche d'AUemagne Grosse. 

Leipzic. Damas Gros. 

Sweet Prune. Oovetche. 

Damask. ' Early Russian. 

Imperatrice Violette. German Quetsche. Couetsche. 

Imperatrice Violette Grosse. Koetsche. 

Damas Violet Gros. Quetzen. _ 

Zwetsche. Large German Prune. 

So many Plums are cultivated under the name of German Prune 
that it is difiicult to fix this fickle title, a circumstance owing to the fact 
that the prune frequently comes the same, or 
nearly the same, from seed, and in prune-grow- 
ing districts this is a popular way of increasing 
them, while it, of course, gives rise to many 
shades of character. It is a valuable class of 
plums, of fair quality for the table, but most 
esteemed for drying and preserving — abundant 
bearers, and hanging long on the tree. Branches 
smooth. The common German Prune is describ- 
ed as follows : — - 

Fruit long oval, nearly two inches long, pecu- 
liarly swollen on one side, and drawn out towards 
the stalk. Suture distinctly marked. Skin pur- 
ple, with a thick blue bloom. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, slender, slightly inserted. Flesh 
firm, green, sweet, and pleasant ; separates from 
the stone, which is flat, very long, and a little 
curved. Good to very good. lOtli of Septem- 
ber. 

This prune is, perhaps, the most universal 
and most valuable fruit-tree in Germany, Hun- 
gary, Saxony, and all Central Europe. Pre- 
served, it is used in winter as a substitute for German Prune. 




916 



THE PLUM. 



butter by tbe laboring peasantry ; and dried, it is a source of large 
profit in commerce. 

The Austrian Quetsche, Thomp. ( Quetsche de JSreme, ^Bremen 
Prune), is a sub- variety, much like the foregoing, pi.rple, a freestone, of 
rather better flavor, and ripening somewhat later. 

St. James' Quetsche is another variety, with smooth branches, and 
oblong fruit of medium size. Flesh purple, adheres to the stone, of very 
good flavor. It yields good crops. September. 



Ghiston's Early. 

Branches smooth, short-jointed. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin clear yellow, with a light bloom. 
low ; separates fiom the stone. Poor. Middle of August. 

Gifford's Lafayette. 



Flesh yel 



Tree very vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, long oval, pur2:>le, with a bloom. Flesh greenish, 
coarse, juicy, not rich ; adheres to the stone. Poor. Last of August. 



Gisborne's. 
Gisbome's Early. 



Paterson's. 



Tree a moderate grower, spreading, productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture distinct, one side often enlarged. Skin 
greenish yellow, with red next the sun, marbled and spotted, thin bloom. 
Stalk medium. Cavity deep. Flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moder- 
ately juicy ; separates from the stone. Good. Last of August. 



Golden Cherry Plum. 

Baised by Samuel Beeve, Salem, 
N. J. Tree vigorous, productive. 

Friiit small to medium, roundish. 
Skin fine waxen yellow, becoming bronzed 
in the sun. Flesh yellowish, juicy, brisk, 
subacid ; adheres to the stone. July. 

Golden Esperen. 

Cloth of Gold Bsperen, 
Drap d'Or Esperen. 

Baised by Major Esperin. Tree of 
moderate growth, spreading. Buds large, 
pointed, a promising variety. Branches 
smooth, reddish brown 

Fruit large, roixndish oval. Skin 
golden yellow, with light streaks of green 
beneath, covered witli a thin bloom, and a few crimson dots on the sunn}' 
side. Suture shallow. Stalk short and rather stout, in a small cavity. 
Flesh light yellowish, rather coarse, very juicy, sugary, and rich. Good 
to very good. Adheres partially to the stone. Bipens last of Axigust. 




Golden Esperin. 



THE PLUM. 917 



Goliath. 



Caledonian. Saint Cloud. 

Steers's Emperor. Wilmot's late Orleans. 

A large and handsome Pham. It is easily distinguished froiQ the 
Nectaiine Plum, with which it has been confounded, by its gray, very 
downy shoots. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, enlarged on one side of the suture. 
Skin a fine deep red, approaching purple, a little paler in the shade, 
dusted with a thin blue bloom. Flesh yellow, adhei*es considerably to the 
stone, rather juicy, with a brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. Last of 
A.ugust. 

GONNE. 
Prune Gonne. 

A large and handsome Belgian Plum. Tree vigorous productive- 
Branches downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin reddish purple, 
with carmine dots and specks in sun, thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, 
rather coarse, juicy, melting, sweet ; separates from the stone. Early 
September. (An. Pom.) 

Great Damask Violet of Tours. 

Gros Damas de Tours. Largest Damask of Tours. 

Damas de Tours gros. 

This French Plum is described by Lindley- whom we copy. Branches! 
downy. 

Fruit medium, somewhat oval. Skin dark blue, covered with a vio- 
let bloom. Flesh yellow, and loosely adheres to the stone. Early 
August. 

Green Gage. 

Bruyn Gage. Abricot Vert. Schuyler Gage, incorrectly . 

Bradford Gage. Dauphine. Trompe Garcon. 

Wilmot's Green Gage . Louis Brun ? Trompe Valet. 

New Green Gage. Abricotee Sageret ? Verducia. 

Late Green Gage. Ida Gage. Verdochio. 

Isleworth Green Gage. Cant's late Green Gage. Verte Tiquetee. 

Brugnon Gage. Aloise's Green Gage. Muixay's Reine Claudia. 

Reine Claude. Goring's Golden Gage. Huling's Reine Claudia. 

Grosse Reine Claude Great Green Damask. Reine Claudia blanche la grosso. 

Grosse Reine Ida Green Gage. Gros Damas vert. 

Damas Vert. Mirabelle Vert Double. Livingston Manor. 

Sucrin Vert. Queen Claudia. Reine Claude Doree. 

Vert Bonne. Rensselaer Gage. 

The Green Gage is universally admitted to hold the first rank in 
flavor among all Phims, and is everywhere highly esteemed. In France 
this variety is generally known as the Heine Claude, having, it is said, 
been introduced into that country by Queen Claude, wife of Francis I. 
During the last century an English family by the name of Gage ob- 
tained a number of fruit-trees among the monks of Chartreuse, near Paris, 
&.mong thein was a tree of this plum, which, having lost its name, was 




918 THE PLUM. 

called by the gardener the Green Gage. It is pronounced, by Lindley^ 

the best plum in England, and we must admit that we have no superior 

to it here. 

The Green Gage is a very short-jointed, slow-growing tree, of spread- 
ing and rather dwarfish habit. It is an 
abundant and pretty regular bearer, though 
the fruit is a little liable to crack upon the 
tree in wet seasons. Branches smooth. 
Buds with large shoulders. 

Fruit round, rather small, seldom of 
medium size. Suture faintly marked, but 
extending from the stalk to the apex. 
Skin green, or yellowish green at full ma- 
turity, when it is often a little dotted or 
marbled with red. Stalk half to three-fourths 
of an inch long, slendei-, very slightly insert- 
ed. Flesh pale green, exceedingly melting 
and juicy, and usually separates freely from 
Green Gage. ^j^^g stone. Flavor at once sprightly and 

very luscious. Best. E.ipe about the middle of August. 

There are several seedling varieties of this Plum in various parts Qf 

this country, but none superior or scarcely equal to the old. 

GUNDAKER PRU2SrE. 

Groundacre. 

Raised by Samuel E. Gundaker, of Lancaster, Penn, 

The Gundaker Prune is of a yellowish white color, nearly as large as 

the Blue Prune, and of the same oval shape, very high-flavored, and a 

good bearer. 

GuMiAKER Plum. 

Same origin as the Prune, of a purple color on one side, and the 
other a light color, heart-shaped, resembling a Plum called Golden 
Drop, but larger in size, and a great bearer. (Gundaker in Hort.) 

Guthrie's Apricot. 
Guthrie's Golden. 

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree very vigorous, hardy, pro- 
ductive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture very slight. Skin yel- 
low, sprinkled with a few crimson dots, and covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk rather long, set in a small depression. Flesh yellow, coarse, juicy, 
Bweet, but not high-flavored ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good. 
Ripens the last of August. 

Guthrie's Aunt Ann. 

Aunt Ann. 

Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, upright. Branches 
smooth, reddish. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow, a little more than half round 



THE PLUM. 



9ii 



Apex a little sunk. Skin pale yellow, somewliat splashed with green, 
covered with a thin bloom. Stalk rather long. Cavity moderate. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Grood 
to very good. Early September. 



Guthrie's Late Green. 
Minette. 



Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland 
smooth. 

Fruit medium, globiilar, swollen on one side 
splashes of green, and covered with a thin bloom, 
of an inch long, inserted in a small 
cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, 
sugary, rich; adheres to the stone. 
Very good. Early September. 



Guthrie's Eusset. 

Another of Mr. Guthrie's origi- 
nating. Tree vigorous. Branches 
smooth, brownish. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture large, 
half round. Skin yellow, covered 
with a thin bloom, sometimes marbled 
in the sun with crimson. Stalk long, 
slender. Cavity small. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, sweet, rich; adheres to 
the stone. Good to very good. Last 
of August. 



A very rapid grower. Branches 



Skin yellow, with 
Stalk three-fourth" 




Guthrie's Late Green. 



Guthrie's TAYBAiirK. 

Same origin as above. Branches smooth, short-jointed. 
Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin greenish yellow. Flesh yellowish, 
j uicy. Good. Last of September. (Elliott.) 



Guthrie's Topaz. 

Raised by Mr. Guthrie, Scotland. Tree a moderate grower, with 
smooth reddish brown branches, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight neck, one side somewhat swollen. 
Suture moderate. Skin golden yellow, with a thin bloom. Stalk an 
inch long, slender, curved, inserted in a small deep cavity. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, sweet, not very rich, but pleasant ; adheres to the stone. 
Good. Middle of September. 

GWALSH. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, witb 



920 THE PLUM. 

a bloom. Stalk ratlier short, slightly sunk. Flesh greenish, coarse, 
not very juicy, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone. Good. 
First of September. 

Hallenbeck. 

Originated with Henry Hallenbeck, East Greenbush, Rensselaer Co., 
N. Y. . Tree vigorous, with upright stout shoots and prominent buds, 
rather slow growth. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, one side often enlarged. Suture broad, 
shallow. Skin deep reddish purple, sprinkled with numerous minute 
dots, and covered ^\^.th a grayish blue bloom. Stalk stout. Cavity 
large. Flesh greenish yellow, very juicj'', sugary, with a brisk flavor; 
adheres closely to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune. 

A German variety. Tree vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit medium, oval, narrowed toward the stalk, next which is a 
slight mamelon neck. One side compressed. Skin fine yellow, 
slightly blotched and dotted with crimson, thin light bloom. Stalk 
long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, 
sugary. Separates freely from the stone. Good to very good. Early 
September. 

Henrietta Gage. 
Early Genesee. 

Originated in the town of Heni-ietta, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree of 
rather slow growth. Branches brownish gray, slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow, a little more than 
half round. Skin pale yellowish white, with a thin white bloom. Stalk 
rather short, stout, in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, not very juicy, 
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Early August. 

Henry Clat. 

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree vigorous and pro- 
ductive. Its great beauty will make it desirable. Branches smooth. 

Fru^it medium, somewhat oval, inclining to a neck, with a slight 
suture. Skin yellow, with a light bloom, and the cheek beaiitifully 
marbled and shaded with red. Stalk long, slender, inserted in a small 
cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, and sweet ; adheres slightly to the stone. 
Good to very good. Last of August. 

Highlander. 

Origin, ISTewburgh, N. Y. Tree vigorous and very productive. 
Branches gray, smooth. 

Fruit large, irregularly ovate, somewhat swelled on one side. Su- 
ture moderate, half round. Skin deep blue, inclining to reddish brown, 
covered with a thin bloom, and thickly sprinkled ^^^.th brown dots. 
Stalk very short, inserted in a slight cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, 
jiiicy, sugary, rich, vinous ; adheres slightly to the stone. Good to 
very good. T;ast of September. 



THE PLUM. 



921 



Holland. 



Blie Holland. 



Holland Prune 



Tree vigorous. Brandies downy, rather slender. 

Fruit round, slightly flattened. Skin blue or light reddish purple 
covered with a bkie bloom. Flesh juicy, melting, sweet, and pleasant; 
separating freely from the stone. Good. Last of August to the middlr 
of September. 



Horse Plum, 



Large Early Damson. 



Sweet Damson. 



Tree vigorous, upright. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, with a deep suture on one side. Skin 
purple in the sun, reddish on the shaded side, with blue bloom. Flesh 
greenish yellow, rather dry and acid, separates from the stone. Scarcely 
good. Last of August. 

Howard's Favorite. 

Raised by E. Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree a \igorous grower, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oval, narrowing toward the stalk, and flattened at ajDex, 
Suture shallow, a little more than half round. Skin pale yellow, dotted 
and marbled with carmine in the sun, 
covered with a thin lilac bloom. Stalk 
rather long. Cavity small. Flesh 
yellow, j tiicy, sweet ; adheres to the 
stone. Good to very good. September. 

Howell's Early. 



Sea. Early Purple. 

Origin unknown 



Chapin's Early. 

brought from 
Virginia. Tree of ratlier slow growth. 
Wood slender, gi'ay, and downy. 

Fruit rather below medium size, 
oval, without any suture, one side a 
little enlarged. Skin pale red, reddish 
purple in the sun, covered with a light 
lilac bloom. Stalk short, stout, with 
a slightly elevated collar. Flesh yel- 
low, juicy, rich, sweet; separates from 
the stone. Good to very good. Early 
August. 




Howard's Favorite. 



How's Amber. 

Origin, Portsmouth, IS". H. Tree vigorous, productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish, slight suture. Skin amber-colored in the 
Bhade, mottled with rose, thinly covered with pale violet bloom. Stalk 
of medium length, inserted ■« ithout cavity. Flesh coarse, yellow, melt- 
ing, juicy; adhering to the stone. First of September, (Ho v. Mag.) 




022 THE PT.UM. 

Hudson Gage. 
Eeine Claude d'Hudson. 

Raised by L. U. Lawrence, of Hudson, N. Y. Ti'ee thrifty, produc 
tive. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, oval, a little enlarged on one side of the oh 
scure suture. Skin yellow, clouded with 
green streaks under the skin, and covered 
with a thin white bloom. Stalk shoi-t, 
little more than half an inch long, insert- 
ed in a moderate hollow. Flesh greenish, 
very juicy and melting, with a rich, spright- 
ly, excellent flavor. It separates from the 
stone (adhering very slightly). Very good. 
First week in August. 

HuLiNGs' Superb. 

Keyset's Plum. Gloire de New York. 

Raised by Mr. Keyser of Pennsylvania, 
and brought into notice by Dr. W. E 
Hulings of that State. Tree very vigo 
Hudson Gage. rous, upright, large foliage, blunt shoots, 

large-shouldered buds, moderate bearer 
Branches downy. 
Fruit very large, roundish oval, with a distinct though shallow su- 
ture. Stalk strong and stout, set in a round, small cavity. Skin rather 
dull greenish yellow, thinly covered with pale bloom. Flesh greenish 
yellow, rather coarse, but with a rich, brisk, sprightly flavor. Good. 
It adheres to the stone. Middle of August. 

ICKWOKTH ImPERATRICE. 

Knight's No. 6. 

Raised by Mr. Knight, of Downton Castle. It hangs a long while 
on the tree, and if gathered and wrapped in soft paper, will keep many 
weeks. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather above medium size, obovate. Skin purple, peculiarly 
traced or embroidered with streaks of golden fawn color. Stalk mode- 
rately long and thick. Flesh greenish yellow, sweet, juicy, and rich, 
mostly adhering to the stone, which is rather small. Very good. Early 
in October. 

Imp:eriale de Milan. 
Prune de Milan. 

Tree vigorous, rather spreading. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval. Suture broad, extending two- 
thirds around one side, often enlarged. Skin deep purple, covered with 
ft thick blue bloom. Stalk stout, set in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, 
juicy ; sugary, adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 



THE PLUM. 



923 



Imperial Gage. 



Flushing Gage, 
Wlaite Gage. 
Prince's Imperial Gage. 
Superior Green Gage. 



Heine Claude Imperiale. 
Prince's Gage. 
Admiral de Rigny ? 
Prince's White Gage. 




Prince's Imperial. 

The Imperial Gage has long enjoyed 
the reputation of one of the most excellent 
and pi'oductive of Plums. It was raised at 
Prince's Nursery, Flushing, N, Y., from 
the seed of the Green Gage, and the fact 
of the fruit of a single tree near Boston 
having produced fruit to the value of near- 
ly fifty dollars annually, has often been 
repeated as a proof of the profit of its cul- 
tivation for market. The tree grows freely 
and rises rapidly, and has long dark shoots, 
slightly downy. 

Pruit rather above medium size, oval, 
with a distinct suture. Stalk nearly an 
inch long, slightly hairy, and pretty stout, 
inserted in an even hollow. Skin pale 
green until fully ripe, when it is tinged 
with yellow, showing a peculiar marbling imperial Gage. 

of dull green stripes, and covered with 

copious white bloom. Flesh greenish, very juicy, melting, and rich, with 
a very slightly agreeable flavor ; it separates, pretty freely from the stone. 
The latter is oval, and pointed at both ends. Best. Early September. 

Imperial Ottoman. 

A very neat early Plum, of good flavor, 
and a prolific bearer. It has the reputation 
of having been brought from Turkey, but it is 
uncertain whether this is correct. Tree vigor- 
ous, upright. Branches long, slightly downy. 

Fruit scarcely below medium size, round- 
ish, between Green Gage and the American 
Yellow Gage in appearance, and having a 
suture on one side, from the stalk half way 
down. Stalk downy, slender, curved, three- 
fourths of an inch long, insei'ted in a very 
slight cavity. Skin dull yellow, clouded 
with darker streaks, and covered with a 
thin bloom. It adheres considerably 
to the stone. The flesh is juicy, sweet, 
melting. Good to very good. Last of 
July. 

Imperial Ottoman. 

Imperial Purple 

Originated with "Wm, E,. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous, 
very productive. Branches smooth. 




924 THE PLUM. 

Fruit medium, roundii.h oval, one side slightly compressed. Suture 
slight. Skin reddish purple, covered with a pretty thick lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather short, slender. Cavity small. Flesh greenisli, juicy, sweet ; 
adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. 

Incomparable. 
NonpareU. Incomparable Prune. 

A German Prune Plum. Tree vigorous, upright, with long slender 
smooth branches. 

Fruit medium or below, long oval, narrowing at ends. Suture shal- 
low, pointed at apex. Skin deep purplish black, covered with a thick 
blue bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, 
sweet; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last of September, 

Isabella. 

Tliis is an attractive-looking English Plum. Branches qmte downy 
and gray. 

Friiit medium size, oval, rather narrower towards the stalk. Skin 
dark dull red in the sun, paler in the shade, and thickly sprinkled with 
darker colored dots. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, a little hairy, 
set in a moderate hollow. Flesh yellow, rich, juicy, with a smart flavor, 
and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Italian Damask. 
Damas d'ltalie. 

Tree thrifty, vigorous. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Siiture shallow. Apex slightly 
sunken. Skin purplish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk 
rather stout. Flesh light green, a little firm, moderately juicy, slightly 
vinous ; separates from the stone. Good. Late August. 

Italian Prune. 

Prune d'ltaKe. Altesse Double. 

Pellenberg. Italian Quetsche. 

Quetscbe d'ltalie. 

Tree vigorous, spreading. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture moderate. Skin dark blue, with a 
bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather stout, inserted in a very small cavity. 
Flesh dark yellow, juicy, sweet, and good; separates from the stone. 
Good. First of October. 

Ives. 
Ives' Washington. Ives' Seedling. 

Raised by J. M. Ives, Salem, Mass. Tree of moderate growth, strag* 
gling and irregulai-, prominent buds. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture a mere line. Skin pale yellow, with a 
light thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh yellow, melting, juicy 
se])aratcs from the stone. Gdod. Early September. 



THE PLUM. 



925 



Jacob. 

Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a neck, one side enlarged. Suture large 
Hkin violet purple, covered with lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cav 
ity small. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Good, 
September. 

Jaune Hative. 



Early Tello-w. 
Catalonian. 
White Primordian. 
Jaune de Catalogne. 
Prune de St. Barnabe. 
D'Avoine. 



Amber Primordian. 

Jean Hiltive. 

Early John. 

Bilboa. 

St. Barnabee. 

Loudon Plum. 



Prune de Catalogue. 
Avant Prune blanche. 
Cerisette Blanche. 
Pickett's July. 
Prune Monsieur Jaune. 
Prune d'Altesse blanche. 



The earliest of Plums, which is its chief recommendation. It is a 
very aid variety, from Catalonia and the South of France, and has been 
in cultivation more than two hundred years. It is a pretty little fruit, 
and is worthy of a place in the garden of the amateur. The tree has 
long, slender, downy branches. 

Fruit small, oval or obovate, with a shallow suture on one side. 
Stalk slender, half an inch long. Skin pale yellow, thinly coated with 
bloom. Flesh yellow, tolerably juicy, and melting, of sweet and plea- 
sa,nt flavor ; separates from the stone. Good. From the 10th to the 
middle of' July. 

Jefferson. 

If we were asked which we think the most desirable and beautiful 
of all dessert Plums, we should undoubtedly give the name of this new 

variety. When fully ripe, it is nearly 
equal in flavor to the Green Gage, 
that unsurpassable standard of flavor. 
But when we contrast the small ap- 
pearance of the Green Gage with the 
unusual size and beauty of the Jeffer- 
son, we must admit that it takes the 
very first rank. It is about ten days 
or a fortnight later than the Washing 
ton, ripening the last of August. 

We received the Jefferson Plum, a 
few years ago, from the late Judge 
Buel, by whom it was raised and 
named. It is a good moderate grower 
and regular bearer, and the crop is 
very handsome on the tree. Branches 
slightly downy. 

Fruit large, oval, slightly narrowed 
on one side towards the stalk. Skin 
golden yellow, with a beautiful pur- 
plish-red cheek, and covered with a 
thin white bloom. Stalk an inch 
long, pretty stout, very slightly in- 
serted. Sutiire indistinct. Flesh 
deep orange ; parts freely, and al- 
most entirely from the stone, which is long and pointed. Very rich, 
juicy, luscious, and high-flavored. Best. 




Jefferson. 



926 THE PLUM. 



Jekusalem. 



Prunier de Jerusalem. Prune Violet de Jerasalem. 

Violette Jerusalem. De Bordeaux. 

CEil de Boeuf. 

Fruit large, long, egg-shiiped. Skin dark pui-ple, covered with a 
dense blue bloom. Stalk an inch long, hairy, Elesh firm, sweet, brisk ; 
separates from the stone. Middle September, (Hogg.) 

JoDoiGNE Green Gage. 
Boulouf. Reiue Claude de Jodoigne. Royal de Vilvorde. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, stout, short-jointed. 

Fruit large, round, inclining to oblate. Suture shallow, half round. 
Skin thin, greenish yellow, witli blush red strewed green and yello\vish 
dots on the side next the sun, and covered with a thin blue bloom. 
Stalk half an inch long. Flesh whitish yellow, firm, very juicy, tender, 
sugary, rich. Late September. (Hogg.) 

JUDSON. 

Raised by Mr. Judson, of Lansingburgh, N, Y. Tree thrifty and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, long oval. Suture broad, rather deep. Skin reddish 
purple, jovered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk long, stout. Flesh 
greenish, rather coarse, not very juicy, sweet ; adheres partially to the 
stone. Scarcely good. Last of August. 

July Green Gage. 
Reine Claude de Bavay Hative. Early Bavay. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly oblong. Suture distinct, a little 
more than half round. Skin greenish yellow, tinged with purple in the 
sun, thin bloom. Stalk rather stout. Cavity broad, shallow. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Yery good. Last Au- 
gust. 

Kester's Green Gage. 

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 

Tree vigorous, productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular, one side enlarged. Suture rather large. 
Skin pale yellowish green, with splashes of deeper green, slight bloom. 
Stalk of medium length, insei'ted in a large cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, 
Bugary, rich. Yery good. Adheres slightly to the stone. 

Kester's Yelloav Gage, 

Raised by Weaver, Mt. Pleasant, Westmoreland Co., Pa. 

Tree vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture broad and shallow. Skin pale 
yellow, splashed Avith green, and covered with a thick white bloom. 
Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small cavity. Flesh gi-eenish yel- 
low, jiucy, sugary, rich. Yery good. Adheres partially to the stone. 

Kirke's. 
Kirke's Plum is a variety which came to us from England, where 



THE PLUM. 927 

it was first brought into notice by Mr. Earke, the nurseryman, at 
Brompton. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium si^e, roundish oblong, with very little suture. 
Skin dark purple, with a few golden dots, and coated with an unusually 
thick blue bloom, which adheres pretty closely. Stalk three-fourths of 
an inch long, inserted in a very slight depression. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, firm, and very rich in flavor. It separates freely from the stone 
which is flat and broad. Good to very good. Last of August and first 
of September. 

KOLENKAMP. 

Originated in the garden of W. Kolenkamp, Philadelphia, Pa. 
Fruit large, oval, red. Flesh yellowish, dry ; separates from the 
stone. Last of September. (Am. P. Soc.) 

Lady Plum. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, Albany, N. Y. Tree of slender growth, 
productive. It is qxiite a pretty fruit, esteemed highly for preserving, 
this being its chief quality. It is a rampant grower, an abundant 
bearer. 

Fruit quite small, oval. Stalk short and stout. Color light yellow, 
spotted with red. Stone free and small. E'lavor acid. Fii'st of Sep- 
tember. (E. Dorr in Cult.) 

Langdon. 
Langdon's Seedling. 

Haised by Reuben Langdon, of Hartford, Conn. Tree vigorous and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oval, with a moderate suture. Skin 
reddish purple, covered with a thick lilac bloom. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, inserted in a rather deep cavity. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, coarse, juicy, sprightly, subacid, and adheres mostly to the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 

Large Green Drying. 
, Knight's Large dying. 

A late variety, raised, we believe, by Mr. Knight, and introduced 
here from the garden of the Horticultural Society of London. The tree 
is vigorous, and the branches are smooth. 

The fruit large, round, greenish yellow. The flesh, yellowish, mo- 
derately juicy, sweet. Good. Adheres to the stone. Middle of Sep- 
tember. 

Late Black Orleans. 

Tree vigorous, with long and slender smooth branches ; very produc- 
tive. 

Fruit medium, nearly round. Suture broad, shallow. Dot at apex. 
Skin deep black, covered with a thick blue bloom, and thickly sprinkled 
wiih minute brown dots. Stalk rather stout. Cavity small. Flesh 
deep yellow, juicy, sxigary ; adheres firmly to the stone. Good. Last 
of Sej-'tember. 



928 THE PLUM. 

Late Bolmer. 

Winter Bolmar. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Skin yellow, mottled with red next tha 
sun. Flesh yellow, rather firm, sweet, but not rich ; separates from 
the stone. Good. Middle of September. 

Late Rivers. 

A seedling of Thomas Rivers, England. Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium size, round, slight suture. Skin dark purple, al- 
most black. Stalk an inch or more long, slender. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of October. (Hogg.) 

Lawrence's Early. 

A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oval, flattened at ends. Skin dark pur- 
plish red, covered with a thick bloom. Flesh juicy ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Middle August. 

Lawrence's Favorite. 
Lawrence's Gage. E-eine Claude de Lawrence. 

Lawrence's Favoiite is a fruit of high merit, raised by Mr. L. U. 
Lawrence, of Hiidson, IST. Y., from a seed of the Green Gage. 

The general appearance of the fruit is like that of its parent, except 

that it is much larger. It hangs well 
on the tree, and its size, flavor, and pro- 
ductiveness should give it a place in 
every garden. 

Lawrence's Favorite forms an up- 
right tree of thrifty growth. Young 
branches smooth. 

Fruit large, heavy, roxmdish, a little 
flattened at either end. Skin dull yel- 
lowish green, clouded with streaks of a 
darker shade beneath, and covered with 
a light bluish-green bloom. The upper 
part of the fruit, when fully ripe, is cov- 
ered with a pecidiar hrownish networh, 
and a few reddish dots. Stalk short, 
only half an inch long, slender, inserted 

in a narrow cavity. Flesh greenish, 
Lawrence's Favorite. i t j.i x ^ j.i /-•< r< 

resembling that oi the Green Gage, re- 
markably juicy and melting, perhaps scarcely so rich as the latter, but 
with a very lich, sprightly vinous flavor, and one of the most delicious 
of plums. The flesh sometimes adheres a little when not fully ripe, 
but then separates freely. Best. Middle of August. 

Lawson's Golden. 

Damas Lawson. Golden Gage Lawson. 

Tree vigorous, productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture very shallow. Skin pale yel 




THE PLUM. 929 

low, lightly shaded and mottled in the sun with dull crimson, covered 
with a thin bloom. Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow 

juicy, sweet. Adheres to the stone. Good to very good. Last of 

A.ugust. 

Lewiston Egg. 

Origin, Lewiston, N. Y. Tree vigoroiis and productive. Branches 
iowny. 

Fruit medium size, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a bloom. Flesh 
yellow, adhering closely to the stone, not very sweet, and only second- 
cate flavor. Good. Last of August. 

Ltegel's Apricot. 
Abricotee de Braunau Nouvelle. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin like Green Gage, 
covered with a white bloom, becoming yellowish as it ripens. Flesh 
greenish yellow, melting, juicy, sugary ; separates from the stone. Last 
of September. (Hogg.) 

Lombard. 
Bleecker's Scarlet. Beekman's Scarlet. Montgomery Prune. 

Tree very vigorous, hardy, has strikingly crimpled leaves, bright 
purple glossy shoots, very productive, popular. 

It was called the Lombard Plum by the Massachusetts Horticuh 
tural Society, in compliment to Mr. Lombard, of Springfield, Mass., 
who first brovight it into notice in that - 
State ; and it is said to have been received 
by him from Judge Piatt, of Whitesbo- 
rough, iST. Y., who raised it from seed. But it 
was previously well known here by the name 
of JBleecker's Scarlet. Never having been 
described under that name, however, we 
adopt the present title. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval, slight- 
ly flattened at either end. Suture obscure. 
Stalk quite slender, scarcely three-fourths of 
an inch long, set in a broad, abruptly narrow- 
ing cavity. Skin delicate violet red, paler in 
the shade, dotted with red, and dusted 
thinly with bloom. Flesh deep yellow, 
juicy, and pleasant, but not rich ; adhering 
to the stone. Good. Middle and last of Lombard. 

August. 

Long Scarlet. 

Scarlet Gage. Red Gage, incorrectly. 

American. Tree very vigorous, and very prodiictive. Shoots downy- 
Fruit of medium size, oblong obovate, swollen on one side of the 
suture, and tapering to the stalk. Skin bright red in the sun, pale 
yellowish red on the shady side, covered with a fine lilac bloom. Flesh 
deep yellow, juicy, acid at first, but, if allowed to hang, it becomes rather 
rich and sweet. It adlieres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

59 




930 THE PLUM. 

Louisa. 

^ From Missouji. Tree vigorous, very productive, spreading. Branches 
evidence of its native wild character. 

Fruit medium, nearly round, yellow, nearly covered witli purplish 
red, gray dots, thin bloom. Suture slight. Flesh yellow, juicy. Good. 
Adheres to the stone. Last of Augiist. (Husmann.) 

LuCOMBE's ISTONESUCH. 

An English Plum, raised by Lucombe, of the Exeter Nurseiy. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, roundish, shaped and colored much like the 
Green Gage, but much move distinctly streaked with yellow and orange, 
and covered with a whitish bloom. Suture broad. Stalk straight, 
three-fourths of an inch long, set in a wide hollow. Flesh pretty firm, 
greenish, and adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September. 

McLaughlin. 

Baised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
and productive, a valuable variety, nearly or quite equal to Green Gage. 

Branches smooth. 

Fr^iit large, nearly round, oblate, flat- 
tened at both ends. Suture slight. Stalk 
three-fourths of an inch long, inserted in a 
small cavity by a ring. Skin thin and ten- 
der, yellow, dotted and marbled with red 
on the sunny side, and covered with a thin 
bloom. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, j uicy , 
very sweet and luscious, perfumed. It ad- 
heres to the stone. Best. Last of August. 

Mamelonk^e. 
Mamelon Sageret. 
A seedling of Sageret, near Paris. Tree 
moderately vigorous. Branches smooth, 
brownish gi'ay. 

^"^ ■ Fruit of remarkable shape, having a 

aecL or (mamelon) at the base of the stock. It is of excellent quality, 
hardy and prolific. Fruit of medium size, oval, tapering towards the 
apex, and a well-marked suture on one side. Stalk small, inserted 
without depression. Skin pale yellow, a few splashes and streaks of 
green, dotted and marbled with ciimson in the sun, covered with a thin 
light bloom. Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; separates from the 
stone. Good to very good. Middle August. 

Manning's Long Blue Pkune. 
Manning's Prune. Large Long Blue. Manning's Long Blue. 

Origin unknown. Tree vigorous, with long dark-colored shoots, very 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit quite large, long oval, a little one-sided, with an obscure suture. 
Stalk very long and slender, set in a very trifling depression. Skin dark 
purple, with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rathei 




THE PLUM. 931 

juicy, with a sweet, spriglitly, pleasant flavor. It separates pretty readily 
from the stone, which is long and pointed. Good. Fii-st to last of Sep 
tember. Ripens gradually and bears carriage well. 

Mann's Impekial. 

Brandy Gage. Mann's Brandy Gage. 

This fruit is a small form of Coe's Golden Drop, of rich flavor, but 
very much earlier. It difiers from Coe's Golden P'-op by having downy 
shoots. (Hogg.) 

Marten. 

Marten's Seedling. 

An accidental seedling in the garden of Mr. Marten, Schenectady, 
N". Y. A very vigorous, upright grower, productive. Branches smooth, 
grayish. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, irregular suture, rather deep from stalk 
to apex, which is a little sunk. Skin yellow, somewhat streaked with 
green, and dotted with red on the sunny side. Stalk nearly an inch 
long, set in a small cavity. Flesh yellow, a little coarse, juicy, with a 
brisk sprightly flavor. Separates from the stone. Good to very good. 
First of September. 

Maugeron. 

Damascene Maugeron. Mangeron. 

Damas de Mangeron. Maugeron Damask. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, round, depressed. Skin purplish, dotted with yellowish 
dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh whitish yellow, not very juicy, 
breaking, sweet ; separates from the s.tone. Early September. (Liegel.) 

Mediterranean. 

Tree vigorous, prodvictive. Branches smooth, quite reddish. 

Fruit medium, ovate-necked. Suture medium. Skin light crimson, 
Stalk long, slender. Cavity small. Flesh yellow, isweet, sprightly; sepa> 
rates from the stone. Good. Early September. 

Meigs. 

Fruit large, rovmdish oval. Suture indistinct. Skin dull reddish 
purple, with numerous gray dots. Stalk long, curved, slender, set in a 
small cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, rich, sugary and excellent; 
adheres to the stone. Good. Last of September. 

Miner. 

HiacMey. Gillett. Kobrnsoo. 

IsabeL Townsend. 

This is an improved variety of the wild or Chickasaw Plum, origi- 
nated with Mr. Miner, Lancaster, Pa. Branches smooth, dark red. 

Fruit medium, oblong, pointed at apex. Skin dark purplish red, 
with a fine bloom. Flesh soft, juicy, vinous; adheres to the stona 
Early October. 



932 THE PLUM. 

MiRABELLE. 

Mirabelle Petite. Mirabelle de Vienna. Gelbe Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle Jaune. Wbite Al irabelle. Small Mirabelle, 

Mirabelle Blanche. Mirabelle Precoce. Little Mirabelle. 

Mirabelle Perle. Prune de Mirabelle. Petit Drap d'Or. 

A very pretty little fruit, exceedingly orr.amental on the tree, 
the branches of which are thickly sprinkled with its abundant crops. 
The tree is small in all its parts, and although the fruit has a tolerable 
flavor, yet from its size and high perfume it is chiefly valued for pre- 
serving. Branches downy. 

Fruit quite small, obovate, with a well-marked suture. Stalk half 
an inch long, slightly inserted. Skin of a beautiful yellow, a little 
spotted with i-ed at maturity, and covered with a white bloom. Flesh 
orange, sweet, and sprightly, becoming dry when over-ripe, and sepa- 
rates from the stone. Good. Middle of August. 

Mirabelle de Nancy, 

A variety resembling the foregoing, except in its maturing later. 
Fruit small, nearly round, rich yellow, dotted with red. Flesh 
juicy, September. (Hogg,) 

MiTCHELSON. 
Mitchelson's, 

Kaised by Mitchelson, England. Tree hardy, productive. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, oval, without suture. Skin black, dotted 
with a few minute fawn-colored dots, covered with a thin, blue bloom. 
Stalk stout. Flesh yellow, tender, juicy, sweet ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Early September. (F. and P.) 

Monroe, 
Monroe Egg. 

Raised by Miss Dunham, Penfield, Monroe Co., N. Y. Tree very 
vigorotis and productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Skin greenish yellow, with rarely a 
blush. Stalk rather lonrg, with very little depression. Flesh greenish 
yellow, not very tender, sweet. Good. First of September. 

Morocco. 

Early Morocco, Black Morocco. 

Early Black Morocco. Early Damask. 

A good early Plum, of rather slow growth, and a moderate bearer. 
Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, with a shallow suture on one side, 
a little flattened at both ends. Skin dark purple, covered wi th a pale 
thin bloom. Stalk half an inch long, rather stout. Flesh greenish 
yellow, adhering slightly to the stone, juicy, with a smart, rich flavor, 
becoming quite sweet at maturity. Good. First to middle of Au 
gust. 



THE PLUM. 933 

Moyret's Gage. 
Eeine Claude Moyret. 

A new French Plum, originated by M. Moyret, ab Neuville-sur-Ain 
Tree vigorous. Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, roundish. Suture half round, distinct, not deep 
Skin light reddish, covered with an amber-blue bloom. Stalk rathei 
stout, set in a cavity rather deep. Flesh greenish yellow, fine, juicy^ 
sweet, perfumed ; separates from the stone. Early August. (Verg.) 

Mulberry. 

Raised by Isaac Denniston, of Albany. The tree is a vigorous 
grower. 

Fruit large, oval, somewhat narrowest towards the stalk. Skin 
pale whitish yellow, sprinkled with white dots, and dusted with a pale 
bloom. Stalk an inch long, rather slender, very slightly inserted. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, good; adheres slightly to the stone 
Good. First of September. 

Muscle. 

This variety is only valuable for stocks on which to propagate othei 
sorts. 

Fruit small, oblong, dark red. Stone large. 

Musk Damask. 

Prune de Malthe. Damas Musqu6. 

• De Chypre. _ Prune de Chypre. 

Musque de Malta ? 

Tree vigorous, upriglit. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture distinct. Skin deep purple 
or bluish black, covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh yellow or 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, musky. Good. Adheres slightly to the 
stone. Last of August. 

Nectarine. 

Caledonian. Peach Plum, erroneously, 

Howell's Large. Prune Peciie. 

Jenkins' Imperial. Louis Philippe. 

Tree vigorous, upright, stout, blunt, purplish shoots, nearly smootli. 
A fine-looking fruit, of foreign origin, but only of second quality. 

Fruit of the largest size, regularly formed, roundish. Stalk about 
half an inch long, rather stout, and set in a wide shallow depression. 
Skin purple, dusted with a blue bloom. Flesh dull greenish yellow, be- 
coming tinged with red at maturity, a little coarse-grained, with a rich, 
brisk flavor, and adhering partially to the stone. Good. Middle of 
August, 

ISTelson's Victory. 

Knevett's Late Orleans. 

Tree very vigorous, an abundant bearer. Branches smooth. 
Fruit medium-sized, round, marked with a shallow suture. Skin 
ieep purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, set 



334 THE PLUM. 

in a shallow cavity. Flesh firm, rather coarse, sweet, biisklj flavored ; 
adhering to the stone. Middle September. (Hogg.) 

Newman. 

A variety of the Chickasaw family, that has recently come into no- 
tice through D. L. Adair, of Kentucky. Tree healthy, hardy, vigorous^ 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Skin light scarlet, with a thin bloom. 
Flesh soft, light pinkish, vinous, juicy ; adheres to the stone. Early 
August. 

NOEBERT. 
Prune de Lepine. Prune de Prince. 

Branches slightly hairy. 

Fruit very small, round, inclining to oblate. Skin dark purple, 
covered with a thick, clear, light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
firm, sweet, not juicy. Separates fi-om the stone. (Hogg.) 

Il^ORMAN PeRDKIGON. 
Perdrigon Nonnand. 

A French variety. 

Fruit medium, nearly round. Skin light purple, considerable bloom, 
marked with fawn-colored dots. Flesh yellowish, melting, juicy, sweet; 
adheres to the stone. Last of August. (Pom, Man.) 

North. 
North's Seedling. 

Eaised by Professor North, Clinton, N. Y. Tree very vigorous, 
very productive. Branches slightly downy. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong oval. Skin reddish purple, with a 
thin bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, moderately sweet, perfumed. Good 
to very good. Early September. 

NOUVELLE DE DORELLE. 

Prune G-rosse Quetsche Nouvelle. Dorelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche. 

Prune Nouvelle de Dorrel. Quetsche de Dorelle Nouvelle Grand. 

Dorelle's New Purple Prune. 

A German variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches downy. 
Fruit large, oval, somewhat pointed at tlie stalk, Sutui-e shallow, dis- 
tinct, one side often a little enlarged. Skin violet purple, covered with a 
thin blue bloom, and pretty thickly sprinkled with whitish brown dots. 
Stalk rather long and stout, set in a small ca^'ity. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sugary, vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good to very good, 
Last of August. 

Oberley. 

Oberley's Greenwood. 

Originated in Northampton Co., Pa., on the farm of Ober- 
ley. Tree a thrifty, upright grower, very productive. Branches smooJi, 
greenish. 



THE PLUM. 93£ 

Fruit medium size, roundisli. Suture sliallow. Apex a little sunk. 
Skin amber, nearly covered with rosy red, thin light bloom. Stalk me- 
dium, slender, set in a moderate cavity by a ring. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
vinous, rather sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

October Green Gage. 
Late Green Gage. Reine Claude Tardive. Eeine Claude d'Octobre. 

Tree very vigorous. Young wood smooth, stoiit, and short-jointed. 

Fruit small, roundish. Suture moderate. Apex dimpled. Skin 
gi'eenish yellow, covered with a thin white bloom, mottled with crimson 
in sun. Stalk stout, rather long. Flesh green, juicy, sugary, and rich; 
separates from the stone. Good to very good. First of October. 

Orange. 

Orange Gage. Wager. 

Origin, Rhinebeckj Dutchess Co., IST. Y. Tree a vigorous growei, 
productive. Branches stout and smooth. 

Fruit very large, oval, flattened at both ecds. Skin bronze yellow, 
marked with roughish white dots and clouded with purplish red near 
the stalk. The latter is three-fourths of an inch long, rather rough, in- 
serted in a narrow round cavity. Flesh deep yellow, a little coarse- 
grained, moderately juicy, sugar and acid combined. It adheres a little 
to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

Orleans. 

Monsieur. Anglaise Noir. Prune de Monsieur. 

Monsieur Ordinaire. English Orleans. Common Orleans. 

Old Orleans. Prune d'Orleans. Eed Orleans. 

Red Damask. Late Monsieur. 

A popular Enghsh market Plum, being hardy and uniformly produc- 
tive. Tree vigorous. Branches gray, and very downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, rovmd, a little enlarged on one side of the distinct 
suture. Skin dark red, becoming purple in the sun. Flesh yellowish, 
Bweet, mixed with acid, and separates freely from the stone. Good. 
Middle of August. 

Oullin's Golden. 

. Keine Claude d'Oullins. Oullin's Golden Gage. 

Reine Claude Precoce. Monstrueuse d'Oullins. 

Ouillin's Gage. 

This is a German Plum, large and showy. Tree very vigorous and 
productive, with smooth branches, stout, short jointed. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong. Suture very shallow. Skin rich yel- 
low, flecked and shaded with green, small crimson dots in sun, and cov- 
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk inserted in a broad, moderately 
deep cavity. Flesh yellow, very tender, juicy, sugary ; adhering slightlj 
to the stone. Very good. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 



936 THE PLUM. 

Pabsonage. 

Origin, Ehinebeck, Diitcliess Co., N. Y. Tree very vigorous, ap 
right, productive. Brandies smooth. 

Fruit medium to lai-ge, oval. Skin pale yellow, lightly splashed with 
green. Stalk of medium length, inserted in a small depression. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, with a rich siigary flavor. It separates freely from the 
stone. Good. First of September. 

Peach Plum. 
Prune Peche. Large Peach. Reine Claude Berger ? 

Tree upright, vigorous, only a moderate bearer. Tree rather tender 
at the ISTorth. Branches smooth. 

Fruit veiy large, shaped more like a peach than a plum, roundish, 
much flattened at both ends. Suture shallow, but strongly marked. 
Apex much depressed. Skin light brownish red, S2:jrinkled with obscure 
dark specks, and covered with a pale bloom. Stalk short, rather stout, 
set in a shallow narrow cavity. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, 
but juicy, and of pleasant sprightly flavor when fully ripe; separates 
freely from the stone. Good. Last of July, 

Penobscot. 

Raised by James McLaughlin, Bangor, Me. Tree vigorous, hardy, 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture distinct. Stalk three-foiirths of an inch 
long, set in a small cavity. Skin yellow, tinged with green and a fain"^ 
red cheek. Flesh yellow, sweet, and pleasant ; adheres to the stone 
Good. First of September. 

Peoly's Early Blue. 

This is a native fruit, of medium quality. Branches very downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Suture scarcely visible. Skin veiy 
dark blue, covered with light blue bloom. Flesh yellow, of pleasant 
flavor, adhering partially to the stone. Good. Early August. 

Perdeigon Violet Hatif. 

Tree hardy, vigorous, productive. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish, slightly oval. Suture half round, 
Bhallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin violet or reddish purple, sprinkled 
with brownish dots and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk short, stout. 
Cavity small. Flesh yellowish, modera,tely juicy, with a sugary j)leasant 
flavor ; separates from the stone. Good or very good. Middle Au- 
gust. 

Pershore. 

An English variety. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium size, obovate. Skin yellow, with a golden 
tinge. Flesh tender, with a fine subacid flavor ; adhering to the stone 
Last of August. (Hogg.) 



THE PLUM. 



937 



Peter's Yellow Gage. 

Tree moderately vigoroiis, with short branches, which are downy. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little depressed at base. Sutur* 
broad, shallow. Apex broad, shallow, sunken. Skin pale yellow, some- 
times with crimson dots in the sun and a thin light bloom. Stalk rather 
short and stout, set in a large cavity. Flesh 3'ellowish, juicy, sugary ; 
adheres slightly to the stone. Good to very good. Middle August 

Pond's Seedling. 
Pond's Purple. 

American origin. Tree very vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, roundish. Skin purple. Flesh yellowish, rather 
dry, separates from the stone, sweet, mingled with acid. Good. Early 
in August. 



Plum de rinde. 



Pond's Seedling. 
FonthilL 



Pond's Purple. 



English origin. Tree very vigorous and productive ; a beautiful 
fruit. Branches smooth, grayish. 

Fruit very large, oval, taper- 
ing a little towards the stalk, some- 
times with a mamelon neck. Skin 
yellowish, nearly covered with 
bright red or carmine, having a 
thin whitish bloom, and sprinkled 
with brownish dots. Flesh yel- 
low, a little coarse, juicy, and 
sugary, but not rich. Good. 
Middle of September. 

Precoce de Tours. 

Early Violet. 
Violette Hative. 
Early Tours. 
Perdrigon Violet. 
Blue Perdrigon. 
Violet de Tours. 
Noire Hative. 
Prune de la Madelaine. 
Damas de Tours. 
Prune de Gaillon. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigo 
reus, with long, slender branches, 
moderately productive. Branches 
downy. 

Fruit rather more than an inch in 
diameter, oval, with a shallow su- 
tuie. Skin deep purple, covered with a thick azure bloom. Stalk 
half an inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh at first greenish, but 
becoming dull yellow at maturity ; a little fibrous, but juicy, sweet, melt-- 
ing, and slightly perfumed ; it adheres considerably to the stone. Good. 
First of August. 




Pond's SeecTling (English.) 



938 



THE PLUM. 

Pri^coce de Bergthold. 



Tree moderately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit small, nearly globular. Suture shallow, but disti.nct point at 
apex. Skin pale yellow, sometimes with marblings of gi-een, and cov- 
ered with a thin white bloom. Stalk short, stout. Cavity shallow. 
Flesh yellow, juicy, sugary; adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Early 
August. 



From Belgium, 




Prince Englebert. 

This is a promising variety for market growing, as 
the tree is a great bearer, and the 
fruit valuable for dessert and cooking. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong oval. Sviture 
very slight, one side a little enlarged. 
Skin very deep purple, sjjrinkled 
with brown dots, and covered with a 
deep blue bloom. Stalk rather stout, 
set in a deep cavity. Flesh yellowish 
green, juicy, ' sugary ; separates from 
the stone. Very good. Last of Au 
gust. 

Prince op Wales. 

Chapman's Prince of Wales. 
Prince Albert ? 



English origin. Tree 
very productive. 



very vigo- 
Branches 



rous 

smooth or slightly do^tvny 
Prince Engeibert. Fruit large, globular, inclining to 

oblong, with a moderate suture on 
one side. Skin reddish purple, with brownish yellow dots, and a thick 
bloom. Stalk short and stout, set in a moderate cavity. Flesh a little 
coarse, greenish yellow, juicy, sweet, and sprightly, not rich, partially 
adhering to the stone. Good. First of September. 



Prince's Orange Egg. 

Raised by William Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Tree very 
vigorous and productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather large, oval. Skin yellow, covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, rather stout, set in a small cavity. 
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, juicy, sprightly, subacid, not rich; ad- 
heres to the stone. Good. Middle of September. 



Prince's Orange Gage. 
Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture moderate! Skin yellow. 



THE PLUM. 



939 



Stalk long, set in an open cavity. Flesh -ight yellow, coarse, juicy^ 
pleasant, but not rich; adheres to the stone. Good. First of Sep' 
tember. 

Pbince's Primordial. 
Prince's Bl ae Primordian. 

Originated with WUliam Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Branches slen- 
der, grayish. 

Fruit small, oval, bkie. Flesh pleasant ; its principal value is its 
early maturity. (Pom. Man.) 



Prince's Yellow Gage. 



American Yellow Gage of some. 

The Yellow Gage was raised so long 
elder Mr. Prince, of Flushing, L. I. Its 
great hardiness and productiveness, joined 
to its rich, sugary flavor, make it a favor- 
ite sort. Branches smooth, short-jointed, 
and the tree forming a large spreading 
head. 

Fruit a little above medium size, oval, 
rather bi'oadest towards the stalk. Su- 
ture a mere line. Skin golden yellow, a 
little clouded, and covered with a copious 
white bloom. Stalk an inch long, inserted 
in a small round cavity. Flesh deep yel- 
low, rich, sugary, and melting, though 
sometimes rather dry ; parts freely from 
the stone. Yery good. Early in Au- 
gust. 

> Provence Damask. 

Damas de Provence. 
Early Damask of Provence. 
Damas de Provence Hatif. 



White Gage of some. 

as the year 1783, by the 




Prince's Yellow Gage. 



Tree vigorous, branches downy. 

Fruit above medium, roundish. Suture deep. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with blue bloom. Flesh yellowish green ; separates from 
the stone. Good foi cooking. Last of July. 



Prune d'Agen. 

D'Agen. Eobe de Sergent. St. Maurin. 

Prune d'Ast. Agen Datte. Prune de Brignole of some. 

Prune du Roi. 

A. foreign variety of excellent quality. Tree of moderate growth, 
Branches smooth. Yery productive. 

Fruit medium size, oval, slightly necked. Suture small. Skin vio 



940 THE PLTJM. 

let pttriDle, covered with, a thick bloom and numerous small dots. Stali 
nearly an inch long, a little curved, set in a small depression. Flesh 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, and delicious, slightly adherent tc 
the stone. Best. Middle and last of September. 





Prune d'Agen. Purple Favorite. 

Purple Favorite. 

This delicioiTS frtiit received its name from us some years ago. The 
tree from which the stock now in this country was derived, stood for 
many years (until it died of old age) in the centre of the principal gar- 
den here, and was planted by the father of the author. Its origin we 
were never able to learn, and we have not been able during all our 
pomological researches and comparisons to identify it with any other 
Bort. 

The Purple Favorite, when in perfection, is not surpassed by any 
otlier Plum in luscious flavor. It is more juicy and melting than the' 
Purple Gage, and has some affinity to the Diajiree Rouge, or Mimms. 
It shoiild have a place in every garden, as it bears well, and is very 
hardy. In the nursery it has the dwarfish habit of the Green Gage, 
but more slender shoots. Branches nearly smooth, short-jointed. 

Fruit medium size, often large, roundish obovate. Suture none. 
Skin liglit brown in the shade, brownish purple in the sun, dotted with 
numerous golden specks, and dusted with thin, light blue bloom. Stalk 
three-fourths to one inch long, set in a very slight depression. Flesh 
pale greenish, very juicy, tender, melting, ^vith a kiscious sweetness. 
Parts freely from the stone, which is vexy small and roundish. Best. 
Begins to ripen about the 20th of August, and will hang for a fortnight 
ou the tree. 

Purple Gage. 

Reine C]aude Violette. Violette Queen Claude. 

Die Violette Konigin Claudie. Violet Gage. 

The Purj)le Gage holds the first place for high flavor among purple 



THE PLUM. 



941 



plums abroad. Althotigh it is well known in France under the title of 
the Heine Claude Yiolette, as in England undf r that of the Purple 
Gage, yet its native country is not precisely determined. Tree mod- 
erately vigorous. Branches smooth, much like those of the Green Gage. 
Fruit medium sized, shaped like the Green Gage, roundish, a little 
flattened. Suture shallow, but distinct. Stalk an inch long, rather 
thick, set in a narrow cavity. Skin a little thick, violet, dotted with 
pale yellow, and covered with light blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, 
rather firm, rich, sugary, and very high-flavored ; separates from the stone, 
which is oval and compressed. Ripens rather late, and will hang on the 
tree — shrivelling a little, but not cracking — all the month of Septembei . 
"Very good. 

QtTACKEBTBOSS. 

Introduced by Mr. Quackenboss, of Greenbush, N. Y. Origin in 
the garden of S. C. Grnot, Albany. A very rapid upright grower, and 
productive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, oblong roundish. Skin deep purple, covered with a bin r 
ish bloom. Suture scarcely apparent. Stalk long, slender, and set in a 
slight depressed cavity. Flesh greenish yellow, sprightly, juicy, a little 
coarse-grained, sweet, and subacid- adheres slightly to the stone. Good. 
September. 



Queen Mother. 
Eed QueSn Mother. Pigeon's Heart. 



Damas Violet. 



A neat little reddish Plum, long known in European gardens. 
Branches smooth, rather feeble in growth. 

Fruit rather small, round, about an inch in diameter. Skin dark, 
purplish red in the sun, pale reddish amber in the shade, with many red- 
dish dots. Stalk half an inch long. Flesh yellow, sweet and rich, sepa- 
rating freely from the stone. Good. September. 



Reagle's Ancient City. 

Origina,ted at Schenectady, E". 
Y., by C. Reagles. Tree very 
vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. 
Skin clouded orange, red in the 
sun. Suture distinct. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, sweet ; separates from the 
stone. Good. Last of August. 

Reagle's Gage. 

Another of the seedlings raised 
by C. Reagles, Schenectady, N. Y., 
from seed of the Washington. Tree 
vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular. 
Suture broad and shallow. Apex 




Beagle's Gage. 



942 a HE PLUM. 

sunken. Skin gi-eenish yellow, with splaslaes of darker green, and covered 
with a bloom. Stalk medium in length and thickness. Cavity large. 
Flesh greenish yellow, juicy, gweet, slightly vinous; separates from the 
stone. Very good. Last of August. 

Reagle's Union Purple. 

Same origin as the preceding. Tree vigorous, branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Skin reddish purple, covered with a thin 
bloom, suture only perceptible near the stalk and apex. Stalk shorty 
stout. Flesh greenish, a little coarse, vinous, sweet; adheres to the 
stone. Good. September. 

Red Apricot. 

Abricotee Rouge. 

A French variety. Tree moderately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish oval. Skin of a fine clear red in the 

shade, violet in the sun. Flesh orange color, sweet, but rather dry, and 

without much flavor ; separates freely from the stone. Good. Last of 

August. 

•* 

Eed Diaper. 

Diapree Eouge. Mimms. 

Roche Carbon. Imperial Diadem. 

The Diapree Rouge, or Red Diaper, is a very large and handsome 
French Pkim. A rather slow grower. Branches almost smooth. 

Fruit large, obovate. Skin of a reddish purple, with a few golden 
Bpecks, and a light blue bloom, easily rubbed off. Stalk three-fourths 
of an inch long, slender, hairy, slightly inserted. Flesh pale gi-een, juicy, 
very melting, rich, and delicious, separating from the stone, which is 
quite small. Good to very good. Last of August. 

Red Gage. 

An American Plum, of delicious flavor, very hardy, and a prodigious 
bearer. It is a seedling raised from the Green Gage by the elder Wm. 
Prince, of the Flushing . Nurseries, in 1790. 
It grows very vigorously, and is distin- 
guished, when young, by its deep green 
crimped foliage. Branches dark reddish, 
smooth. 

Fruit about as large as the Green Gage, 
but more oval, regularly formed. Skin 
brownish or brick red, with little bloom. 
Stalk rather slender, set in a nai^row cavity. 
Flesh greenish amber, very juicy, melting, 
sugaiy, and luscious. It parts freely from 
the stone, which is small. Best. Middle of 
August. 

Red Gage of Dutchess County. 

»«>* Gage. ^ seedling of Dutchess Co., N. Y. Tree 

vigorous, upright, productive. Branches slightly downy. 




THE PLUM. 943 

Fruit mediuvn, roundisli oval, a little compressed. Suture large, 
often exteudiug two -thirds around the fruit. Skin yellowisli, nearly 
covered with a light reddish purple, and with a thin lilac bloom, thickly 
sprinkle! with brown dots. Stalk short, stout. Cavity large. Flesh 
yellow, juicy, slightly vinous ; adheres to the stone. Good. liast of 
\.ugust. 

Red Magnum Bonum. 

Purple Egg. Imperial Violet. Prune d'CBuf. 

Red Imperial. Imperiale Violette. Red Egg. 

Imperial. Imperiale Rouge. Askew's Purple Egg. 

Purple Magnum Bonum. Dame Aubert Violette. Die Rothe Eiperflaume. 

Florence. Imperiale. Shepler ? 

A foreign variety of moderate growth, slender smooth shoots, dis 
tinct from the American vaiiety, which is a vigorous grower, with 
downy shoots. 

Fruit large, oval, with a strong suture, on one side of which the 
fruit is more swollen. Skin rather pale in the shade, but deep red in 
the sun, sprinkled with many gray dots, and dusted with but little pale 
bloom. Stalk an inch or more long, slender, set in a narrow cavity. 
Flesh greenish, rather firm and coarse, with a subacid flavor, separating 
from the stone, which is oval and pointed. Good. Fii-st of September. 

Red Perdrigon. 
Perdrigon Rouge. 

Foreign. Branches downy. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish. Sides often unequal. Skin fine deep 
red, much lilac bloom. Stalk long, slender. Flesh joale yellow, a little 
coarse, moderately juicy and sweet, and parts from the stone. Good. 
Last of August to the middle of September. 

Red Primordian. 

Originated with William Prince, Flushing, L. I. Tree vigorous, 
upright, with long, smooth, brownish gray branches. 

Fruit medium or small, oval, somewhat pointed, slightly necked. 
Skin light lilac or chocolate, and covered with a thin, light lilac bloom. 
Stalk rather long, slender, set in a small ring. Flesh yellowish, moder- 
ately juicy, with a slight acid flavor; separates from the stone. Good. 
Early August. 

Reine Victoria. 

This is a French variety, and quite distinct from the Victoria. 
Branches downy. It is of short oval shape, much like Kirke's, but not 
quite so round. Skin dark reddish purple. Flesh very juicy, rich, and 
agreeable, and separating from the stone. It is from two to three weeks 
later than Kirke's. (Hogg.) We think this may yet prove to be Sharp's 
Emperor. 

Reizenstein's Yellow Prune. 

An Italian fruit. Tree very vigorous and productive. Branches 
amooth. 



944 THE PLUM. 

Fruit medium size, oval, narrowing at both ends, often enlarged oc 
one side and swollen on one edge. Small mamelon neck. Suture 
large, extending beyond the apex. Skin fine yellow, often much shaded 
and marbled with rich crimson, and covered with a thin Ulac Moora. 
Stalk long, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh golden yellow, juicy, 
sweet ; adheres closely to the stone. Good to very good. Last Sep- 
tember. 

E-HiNEBECK Yellow Gage. 

Origin, Rhinebeck, N. Y. Tree very strong and vigorous. Branches 
smooth. 

Fi-uit large, oval. Suture deep. Skin yellow. Stalk rather long, 
inserted by a fleshy ring without depression. Flesh coarse, juicy, sweet, 
and pleasant; adheres to the stone. Good. First of September. 

Rhue. 
Ehue's Seedling'. 

Origin, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, productive. Branches slightly 
downy. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow, broad, half round. Apex slightly 
sunk. Skin reddish purple, covered with a blue bloom. Stalk rather 
short, stout. Cavity deep. Flesh greenish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, 
Bweet, vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Middle Au- 
gust. 

E-ICHLAND. 

Originated on the farm of Randall Elden, Richland, Bucks Co., Pa. 
Tree upright, vigorous. Branches smooth, long, slender. 

Fruit medium size, oval, a little pointed at apex. Skin reddish pur- 
ple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk in a small cavity. Flesh 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. 
Last of August. 

Roby's Yellow. 

A seedling raised by H. R. Roby, Frederick^burgh, Ya. Tree mode- 
rately vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit rather small, roundish. Suture broad, shallow. Sides unequal. 
Skin greenish yellow, covered with a copious light bloom, and a few red 
dots in the sun. Stalk short. Cavity small. Flesh greenish yellow, 
juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good. Last of August. 

ROLLANDE GaLLOPPI. 

Tree very vigorous, upright. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, elongated oval, with a large neck. Suture large, half 
round. Skin pale yellowish green, dotted and marbled with crinison in 
the sun, and covered with a thin light bloom. Stalk slender. Cavity 
small. Flesh yellomsh green, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Good, 
Last of September. 



the plum. 94s 

Ronald's Eancy. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture half round. Skin yellow, 
strijied, marbled, and splashed with green, and covered with a thin light 
bloom. Stalk half inch long. Cavity moderate. Flesh greenish yel- 
low, juicy, sugary, vinous, sprightly; separates from the stone. Good. 
Early October. 

RosTRAVE Bell. 

Originated with John D. Stephens, Westmoreland Co., Pa. Tree 
very vigorous and prodiictive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Suture broad, shallow, two-thirds round, 
one side enlarged. Skin reddish pur2:)le, many brown dots, and covered 
with a blue bloom. Stalk medium. Cavity large, rather deep. Flesh 
yellowish, coarse, not very juicy, .vinous ; adlieres partially to the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

BOYALE. 

La Royale. Royal Red. French Royal. 

Royal. Sir Charles Worsley's. Prune Royale. 

The Boyale, a French variety, is remarkable for the exceedingly 
thick coat of bloom which covers the skin. The tree is a slow grower, 
forms a bushy, spreading head, and its very downy shoots have a gray 
or whitish appearance. It bears regularly, but moderately, and thotigh 
not fit for the orchard, it is a first-rate garden fruit. 

Fruit of medium size, often quite large, round, lessening a little to- 
wards the stalk. Suture distinct at the apex on one side only. Skin 
reddish pui-ple, dotted with light brown specks, and covered with a thick 
pale bloom, which adheres closely. Stalk three-fourths of an inch long, 
downy, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh dull yellow, rather firm, but 
melting, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich, vinous flavor ; it sepa- 
rates from the stone, which is small, roundish, pointed at both ends. 
Good to yery good. Last of August, till the middle of September. 

Bo YALE DE Tours. 
Royal Tours. 

A French variety, received from several sources, but they do not 
agree, neither do the authorities; some say a freestone, and others a 
cling. Branches always quite downy. 

Fruit large, roundish, but marked with a large and deep suture ex- 
tending quite half round, and enlarged on one side. At the apex is a 
small, white, depressed point. Skin lively red in the shade, deep violet 
in the sun, with many minute golden dots, and coated with a thick blue 
bloom. Stalk half to three-fourths of an inch long, stout, set in a nar- 
ro^w cavity. Flesh greenish, rather firm, with a rich, high-flavored, 
abundant juice. Good to very good. Middle August. 

BOYALE HaTIVE. 

Early Royal. Marian. 

An early Plum, of French origin. Tree vigorous, with stout short 
branches. Branches very downy. 

60 



946 



THE PLUM. 



Fruit of medium size, roundish, a little wider towards the stalk 
Skin light purple, dotted (and faintly streaked) with brownish yellow, 
and covered with a blue bloom. Stalk half an inch long, stout, in- 
serted with little or no depression. Flesh yellow amber, with rich, high 
flavor, and parts from the stone (adhering slightly till ripe). Yery 
good. Early August. 





Royale Hfitive, 



Saint Catherine. 



Saint Cathekine. 

Among the fine old varieties of late Plums the St. Catherine is one of 
the most celebrated. In France it is raised in large quantities, in some 
districts making the most delicate kind of prunes. It is also much 
esteemed for preserving, and is of excellent quality for the dessert. 
Branches smooth, upright, rather slender. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, narrowing considerably towards the 
stalk, and having a strongly marked stiture on one side. Stalk three- 
fourths of an inch or more long, very slender, inserted in a slight cavity. 
Skin very pale yellow, overspread with thin white bloom, and occasion- 
ally becoming a little reddish on the sunny side. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
rather firm, and adheres partially to the stone. In flavor it is sprightly, 
rich, and perfumed. Very good. Middle to last of September. 

Saint Etienne. 

Tree of moderate growth. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish heart-shaped. Suture shallow, half round. 
Skin yellow, shaded, marbled, and dotted with rich dark ci-imson. 
Stalk short, rather slender. Cavity small. Flesh fine yellow, juicy, 
sweet, and rich ; separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last 
of August. 

Saint Julien. 

Common St. Julien. Petit St. Julien. 

French St. Julien. St. Julien petit. 

Fruit small, oval, dark violet, covered with bloom. Flesh greenish, 

slightly acid; se^mrates from the stone. Last of August. (Pom. Man.) 



THE PliUM. 

Saint Martin's Quetsche. 



947 



A very late variety of Prune from Germany. Hardy and a good 
bearer. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, ovate, or considerably broadest towards the 
stalk. Suture broad, shallow. Skin pale yellow, covered with a white 
bloom. Flesh yellowish, with a rich and excellent flavor, and separates 
readily from the stone. Good. First of October, and will hang a month. 



Schenectady Catherine. 

Origin, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree vigorous, very productive. 
Branches smooth, grayish. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture shallow on one side. Skin red- 
dish purple, covered with a thin blue bloom. Stalk of medium length, 
slender, set in a small cavity. Flesh 
greenish yellow, very juicy, sugary, and 
rich ; separates freely from bhe stone. 
Very good. First of September. 

Schuyler Gage. 



Originated with Gen. Schuyler, Alba- 
ny, N. Y., from a seed- of the Green Gage. 
Tree upright, very vigorous and produc- 
tive. Branches smooth. 

Fruit mediu.m, oval. Suture moderate. 
Skin yellow, with small green splashes, 
dotted and washed with carmine on the 
sunny side, and covered with a thin bloom. 
Stalk long, curved, inserted in a small ca- 
vity. Flesh yellow, juicy, sweet, rich, and 
excellent ; separates from the stone. Very good 




Schenectady Catherine, 

Last of September. 



Semiana op Boston. 
Blue Imperatrice of some. 

This is quite distinct from the Semiana of Europe. It is probably a 
native fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with slender shoots nearly 
smooth, very productive, late, keeps well — a good market fruit. 

Fruit medium, oval, with a slight rise or neck next the stalk. Skin 
deep purple, covered with blue bloom. Stalk short. Cavity very small. 
Flesh greenish, juicy, subacid, not rich; adheres to the stone. Good. 
Last of September and first of October. 



Damas de Septembre. 



September Damask. 
Prune de Vacance. 



Prunier des YacaxLceB. 



Branches downy. 

Fruit small, roundish oval. Suture distinct. Skin dark purple, 
covered with a thick blue bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, .sweet; sepa« 
rates from stone. Poor. Last of September. 



948 THE PLUM. 



Sharp's Emperor. 



Dolphin. Denyer's Victoria. Victoria. 

Dauphin. Alderton. Eoyal Dauphine. 

Imperial de Sharp. 

A beautiful Plum, brought into notice by Denyer, of Siissex, England. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Branches strong, downy, and foliage large. 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Sutui-e shallow, but distinct. Skin 
light yellow, marbled, spotted, and shaded with light lilac and purple, 
thickly sprinkled with light and gi'ay dots, and covered -with a thin lilac 
bloom. Stalk medium length, rather stout, set in a rather deep cavity. 
Flesh golden yellow, coarse, not very juicy or sugary, a little vinous ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle September. 

Sheldon. 

Originated on the farm of Wareham Sheldon, Huron, Wayne Co., 
I^^. Y. Tree a rapid grower, and very productive. Branches smooth, 
stotit. 

Fruit large, oval. Suture shallow. Skin deep purple, thick blue 
bloom. Stalk short, in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, jviicy, slightly 
acid ; separates from the stone. Good. September. 

Siamese. 

Branches long, slender, and smooth. 

Fruit mostly in pairs, distinct, but closely joined on one side, medium- 
sized obovate. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom. Flesh yellow, 
juicy, and sprightly, of second-rate flavor, and adheres to the stone. 
Good. Early September. 

Smith's Orleans. 

Violet Perdrigon, incorrectly. Red Magnum Bonum of some. 

Smith's Orleans, the largest and finest of this class of Plums, is a 
native variety raised from the old Orleans by Mr. Smith, of Gowanus, 

Long Island. It is one of the most 
vigorous of all plum-trees, making 
straight, glossy, reddish purple shoots, 
with dark green crimped leaves. Veiy 
prodvictive. Bearing branches smooth, 
or nearly so. 

Fruit large, often of the largest 
size, oval, rather widest towards the 
stalk, a little irregular, with a strongly 
marked suture on one side. Stalk 
quite small and slender, little more 
than half an inch long, inserted in. a 
deep narrow cavity. Skin reddish 
purple, covered with a deep blue 
bloom. Flesh deep yellow, a little 
firm, very juicy, with a brisk, I'ich 
vinous flavor (not sweet and cloying), 
and adheres to the stone. Good to 
very good. 20 (h to the last of An- 

Mmith's Orleans. gUSt. 




the plum. 9a9 

Spanish Damask, 

Damas d'Espagne. 

Fruit small, nearly round. Skin deep pvirple, covered with bloom. 
Flesh yellowish, not rich, mild, sweet ; separates from the stone. Las^ 
of August. (Pom. Man.) 

Spotted Gage. 

Tree vigorous, very prod\active. Branches downy. 

Fruit medium or above, oval. Suture shallow. Skin greenish yel- 
low, shaded, mottled, and patched with crimson and lilac, numerous 
light dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Flesh coarse, yellow, sugary, 
juicy, a little vinous ; adheres partially to the stone. Good. Early Sep- 
tember. 

Standard of England. 

Said to have been raised by Mr. Dowling, of Southampton, England. 
Tree vigorous. Branches smooth or slightly downy. 

Fruit medium, ovate, slight character of neck. Suture shallow. 
Skin piirplish lilac, many dots, and covered with a thin bloom. Stalk 
Inserted in a small cavity. Flesh greenish, juicy, moderately sweet ; 
separates from the stone. Good. Early September. 

Stoneless. 
Kirke's Stoneless. Sans Noyau. Pitless. 

Branches downy. Of no value except as a curiosity. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin dark purj^le, covered with blue bloom, 
Flesh greenish, harsh acid. Kernel without any stone surrounding. 
Early September. 

Suisse. 

Simiana. Swiss Plum. 

Monsieur Tardif. Monsieur Tardive. 

Prune d'Altesse. Switzer's Plum. 
Prune Suisse. 

A foreign variety, of free growth, with long, slender, smooth branches, 
distinct from Semiana of Boston. 

Fruit rather small, roundish oval. Skin violet red, covered with a 
thick bloom. Flesh greenish yellow, firm, rather dry, but sweet, and 
separates from the stone. Good. Last of September. 

Thomas. 

'A handsome native fruit, originated in the garden of William 
Thomas, of Boston. A free gTower, and bears abundantly. Branches 
slightly do^vny. 

Fruit large, roundish oblong, a little irregular, and rather compressed 
in the diiection of the suture. Stalk hairy, half an inch or more long, 
stout, set in a small narrow cavity. Skin salmon color, with numeroua 
dots, and a soft red cheek. Flesh pale yellow, a little coarse-grained, 
but with a mild pleasant flavor ; separating freely from the stone. 
Good. Last of August. 



950 THE PLUM. 

Thorndyke Gage. 

A native fruit, originated near Newburgh, IST. Y. Tree inoderatelj 
vigorous. Branches downy. 

Fruit below medium, roundish. Suture sKght. Skin pale green, 
with a blue bloom. Flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, pleasant ; adheres 
to the stone. Good. Early September. 

Tomlinson's Charlotte. 
Charlotte. 

A seedling raised by Judge Tomlinson, Schenectady, N. Y. Tree 
vigorous. 

Fruit large, oval. Skin yellow. Flesh sweet, agreeable. August. 
(Pom. Man.) 

Transparent Gage. 

Reine Claude Diaphane. Prune Diaphane Laffay. 

Diaphane LafEay. Reine Claude Transparent. 

Diaphane. 

A French variety, evidently from seeds of the Green Gage, raised 
by M. Laffay, of Paris, Tree vigorous, with long, stout, and smooth 
branches. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oblate. Suture shallow, distinct. 
Apex sunk. Skin greenish yellow, marbled and specked in the sun 
with carmine red. Stalk medium. Cavity small, rather deep. Flesh 
greenish yellow, tender, juicy, sugary, rich. Very good or best. Mid- 
dle of September. 

Trouvee de Youeche. 

Found in the woods by Gregoire, and by him introduced. Tree mo- 
derately vigorous and very fertile. 

Fruit medium or small, regularly oval. Skin thick, reddish vio- 
let with a shady side, and a violet bloom on the sunny side. Flesh 
juicy, sweet, and very good. Last of August. (Al. Pom.) 

Ulysses. 

A variety from Western New York. Branches smooth. 

Fruit above medium, roundish oval. Skin whitish, shaded and mot- 
tled with violet purple, thin blue bloom. Flesh yellowish, juicy, sweet; 
adheres to the stone. Good. Early September. 

YlRGIN. 

Virginale Blanc. Virginal Blanc. 

White Virginale. Virginal a gros Fruit blanc. 

Virginal a Fruit blanc. 

A foreign variety, of free growth. Branches smooth, rather slender 
Fruit medium, roundish. Skin reddish purple, with a thick bloom. 

Flesh greenish, very juicy, sweet. Good to very good. Adheros slightlv 

to the stone. First of September. 



THE PLUM. 951 

"Wangenheim. 

A German variety. Tree a moderate grower. Brandies smooth. 

Fruit medium, oval. Suture shallow. Apex a little sunk. Skin 
deep purple, covered with a thick blue bloom. Stalk rather short. 
Cavity small. Flesh rather firm, gi-eenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich. 
Separates from the stone. Good to very good. Last of August. 

Washington. 

Bolmar. Bolmer's Washington. Parker's Mammoth. 

Bolmer. Franklin. Washington Jaune. 

New Washington. Irving's Bolmar. Philippe I. 
Jackson. 

The Washington, although not equal to the Green Gage and two oi 
three others in high flavor, yet its great size, its beauty, and the vigor 
and hardiness of the tree, are qualities which have brought. this noble 
fruit into notice everywhere. The 
parent tree grew originally on De- 
lancey's farm, on the east side of 
the Bowery, New York, but, being 
grafted with another sort, escaped 
notice until a sucker from it, planted 
by Mr. Bolmer, a merchant in Chat- 
ham Street, came into bearing about 
the year 1818, and attracted uni- 
versal attention by the remarkable 
beauty and size of the fruit. In 
1821, this sort was first sent to the 
Horticiiltural Society of London, by 
the late Dr. Hosack. 

The Washington has remarkably 
large, broad, and glossy foliage, is a 
strong grower, and forms a hand- 
some round head. Wood light 
brown, downy. 

Fruit of the largest size, round- -.xr i.- _. 

ish oval, with an obscure suture, 

except near the stalk. Skin dull yellow, with faint marblings of green, 
but when well ripened, deep yellow, with a pale crimson blush or dots. 
Stalk scarcely three-fourths of an inch long, a little downy, set in a shal- 
low, wide hollow. Flesh yellow, firm, very sweet and luscious, separ-'^- 
ting freely from the stone. Good to very good. Middle to the last of 
August. 

Wax. 

Raised by Elisha Dorr, Albany, N. Y. Tree moderately vigorous 
and productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval. Suture slight, broad, shallow. Skin 
yellow, with a bright carmine cheek, and covered with a thin whitish 
bloom. Stalk long, slender, set without cavity. Flesh yellow, juicy, 
Bubacid, sprightly ; separates from the stone. Good. Early October. 




952 THE PLUM. 

White Apricot. 

Abricote Blanc. Abricotee Blanche. 

Fniit medium, rotmdish, yello-w. Plesh rather firm, sliglitly acid 
separates from the stone. Good. Middle August. 

"White Bullace. 

Branches downy. 

Fruit small, round. Skin yellowish white, mottled with red in the 
sun. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet ; adheres to the stone. Cooking. Early 
October. 

White Damask. 
Damas Blanc. Damas Blanc Gros. Damas Blanc Hitif Gros. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium, roimdish oval. Skin greenish yellow, with 
white bloom. Flesh sweet, pleasant ; separates from the stone. Cook- 
ing. Last of September. 

White Damson. 

Late Yellow Damson. White Damascene. 

White Prune Damson. Late Cluster. 

Shailer's White Damson. Frost Plum. 

White Winter Damson. 

Branches smooth, and of thrifty growth, very productive. 

Fruit small, oval. Skin pale yellow, with a white bloom, and 
sprinkled with reddish-brown spots at maturity. Flesh adheres closely 
to the stone, is yellow, and when fully ripe of a rich, sprightly, subacid, 
agreeable flavor. Good. Last of September. 

White Diaper. 

Diapre Blanc. Diapree Blanche. 

Fruit small, round. Skin whitish green, covered with bloom- 
Flesh rather firm, pale yellow, sweet. Good. Last of August. 

White Imperatrice. 
White Empress. Imperatrice Blanche. 

In the habit of the tree, appearance and flavor of the fruit, and sea 
son of matuiity, it strongly resembles the St. Catherine, but is a free- 
stone. It is not equal to the latter in flavor. Branches smooth. 

Fruit of medium size, obovate, a little flattened at the ends. Suture 
i-ather obscure. Skin bright yellow, covei-ed partially with a thin white 
bloom, and spotted with a little red. Stalk a little more than half an 
inch long, set in a narrow cavity. Flesh yellow, very juicy, crisp, sweet, 
and quite transparent in textiire ; separates freely from the stone 
Good. Earlv in September. 



THE PLUM. 953 

White Perdkigon. 
Perdrigon Blanc. Maitre Claude. Brignole. 

Tree rather a slow grower. Branclies downy. 

Fruit middle-sized, oval, narrowing towards the stalk. Skin pale 
gr(;enish yellow, a few crimson dots in the snn and numerous small 
white dots, and thinly coated with bloom. Flesh pale yellow, sweet, 
with a slight perfume, and adheres slightly to the stone. Good. Last 
of August. 

Wilde's. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, dark brownish orange, covered with 
a white bloom. Flesh sweet, not juicy ; separates from the stone. Early 
August. 

Wild Goose. 

Nolen Plum. 

An improved variety of the Chickasaw, evident in the greater vigor 
of the tree and increased size of the fruit, which is nearly as large as a 
Green Gage. Skin purple, with a blue bloom. Flesh juicy, sweet; 
adheres to the stone. Last of July. 

Wilkinson. 

Tree vigorous. Branches smooth, rather slender. 

Fruit medium, oval, slightly necked. Skin reddish purple, covered 
with a thick bloom. Stalk medium, set in a small cavity. Flesh dark 
yellow, rather firm, sweet, not rich or high flavored ; adheres partially 
to the stone. Good. Last of July. 

WiNESOUR. 

Eotherliain. 

An English Plum, valued for cookuig. Bi'anches downy. 
Fruit below medium, oblong oval. Skin dark purple. Flesh green- 
ish yellow, acid ; adheres to the stone. September. 

Woolston's Black Gage. 

Of same origin as Angelina Burdett and Standard of England. Tree 
vigorous. Branches smooth. 

Fruit medium, roundish, with a shallow suture. Skin very deep 
purple, with many small dots, and covered with a blue bloom. Flesh 
melting, juicy, sugary; separates from the stone. Good. Early Septem- 
ber. 

Yellow Damask. 
Damas Jaune. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit below medium, nearly round. Skin yellow, with a fine white 
bloom. Flesh very juicy, separating from the stone. Early October. 
(Hogg.) 



954 



THE PLUM. 



YEI.LOW Egg. 



White Magmim Bonum. 
Askew's Golden Egg. 
Egg Plum. 
White Egg. 
Magnum Bonum. 
Yellow Magnum Bonum.* 
White Mogul. 
Wentworth. 



White Imperial. 
White HoUand. 
Dame Aubert. 
Dame Aubert blanche. 
Dame Aubert jaune. 
Imperiale blanche. 
Grosse Luisante. 
Prune d'Inde blanc. 



The White Magnum Boniim, or Egg Plum, as it is almost universally 

known here, is a very popular finiit, 
chiefly on account of its large and 
splendid appearance, and a slight aciil- 
ity, which renders it admirably fitted 
for making showy sweetmeats or pre- 
serves. When it is raised in a fine 
warm situation, and is fully matured, 
it is pretty well flavored, but ordina- 
rily it is considered coarse, and as be- 
longing to the kitchen and not to the 
dessert. Branches smooth, long. 

Fruit of the largest size, measur- 
ing six inches in its longest circumfer- 
ence, oval, narrowing a good deal to 
both ends. Suture v^rell marked. 
Stalk about an inch long, stout, insert- 
ed without cavity in a folded border. 
Skin yellow, vdth numerous white 
dots, covered with thin white bloom — 
when fully ripe, of a deep gold color. 
Flesh yellow, adhering closely to the 
stone, rather acid until very ripe, when 
it becomes sweet, though of only 
second-rate flavor. Stem long, and 
°'^ ^^' pointed at both ends. A pretty good 

bearer, though apt, in light soils, o drop from the tree befo)'e matured. 

Middle of August. 

Yellow Impeeatrice. 
Altesse Blanche. Monsieur k fruits Jaune. 

Branches smooth. 

Fruit large, roundish oval, marked with a suture, deep at apex, 
shallow at the stalk. Skin deep golden yellow, with a few streaks of 
red about the stalk. Flesh yellow, juicy, melting, sugary, rich, adheres 
to the stone. Middle of August. (Hogg.) 

Yoke's Eagle. 

An accidental seedling in the garden of Caleb Yohe, Bethlehem, 
Pa. 

* There is really no practical difference between the White and the Yellow 
Magnum Bonum. The fruit is precisely similar in appearance and quality, thoagb 
the growth of the two trees may not fully agree. 




THE PLUM. 955 

Fruit large, roiandisb, oblong oval. Skin greenisli yellow, slight red 
clieek in sun, thin wliifce bloom. Flesh firm, yellow, melting, juicy, 
sweet ; separates from the stone, Glood, Early September. 

Young. 
Young's Seedling. 

From Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous. Branches smjotii. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, deep reddish purple, with a blue 
bloom. Flesh yellow, not juicy, sweet ; separates from the stone. Grood 
Last of August. 



ORNAMENTAL VARIETIES. 

There are few varieties of Plums which are considered purely orna- 
mental. One, however, is a remarkable exception to this, as it is scarcely 
exceeded in beauty in the month of May by any other flowery shrub- • 
we mean the Double-Flowering Sloe. It is a large shrub, only 10 
or 12 feet high, with quite slender shoots and leaves, but it is thickly 
sprinkled, every spring, with the prettiest little double white blossoms 
about as large as a sixpence, resembling the Lady Banks' Poses. It is 
one of the greatest favorites of the Chinese and Japanese — those flower- 
loving people. 

The Common English Sloe, or Blackthorn {^Prunus sjnnosa), is 
rather an ornamental tree in shrubbery plantations. The branches are 
more thorny than those of the common Damson, and the fruit is nearly 
round, quite black, but covered with a thick blue bloom. In the spring 
this low tree is a perfect cloud of white blossoms. 

The Double-blossomed Plum has large and handsome double white 
flowers. Except in strong soils, however, they are apt to degenerate 
and become single, and are, indeed, always inferior in effect to the 
Double Sloe. 

The Cherry Plum we have already described. It is one of the fruit- 
bearing sorts. 



SELECTION OF VARIETIES FOR TABLE, MARKET, AND COOKING 

Bavay's Green Gage. Table and market. 

Bleecker's Gage. Table and market. 

Bradshaw. Market and cooking. 

Coe's Golden Drop. Table, market, and cooking. 

Denniston's Superb. Table and market. 

German Prune. Market and cooking. 

Green Gage. Table and market. 

Howard's Favorite. Table and market. 

Hudson Gage. Table and market. 

Imperial Gage. Table and market. 

Imperial Ottoman. Table and market. 

Jefferson. Table and market. 

Lawrence's Favorite. Table and market. 

Lombard. Market and cooking. 



3 THE POMEGRANATE. 

McLaiiglilin. Table and market. 

Pond's Seedling (English). Market and market. 

Prince Engelbert. Table and market. 

Prince's Yellow Gage. Table and market. 

Prune d'Agen. Table and market. 

Parple Favorite. Table. 

Smith's Orleans. Table and market. 

Transparent Gage. Table and market. 

Washington. Table and market. 

Market and cooking. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 



THE POMEGRANATE. 



Punica granatum^ L. ; Oranatacea^ of Botanists 

Grenadier^ of the French ; Granatenhaum, German ; Mdagraiie^ 

Italian ; Oranado, Sijanish. 

This unique fruit, the most singularly beautiful one that ever appears 
at the dessert, is a native of China and the South of Europe. It grows 
and bears very readily in this country, as far north as Maryland and the 
Ohio River, though the fruit does not always mature well north of 
Carolina, except in sheltered places. It is even hardy enough to stand 
the winter here, and ■will bear very good fruit if trained as an espalier 
and protected in winter. 

The fruit is as large as an apple. Its skin is hard and leatheiy, of 
a yellowish orange color, with a rich red cheek. It is crowned in a 
peculiar manner with the large calyx, wliich remains and increases in 
size after the flower has fallen. There is a pretty bit of mythological 
history told by Rapin, the French poet, respecting this fruit. Bacchus 
once beguiled a lovely Scythian girl, whose head had been previously 
turned by the diviners having prophesied that she would some day wear 
a crown, and who therefore lent a willing ear to his suit. The fickle 
god, however, not long after abandoned hei', when she soon died of 
grief. Toviched at last, he metamorphosed her into a pomegranate-tree, 
and placed on the summit of its fruit the crown (calyx) which he had 
denied to his mistress while living. 

The fruit of the common Pomegranate is acid, but the cultivated 
variety bears fruit of very agreeable, sweet flavor. The interior of the 
fruit consists of seeds enveloped in pulp, much like those of the goose- 
berry, but arranged in compartments, and of the size and color of red 
cjrrants. Medicinally, it is cooling and much esteemed, like the orange, 
in fevers and inflammatory disorders. 

The tree is of low growth, from twelve to twenty feet, with nume- 
10 as slender, twiggy -branches, and is very ornamental in garden scenery, 
either when clad with its fine scarlet flowers or decked with fruit, 
which hangs and grows all summer, and does not ripen till pretty late 
in the season. It is well worthy of a choice sheltered place at the 



TBE QUINCE. 957 

North, OB a wall or espalier rail, where it can be slightly protected with 
mats or straw in winter ; and it deserves to be much more popular than 
it now is in every Southern garden. If raised in large quantities there, 
it would become a valuable fruit for sending to the Northern cities, ap 
it is now constantly sent from tlie South of Europe to Paiis and London 
Hedges are very often made of it near Genoa and Nice. 

Propagation and Culture. This tree is readily propagated by 
cuttings, layers, suckers, or seeds. When by seeds, they should be sown 
dii'ectly after they ripen, otherwise they seldom vegetate. Any good 
rich garden soil answers well for the Pomegranate ; and, as it produces 
little excess of wood, it needs little more in the way of pruning than axi 
occasional thinning oiit of any old or decaying branches. 

Yakieties. There are several varieties. The finest, viz. : — 

1. The Sweet-Fruited Pomegranate ( Grenadier h Fruit Doux), 
with sweet and jiiicy pulp. 

2. The Subacid Fruited Pomegranate ; the most common va- 
riety cultivated in gardens. 

3. The Wild or Acid-Fruited Pomegranate, with a sharj), acid 
flavor, which makes an excellent syrup. 

Besides these, there are several double-flowering varieties of the 
Pomegranate, which are very beautiful, but bear no fruit. They are 
also rather more tender than the fruit-bearing ones. The flnest are the 
Double Red Pomegranate, with large and very splendid scarlet blos- 
soms, and the Double White Pomegranate, with flowers nearly white. 
There are also the rarer varieties, the Yellow Flowered and the 
Yariegated Flowered Pomegranate, seldom seen here, except in 
choice green-house collections. 



CHAPTER XXX. 



the quince. 



Cydonia 'oulgaris^ Dec. ; JRosacem^ of Botanists. 

Coignassier^^of. the French. ; Quittenbaum, G-erman ; Kivepeer^ Dutch ; Ootogno, 

Italian ; and Membrillo, Spanish. 

The Quince is a well-known hardy, deciduous tree, of small size, 
crooked branches, and spreading, bushy head. It is indigenous to 
Germany and the South of Euro^je; and it appears first to have attracted 
notice in the city of Cydon, in Crete or Candia, whence its botanical 
name, Cydonia. The fruit is of a fine golden yellow, and more nearly 
resembles that of the orange than any other. It was even more highly 
esteemed by the Greeks and Romans, for preserving, than by us. 
" Quinces," says Columella, " not only yield pleasure, but health." 

The Quince seldom grows higher than fifteen feet, and is usually 
rather a shrub than a tree. Its large white and pale pink blossoms, 
which appear rather later than those of other fruit-trees, are quite orna- 
mental ; and the tree, properly grown, is very ornamental when laden 
in October and November with its ripe golden fruit. 



958 THE QUINCE. 

ITses.- -The Quince is, in all its varieties, imfit for eating raw. It is^ 
however, much esteemed when cooked. For preserving it is every- 
where valued, and an excellent marmalade is also made from it. 
Stewed, it is very frequently used to communicate additional fla\'or and 
piquancy to apple-tarts, pies, or other pastry. In England, wine is 
frequently made from the fruit by adding sugar and water, as in 
other fruit wines ; and it is a popular notion there that it has a 
most beneficial effect upon asthmatic patients. Dried Quinces are 
excellent. 

In this country large plantations are sometimes made of the Quince ; 
and as it is in good soil a plentiful bearer, it is considered one of the 
most valuable market fruits. The Apple Quince is the most productive 
and salable ; but as the Pear Quince ripens and can be sent to market 
much later, it frequently is the most profitable. The Angers is also a 
profitable market sort, producing abundantly, and keeping equally as 
well as the Pear-shaped. 

Propagation. — The Quince is easily propagated from seed, layers, or 
cuttings. From seeds the Quince is somewhat liable to vary in its 
seedlings, sometimes proving the apple-shaped and sometimes the pear- 
shaped variety. Cuttings pi-epared in the autumn, heeled-in, and pro- 
tected during winter, and planted in a shaded situation eai'ly in the 
spring, root very easily, and this is perhaps the simplest and best way 
of continuing a good variety. Another way is to bud upon free gi'ow- 
ing sorts, as that of the Angers. 

Quince stocks are extensively used in engrafting or budding the pear, 
when it is wished to render that tree dwarf in its habit. 

8oil and Culture. — The Quince grows naturally in rather moist soil, 
by the side of rivulets and streams of water. Hence it is a comanon idea 
that it should always be planted in some damp, neglected part of the 
garden, where it usually receives little care, and the fruit is often knotty 
and inferior. 

This practice is a very ejToneous one. No tree is more benefited by 
manuring than the quince. In a rich, mellow, deep soil, even if quite 
dry, it grows with thrice its usual vigor, and bears abundant crops of 
large and fair fruit. It should therefore Tae planted in a deep and good 
soil, kept in constant cultivation, and it should have a top-dressing of 
manure every season when fair and abundant crops are desired. As to 
pruning or other care, it requires very little indeed — an occasional 
thinning out of crowding or decayed branches being quite sufficient. 
Thinning the fruit when there is an overcrop improves the size of the 
I'emainder. Twelve feet apart is a suitable distance at which to plant 
this tree. 

The Quince, like the apple, is occasionally subject to the attacks of 
the borer and a few other insects, which a little care will prevent or 
destroy. For their habits we refer the reader to the Apple. 



VARIETIES 

Angers. 

This is the variety most generally used for stocks on which to bud 
the pear. It is only within a few years that its value as a fruit has been 



THE QUINCE. 959 

known. Tho tree is one of the most tliriffcy growing, and an abundant 
bearer. It does not cook quite as tender as the apple, but will keep 
much longer. In form it is much like the apple, but the flesh is a Kttlo 
harsher and more acid. 

Apple-shaped Quince. 
Orange Quince. 

This is the most popular variety in this country. It bears large 
roundish fruit, shaped much like the apple, which stews quite tender, 
and is of very excellent flavor. It also bears most abundant crops 
Leaves oval. 

There are several inferior varieties of the Apple Quince. The true 
one bears fruit of the size of the largest apple, fair and smooth, and a 
fine golden color. • 

New Upright. 
Paris de Fontenay. 

This is an upright growing variety, forming quite small, compact lit- 
tle trees. Of little or no value as a fruit. 

Pear-shaped Quince. 

Oblong Quince. 

The Pear-shaped Quince is drier and of firmer texture than the fore- 
going. It is rather tough when stewed or cooked, the flesh is less lively 
in color, and it is therefore much less esteemed than the apple-shaped 
variety. The fruit is of medium size, oblong, tapering to the stalk, and 
shaped much like a pear. The skin is yellow. The leaves are oblong 
ovate. It ripens about a fortnight later than the apple-shaped, and may 
be preserved in a raw state considerably longer. 

Portugal Quince. 

The Portugal Quince is rather superior to all others in quality, as it 
is less harsh, stews much better, and is altogether of milder flavor, though 
not fit for eating raw. For marmalade and baking it is much esteemed, 
as its flesh turns a fine purple or deep ciimson wlien cooked. 

The leaf of the Portugal Quince is larger and broader than that of 
the common quince, and the growth of the tree is stronger. The frmt 
is of the largest size, oblong ovate, obtuse. The skin is in color not so 
deep an orange as that of the other sorts. 

The Portugal Quince is unfortunately a shy bearer, which is the 
reason why it has never been so generally cultivated as the Apple 
Quince. 

Rea's Seedling. 

Van Slyke. 

A new seedling, raised by Joseph Pea, Coxsackie, Greene Co., 
N. Y. It is a superb fruit, averaging one-third larger than the apple or 



960 THE RASPBERRY. 

orange quince, of the same form and color, fair and handsome, and 
equally as good, and by some preferred to tlie apple quince for culinary 
purposes. Tree healthy, a thrifty grower, and moderately productive — 
an acquisition. 

Ornamental Varieties. — Tliere are two or three ornamental varieties 
of the Quince, which are natives of China and Japan, and are now among 
the most common and attractive of our garden shrubs. They are the 
following : — 

Chinese Quince. 

We have had this pretty shrub in our garden for several years, 
where it flowers abundantly, biit has aa yet produced no fruit. The 
leaves are oval, somewhat like those of the common Quince, but with a 
shining surface. The flowers are rosy red, rather small, with a delicate 
violet odor, and have a very pretty effect in the month of May, though 
much less showy than those of the Japan Quince. The fruit is described 
as large, egg-shaped, with a green skin and a hard dry flesh, not of any 
value for eating. The leaves assume a beautiful shade of red in autumn. 

Japan Quince. 
Cydonia Japonica. Pyrus Japonica. 

The Japan Quince is a low thorny shrub, with small dark green 
leaves. It is the most brilliant object in the shrubbery during the 
month of April, the branches being clothed with numerous clusters of 
blossoms, shaped like those of the Quince, but rather larger, and of the 
brightest scarlet. The fruit -v^hich occasionally succeeds these flowers is 
dark green, very hard, and having a peculiar and not unpleasant smell. 
It is entirely viseless. 

The White, or Blush Japan Quince ( C. jap. ji. alho) resembles the 
foregoing, except that the flowers are white and pale pink, resembling 
those of the common apple-tree. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE RASPBERRY. 



Ruhus IdcRUs., 4 ; Rosacem, of botanists. 

Framboisier, of the French ; Himbeerstrauch, German ; Framboos, Dutc'i ; Bovo 

ideo, Italian ; and Frambueso, Spanish. 

The Raspberry is a low deciduous shrub, which in several forms is 
common in the woods of both Europe and America. The large-fruited 
varieties most esteemed in our gardens have all originated from the long 
cultivated Muhus Idmus, or Moxmt Ida bramble, which appears first to 
have been introduced into the gardens of the South of Europe from 
Mount Ida. It is now quite naturalized in some parts of this country. 



THE RASPBERBT. 961 

Besides ihis, we have in the "woods the common black raspberry, or 
thimbleberry (Jiuhus occidentalism L.), and the red raspberry [Jiubus 
strigosiis, Michx.), with very good fruit. 

The name raspberry [HasjJO, Italian) is probably from the rasp- 
ing roughness of prickly wood. The term raspis is still used in Scotland. 

Uses. — The raspberry is held in general estimation, not only as OLe 
of the most refreshing and agreeable subacid fruits for the dessert, but 
it is employed by almost every family in making pi-eserves, jams, ices, 
sauces, tarts, and jellies ; and on a larger scale by confectioners for mak- 
ing syrups, by distillers for making I'aspoerry bi-andy, raspberry vinegar, 
<kc. Raspberry wine, made in the same way as that of currant, is con- 
sidered the most fragrant and delicious of all home-made wines. 

Succeeding the strawberry at the beginning of summer, when there 
is comparatively little else, this is one of the most invaluable fruits, and, 
with the strawberry, generally commands the attention of those who 
have scarcely room for fi-uit-trees. It is, next to the strawberry, one of 
the most wholesome berries, and not being liable to undergo the acetous 
fermentation in the stomach, it is considered beneficial in cases of gout 
or rheumatism. 

Propagation. — The raspberry is universally propagated by suckers, 
or offsets, springing up from the main roots. It may also be grown 
from pieces of the roots, two to three inches long, and planted in a 
light sandy soil early in the spring, covering about one inch deep, and 
adding a slight coat of light mulch to prevent the earth from drying or 
baking. The Black Caps, Yellow Caps, and the Purjjle Cane varieties 
are grown from burying the tips of canes in the latter part of August 
or September, or as soon as the ends of the canes stop growing about one 
inch deep, when they mil form roots and make good plants for trans- 
planting the following spring. Seeds are only planted when new va- 
rieties are desired. The seedlings come into bearing at two or three 
years of age. 

Soil and Culture. — The best soil is a rich deep loam, rather raoist 
than dry, but the raspberry will thrive well in any soil that is rich and deep. 

In making a plantation of raspberries, plant the suckers or canes 
in rows, from three to four feet apart, according to the vigor of the 
sort. Two or three svxckers are generally planted together, to form a 
group or stool, and these stools may be three feet apai't in the rows, or 
they may be set one plant in a place, at distances of one foot to eighteen 
inches along in the row. 

The plantation being made, its treatment consists chiefly in a single 
pruning every year, given early in the spring. To perform this, ex- 
amine the stools in April, and leaving the strongest shoots or suckers, 
say about three or five to each stool, cut away all the old wood and all 
the other suckers. The remaining shoots should have about a foot of 
their ends cut off, as this part of the wood is feeble and worthless. 
It is also a good plan soon after the fruit is gathered to cut out the old 
canes, which have fru.ited so as to give the new a better chance to ripen. 
With a light top-dressing of manure, the ground should then be dug 
over, and little other care will be requisite during the season, except 
keeping down the weeds. 

When very neat culture and the largest fruit are desired, more space 
is left between the rows, and after being pruned the canes are tied to 

61 



962 THE RASPBERRY. 

long lines of rods or rails, like an espalier, by whicli means they are 
more fully exposed to the sun and light. 

For field culture, the European varieties ought to be planted four ox 
five feet apart each way, which gives room for the plow and cultivator to 
work both ways. The Black Cap varieties should be five or six feet 
each way, and the growing canes of these should be stopped or shortened 
in when about three feet high, which causes them to grow stocky and 
throw out lateral shoots, and these should be cut back to within eighteen 
inches or two feet the following spring. 

A fine crop of the autumnal varieties of raspberries is readily ob- 
tained by cutting down the canes over the whole stool, in the spring, to 
within a few inches of the ground. They will then shoot up new wood, 
which comes into bearing in August or September. 

We have found a light application of salt, given with the top-dressing 
of manure in the spring, to have a most beneficial efl'ect on the vigor of 
the plants and the size of the fruit. 

A plantation of raspberries will be in perfection at the third year, 
and after it has borne about eight or ten years it must be broken up 
and a new one formed on another plot of ground. 

All the raspberries except the hardy American varieties should be 
pruned in the fall. After which bend the canes gently on the ground, 
and cover them an inch or two deep with earth; let them remain in the 
spring until the cold winds are over, or until the buds begin to swell, 
then take them up and tie them to stakes or frames. 

yarieties.— The finest raspberries in general cultivation for the 
dessert are the Hudson River Antwerp, Fastollf, Orange, Belle de 
Pallan, .Knevett's Giant, French, Franconia, and Clarke. 

The common American Red is most esteemed for flavoring liqueurs 
or making brandy, and the American Black is preferred by most persons 
for cooking and drying. The Ever-bearing varieties are valuable for 
prolonging the season of this fruit till late frosts. 

Allen. 

Allen's Antwerp. English Eed Cane. False Red Antwerp. 

The origin of this variety is unknown. It is said by F. R. Elliott 
to have been brought to Cleveland by an English gardener, and was, by 
Mr. Elliott, sent to W. H. Sotham, Black Rock, N. Y., from whose gar- 
den Lewis F. Allen obtained it. Canes strong, vigorous, upright, some- 
what branching. Spines purplish, quite numerous. This and the fol- 
lowing, in foliage and fruit, are similar to American Red, and no doubt 
are improved seedlings of it, or a cross between it and some foreign sort, 
both throw up a large quantity of suckers, which should not be allovvcd 
'o grow if a crop of fruit is wanted. 

Frviit medium, nearly globular, light red, juicy, not very firm ; sep- 
arates freely; mild, pleasant flavor. 

Allen's Red Prolific. 

Sa,me origin as the preceding. Canes strong, upright, without 
branches. Spines whitish, rather scattering. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, light red or crimson, rather juicy, 
not ^'ery firm, separates freely, j^rodue+ive. 



THE BASPBEKRY. 963 



American Black. 



Common Black-Cap. Black Baspberry. 

Thimbleberry. Rubus Occidentalis. 

This liaspberry, common in almost every field, with long, rambling, 
purple shoots, and flattened, small, black berries, is everywhere known. 
It is frequently cultivated in gardens, where, if kept well primed, itF 
fruit is much larger and finer. Its rich acid flavor renders it, perhaps, 
the finest sort for kitchen use — tarts, puddings, &c. It ripens a little 
earlier than most of the European sorts, 

American Red. 
Common Red, Stoever. 

The Common Red Raspberry is a native of this and all the Middle 
States. It ripens nearly a week earlier than the Antwerps, bears well, 
and though inferior in flavor and size to these sorts, is esteemed by many 
persons, particiilarly for flavoring liqueurs. 

Fruit of medium size, roundish, light red, pleasant subacid in flavor. 
Shoots very vigorous^ long? tipright, and branching, grows from four to 
six feet high. Light shining brown, with purplish spines. Leaves nar- 
row, light green. 

American "White. 
Yellow Cap. Golden Cap, 

A variety resembling the American Black in all respects, except in 
the color of its fruit, which is pale yellow or white, and the flavor not 
as rich or sprightly. 

Arnold's Orange. 

Originated with Charles Arnold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes strong^ 
branching, yellowish brown, almost smooth, and produces but few suckers. 

Fruit large, somewhat shorter than Brinckle's Orange, and of a dark- 
er orange color, unsurpassed by any for lich flavor. (Arnold's MS.) 

Arnold's Red. 

Same origin as the preceding. A strong grower. Canes strong 
branching, dark purple, somewhat drooping. Spines slightly purple, 
stout, quite numerous. 

Fruit large, red, about the size and shape of Philadelphia, but of 
supei'ior flavor. An enormous bearer both in July and September. 
(Arnold's MS.) 

August Black. 

This variety was received from Thomas Rivers, England. Canes 
strong, branching. Spines greenish, quite numerous. 

Fruit medium size, roundish oblate, dark red, slight bloom, rather 
aoft, subacid. 

Autumn Black. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. It is said by its autlior to be 
propagated only from seeds. We quote his description of the fruit • — 

"Fruit medium size or large, dark purple, very juicy and agree- 
ftble." 

\ 



dQi THE RASPBERRY. 

Bagley's Perpetual. 

Fruit medium, obldte, crimson, brisk subacid. Of poor quality. 

Barnet. 

Cornwall's Prolific. Lord Exmouth's. 

Cornwall's Seedling. Large Red. 

Bamet Cane. 

An old English variety. Canes long, yellowish gi-een, branching. 
Fruit large, roundish conical, bright purplish red. Pleasant Qa 
vor. 

Belle de Fontenay. 
Belle d' Orleans. 

A variety producing its fruit mainly in the autumn. It suckera 
freely, and requires to be carefully thinned out. The canes should all 
be cut down in spring in order to obtain good crops. Canes sti-ong, 
stout, branching. Spines purplish, short, and stiff, quite numerous. 

Fruit large, long conical. Grains large, dark crimson, thin bloora 
Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sprightly ; adheres slightly to the core. 

Belle de Paluau. 

A new French variety, of good promise. Canes strong, vigorous, 
upright. Sj)ines short, purplish, rather slender, and numerous at 
base. 

Fruit very large, conical, a little obtuse, bright light cr'imson. 
Grains large, regular, a few hairs. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich. Very 
good. Separates freely from the germ in picking. 

Black. 

English Black. 

This is a hybrid from England. An old variety. Canes mode- 
rately vigorous, with numerous purple spines. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish. Grains medium 
or small, compact. Flesh rather firm, brisk subacid, separates freely. 

Brentford Cane. 
English. 

Fruit medium, oval conical, dull dark red. Inferior to the best. 
Not productive. 

Burlington. 
Prosser. 
Originated by Benjamin Prosser, of Burlington, N". J. There is 
some confusion as to this kind, two or three haAdng been sent out under 
this name. The one we have is moderately vigorous and productive. 
Spines greenish white, with a brownish tinge, slender, and more numer- 
ous than any kind we have ever seen. 

Fruit large, roundish conical. Grains rather small, compact, scar- 
let. Flesh quite firm, juicy sweet and good. 

Canada Black Cap. 

A variety of American Black, which we have not seen, but said to 
aave been brought from Canada to Piqua, Ohio, where it is popidar. 



the kaspberry. 964 

Carter's Prolific. 
Prolific (Carter'fi). 
An English variety. Canes strong, with jjurplish spints. 
Fruit large, roundish or obtuse conical, deep scarlet, slight bloom. 
Grains medium compact. Flesh rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, 
pleasant. Good. 

Catawissa. 

A native of Columbia Co., Penn. Vigorous and very productive. 
This is especially valued in some localities as an autumn or late-bearing 
variety. In order to obtain the best crops, the canes should all be cut 
away in spi'ing, and as the new sprouts grow they should be thinned to 
four to six canes only. It is a little tender, and should always be 
covered in winter. 

Frviit medium size, flattened, dark crimson, covered with thick bloom. 
Flavor sprightly, rather acid, more suited to the amateur than for gen- 
eral cultivation. Commences ripening about the first of Augiist, and 
continues in use a long time. 

Clarke. 

Raised by E. E. Clarke, New Haven, Conn. Canes very strong, vigo- 
rous, upright. Spines purplish, rather long and stiff. Foliage large, 
flat, and thick, and endures heat and cold better than any European 
kind we have. It is not entirely hard}', but more so than any foreign 
sort, and produces better crops by being covered. It is better suited to 
light sandy soils than any of its class. 

Fruit large, conical, regular. Grains large, quite hairy, bright 
crimson. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and excellent. 

Col. Wilder. 

Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Strong white spines. 
Leaf much crimped. Productive, and a good grower. 

Fruit large, roundish, semi-transparent, yellowish white or cream 
color, pleasant flavor, but not rich. 

Cope. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, upright. Spines short, 
purplish, numerous. * 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, or nearly globular. Grains compact, 
scarlet, with a slight bloom. Flesh firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
pleasant. 

Cretan Red. 

A rather late variety, of medium quality. 

Fruit of medium size, globular, inclining to conical, deep purplish 
red, subacid, and good. 

Gushing. 

Originated with Dr. Brinckle, Philadelphia. Canes moderately 
vigorous. Productive. Spines purplish, long, stiff, rather numerous. 

Fruit roundish conical, regular in form, crimson, with a tliin 
bloom, sprightly rich acid flavor. Parts freely from the germ. 



966 the easpberky. 

Davison's Thornless. 
Thomless Black Cap. 
Said to have originated in the garden of Mrs. Mercy Da dson, Gy 
wanda, i^ngola, Erie Co., N. Y. It differs from the American Black 
Cap only by its ripening a few days earlier. It is nearly as vigorous, 
and about as prodiictive, not quite as large, but a little sweeter and th*? 
canes without spines, except a small one on the leaf stalk. 

DOOLITTLE. 

American Improved. Joslyn's Black Cap. 

Doolittle's Black Cap. Joslyn's Improved. 

Joslyn's Improved Black Cap. 

Introduced by Leander Joslyn, of Phelps, Ontario Co., N. Y. Canes 
very vigorous, branching. Spines wMtish, stout, and numerous. Yery 
productive. 

Fruit similar to American Black, but an improvement on it, and is 
one of the best of its class for market. 

Double-Bearing. 

Perpetual Bearing. Late Liberian. 

A variety of the Antwerp, formerly esteemed for its habit of bear- 
ing late in the season ; but is now surpassed by better* kinds. 

DUHRING. 

Originated with Henry Duhring, Philadelphia, Pa. Canes strong. 
Spines slightly purplish, not very strong, but quite numerous. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep red or crimson. Grains large, 
rather soft, sweet. Good. Separates freely. 

Ellisdale. 

Described by H. A. Terry as having been found growing wild upon 
the Ellisdale Farm, in Iowa. It is a variety of the Purple Cane Family, 
but of stronger growth. 

Fruit large, darker in color, with a little more bloom, and about the 
same quaKty. 

Elm City. 

A hardy sort, size and flavor much like Philadelphia. Eight to ten 
days earlier than other sorts. (F. Trowbridge, MS.) 

Elsie. 

A seedling raised by Samuel Miller, of Bluffton, Mo., who describes 
it as very large and excellent. We have not fi-uited it. 

Emily. 

A seedling from the Col. Wilder. White spines. 
Fruit large, conical, sometimes round, often shouldered, which dis- 
tinguishes it from the other varieties; light yellow. 

English Globe. 

Canes strong. Spines short, purplish, moderately numerous. 
Fiout large, obtuse conical, dark crimson. Flesh soft, juicy, 
sweet. 



the raspberry. 967 

Eastollf. 
FUby. 

The Fastollf Raspberry is an English variety of high reputation. It 
derives its name from having originated, near the ruins of an old castle, 
so called, in Great Yarmouth. Canes strong, rather erect, branching, 
light yellowish brown, with few pretty strong bristles. 

Fruit very large, obtuse or roundish conical, bi-ight purplish red, 
rich and high-flavored, slightly adhering to the germ in picking. 

Franconia. 
Abel. 

This was imported from Yilmorin, of Paris, under this name, by g. 
G. Perkins, Esq., of Boston, some years ago. Its crops are abundant, 
the fruit is firm, and bears carriage to market well, and it ripens about 
a week later than Red Antwerp. It is one of the finest for preserving. 
Canes strong, spreading, branching, yellowish brown, with scattered, 
rather stout purple spines. Leaves rather large, very deep green. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, dark purplish red, of a rich acid flavor, 
much more tart and brisk than that of the Red Antwerp. 

Naomi so closely resembles this in growth, fruit, &c., that we ar« 
unable to see any difference, yet it is claimed to be a seedling, differing 
in the canes being more hardy and the grains of less size, &c. 

French. 
Vice-President French. 

Originated with Dr. Brinckle. A little later than most sorts, a very 
productive, vigorous grower. Canes very strong, tall and upright. 
Spines purplish, stout and short, numerous at base, few at top. Foliage 
large, deep green, with many deep veins. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish or very obtuse conical, inclining to 
oblate, deep crimson, slight bloom. Grains large. Flesh rather firm, sweet 
and very good. Separates freely. 

Fulton. 

A seedling of the French. Raised by Dr. Brinckle. 
Fruit large, round, crimson, productive ; a vigorous grower, red 
spines. 

Garden. 
Doolittle's Eed Flavored Black Cap. 
A variety of the Black Cap, lighter in color, more acid. Good cook- 
ing sort. 

Gen. Patterson. 

A seedling of the Col. Wilder. Raised by Dr. Brinckle ; vigorous 
grower, very productive, red spines. 

Fruit large, round, crimson; does not part readily from the stem. 

Golden Thornless. 

A large variety of the American white or yellow, introduced from 
the west by Purdy and Johnston, of Palmyra, IST. Y. It is moderately 
vigorous, very productive, and has but few spines. 



968 THE KASPBEREY. 

Fruit equal in size to tlie McCormick, oblate, occasionally coniciil, 
slight bloom, dull orange or darker than the American yeliovr, rathe'' 
firm, juicj, sweet and pleasant. 

HiLDRETH. 

Introduced by Isaac Hildreth, of Big Stream Point, Yates Co., IS". Y. 
as a native sort near that place. It does not grow readily from the tips 
of the canes and produces but few suckers. Canes rather strong. Spines 
purplish, stiff, numerous. 

Fruit mediiim, roundish oblate, dull red or maroon, thick bloom, hall 
firm, juicy, sweet, subacid and similar to Purple Cane in flavor. 

Hornet. 

Raised by Souchet, near Paris, very productive. Canes very strong, 
vigoro\is, upright. Spines purplish, rather stout, and numerous at the 
base. 

Fruit very large, conical, often irregular. Grains large, quite hairy, 
compact, crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, sweet, and good. Separates 
freely. 

Hudson Eiver Antwerp. 

New Red Antwerp. 

Origin unknown, but as far as we have been able to trace it, was first 
brought to this country by the late Mr. Briggs, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. 
Its firmness of flesh and parting readily from the germ, together with its 
productiveness, render it the most popular variety for market. Canes 
short, but of sturdy grov/th, almost spineless, of a very peculiar gray or 
mouse color. 

Fruit large, conical. Flesh firm, rather dull red, with a slight bloom, 
not very juicy, but of a pleasant, sweet flavor. 

Huntsman's Giant. 

Raised by Prof. T. W. Huntsman, Fhishing, L. I. Fuller describes 
it as similar to the Franconia in size, shape, and quality, but the canes 
taller, and having a peculiar grayish white bark. 

Imperial. 

A large French variety. Canes pale green, nearly white, with a 
pale red blush. 

Fruit large, roundish, bright red. Flesh firm, excellent. (Gar. 
Mon.) 

Imperial Red. 

Red Imperial. 

A variety grown in IS^ew Jersey, where it proves hardy. 
Fruit medium, roundish, scarlet, half firm, juicy, pleasant. 

JOUET. 

A French variety. Canes yellowish green. Spines whitish, numerous. 
Fruit small, long conical, bright lemon yellow, with a whitish bloom. 
Flesh soft, sweet. Only good. 



THE BASPBEKRY. 969 

KiRTLAND. 

Cincinnati Red ? 

Origin unknown. A vigorous, upright grower, not much branched. 
Spines whitish, not very stout nor numerous ; the earliest to ripen, suckers 
freely. 

Fruit medium, roundish or obtuse conical, inclining to oval. Grains 
small, light crimson, slight bloom. Flesh tender, soft, not very juicy, 
nor high flavored ; separates freely. 

Knevet's Giant. 

This is one of the strongest growing varieties. Very productive, 
and of excellent flavor. Canes strong, erect. Spines small, reddish, 
very few. 

Fruit of the largest si2;e, obtuse conical, deep red, firm in texture, 
and hangs a little to the germ in picking. Berries sometimes double, 
giving them a cock's-comb appearance. 

Large-Fruited Monthly. 
Rivers' New Large Monthly. 

Canes moderately strong, upright. Spines red, stout, and numerous. 
Fruit above medium size, roundish conical, crimson. Flesh soft, 
sweet, and excellent. 

Lindley. 

Raised by Joseph B. Lindley, of Newark, N. J. Canes strong, tall, 
upright, much branched. Spines greenish and stout, numerous ; suckers 
too freely. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, a little obtuse, crimson. Grains 
medium to large, compact. Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and good; 
adheres slightly. 

Lum's Ever-Bearing. 

Autumn Black Raspberry. 

Raised by H. B. Lum, of Sandusky, O. This variety is much like 
the Ohio Ever-bearing Black Cap, and is increased by layers from the tips 
of the canes. Like the Catawissa, it is advisable, when a full autumn 
crop is desired, to cut away the canes in spring. It is similar in size 
to the Black Cap, but not quite as firm. 

McCORMICK. 

Miami Black Cap. Large Miami Black Cap. Mammoth Cluster. 
CoUinsville Miami. Improved Miami Superior Miami. 

A variety of the American Black Cap, with stronger and more viofo 
rous canes, having fewer spines, and more productive, and is the largest 
and best Black Cap we have yet seen. 

Fruit similar in form to American Black Cap, but of much largnr size, 
of deeper color, more bloom, juice, and sweetness. 



970 the raspberry. 

Magnum Bonum. 

A white or yellowish fruit, of large size, rather firm flesh, and 
finely flavored, similar to the Old Yellow Antwerp. Very prodiiciive 
and vigorous. 

Miami Black. 

Little Miami Black Cap. 

■ A common Black Cap, originally found growing along the Miami 
River, in Ohio, from whence its name. It is of less value than the 
McCormick, but very vigorous, very productive, of a raore brownish 
red, not quite as sweet, and not quite as late in ripening. 

Mrs. Wood. 

Originated with Mrs. Reuben Wood, near Cleveland, O. Supposed 
a hybrid between the Black Cap and Purple Cane families. Canes 
very strong, much branched, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, purplish red, with a bloom. Flesh 
moderately firm, juicy, sprightly subacid ; separates freely. Matures 
its crop quite late, and is on that account valuable. 

Mote's Ever-Bearing. 

- Raised by L. S. Mote, of West Milton, O. A new Ever-bearing va- 
riety, of vigorous growth, somewhat like Catawissa. Canes of a brownish 
color, branching. Spines slender, but sharp, and quite numerous at the 
base, few at the top. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse, dark red, with a bloom. Grains quite 
large, rather firm, juicy, subacid ; separates freely. 

Northumberland Fill-Basket. 

A foreign variety. Canes strong, vigorous, with numerous rather 
strong crimson-colored spines. 

Fruit somewhat globular or obtuse conical. Grains large, compact, 
deep red, with a good, pleasant, slightly acid flavor ; adheres a little 
to the core. 

Nottingham Scarlet. 

An old English variety, of medium size, obtuse conical, red, good 
flavor. 

October Red. 

Merveille de Quatre Saisons. 

A French variety. Requires the canes to be cut down in spring ir 
order to produce much fruit. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to conic or obtuse conical, crim- 
son, Flesh rather soft, juicy, sweet, and separates freely. 

October Yellow. 
Merveille de Quatre Saisons. 

This is of same origin and similar to the above, except that th« 
friiit is of a yellow color and not quite as firm. 



the kaspberry. 971 

Ohio Ever-Bearing. 

Ohio Easpberry. 

This is a native of Ohio. It is precisely like the American Black 
Raspberiy, or Black Cap, in all respects, except that it has the valuable 
projierty of bearing abundant crops of fine fruit till late in the season. 

Orange. 
Brinckle's Orange. 

Originated with Dr. W. D. Brinckle. It is nnquestioaably the 
largest and finest flavored light-colored Raspberry yet known, and 
deserves a place in every garden. Canes strong, branched. Strong 
white spines. Very productive. 

Fruit large, conical, sometimes ovate, beautiful orange color. Grains 
large. Flesh juicy, a little soft, sweet, rich. Excellent. 

Philadelphia. 

Supposed a chance native variety, found wild in the county of Phila- 
delphia, Pa. The canes have proved hardy, very productive, and well 
suited to light soils in the southern portions of the Middle States, 
Canes vigorous, tall, branching, almost free from spines. 

Fruit medium, roundish, dark crimson or purplish red. Flesh 
rather soft, moderately juicy, mild subacid; separates freely. Good. 

Pilate. 

This is a French variety, of good flavor. Canes moderately strong, 
with a tinge of purple. Spines purplish. 

Fruit large, conical, crimson, with a slight bloom. Flesh moderately 
firm, juicy, sweet. Good. Separates freely. 

Prince of Wales. 
Cutbush's Prince of Wales. 

An English variety. Canes strong, nearly upright. Spines purplish. 

Fruit large, conical, somewhat obtuse. Grains small, rather com- 
pact, regular, quite hairy, crimson. Flesh moderately firm. Sweet 
and very good. Separates freely. 

Prince's Globose. 

Raised by Wm, P. Prince, Flushing, L, I. Canes strong, upright, 
branching. Spines long, very stout, and nunieroiis. Suckers numerous. 

Fruit large, nearly globular or veiy obtuse conical. Grains very 
large, dull red, with a deep bloom. Flesh coarse, rather dry, crum- 
bling. Not valuaWe, 

Purple Cane. 

Parple Prolific. English Purple. Red Prohfic. 

Huntsville. English Red. Allen, erroneously. 

A native variety. Canes strong and tall, often branching, reddish 
purple. Spines rather long, stiff", and moderately numerous. 



972 THE EASPBERRY. 

Fruit medium size, oblate, pui'plish maroon, sliglit bloom, Flesh 
soft, juicy, and ricb. 

Red Antwerp, 

Old Red Antwerp. Howland's Red Antwerp. 

Knevett's Antwerp. Framboisier a Gros Fruit. 

True Red Antwerp. Burley. 

Tliis is tbe common Red Antwerp of England and this country, and 
is quite distinct from tbe Nortb River variety, wbicb is sboi-ter in 
growtb, and bas a conical fruit. Canes strong and tall. Spines ligbt red, 
ratber numerous, and pretty strong. 

Fruit large, nearly globular or obtuse conical. Color dark red, witb 
large grains, and covered witb a tbick bloom. Flesb juicy, witb a brisk 
vinous flavor. 

Red Pearl. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, ligbt red, moderately firm. Scarcely 
good. 

Riley's Early. 

From New Jersey. It is described as of medium size, good flavor, 
and quite early. We have not seen it. 

Rivers' Orange. 
Large Orange. 

Raised by Tbomas Rivers, England, Canes strong, branching. 
Spines greenish, stoiit, not numerous. 

Fruit medium to large size, roundish conical, pale reddish orange or 
deep orange. Grains large. Flesb soft, juicy, subacid, but not rich; 
separates freely. 

Russell's Red. 

Raised by Dr. G. W. Russell, of Hartford, Conn. Belonging to tbe 
Antwerp family. Canes strong. Spines short, stout, whitish, productive. 

Fruit large, conical, scarlet. Grains medium, compact. Flesb ratber 
firm, juicy, sweet; separates freely. 

Semper Fidelis. 

An English variety. Canes strong, upright. Spines purplish, short, 
and stiff. 

Fruit large, conical, somewhat irregular, dull red, witb a tbick bloom. 
Grains medium, compact. Flesb firm, not very juicy, subacid. Good. 

Seneca Black Cap. 

A variety of the American Black Cap, raised by Mr. Dell, of Seneca 
Co., N. Y. It is larger and later than Doolittle, very vigorous, very 
productive. Spines reddish, strong, and numerous. 

Fruit rather larger than Doolittle, not as black, but witb a shade of 
purple, light bloom, juicy, and sweet. 



THE RASPBERRY. 973 

SOUCHETTI. 

White Transparent. 

A French variety, raised by M. Souchet, near Paris, France. Canea 
moderately strong. Spines greenisli, short, slender, scattering. 

Fruit rather large, conical, a little elongated. Grains mediuni, com- 
pact, pale creamy yellow. Flesh rather soft, moderately juicy, mild 
sweet, not rich ; separates freely. 

Summit. 

Of the American Yellow Cap class, raised by O. T. Hobbs, Rai. 
dolph, Pa. Canes strong, branching. Spines stout and numerous. 

Fruit large for its class, roundish oblate, orange color, with pink at 
the base of most of the grains, which are rather small and compact. 
Much Kke Yellow Cap in form, but the flesh firmer and richer. 

Surprise. 

This is another variety of the American Black Cap, found wild 
and introduced to notice by George Husman, of Bluffton, Mo. In 
gi'owth its canes have few and short spines, and have stiif upright 
branches. 

The fruit is larger, more conical, darker in color, with a peculiar 
deep bloom, and fewer seeds than the Common Black Cap. 

Sweet Yellow Antwerp. 

An old English variety, sweet but unprofitable. Canes slender. 
Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, light yellow. Grains small. 
Flesh soft, juicy, sweet. 

Thunderer. 

Foreign. Strong grower. Canes erect. Spines red, not numerous, 
productive. 

Fruit rather large, obtuse conical, deep red, rather acid flavor. 

Victoria. 

Roger's Victoria. 

An English variety, of rather dwarf and delicate habit. It is an 
autumn-bearing sort. 

Fruit rather large, dark red. Good. 

Walker. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. Canes strong, with few reddish spines. 
Fruit large, round, deep crimson, solid, adheres firmly to the stem, 
keeps long in perfection on the plant, bears carriage well. 

White Canada. 

Raised by Charles A-nold, Paris, Ontario, C. W. Canes vigoroTis, 
upright, brownish yellow Spines white, quite stoiit, numerous. 

Fruit about the shape of Brinckle's orange, pale yellow, of a decid- 
edly Antwerp flavor. (C. Arnold, MS.) 



974 tht; stbawberby. 

woodside. 

Originated in New Jersey. One of the Black Cap family. Canes 
lig. it crimson or dark scarlet. Spines few and scattering. 

Fruit very large, globular, black, with little bloom, sweet, jiiicy, and 
good. Produces a second crop in autumn. (Fuller.) 

WOODWAED. 

Raised by Dr. Brinckle. This is one of the smallest varieties, 
though larger than the ordinary wild Raspberry. 

Fruit round, sometimes roundish ovate, crimson, i-ipens quite early. 

Yellow Antwerp. 
White Antwerp. Double-Bearing Yellow. 

The Yellow Antwerp is a large, light-colored Raspberry, and, with 
high cultivation, a good sort, but greatly surpassed by the Orange. 
Canes strong and vigorous, light yellow, sometimes with many bristles 
or spines, often nearly smooth. Productive. 

Fruit large, nearly conical, pale yellow, sweet, and of good flavor. 

Yellow Pearl. 

A variety of the Yellow Cap. More vigorous, very productive, 
often produces a fall crop. 

Fruit darker in color, with a slight bloom, and more sprightly in 
flavor. 



CHAPTER XXXn. 

THE STRAWBERRY. 



Fragaria (of species), L. Bosaeem, of botanists. 

Fraider^ of the French ; Erdbeerpflanze, German ; Aadhezie, Dutch ; Pianta 

di Fragola, Italian ; and Fresa, Spanish. 

The Strawberry is the most delicious and the most wholesome of all 
berries, and the most universally cultivated in all gardens of temperate 
climates. It is a native of the temperate latitudes of both hemispheres, 
—of Europe, Asia, North and South America, — thotigh the species 
found in different parts of the world are of distinct habit, and have each 
given rise, through cultivation, to different classes of fruit. 

The name of this fruit is by some understood to have arisen from the 
common and ancient practice of laying straw between the plants to keep 
the fruit clean. Another reason of the origin of the name comes from 
the custom of children stringing the berries on straws. 

In the olden times the variety of strawberries was very limited, and the 
garden was chiefly supplied with material for new plantations from the 
woods. Old Tusser, in his " Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry," 
points out where the best plants of his tinie were to be had, and turns 



THE STRAWBERRY. 975 

fchem over with an abru^. ., larmer-like contempt of little matters, to 
feminine bands : — 

"Wife, into the garden, and set me a plot 
With strawberry roots, of the best to be got ; 

. Such growing abroad, among thorns in the wood, 
Well chosen and picked, prove excellent good. " 

The Strawberry, though well known, is of comparatively little value 
in the South of Europe. Old Roman and Greek poets have not, there- 
fore, sung its praises ; but after that liae of a northern bard, 

" A dish of ripe strawberries, smothered in cream," 

which we consider a perfect ^^astora^ idyl (as the German school would 
say) in itself, nothing remains to be wished for. 

Ripe, blushing Strawberiies, eaten from the plant, or served with 
sugar and cream, are certainly Arcadian dainties with a true paradisiacal 
flavor, and, fortunately, they are so easily grown that the poorest owner 
of a few feet of ground may have them in abundance. 

To the confectioner this fruit is also invaluable, communicating its 
flavor to ices, and forming several delicate preserves. In Paris a cooling 
drink, havaroise d, la grecque, is made of the juice of strawberries and 
lemons, with the addition of sugar and water. 

The Strawberry is perhaps the most wholesome of all fruits, being 
very easy of digestion, and never growing acid by fermentation, as most 
other fruits do. The often quoted instance of the great Linnaeus ciiring 
himself of the gout by partaking freely of strawberries — a proof of its 
great wholesomeness— is a letter of credit which this tempting fruit has 
long enjoyed, for the consolation of those wko are lookijag for a bitter 
concealed under every sweet. 

PROPAGATioisr AND SoiL. The strawberry propagates itself very ra- 
pidly by runners,* which are always taken to form new plantations or 
beds. These are taken ofi" the parent pla,nts early in spring, or in Au- 
gust and Septembei', and at once planted in the rows or beds where they 
are to fruit. 

The best soil for a strawberry is a deep rich loam. Deep it must 
be, if large berries and plentiful crops are desired ; and the wisest 
course, therefore, where the soil is naturally thin, lies in trenching and 
manuring the plot of ground thoroughly before putting out the plants. 
But even if this is not necessary, it should be dug deeply, and well en- 
riched with strong manure beforehand. 

The best exposure for strawberries is an open one, fully exposed to 
the sun and light. 

Culture in Rows. The finest strawberries are always obtained 
when the plants are kept in rows, at such a distance apart as to give suf- 
ficient space for the roots, and abundance of light and air for the leaves. 

In planting a plot of strawberries in rows, the rows should be two 
feet apart, and the plants of the large-growing kinds, two feet from 
each other in the rows ; of the smaller growing kinds, from one foot to 
eighteen inches is sufficient. The runners must be kept down by cut- 
ting them ofi" at least three times a year, and the ground must be main- 
tained in good order by constant dressing. During the first year a row 

* Excepting the Bus7i Alpines, which have no runners, and are propag'ated bj 
division of the roots. 



976 THE STBAWBERRY. 

of any small vegetables may be sown in the spaces between the rows, 
Every autumn, if the plants are not luxuriant, a light coat of manure 
should be dug in between the rows ; but if they are very thriily it 
shoiild be omitted, as it woidd cause them to run too much to leaf. 

A light top-dressing of leaves, or any good compost, applied late in 
the fall, greatly promotes the vigor of the plants, and s( cures the most 
tender kinds against the effects of an unusually cold winter. Before the 
fruit ripens the gi-ound between the rows should be covered with 
straw, or light new-mown grass, to keep it clean. 

A plantation of this kind in rows will be found to bear the largest 
and finest fruit, which, being so fully exposed to the sun, will always 
be sweeter and higher flavored than that grown in crowded beds. 

Culture in alternate Strips. A still more easy and economical 
mode is that of growing the strawberry in strips. 

Early in April, or in August, being provided with a good stock of sti'ong 
young plants, select a suitable piece of good deep soil. Dig in a heavy 
coat of stable manure, pulverizing well and raking the top soil. Strike 
out the rows, three feet apart, with a line. The plants should now be 
planted along each line, about a foot apart in the row. They will soon 
send out runners, and these runners should be allowed to occupy a 
width of one foot, leaving an alley of two feet, which is kept clear from 
weeds, and is used to walk in when gathering the fruit. 

The occupied strip or bed of runners will now give a heavy crop of 
strawberries, and the open strip of two feet will serve as an alley from 
which to gather the fruit. After the crop is over, dig and prepare this 
alley or strip for the occupancy of the new runners for the next season's 
crop. The runners from the old strip will now speedily cover the new 
space allotted to them, and will perhaps require a partial thinning out 
to have them evenly distributed. As soon as this is the case, say about 
the middle of August, dig under the whole of the old plants with a 
light coat of manure. The surface may be then sown with turnips or 
spinage, which will come off before the next season of fruits. 

In this way the strips or beds occupied by the plants are reversed 
every season, and the same plot of ground may thus be continued for 
years, but less productive than when new land is taken. 

It may be remarked that the Alpine and European Wood strawber- 
ries will do well and bear longer in a rather shaded situation. The 
Biish- Alpine, an excellent sort, having no runners, makes one of the 
neatest borders for quarters or beds in the kitchen garden, and produces 
considerable fruit till the season of late frosts. If the May crop of 
blossoms is taken off", they will give a moderate crop in September. 

To accelerate the ripening of early kinds in the open garden, it is only 
necessary to plant rows or beds on the south side of a wall or tight 
fence. A still simpler mode, by which their maturity will be hastened 
ten days, is that of throwing up a ridge of soil three feet high, running 
east and west, and planting it in rows on the south side. (The north 
side may also be planted with later sorts, which will be somewhat re- 
tarded in ripening.) 

Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Plants. — A great number of ex- 
periments have been made, and a great deal has been written lately, in 
this country, regarding the most certain mode of producing large crops 
of this fruit. 

Cultivators divide all Strawberries into classes, characterized by tlieii 



THE STRAWBERRY. 977 

blossoms. The first of these they call staminate (or male), from the 
stamens being chiefly developed. The second they call hermaphrodite (or 
perfect), from their having both stamens and pistils developed. The third 
are called pistillate (or female), from the pistils being chiefly developed. 

The first class really does not exist among cultivated varieties, be- 
cause a pure male variety, or one producing only male flowers, cannot 
bear fruit. 

In planting strawberry beds it is important, therefore, to the cultiva- 
tor to know which are the perfect, or hermaphrodite, and which are the 
pistillate varieties — as they are found to be permanent in these cha- 
racters. We have accordingly designated these traits in the descriptions 
of the varieties which follow. 

Upon the relative proportion of hermaphrodites, cultivators are not 
absolutely agreed. Some considering one plant of a hermaphrodite 
sufficient to* impregnate ten or twelve ji:)is<i7Zaf es y others again set 
twenty pjistillates to one. The hermaphrodite, or perfect flowering 
sorts, require no special care of this kind, and are generally preferred by 
planters, and are considered fully as pi-oductive as an e^vce pistUlate^ 
even when most advantageously impregnated. 

STRAWBERRY BLOSSOMS. 





1^ '2 

Perfect or Hermaphrodite blossom. Pi'stillate blossom. 

Nothing is easier than to distinguish the two classes of strawberries 
when in blossom. Jjiihe Hermaphrodite, the long yellow anthers (a), bear- 
ing the fine dust or pollen, are abundant. In the 2yistillate, only the cluster 
of pistils (b), looking like a very minute green strawberry, is visible 
(that is, to the common observer, for the male organs are Toaerelj rudi- 
mentary, and not developed), while the perfect, or hermaphrodite flower, 
as seen in the drawing, has both stamens and pistils developed. 

Varieties. 

The varieties of this fruit are very numerous, indeed quite unnecessa- 
rily so for all useful purposes. They were formerly divided into classes, 
designated as the 2^ine and scarlet, biit the introductions of late years 
have become so intermingled as to make reference thereto of no prac- 
tical value, if indeed it can be done correctly. 

The characters of the flowers corresponding with the above are noted 
in the text by the words Hermaphrodite and JPistillate. 

As before remarked, the varieties of the Strawberry are very nume- 
rous. They are also comparatively evanescent. We have therefore 
omitted to name or describe many sorts once recorded, because of a 
doubt as to their j resent existence. Again, others have perhaps only a 

62 



978 THE STEAWBEKET. 

local habitation and name, and, possessing no superior qnaKties, are not 
worthy of perpetuation, and are therefore omitted. 

Adaie. * 

Nimorod, 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, dark red. Elesh deep red, soft, hollow at core. 

Admiral Dundas. 

An English variety, of vigorous habit. Hermaphrodite. 
Eruit large. Color pale scarlet. Elesh moderately firm, juicy, with 
a good but not high flavor. 

Ageicultueist. 
Abraham Liacoln. President. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, IsTewark, N J, Plant vigorous, foliage dark 
green; hardy and very productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, elongated, often with a neck. Sur- 
face somewhat uneven ; first berries often cock's-comb shape, deep crim- 
son. Flesh dark red, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. 

Ajax. 

An English variety. A large dark-colored fruit, of a blunt ovate 
form, with a deep-colored flesh, well flavored and good. Vines not 
hardy. (Ho v. Mag.) 

Alice Maud. 
Princess Alice Maud. 

A foreign variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical. Color dark glossy scarlet. Flesh light scarlet, 
juicy, rich, and excellent. 

Ambeosia. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, dark shining crimson. Flesh juicy, rich. 
(Hogg.) 

America. 

Raised by J. Keech, Wateiioo, E". Y., who informs us they ripen 
nearly all at the same time, and quite as early as the Early Scarlet. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, often wedge shape, crimson. Flesh quite 
firm, juicy, rich subacid. 

Aeiadne. 

Pistillate. 

Fruit rather large, conical, slight neck, light scarlet, sweet, fine fla- 
vor. (Hov. Mag.) 



the strawberry. 979 

Austin. 
Austin Seedling. Austin Shaker. Shaker's Seedling. 

Originated at the Shaker Settlement, near Albany, N. Y. Hardy and 
productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh "white, rather soft, 
acid, and deficient in flavor. 

Barnes Mammoth, 

E-aised by D. H. Barnes, of Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Plant very vigo- 
rous, very productive, and said to be one of the best for market. 

Fruit very large, rou.ndish obtuse conical. Surface somewhat un- 
even; crimson. Flesh scarlet, firm, juicy, sprightly subacid. 

Baron Deman de Lennick. 

Fruit very large, elongated flattened cone, light scarlet. Flesh 
pink, soKd, sweet. (Fuller,) 

^ BiCOLOR. 

Foreign. 

Fruit large, conical, rich blirsh red. Flesh moderately firm. 

BicTON Pine. 

Barnes' White. Virgin Queen. 

An English variety, but too tender for our climate. 
Fruit large, roundish. Color white, with a tinge of pink on the 
Runny side. Flesh tender, delicate, mild and pleasant, but not rich. 

BiJOir. 

Raised by M. De Jonghe, Not profitable. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson or scarlet. Flesh white, firm. 

Bishop's Orange, 

Bishop's New. Orange Hudson Bay, 

Pistillate, Vines hardy, vigorous, and productive. 
Fruit medium, conical, regular. Color light scarlet, approaching 
orange. Flesh rather fixm, rich, and excellent. 

Black Prince, 
Black Imperial. Cuthill's Black Prince. Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling. 

A foreign variety, and, when in perfection, of the best quality. 
Variable. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, regular roundish or ovate depressed. Color very deep 
crimson, almost black, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, rather firm, rich, 
and high-flavored. 



980 the strawberby. 

Black Roseberry. 

Fruit medium, noarly round, dark red or purplish, pleasant flavor^ 
moderate bearer. 

B0NT6 DE St. Juliaji. 
A foreign variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh tinged 
with red, rich, sugary. 

Boston Pine. 

Bartlett. 

Raised by C. M. Hovey, Boston, Mass. This fine Strawberry, tc 
have it in perfection, requires rich, deep soil, and to be grown in hills 
or bunches eighteen or twenty inches apart each way. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conical. Color deep glossy 
crimson. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and of excellent flavor — an un- 
certain variety in many places. 

BOUDINOT. 

Originated with H. Boudinot, Alexandria, Licking Co., O. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich clear scarlet. Flesh firm, good 
flavor, and productive. 

BouLE d'Or. 

Boisselot. 

Plant robust, moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, roundish flattened, bright glossy orange scarlet. 
Flesh white, sweet. (Fuller.) 

Boyden's Mammoth. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, not very 
productive. 

Fruit large, roiindish, often depressed, dark crimson. 

Boyden's No. 30. 

Raised by Seth Boyden, of Newark, N. J. Plant vigorous, very 
productive. Its large size, productiveness and firmness give promise 
as a valuable market variety. 

Fruit very large, roundish obtuse conical, regular, often with a short 
neck, bright crimson. Flesh quite firm, juicy, rich subacid. 

Brewer's Emperor. 
EngKsh. Hermaphrodite. Medium size, ovate, dark red, good flavor. 

Brighton Pine. 

Raised by T Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Said to be early, hardy, 
and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, conical, light crimson, rich sprightly flavor. 



THE STRAWBEKrV. 981 

Brilliant. 

Raissd by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, deep crimson. 

British Queen. 
Myatt's British Queen. 

Raised by Mr. Myatt, England. Flowers hermaphx-odite. Plant 
vigorous, rather tender, requires deep, rich cultivation. 

Fruit very large, roundish conical, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped, of 
a beautiful shining scarlet. Flesh rather firm, juicy, rich, and excellent 

Brooklyn Scarlet. 

Baised by A. S. Fuller. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, elongated, a little compressed, bright scarlet. 
Flesh rather soft, sweet, rich. 

Bryan's Satisfaction. 

A new sort. Originated with S. Bryan, Yineland, N. J. 
Fruit small, heart-shape pointed, glossy crimson. Flesh firm. 

Burr's New Pine. 

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Yines moderately vigorous, 
productive. Flowers pistillate. 

Fruit medium, regular roundish conical. Color light crimson. 
Flesh tender, juicy, with a sweet, rich, aromatic flavor. 

Burr's Seedling. 
Burr's Old Seedling. Burr's Staminate. 

Raised by Zera Burr, Columbus, O. Hermaphrodite. Yines hardy, 
vigorous, and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to conic. Color light scariev. 
Flesh tender, juicy, with a mild, pleasant flavor. 

Caleb Cope. 

An American variety. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, pointed, scarlet. Flesh white. 

Capt. Cook. 

An English variety, of large size, somewhat resembling the British 
Queen, but not quite so large; the color is dark and rich. Poor 
bearer. 

Carolina Superba. 

An English variety. Plant hardy and productive. 
Fruit very large, ovate, sometimes cock's-comb shaj^e. Seeds not 
deeply embedded, pale red. Flesh clear white, firm, solid, rich. (Hogg.) 



983 the stkawberrt. 

Champion. 

Originated by Dr. J. C. !N'efF, Carlisle, Cumberland Co., Pa. Her 
maphrodite. 

Fruit large. Flesh firm, melting, sweet. (Dr. Neflf.) 

Charles Downing. 

Raised by J. S. Downer, Fairview, Ky. Plant very vigorous and 
very productive. Hemiaphrodite. 

Fruit very large, nearly regular, conical, deep scarlet. Seeds brown 
and yeUow, rather deep. Flesh quite firm, pink, juicy, sweet, rich. 

Charles Favorite. 

A seedling from Hovey's ■ Seedling. Size, shape, flavor, and color 
similar, but ripens ten days earlier. (Hov. Mag.) 

Charlotte. 
Pistillate. 
Fruit large, obovate, dark scarlet. Flesh sweet. 

Chillian. 

Pyramidal Chillian, or Newland. 

Raised by Mr. Newland, in New Jersey. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright crimson. Flesh rather firm, mild 
acid, late. Prodxictive, sometimes very good. 

Chorlton. 
Charlton Prolific. 

Raised by William Chorlton, Staten Island, N. Y. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse, slight neck, scarlet. Flesh light 
scarlet, rather acid. 

Clinton. 

Raised by Elias Camfield, near Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, healthy, 
vigorous, productive, rather early, and said to be a valuable market 
sort. 

Fruit large, roundish, crimson. Flesh qviite fii-m, juicy, rich, 
sprightly subacid. 

Cockscomb 

Obtained in the Royal Gardens, Windsor, England. 
Fruit very large, ovate, occasionally cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale 
Kcarlet. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, rich. (Hogg.) 

Colfax. 

From Indiana. Plant very \igorous, very productive, but too small 
fco be of much value. 

Fruit small size, round, dark crimson. Flavor suba/iid, with a 
peculiar spicy taste. 



the strawberry. 983 

Colonel Ellsworth. 

Raised by A. S. Fuller, Ridgewood, Bergen Co., IST. J. Plant 
moderately vigorous, productive, the foliage often burns with the sun. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, somewhat obtuse, slight neck, dark 
scarlet. Flesh rather firm, not very juicy, sweet. 

Columbus. 

American. Pistillate. Large, roimdish, hardy, productive, dark red, 
tender, and sweet. 

COMTE DE FlANDRE. 

Fruit large, conical, bright crimson, fine flavor. Excellent bearer 
(Gar. Mon.) 

Comte de Paris. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped. Skin scarlet, becoming deep crim- 
son. Flesh pale red, and solid throughout, with a brisk acid flavor. 
(Hogg.) 

Cornucopia. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Plant vigorous, moder- 
ately productive. 

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather soft, sweet. Good. 

Crimson Cluster. 

An English variety. 

Fruit medium size, roundish, sometimes cock's-comb shape, dark red. 
Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. (Hogg.) 

Crimson Cone. 
Scotch Pineapple. Dutchberry. Scotch Runner. 

An old and beautiful variety, a hardy, vigorous grower, productive. 
Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, irregular elongated conic. Color deep crimson. Seeds 
deeply embedded. Flesh rather firm, sprightly, with a rich acid flavor, 
rather late in ripening. One of the best for preserving. 

Crimson Favorite. 

Originated with A. S. Fuller. Plant vigorous, not productive. 
Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, somewhat irregular. Color 
crimson. Flesh rich, juicy, sweet, sometimes hollow. 

Crimson Queen. 
Doubleday's No. 3, 

All English variety, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium to large, cock's-comb shape, irregular bright scarlet 
Flesh firm, brisk acid. 



984 the strawberry. 

Culverwell's Seedling. 
An English variety. 

Fruit long, tapering, mucli furrowed, very dark red, almost black 
Flesh firm, and rich flavored, (Hogg.) 

Gushing. 

Raised by Dr. W. D. Brinckle, Philadelphia. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical. Color light scarlet. Flesh tender, 
with a sprightly, pleasant flavor. 

Cutter's Seedling. 
Bance. 

Originated in Massachusetts. Plant vigorous, productive. Herma- 
phrodite, 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, slight neck, bright 
scarlet. Seeds yellow and brown. Flesh scarlet, rather soft, juicy, 
sweet. 

De Bath, 

Fruit large, roundish oval. Color pale rose, or white tinted with rose. 
Flesh white, fine, sweet, juicy, excellent. (Al. Pom,) 

DfiLicES d'Automne. 
Not productive. 
Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet, sweet, rich, high-flavored. 

Deptford Pine. 

Myatt's Deptford Pine. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, wedge-shaped, bright glossy scarlet 
Flesh solid, rich, subacid. Shy bearer. 

Diadem. 

Raised by William R. Prince, Pistillate, Large, showy, rounded, 
beautiful light scarlet, pleasant flavor, a fine and beautiful berry. (W. 
R. P., in Hort.) 

Doctor Hogg. 

This variety is from Nottingham, England. It is described by for- 
eign authors as very hardy, holding its foliage well, and one of the finest. 

Fruit very large, cock's-comb-shaped. Skin pale ]-ed. Flesh pale 
red, sweet, very rich flavor. 

Doctor Nicaise. 

This is a French variety, of recent introduction, often producing fi:uit 
■jf extra large size. It is hermaphrodite; not productive. 

Fruit very large, irregular cock's-comb shape, bright clear scarlet red. 
Flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet, a little hollow at centre. 

Downer's Prolific. 

Raised by J. S. Downer, Kentucky. Hermaphi-odite. Plant vigorousj 
very productive, early, Valuable for near market growing. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 98fi 

Fruit medium to large, roundisli conical, light clear bright scarlet 
Flesh rather soft, juicy, rich, but a Kttle acid. 

DOWNTON. 

Kniglit's Seedling. 

English.^ Hermaphrodite. Medium, with a neck, ovate, dark pur^ 
pKsh scarlet, good flavor. Poor bearer. 

Due DE Brabant. 

From Belgium. 

Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet, good flavor, tolerably productive, 
and early. 

Due DE Malakofp. 

Fruit large, handsome, roundish, a cock's-comb shape, deep red. Flesh 
red, sweet. 

Duke op Kent. 

Austrian Scarlet Early Prolific Scarlet. 

Nova Scotia Scarlet. Oatland's Scarlet. 

Globe Scarlet. Duke of York Scarlet. 

English. Plant vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit small, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flavor sharp and good. 
Ripens early, which is its chief merit. 

Dundee. 

A Scotch variety. Pistillate. Medium, roundish oval, light scarlet, 
rich acid flavor, productive, late. 

DURAND. 

Durand's Seedling. 

Raised by Elias W. Dui-and, Irvington, N. J. Plant moderately vigo- 
rous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, irregular in form, from conic to oblong. Color scarlet. 
Flesh somewhat firm, juicy, nearly white. 

Eclipse. 

Reeve's Eclipse. 

Fruit above medium size, conical. Seeds small. Skin glossy red, 
shining as if varnished. Flesh firm, solid, white. (Hogg.) 

Crystal Palace. 
Myatt's Eleanor. 

An EngHsh variety, of vigorous growth, hardy, and requires plenty 
of room. 

Fruit large, very conical, regular, brilliant glossy scarlet. Flesh 
firm, fine-grained, juicy, and high-flavored. 



986 the strawberry. 

Elton. 

Elton Seedling'. Elton Pine. 

An old Englisli variety, that ripens quite late. 

Fruit large, ovate, frequently cock's-comb shape, bi'ight shining crim* 
son. Flesh red, firm, brisk subacid. 

Elton Improved. 

Raised at the Royal Garden at Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical, bright glossy crimson. Flesh solid, sweet, and 
good. (Fuller.) 

Emily. 

An English variety. Plant hardy, not very productive. 
Fruit large, round, pale red. Flesh white, juicy, and sweet. 

Emma. 

One of M. de Jonghe's raising ; vigorous, moderately productive. 
Fruit medium size, obtuse conical, bright deep red. Flesh whitish, 
juicy, moderately sweet. 

Empress Eugenie. 

A variety from France. Not valuable. 

Fruit large, irregular in form, deep red. Flesh red, sweet, tolerably 
good. 

English Lady Finger. 

Fruit medium size, oblong, orange scarlet. Flesh white, sweet, and 
good. 

Fairy Queen. 

Raised in the Royal Gardens at Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical. Skin pale scarlet, shining as if varnished, 
Flesh pure white, tender, juicy, sweet, very rich. (Hogg.) 

Ferdinande. 

This is a French variety, of good promise. 

Fruit large, regular obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet red. Seeds 
light yellow. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, and high-flavored. (Am. Pom.) 

Filbert Pine. 

Myatt's Seedling. 

An English sort, that is said to succeed finely in light soils. Yinea 
prolific, matures late. 

Fruit above medium size, conical, occasionally cock's-comb shape, 
dull red. Flesh pale pink, firm, rich, brisk, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) 



the strawberry. 987 

Fill-Basket. 

An English variety, very large, rouudisli, dark scarlet, beautiful, 
good flavoi'. 

Fillmore. 

liaised by Samiiel Feast & Sons, Baltimore, Md, Plants mode- 
rately vigorous. Pistillate. In deep rich soils, linder high culture, this is 
one of value for amateur cultivation ; not profitable for market. 

Fruit medium to large, obtuse conical, rich deep scarlet. Seeds yel- 
low, and near the surface. Flesh moderately firm, rich acid. 

Fleming. 

Originated in Pennsylvania. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, deep scarlet. Seeds yellow, 
not deep. Flesh rather soft, sweet, and rich. 

Florence. 

Baised by Wm. B. Prince ; vigorou.s, moderately productive. Her- 
maphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, scarlet, fine flavor. 

French. 
French's Seedling. 

From Moorestown, N. J. Plant vigorous, moderately productive. 
Hermaphrodite. A fine early variety for private gardens. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse conical, light bright scarlet. 
Flesh rather soft, rich, and good. 

Frogmore Late Pine. 

Baised by Mr. Ingram, at the Boyal Gardens, Frogmore, England. 
Fruit large, conical or cock's-comb shape, with a glossy neck, bright, 
rich dark red. Flesh juicy, rich, high -flavored. Late. (Hogg.) 

Garibaldi. 

An American variety, raised by W. A. Burgess, near New York. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium size, roundish obtuse conical, light scaxiet. Seeds 
yellow. Flesh soft, rich, sweet. 

Genesee. 

Baised by EUwanger & Barry, Bochester, N. Y. Hardy, vigorous, 
moderately pi-oductive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, somewhat oblate, lai'gest at centre, 
tapering towards base and apex, generally necked. Color scarlet, 
Inclining to crimson. Flesh tender, juicy, mild, and pleasant, noi 
rich. 



988 the strawberry. 

General Scott, 

Raised bj W. A. Burgess, near New York. Plant vigorous, pro^ 
d active. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse, deep scarlet, rather soft, rich, subacid. 

Globe. 
Myatt's Globe. 
English. Large, rich scarlet, excellent flavor, moderately productii'e. 

Globose Scarlet. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, Long Island, N. Y. Plant 
vigorous, moderately productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, roundish, light scarlet. (Pr.) 

Golden Seeded. 

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Poor bearer. 
Fruit medium, conical, rich crimson, bright yellow seeds. Flesn 
half firm, juicy, rich, mild, pleasant. 

Goliath. 

Kitley's GoKath. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. Plant vigorous, Lardy, and 
moderately productive. 

Fruit very large, irregular, often cock's-comb shape, bright scarlet, 
rich, high flavor, and, like all the English varieties, requires plenty oi 
room and high culture. 

Great Eastern. 

Plants vigorous, not very productive. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, broadly conical, light crimson. Flesh whitish, rather 
firm, sweet, not high-fiavored, a little hollow. 

Green Prolific. 
Newark Prolific, 

Raised by Seth Boyden, Newark, N. J. Plant hardy, very vigorous, 
very productive, and is highly valued by some as a market sort. 
Pistillate. 

Frviit large, roundish obtuse conical, orange scarlet. Surface soft, 
centre of flesh firm, rather acid. 

Grove End Scarlet. 

Atkinson's Scarlet. Aberdeen Beehive. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Medium, globular, bright scarlet, i-ather 
acid, early, j)roductive. 



the strawberry. 989 

Haquin. 

This foreign variety is of good rich quality, but not productive. 
Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conical, sometimes irregular, bright scarlet. 
Seeds yellow brown. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, juicy, rich. 

Harlem Orange. 

Originated near Baltimore, Md. Pistillate. 

Fruit orange color, pineapple shape, glossy. Good. (Hov. Mag.) 

Hathaway. 

Hathaway's Seedling. 

Raised by B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Bonde, Mich. Plant vigo- 
rous, very productive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse or oblate. Seeds yellow and brown. 
Color deep scarlet. Flesh scarlet, j uicy, moderately firm, rich acid. 

Hendry. 

A new foreign variety, very beautiful. 

Fruit large, long ovate, slight neck, light red or pale red at point, 
glossy. Flesh moderately firm, juicy, rich, sweet. 

Hero. 

Fruit large, regular, globular, bright red. Flesh carmine, very 
sweet. Early. (Fuller.) 

Highland Chief. 

This variety, Hogg writes, " deserves universal cultivation." It is 
worthy of trial here. We copy his description : — 

Fruit large, roundish ovate, and somewhat flattened. Seeds not 
deep. Skin fine, clear red, becoming dark red. Flesh dark red, firm, 
very juicy, vinous, "with a rich pine flavor. 

Highland Mary. 

An English variety ; an abundant bearer. 

Fruit above medium, conical, inclining to cock's-comb shape, dark 
red. Flesh white, hollow at core. (Hogg.) 

Hooker. 

Raised by H. E. Hooker, Rochester, IST. Y. Plant vigorous, hardy 
and productive. Hermaj)hrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conical, regular, very large, specimens some- 
times cock's-comb-shaped or depressed. Color deep crimson, almost 
maroon, with a polished surface, which is rather soft. Flesh deep crim- 
son, rather tender, juicy, with a fine rich flavor. 



990 the steawberry. 

Hooper's Seedling. 

An English variety. Hermaplirodite. Medium, conical, deep glossy 
crimson, rich and sweet, not productive. 

Hovey's Seedling. 
Young's Seedling. Germantown. 

This splendid Strawberry was raised in 1834, by Messrs. Hovey, 
seedsmen, of Boston, and is undoubtedly one of the finest of all varieties. 
The vines are vigorous and hardy, prodiicing moderately large crops', and 
the fruit is always of the largest size, and finely fiavored. It is well 
known at the pi'esent moment throughout all the States. The leaves are 
large, rather light green, and the fruit-stalk long and erect. Pistillate. 

Fruit very large, roundish oval or slightly conical, deep shining 
scarlet. Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, with a rich, agreeable 
flavor. It ripens about the medium season, or a few days after it. 

Hudson. 

Hudson's Bay. American Scarlet. 

Late Scarlet. York River Scarlet. 

An old American variety, formerl}'^ much cultivated for the markets, 
but other and larger kinds are taking its place. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, conical, sometimes with a neck. Color rich, dark 
shining red. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh firm, of a high, but brisk 
acid flavor. Good for preserving. 

Huntsman. 

American. Pistillate. Large roundish, light scarlet, poor flavor, very 
productive. 

Ida. 

Miss Ida. 

Raised by E. H. Cocklin. Plants vigorous, and when fertilized vei-y 
productive. Pistillate. Foot-stalks long, holding the fruit well up. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, dark rich red. Flesh moderately 
firm, juicj', sprightly, rich, a little acid. Pipens among the earliest, and 
continues late. 

iMPfiRATRicE Eugenie. 

Fruit large, conical, bright glossy rosette, handsome, nrm, sweet, 
perfumed. 

Imperial Crimson. 

Raised by W. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, short cone, or rounded. Color dark scarlet or c' aosoiw 
Flesh fii'm, sweet, and fine flavor. (Pr.) 



the strawbeery. 991 

Imperial Scarlet. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit very large, obtuse cone or rounded, scarlet, juicy, ai.d spright- 
ly flavor. 

Ingram's Prince Arthur. 

Raised at the Royal Gardens, Frogmore, England. 
Fruit medium, conical, regular, with, a glossy neck, brilliant scar- 
let. Flesh, white, solid, juicy, brisk, rich and fiine flavor. 

Iowa. 

Early Washington. Washington. Brook's Prolific. 

A seedling of the Western prairies. Hermaphrodite. Plant hardy 
^ vigorous, and very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, light orange scarlet. Flesh tendei', 
juicy, very acid ; an early variety. 

Jenny Lind. 

Raised by Isaac Fay, Cambridgeport, Mass. Hermaphrodite. Vines 
hardy, vigorous, and productive ; an early variety. 

Fruit medium, conical. Color rich crimson, glossy. Flesh rather 
firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. 

Jenny's Seedling. 
An American variety, hardy, vigorous, and productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, roundish conical. Color rich dark red. Flesh firm, 
rich, sprightly subacid. 

Jessie Read. 

Raised by W. H. Read, Port Dalhousie, C. W. Hermaphrodite. 

Moderately productive. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich. 

John Powell. 

Fruit above medium size, long ovate, with a neck, bright shining 
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sugary, rich. (Hogg.) 

Jucunda. 
Knox's 700. 

A foreign variety, that, like some others of its class, does extremely 
well in some few localities, under high cultivation. Plants moderately 
vigorous. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, obtxise conical or coxcomb flattened, bright 
light scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow. Flesh light pink, moderately firm, 
sweet, not high flavor, often hollow. 

JULIEN. 

Originated with W. F. Kramer, Dubuque, Iowa. Said to be from 
seed of the Peabody. 



992 THE STRAWBERKY. 

Fruit medium, roundisli, rich scarlet, glossy. Flesli moderatel'" 
firm, sweet, well fla wred. 

Keen's Seedling. 
Keen's Black Pine. Murphy's CMld. 

An old well-known English, sort of the finest quality, but does not 
generally succeed here. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish, often coxcomb-shaped, dark purplish scarlet. 
Surface polished. Flesh firm, with a rich high flavor, 

Kentucky. 

Raised by J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Todd Co., Ky. We have not 
seen the fruit, and give Wm. Parry's description. Plant strong, vigo- 
rous, very productive, with long fruit-stalks, bearing the berries well up 
from the ground, and the foliage standing the heat of summer and cold 
of winter, and is a week later than most varieties. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish conical, bright scarlet. Flesh 
white, firm, juicy, rich, sweet, and of excellent quality. {Wm. Parry's 
MS.) 

Kimberly Pine. 

Fruit large, irregular oval, bright crimson scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, 
subacid. 

Kramer. 

Origin, near Dubuque, Iowa. Plant vigorous, hardy. Hermaphro- 
flite. Productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, rich dark red, moderately firm, 
juicy, a little acid, but pretty rich and good. 

La Challonaise. 

Fruit large, conical, bright pale scarlet. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. 
(Hogg.) 

La Constante. 

A foreign variety that occasionally succeeds, but generally it burns 
and dies out. In quality it is excellent, and for some amateur gardens 
a desirable variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, bright lively crimson. Flesh white, 
tinged with rose-color, firm, juicy, rich, and delicious. 

La Delicieuse. 
Of foreign origin. 
Fruit large, roundish oblate, pale red. Flesh whitish, sweet. 

Ladies' Pine. 

Originated with W. H. Pead, Canada. Unproductive. PistUlate. 
Fruit small, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh soft, sweet, rich, and 
delicious. 

Lady. 

This is comparatively a new variety from England. It is described 



THE STRAWBERRY. 993 

as large in size, bright salmon-color, tinged with crimson. Flesh juicy, 
and delicious flavor. 

Lady Fingek. 

Ladies' Finger. 

Originated in Burlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately pro- 
ductive. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, dark rich clear scarlet or red. Flesh 
firm, juicy, rich, sprightly subacid. Very good. 

Lady of the Lake. 

Raised by John C. Scott, Brighton, Mass. Plants vigorous, hardy, 
productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, rather uneven, dark red. Flesh firm. (Jour, of Hort.) 

La Feiitile. 

Fruit large, conical, bright red. Flesh white, with a rosy tinge, 
firm, j uicy, sweet. (Hogg.) 

La Grosse Sucr^e. 

A German vai-iety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, oblong, dark crimson. Flesh white, solid, sweet, 
pleasant. 

La Liegeoise. t 

French. Hermaphrodite. Large, bright scarlet, medium quality, 
unproductive. 

La Perle. 
Foreign. 
Fruit medium, conical, bright red. 

La Reine. 

A foreign sort. It is described as of large size, conical, or cox- 
comb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet, rich, not productive. 

Large Early Scarlet. 
Early Virginia. 

An American variety, one of the earliest, an abundant bearer ; popu- 
lar in many sections. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish ovate, regularly formed, Hgnt 
scarlet. Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh tender, of a rich, excellent flavor. 

La Sultane. 

This is a French variety, of large size, conical in form, light clear 
red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, sweet, perfumed. 

Laurella. 

Origin unknown. Plant vigorous, productive. Pistillate. 
Fruit large, broadly conical, scarlet. Seeds yellow brown. Flesh 
rather soft, pink, rather acid, not rich. 

63 



994 the strawberry. 

La Yersaillaise. 

A Fieucli variety. 

Fruit very large, oblong, briglit scarlet. Flesh shaded with red, 
firm, juicy, rich, sweet. 

Le Baron. 

Raised by Wm. E,, Prince. Hermaphrodite 

Frviit early, very large, obtuse cone, dark scarlet, not showy, sweet, 
rich, melting. 

Lennig's White. 

White Pineapple. Albion White. 

Albino. White Albany. 

Origin, supposed Germantown, Pa. Tliis is one of the very finest- 
davored sorts gi-own ; but unfortunately it does not produce but very 
moderate crops, and is therefore unsuited to any but amateurs. Plants 
vigorous. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical. Seeds reddish, not deep. 
Color whitish, tinged with red. Flesh soft, tender, juicy, sweet, rich, 
delicious pineapple flavor. 

LlilGNCE DE LaMBERTVE. 

Fruit very large, conical. Skin bright shining red, as if varnished. 
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh firm, rosy white, very juicy, rich and ■ 
sweet. (Hogg.) 

LitOVOLD I. 

This is a Belgian variety. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, rich deep red. Seeds yellow, promi- 
nent. Flesh tinted with rose, juicy, sweet, delicious. (An. Pom.) 

Little Monitor. 

Originated with W. A. Burgess. 

Fruit small, roundish obtuse conical, light scarlet. Flesh soft, rich, 
fiweet. 

Lizzie Randolph. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, roundish, light crimaon, poor flavor, 
productive. 

Longworth's Prolific. 

Originated at Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth, in the Gar- 
den of Eden, by Mr. Schneicke. Hermaphrodite. Vines vigorous and 
very productive. Footstalks long, stoiit. Leaves large, not very thick, 
considerably rufiled. 

Fruit large, roundish, broad at base, sometimes oblate. Color 
light crimson. Flesh firm, scarlet, with numerous rays (the remains of 
the filaments). Flavor rich, briskly acid. Valuable for preserving. 

Lorenz Booth. 
Fruit large, oval, bright glossy red. Flesh dark crimson, firm, sweet 



THE STRAWBERRY. 996 

LORIO. 

A new German variety. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical, rich clear dark red. Flesh reddish 
tinged, juicy, vinous, sweet. 

Lucas. "^ 

Fruit large, roundish oval, glossy crimson. Flesh firm, rich. Good. 

LuciDA Perfecta. 

Fruit medium to large, light clear crimson, conical or obtuse conical, 
occasionally coxcomb shape. Flesh white, juicy, sweet. 

McAvoy's Extra E-ed. 
McAvoy's No. 1. 

Same origin as Superior. Pistillate. Yiixes hardy, vigorous, and 
very productive. 

Fruit large, irregularly oblate, generally necked. Color deep scarlet. 
Flesh tender, juicy. Flavor exceedingly acid. Excellent for preserving. 

McAvoy's Superior. 
McAvoy's No. 12. General McLellan. Buffalo. 

Origin, Cincinnati, on the lands of Mr. Longworth. Pistillate. 
Vigorous and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish irregularly oblate, more or less necked. Color 
light crimson, becoming deep crimson at full maturity. Flesh deep 
scarlet, tender, very juicy, with an exceedingly rich vinous flavor. 
Surface of the fruit rather tender, and will not bear long carriage. 

Mead's Seedling. 

Raised by Peter B. Mead, Tenafly, Bergen Co., N. J. Plant a good 
grower, moderately productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium size, long conical, inclining to a neck, light scarlet. 
Seeds brown yellow. Flesh pinkish, rather firm, sweet, and rich. 

Marguerite. 

A French variety. 

Fruit large, elongated conical, bright shining red. Flesh whitish 
pinkish, sweet, coarse, hollow, poor. 

Mammoth. 
Myatt's Mammoth. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, dark crimson, poor fla« 
vor, unproductive. 

Melon. 
Scotch, medium, roundish, dark color ; not of much value. 



996 the strawberey. 

Metcalf's Early. 

Origin, Niles, Mich. Plant hardy, A'igorous, moderately productive. 
Fruit small, roundish, inclining to oval, light scarlet. Flesh rather 
soft, mild acid. Not very early. 

Methven Scarlet. 

Methven Castle. Keen's Seedling of some. 

Warren's Seedling. Higgins' Seedlmg. 

Southampton Scarlet, British Queen of some. 

An English variety, of large size, roundish or coxcomb-shaped, rather 
dull scarlet. Flesh soft, and of indifferent flavor. Pistillate. 

Monitor. 

Eaised by A. S, Fuller. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a neck, bright scarlet. 
Flesh dry, coarse, firm. Poor. Carries well to market. 

Monroe Scarlet. 

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, IT. Y. Pistillate. Plant 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, light scarlet. Flesh tender, jtiicy, and 
of very good flavor. 

Montevideo Pine. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, pineapple flavor, ripening late. (W. R. P. in 
Hort.) 

Moyamensing. 

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Moderately 
vigorous and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Seeds numer- 
ous, deeply embedded. Flesh red, rather firm, pretty briskly acid, much 
like Hudson. 

Myatt's Eliza. 
Omer Pacha. Eival Queen. 

An English variety, of fine flavor; but, like most of its class, a poor 
bearer. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, with a glossy neck, light 
glossy scarlet. Flesh rich, sweet, delicious. 

Naomi. 

An accidental American seedling. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval, quite deep scarlet. Flesh 
white, sweet, soft, not high-flavored. 



the strawberry. 997 

Napoleon. 

This variety originated with M. Lorio, of Liege, Belgium. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Frviit large, roundish, light clear red or scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, 
sweet. 

Napoleon III. 

Originated with M. Gloede. Plants vigorous, productive. Herma- 
phrodite. 

Fruit large to very large, conical, irregiilar, sometimes coxcomb- 
sdiaped, light scarlet. Seeds yellow, reddish near the surface. Flesh white, 
rather firm, juicy, sweet, rich. 

Necked Pine. 

ITnique Prairie. Pine Apple. 

An American variety, rather early. Pistillate, Medium size, conical, 
with a neck, light scarlet. Flesh tender, sprightly, rather acid. 



New Jersey Scarlet. 

Originated near Biirlington, N. J. Plants vigorous, moderately 
productive. Hermaphrodite. Early. 

Fruit medium, conical, with a neck, light clear scarlet. Flesh mode- 
rately firm, juicy, sprightly, mild subacid. 

NiCANOR. 

Raised by Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Plants 
vigorous, productive. Hermaphrodite. Footstalks tall, upright. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet, 
somewhat glossy. Seeds brown yellow, not deeply embedded. Flesh 
juicy, reddish, rather firm, rich, sweet. 

Old Black. 

Black. Mulberry. 

Black Pine. Black Canterbury. 

Black Beacon, Turkey Pine. 

A very old variety, described by Lindley, as : — 

" Fruit middle-size, conical elongated and pointed, with a neck, 
hairy, very dark purplish red. Flesh scarlet, firm, with a buttery core, 
very rich and high-flavored." 

Old John Brown. 

Raised by Dr. H, Schroeder, of Bloomington, HI. 
Fruit very large, broadly conic, pointed, Hght crimson, sweet. (Ful- 
ler.) 



998 the strawberry. 

Old Pine, or Carolina. 

Pine Apple. Old Scarlet. 

Carolina. Blood Pine. 

Old Scarlet Pine. Grandiflora. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, with a neck, some^ 
times coxcomb-shapedj bright scarlet. Flesh solid, juicy, and rich. 

Orange Prolific. 

Raised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Yinea 
hardy, vigorous, very productive. 

Friiit large, roundish, sometimes oblate, often necked, deep crimson. 
Seeds deeply embedded. Flesh somewhat firm, with a brisk, rather acid 
flavor. 

Oscar. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, irregular in form, from ovate to coxcomb, rich deep 
crimson. Flesh red, melting, firm, juicy, rich, and sweet. 

Peabody. 

Peabody's Seedling. New Hautbois. 

Tills variety originated with Charles A. Peabody, Columbus, Ga. 

Fruit of large size, form irregular. Flesh firm, sweet, melting, jnicy, 
with a pineapple flavor. When fully ripe the color is a rich deep 
crimson. 

Peak's Emperor. 

Originated by E. Peak, South Bend, Ind. 

Fruit large, oblong conical, dark crimson. Flesh firm, juicy, mild, 
subacid. 

Pennsylvania. 

Raised by Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia. Pistillate. Plant mo- 
derately vigorous, not productive. 

Fruit medium to large, broadly conical, deep crimson. Flesh red, 
very similar to Moyamensing. 

Premier. 

British Green Seedling. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, roundish or roundish ovate, bright red, shining. Flest 
\\-hite, firm, jxucy, rich. (Hogg.) 

President Wilder. 

Raised in 1860 by Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, of Dorchester, Mass., 
from seed of Hovey's Seedling impregnated with La Constante, and dedi- 
cated to him by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. This new va- 
riety, as grown on the originator's grounds, promises to be valuable, and if 
it succeeds as well in other soils and localities it will be an acquisition. 
Plant healthy, hardy, vigorous, and very productive. Fruit-stalk short, 



THE STRAWBERRY. 999 

stout, erect. It is said to stand the heat of summer and cold of winter 
uninj ured. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish obtuse conical, very regular, 
bright cjimson scarlet. Seeds mostly yellow, near the siu-face. Flesh 
rosy white, quite firm, juicy, sweet, and rich. 

There is another President Wildei; originated in Europe, that is de- 
scribed as large, ovate conical, with a neck, bright rich deep crimson. 
Flesh rose-color, moderately firm, juicy, rich, and excellent. 

Primordiak. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, conical, deep scarlet. (W. R. P., in Hort.) 

Prince Albert. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, oblong cone, deep scarlet, not 
high flavor, moderately productive. 

Reine des Belges. 

A new Belgian variety. 

Fruit large. Form variable, from long conical to obtuse conical, 
bright rich scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, sweet. Agreeable. (An. Pom.) 

Prince Frederick William. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, roundish, pale red. Flesh with a rosy tint, sweet, and 
good flavor. 

Prince of Orleans. 
Hermaphrodite. Medium. Roundish, dark color, poor bearer. 

Prince op Wales. 

An English fruit of large size, with a bright deep red glossy sur- 
face, and a delicate solid flesh, somewhat acid. 

Prince's Climax. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince, Flushing, L. I. Pistillate. Productive. 
Fruit large, conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, good flavor. 

Prince's Excelsior. 

Raised by Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, obtuse conical or rounded, deep scarlet. Flesh sweet, 
fine flavor. 

Prince's Magnate. 

Scarlet Magnate. 

Originated with Wm. R. Prince. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet. Flesh rather 
soft, pinkish, hollow, not rich. 



1000 the strawberry. 

Princess Royal. 

Ingram's Princess Royal. 

This is an English variety. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, rc^undish conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh firm, 
juicy, rich, perfumed. 

Princess Eoyal. 

Originated in France, by M. Pelvilian. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse conical in form. Skin very bright rich 
scarlet. Flesh half firm, juicy, melting, sweet. (An. Pom.) 

Princess Royal of England. 
Cuthill's Princess Royal. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium size, roundish ovate or conical, with a neck. Seeds 
deeply embedded. Skin deep scarlet. Flesh pale red at the surface, 
whitish at the core, rich, high flavor. (Hogg.) 

Prolific. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, conical, light glossy scarlet, rich 
flavor, unproductive. 

Profuse Scarlet. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, a little improvement on the old Early 
Scarlet, which it much resembles. Productive. 

Randolph Pine. 

Raised by O. T. Hobbs, Randolph, Pa. 

Fruit mediiim, long conical, bright scarlet. Flesh sweet, whitish, 
not rich. 

Richardson's Early. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Medium, conical, dark crimson, early, 
good flavor. Not productive. 

Richardson's Late. 

American. Hermaphrodite. Large, roundish, light scarlet, good 
Bprightly flavor, moderately productive. 

Rifleman. 

An English variety. 

Fruit large, ovate or coxcomb shape. Skin bright salmon-colored. 
Flesh solid, white, firm, juicy, rich. (Hogg.) 

RiPAWAM. 

Faulkner's King. Faulkner's Seedling. 

Raised by J. "VV. Faulkner, Stamford, Conn. Plant moderately 
vigorous and productive. 



THE STRAWBERRY. 1001 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, sometimes coxcomb shape, 
Bcarlet. Flesh whitish, rather firm, juicy, sweet. 

Rival Hudson. 

Kaised by Mr. Burr, Columbus, O. An improrement on the old 
Hudson. Plant hardy and productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, conical. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, with a 
brisk subacid flavor. 

Rivers' Eliza. 

Seedling Eliza. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, England. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, ovate conical, glossy scarlet. Flesh moderately firm, 
good flavor. 

Robinson's Defiance. 

Raised in Ohio. Plant vigorous, not productive. 
Fruit medium, roundish conical, necked, dull red. Flesh quite 
firm, acid. 

ROSEBERRY. 

Aberdeen. Prolific Pine. 

Scotch. Scarlet. Rose. 

Aberdeen Seedling. BricMey Scarlet. 

Foreign. Pistillate. Rather small, ovate, dark scarlet, tolerable fla- 
vor. Poor bearer. 

Rosebud. 

Fruit large, ovate, coxcomb shape, with a neck. Skin fine bright 
red. Flesh rich. (Hogg.) 

Ross's Phcenix. 

Raised by Alexander Ross, Hudson, N. Y. Hermaphrodite ; does 
not succeed unless with deep, rich soil, and good ciiitivation. 

Fruit large, generally coxcomb-shaped. Color very dark red. 
Flesh firm, and high-flavored. 

Ruby. 

English. Medium size. Bright-colored berry of a long ovate form, 
Bimilar in shape to Scott's Seedling. Flesh juicy, rich, and excellent. 
Not very hardy. 

Russell's Prolific. 

Originated with H. Russell, Seneca Falls, E". Y. Vines vigorous, 
productive. Pistillate. 

Fruit large, conic, compressed, ribbed, scarlet, changing to crimson. 
Seeds small, pretty deeply embedded. Flesh mild, moderately rich, 
rather soft, pleasant. 



I002 THE STRAWBERRV. 



Sabkeuk. 



A foreign variety, productive. 

Fruit medium, conical, bright orange scarlet. Seeds j re tmnent 
Flesh solid, white, sweet, and of high flavor. (Fuller.) 

Salter's Versaillaise. 

An English variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, ovate, sometimes flattened or coxcomb-shaped, dark 
red. Flesh pale, juicy, and rich. (Thomp.) 

Scarlet Cone. 

Kaised by Ellwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Pistillate. Plant 
vigorous and very productive. 

Fruit large, perfectly conical, bright scarlet, beautiful. 

Scarlet Melting. 

American. Pistillate. Medium, conical, light scarlet, showy, very 
tender, not rich. Yery productive. 

Scarlet Nonpareil. 

English. Large, pretty regularly formed, roundish conical, bright 
glossy red, saccharine, and rich. 

Scott's Seedling. 

Raised by Mr. J. Scott, of Brighton, Mass. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit rather large, elongated conic, regular, light crimson or scarlet* 
Flesh pale red, not very juicy, nor high-flavored. 

Sir Charles Napier. 

An English variety. Plant tender. 

Fruit large, roundish, flattened or coxcomb-shaped, light scarlet. 
Flesh whitish pink, juicy, not high-flavored. 

Sir Harry. , 

A seedling of the British Queen, impregnated with Keen's Seed- 
ling. The berries are large, of a thick coxcomb form, large calyx, and 
stoul fruit stems. Color deep dark red, or mulberry, glossy. Flesh 
red, soKd, fine-grained, very juicy, and of delicious flavor. 

Sir Joseph Paxton. 

A fine early variety. 

Fruit large, roundish, bright shining crimson. Seeis frominent 
Flesh salmon-colored, firm, and rich. (Hogg.) 



THE STRAWBERRY. 1003 

SOUTHBOROUGH. 

Southborough. Seedling. Marshall's Seedling. 

English. Pistillate. 

Fruit medium, ovate conical, rich deep scarlet. Flesh firm, mild 
rich flaA-or. (Elliott.) 

Souvenir. 
Souvenir de KiefiE ? 

Raised by M. de Jonghe, of Brussels. 

Fruit large, roundish ovate to long conical, irregular and corrugated^ 
bright shining red. Seeds large, even with the surface. Flesh white^ 
firm, juicy, rich. 

Stinger. 
Union. Stinger's Seedling. 

Raised by Wm. H. Stinger, near Philadelphia. Hermaphrodite. 
Fruit large, roundish, sometimes coxcomb shape, brilliant glossy 
scarlet. Flesh firm, juicy, rich, pleasant 

Stirling Castle Pine. 

Fruit large, ovate or conical, bright deep scarlet. Flesh pale scarlet, 
brisk. (Hogg.) 

Swainstone's Seedling. 

English. Hermaphrodite. Large, ovate, beautiful Light glossy scar- 
let, and good flavor. Bears only very moderate crops. 

The Prairie Farmer. 

Originated on the grounds of Wm. D. Neff, of Ottawa, 111. Plant 
strong and vigorous. Foot-stalks large and tall, and promise well as a 
market variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit very large, oblong compressed or ovate, occasionally coxcomb- 
shape, irregular, deep scarlet; texture firm; subacid. (Prairie Farmer.) 

TOPSY. 

One of De Jonghe's seedlings, not valuable. 

Fruit medium, oblong conical, light scarlet. Flesh firm, sweet. 

Tkiomphe de Gand. 

The Triomphe de Gand is a Belgian variety, which appears to stand 
our climate, and produce more crops in more localities than any other 
foreign sort. The vines are vigorous, hardy, moderately productive, and 
well suited to strong clayey soils, requires high cultivation and to be 
grown in hills. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit lai'ge, roundish obtuse, sometimes coxcomb shape, bright rich 
red next the calyx, almost greenish white at point, glossy as if varnished. 
Seeds light yellow brown, near the surface. Flesh firm, white, a little 
hollow at core, juicy, with a peculiar rich and agreeable flavor. 



1004 THE STRAWBERRY. 

Komeyn Seedling so closely resembles tMs that we are tinable to see 
any difference ; but the originator claims that it is a seedling of more 
vigor in foliage and roots, more productive, and less number of coxcomb 
berries. 

Tkiomphe de Liege. 

•A Belgian variety, raised by M. Lorio. 

Frtiit large, oval, with a slight neck, bright deep scarlet. Seeds 
few, long-pointed. Elesh rather soft, juicy, rich, aromatic. (An. Pom.) 

Yicomtesse H:e:bicaiit de Thury. 
Duchesse de Trevisse, Marquise de la Tour Maubourg. 

A French variety, of fine quality, but the foliage does not stand our 
climate well. Hermaphrodite. Moderately productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, broadly conical, sometimes coxcomb-shaped, 
deep scarlet, somewhat glossy. Flesh rich, sweet, and high-flavored. 

Victoria. 

TroUope's Victoria. Golden Queen. 

Union. Trembly's Union. 

An English variety, moderately productive, quite handsome. Her- 
maphrodite. 

Fruit very large, nearly globular, regular. Calyx very large, in a 
depression. Color light crimson. Flesh light scarlet, tender, juicy, 
sweet, rich, with a somewhat peculiar aromatic flavor. 

YicTORY OP Bath. 

Fruit lar^e, ovate, bright red. Flesh white, firm, juicy, rich.. 
(Hogg.) 

Vineuse de Nantes. 

Fruit medium to large, flattened, bright glossy crimson. Flesh red, 
solid, sweet, peculiar vinous flavor. (Fiiller.) 

Walker's Seedling. 

Raised by Samuel Walker, Boxbury, Mass. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, regular, generally conic. Color very deep 
crimson, becoming maroon at maturity, glossy. Flesh deep crimson, 
tender, juicy, with a fine, rich, brisk acid flavor. 

Ward's Favorite. 
Fruit medium lo large, roundish, deep crimson. Flest sweet, rich. 

Western Queen. 

Haised by Prof. Kirtland, Cleveland, O. Pistillate. Vines hardy 
and productive. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical. Color rich glossy dark 
red. Flesh firm, juicy, subacid, sprightly and agreeable flavor. (Elliott.) 



THE STBAWBERRY. 1005 

WiLLEY. 

American. Piitillate. Yigorous, hardy, and very productive. 
Fruit medium, roundisli. Color deep crimson. Flesh firm, -with a 
sprightly acid flavor. A good sort for preserving. 

Wilmot's Prince Arthur. 

Fruit medium size, conical. Skin deep red and glossy. Flesh scar- 
let, firm, hollow at core. (Hogg.) 

Wilson's Albany. 

Raised by the late James Wilson, Albany, N. Y. Although not of 
high quality, because of its superabundance of acid, yet no variety has 
become so generally cultivated as the Wilson's Albany. The vine is 
very hardy and vigorous, very productive, commencing to ripen its fruit 
early, and continuing to the latest. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, broadly conic, pointed. Color deep crimson. Flesh 
crimson, tender, "with a brisk acid flavor. 

Wizard of the North. 

A Scottish variety. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse, dull red. Flesh red, soft, 
juicy, not rich. 

Wonderful. 

Jeyes' "Wonderful. Myatt's Prolific. 

Fruit large, conical, frequently coxcomb-shaped and fingered. Skin 
pale red, whitish at apex. Seeds numerous. Flesh white, tender, melt- 
ing, juicy, sweet, with a fine aroma. (Hogg.) 



ALPINE AND WOOD STEAWBERRIES. 

Brune DE Gilbert. 

A variety of the Alpine, with larger fruit than the common, ana 
remarkable for its reddish-brown color. It is well flavored, and an 
abundant bearer. (Hogg.) 

Galland. 
This is a variety of the Alpine, of a dark red color. 

Red Alpine. 

Red Monthly Strawberry. Des Alpes d Fruit Rouge. 

Des Alpes de Tons les Mois a Fruit Rouge, «S;c. 

The coromon Red Alpine, or monthly-bearing Strawberry, is a native 
jf the Alps, and succeeds well with very trifling care in this country. 
The Alpines always continue bearing from June till November ; but a 



1006 THE STRAWBERRY. 

very fine autumnal crop is secured by cutting off all the spi-ing blossoms 
The plant resembles the Red Wood, and the fruit is similar in flavoi 
and color, but long conical in form. Flowers always perfect. 

Red-Bush Alpine. 

Ruisson. Monthly, without Runners. 

Des Alpes sans Filets. Commun sans Filets. 

The Bush Alpines are remarkable among Strawberries for their total 
destitution of runners. Hence they always grow in neat, compact 
bunches, and are preferied by many persons for edging beds in the 
kitchen garden. The fruit is conical, and the whole plant, otherwise, is 
quite similar to common Alpines. We think it one of the most desira- 
ble sorts, and it bears abundantly through the whole season. The Bush 
Alpines were first introduced into the United States by the late Andrew 
Parmentier, of Brooklyn. To propagate them the roots are divided. 
Flowers always perfect. 

Red Wood. 

English Eed Wood. Newland's Mammoth. 

Des Bois a Fruit Rouge. Stoddard's Alpine. 

Common Rouge. Washington Alpine. 

This is the wild Strawberry of Europe [F. vesca), long more com 
nionly cultivated in our gardens than any other sort, and still, perhaps, 
the easiest of cultivation, and one of the most desirable kinds. It al- 
ways bears abundantly ; and though the fiuit is small, yet it is produced 
for a much longer time than that of the other classes of strawberries, 
and is very sweet and delicate in flavor. Flowers always perfect. 

Fruit red, small, roundish ovate. Seeds set even with the surface 
of the fruit. It ripens at medium season. 

Triomphe d'Hollande. 

Triumph of Holland Alpine. Des Quatre Saisons. 

This new variety of the Alpine comes from the Netherlands, where 
it is said to have been raised by M. J. Verkroost, Utrecht. The habit 
of growth is very vigorous, compact, and the plant very productive. 
The fruit is lai-ge for its class, regular, i-oundish conical, light scarlet red. 
Seeds light yellow. Flesh juicy, sweet, rich, aromatic, delicious. 

White Alpine. 

White Monthly. Des Alpes a Fruit Blanc. 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois a Fruit Blanc, &c. 

Precisely similar to the Red Alpine, except in color. 
Fruit conical, white. 

White-Bush Alpine. 

White Monthly, without Runners. Buisson des Alpes Blanc, &a 

This lifFers from the Red-Bush Alpine only in the color of the fruitj 
w^hich is conical and white. 



the strawberry. 1007 

"White Wood. 

Tids is precisely similar in all respects to the Red Wood, except i% 
its color, which is white. It ripens at the same time. 

HAUTBOIS* STRAWBERRIES. 

Belle de Bordelaise. 

A new variety. Plants very vigorous and productive. 
Fruit medium or large, ovate, deep rich crimson. Flesh firm and 
high-flavored. 

Prolific or Conical. 

Musk Hautbois. Double Bearing. Sir Joseph Banks. 

French Musk Hautbois. Caperon Royal. Caperon Hermaphrodite. 

Sacombe. Regent's Dwarf. 

This is a capital variety. Its strong habit and very large, usually 
perfect flowers, borne high above the leaves, distinguish it. The fruit 
is very large and fine, dark-colored, with a peculiarly rich, slightly 
musky flavor. It bears most abundant crops. Hermaphrodite. 

Fruit large, conical, light purple in the shade, dark blackish purple 
in the sun. Seeds prominent. Flesh rather firm, sweet, and excel- 
lent. It ripens tolerably early, and sometimes gives a second crop. 

The Common Hautbois, Globe, Lahce Flat, &c., are scarcely worthy 
of cultivation here. 

Royal Hautbois. 

This is one of the lar'gest, most vigorous, and prolific of the Hautbois 
family. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, regular. Seeds yellow, 
on the surface, lich dark crimson. Flesh whitish, soft, sweet, rich. 



CHILI STRAWBERRIES. 
True Chili, 

Patagonian. Greenwell's New G-iant. Greenwell's French. 

Fruit very large, bluntly conical or ovate, dull red. Seeds dark 
brown, projecting. Flesh very firm, hollow-cored, of a rather indifierent 
sweet flavor. Ripens late. 

Wilmot's Superb. 

An English seedling, raised from the foregoing, very showy in size, 
but indifferent fruit and a poor bearer. 

Fruit roundish, sometimes coxcomb-shaped ; surface pale scarlet, 
polished; seeds projecting. Flesh hollow, and of only tolerable flavor. 
Medium season. 

* naut-iois, literally Jdgh-wood^ that is, wood strawberries with high leaves 
and fruit-stalks. 



1008 the strawberry. 

Yellow Chili, 

Fruit very large, irregular in form, yellow, with a brown check. 
Seeds slightly embedded. Flesh very firm, rather rich. 

GREEN STRAWBERRIES. 

Little valued or cultivated, being more curious than good. They 
resemble, in general appearance, the Wood Strawberries. Leaves light 
green, much plaited. Flesh solid. There are several sorts grown by 
the French, but the foUowiug is the only one of any value, and it is a 
shy bearer. 

Green Strawberry. 

Green Pine. Fraisier Vert. Green Alpine. 

Green Wood. Powdered Pine. 

Fruit small, roundish or depressed, whitish green, and at maturity 
tinged with reddish brown on the sunny side. Flesh solid, greenish, 
very juicy, with a peculiar rich, piaeapple flavor. Ripens late. 

SELECTION OF VARIETIES. 

The Strawberry is so variable in soils and climates that it is very 
difficult to select such as will always give satisfaction. We present the 
following as a list embracing varieties that have proved satisfactory 
with us : — 

Agriculturist, Charles Downing, Downer's Prolific, French, Green 
Prolific, Hovey's Seedling, Jucunda, Longworth's Prolific, Napoleon III., 
Royal Hautbois, Triomphe de Gand, Wilson's Albany. 

JS^ey to French standard names of Fruit. — To meet the wants of 
some of our farming friends in various parts of the country who are 
zealous collectors of fruit, but at the same time are more familiar with 
plough-handles than with the sound of Monsieur GrapaucVs polite ver- 
nacular, we have prepared the following little key to the pronunciation 
of such French names as are necessarily retained among the standard 
varieties. 

So long as these sorts must retain their foreign names, it i? very 
desirable that ' they should be correctly pronounced. To give to these 
French tei-ms what appears to merely English readers the proper sound 
is often as far as possible from the true pronunciation. A skilful Hiber- 
nian gardener puzzled his employer, a friend of ours, during the whole 
month of September with some pears that he persisted in calling the 
" Lucy Bony," until, after a careful comparison of notes, the latter 
found he meant the Z/Ouise Sonne. 

We have therefore, in the following, eschewed all letters with signs, 
and given, as nearly as types alone will perroit us, the exact pronun- 
ciation of the French names. 



KEY TO FEENCH NAMES. 



APPLES. 

Court Vindn Plat.— Coor Pahn du Plah. 

Drap d" 3r — Drah dor. 

Fenouiliet Gris. — Fen-nool-yai G-ree. 

Male Carle. — Mai Carl. 

Pomme de Neige. — Pum de Naije. 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne. — Ren-ett-Blansh d'Espagne. 

Reinette Triomphante. — Ren-ett Tre-ome-fant. 

APKICOTS. 

Albergier. — Al-bare-je-ai. 

Brian^on. — Bre-ahn-sohn. 

Belle de Choisy. — Bel de Shwoi-sey. 

Belle Magnifique. — Bel Man-gne-feek. 

Bigarreau. — Be-gar-ro. 

Bigarreau Rouge. — Be-gar-ro Rooje. 

Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. — Be-gar-ro Coo-Iur de Shair. 

Bigarreau G-ros Coeuret. — Be-gar-ro G-ro Keur-ai. 

Bigarreau Tardif de Hildesheim. — Be-gar-ro Tar-deef de Hildesheim. 

G-ros Bigarreau Rouge. — G-ro Be-gar-ro Rooje. 

G-riotte d'Espagne. — G-re-ote Des-pan. 

GRAPES. 

Chasselas Musqu5. — Shah-slah Meuskay, 

Chasselas de Fontainebleau. — Shah-slah de Eone-tane-blo. 

Ciotat. — Se-o-tah. 

Lenoir. — Lun-war. 

NECTARINES. 

Brugnon Violet Musqu^. — Brune-yon Ve-o-lay Meus-kay. 
Brugnon Musque.— Brune-yon Meus-kay. 
D'Angleterre. — Dahn-glet-are. 
Puc du Tellier. — Deuk du Tel-yay, 

PEACHES. 

Abricot^e. — Ab-re-co-tay. 
Belle de Vitry. — Bell de Ve-tree. 
G-rosse Mignonne. — G-roce Mene-yon. 
Madeleine de Courson. — Mad-lane de Coor-son. 
Pavie de Porapone. — Pah-vee de Pom-pone. 
Pourpr^e Hative. — Poor-pray Hat-eve. 

Sanguinole k Chair adh^rente. — Sahn-gwe-nole ah Shair Ad-hay-ffiBt 

64 



1010 KEY TO FRENCH NA11E8. 

PBAB8. 

Amir€ Joannet. — Am-e-ray Jo-ahn-nay. 

Ananas. — An-an-ah. 

Ananas d'Ete. — An-au-ah Da-tay. 

Angleterre. — Ahn-glet-are. 

Beurre. — Bur-ray. 

Belle de Bruxelles. — Bel-de Broos-eU. 

Bnlle et Bonne. — Bel-a-Bun. 

Belle-Lucrative. — Bel-lu-crah-teve. 

Beurre de Capiumont. — Bur-ray de Oap-u-mohn. 

Bourrd d'Amalis. — Bur-ray Dah-mah-lee. 

Beurre Grris d'Hiver Nouveau. — Bur-ray Gree Dee-vair Noo-TOt 

Benrre Dial. — Bur-raj' De-ell. 

Beurr€ Bronzee.— Bur-ray Brone-zay. 

Bezi d'Heri. — Ba-zee Daree. 

Bezi Vaet. — Bazee Vah-ai. 

Beurre Ci-apaud. — Bur-ray Crah-po. 

Bezi de Montigny. — Bay-zee de Mon-teen-gnee. 

Bon Chretien Fondante. — Bone Cray-te-an Fone-donte. 

Boucquia. — Boo-kiah. 

Calebasse Grosse. — Cal-bass Groce. 

Capucin. — Cap-u-san. 

Ohaumontel tres Gros. — Sho-mone-tell tray Gro. 

Compte, de Lamay. — Conte de Lah-me. 

Colmar Epine. — Cole-mar A-peen. 

Crassane.^Cras-sahn. 

Cuisse Madame. — Kuees Mah-dam. 

D'Amour. — Dam-oor. 

De Louvain. — Dul-oo-van. 

Delices d'Hardenpont. — Day-lece Dar-dahn-pone. 

Doyenne d'Etd. — DAVoy-on-nay Day-tay. 

Doyenne Panache. — Dwoy-on-nay Pan-ah-Shay. 

Dumortier. — Du-mor-te-ay. 

Duchesse d'Angouleme. — Du-shess Dong-goo-lame. 

Duchesse d'Orleans. — Du-shess Dor-lay-on. 

Enfant Prodige. — On-font Pro-deeje. 

fipine d'Ete. — A-peen day-tay. 

Figue de Naples. — Feeg de Nah-pl. 

Fondante d'Automne. — Fone-donte do-tonn. 

Forme de Delices. — Form de Day-lece, 

Forelle, — Fo-rel. 

Fondante du Bois. — Fone-dont du Bwoi, 

Fortunee. — For-tu-nay. 

Franc Real d'Hiver. — Fronk Eay-ahl Dee-vair. 

Glout Morceau. — Gloo Mor-so. 

Hericart. — Hay-re-car. 

Jalousie — Jal-oo-zee. 

Jalousie de Fontenay Yend^e. — Jal-oo-zee de Fone-ten-ai Von-day. 

Leon le Clerc. — Lay-on le Clair. 

Limon. — Lee-mohn. 

Louise Bonne. — Loo-eze Bun. 

Madeleine, or Citron des Carmes. — Mad-lane, or Cee-trone day Ctili.. 

Marie Louise. — Mah-re Loo-eze. 

Michaux. — Me-sho. 

Passans de Portugal. — Pah-sahn de Por-tu-gaL 

Pailleau.— Pahl-yo, 

Paradise d'Automne — Par-ah-deze do-tonn. 

Passe Colmar. — Pass Col-mar. 

Quilletette. — Keel-tet. 



KEY TO FRENCH NAMES. 1011 



Reine Caroline. — Rane Car-o-lene. 

Reine des Poires. — Rane day Pwore. 

Rousselet Hdtif. — Roos-lay Hat-eef. 

Sanspeau. — Sahn-po. 

Sieulle. — See-ull. 

Sucree de Hoyerswarda. — Seu-cray de Hoyersworda. 

Surpasse Virgalieu. — Seur-pass Vere-gal-yu. 

St. G-ermain. — San Jare-man. 

Sylvange. — Seel-vonje. 

Vallee Franche. — Vol-lay Fronsh. 

v^erte Longue. — Vairt Longh. 

Verte Longue Panachee. — Vairt Longh Pan-ah-shay. 

Virgo\:leuse. — Yere-goo-leuz. 

Wilhelmine. — Wil-el-meen. 



Abricotee Rouge. — Ab-re-co-tay Rooje. 

Diapree Rouge. — De-ah-pray Rooje. 

Drap d'Or.— Drah-dor. 

Jaune Hative. — Jaun Hat-eve. 

Mirabelle. — Me-rah-bell. . 

Precoce de Tours. — Pray-cose de Too?» 

Prune Suisse. — Prune Su-ece. 

Royale Hative. — Rwoy-al Hat-eTS. 



INDEX TO THE DIFFERENT FIIUITS. 



[The standard names aro in Boman letters. The synonymous names in Italtc.] 



ALMONDS. 

PAGE 

A. e. Dulcis 431 

Amande Commune 431 

Amande Pistache 431 

Amande Pnncesse 431 

Amande Sultane 432 

Amandier d Coque Tendre. .'. 431 

Amandier d Gros Fruit. 432 

Amandier d Gros Fruit Bur . . 432 

Amandier d Petit Fruit 431 

Amandier Commun 431 

Amandier des Dames 431 

Amandier- PtcJier 431 

Amandier Pistache 431 

Amandier Sultane 432 

Bitter Almond 431 

Common Almond 431 

Common Sweet 431 

Dotix d Coque Tendre. 431 

Dwarf Double Flowering Almond.. .432 

Ladies' Tliin SJiell 431 

Large Double Flowering Almond . . 432 
Long Hard-Shell Almond 432 

Peach Almond 431 

Peach Mmond 431 

Pech&r 431 

Pistachia Sweet Almond 431 

Soft-Shell Sweet Almond 431 

Bultan. 432 

Sultan d Coque Tendre 431 

Sultana Sweet Almond 432 



APPLES. 

Abbott 72 

Abbott's Five- Sided Spice 72 

Abbott's Sweet 72 

Abe Lincoln 323 

Aberdeen. 286 

Abram 73 

Accidental. 286 



PAQH 

Acklam's Russet 73 

Aclemy Russet 73 

Adams 73 

Adams Pearmain 73 

.Msopus Spitzenbe^'g 164 

^sopus Spitzeniurg 164 

Agate D'Enckhuysen 73 

Agathe 73 

Agnes's 74 

Ailes 74 

Akiu's Winter. 422 

Alabama Pearmain 265 

Alant 74 

Albemarle Pippin 419 

Alexander 74 

Alfriston 74 

Alleghany 286 

Allemand. 74 

Allen's Choice 75 

Allen's Pippin 75 

All-Hallows 75 

All-Summer 75 

AUum 75 

Alsace 75 

Altlwrp Pippin 267 

Amber Crab 427 

Amelia 75 

American Beauty 75 

American Golden Pippin 76 

American Golden Russet 76 

American MannmGth 191 

American Newtown Pippin 201 

American Nonpareil 77 

American Peach 304 

American Pippin. 77 

American Plate 77 

American Red Juneating 157 

American Summer Peannatn. 78 

Ananas 78 

Ananas de Liege 79 

Angle 79 

Anglo-American 79 

Annaberger 341 

Api 244 

Api Petit 244 

Aporta 74 

Arabian Apple 304 

Arbroath Pippin 296 



1014 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

ArcMdiic Antoine 79 

Arley 417 

Aromatic Carolina 79 

Aromatic Rvisset 79 

Arundel Peai'main , . . 222 

Ashland 79 

Ashmead's Kernel 80 

Ashmore 80 

Asterus 80 

Astracan 422 

xistracanischer Sammeixipfel 401 

Astrachan .' 422 

Astrachaji Rouge. '. 823 

August Ajyple .'.155, 181 

August Sweet 250 

Augustine 80 

Augustus Pearmain . 80 

Aunt Anna 80 

Aunt Anna's Seedling 80 

Aunt Dm'cas 199 

Aunt Hannah 81 

Aunt Susan's Favorite 81 

Aunt's Apple 81 

Aurora . ... 388 

Aurore 195 

Austin Sweet 81 

Autumn Golden Pippin 81 

Autumn Pearmain 81 

Autumn Pippin 413 

Autumn Romanite 81 

Autumn Rose 82 

Autumn Seek-No-Farther 82 

Autumn Strawberry 250 

Autumn Sweet Bough 82 

Autumnal Swaar 82 

Autumnal Sweet Swaar 82 

Averill 83 

Awry Sweet 163 

Baccolinus 83 

Bache's Kernel 96 

Bachelor 109 

Bachelor's Blush 83 

Bachelor's Glory 83 

Backhouse's Lord Nelson 83, 284 

Baddow Pippin 83 

Baer 215 

Bagby Russet ... 159 

Bailey's Golden 83 

Bailey's Spice 84 

Bailey's Sweet 84 

Baker 84 

Baker's Sweet 84 

Baldwin 85 

Baldwin 226 

Baldwin Sweet 86 

Balgone Pippin 194 

Ball Apple 299 

Balm 84 

Baltimore 86 

Baltimore 74, 167, 191 

Baltimore Greening 86 

Baltimore Pippin, 86, 93, 191 



Baltimore Red ... 93, 98 

Baltimore Red Streak 93, 98 

Baltzby 87 

Bar 87 

Barbour 87 

Barcelona Pearmain 87 

Barchard's Seedling 87 

Bardin 175 

Bark Apple 88 

Barlow 135 

Bamham's Sweet 87 

Barnhilt 87 

Barre 88 

Barrett 88 

Barreifs Spitzenburgh 285 

Bars 88 

Bartlett 88 

Bartlett Ill 

Barton , 88 

Barton's Incomparable 88 

Batchelor 329 

Bauman's Reinette 88 

Baxter's Pearmain 89 

Bay Apple 148 

Bayfm'dbury Golden Pippin 194 

Beachemweil Seedling 89 

Beadell 89 

Bean Swirt 89 

Bear Sweet 89 

Beard Burden 152 

Beau 89 

Beau Rouge 219 

Beauty 378 

Beauty of America 75 

Beauty of Kent 89 

Beauty Red 132 

Beauty of the AVest 89 

Bedfm-d Sioeei. 323 

Bedfordshire Foundling 90 

Beefsteak 90 

Beeler's Russet 90 

Belden 90 

Belden Sweet 90 

Bell Dubois 332 

BdVs Ea/rly 356 

BelVs Scarlet Pearmain 347 

BellBonde 90 

Belle d' Angers 91 

Belle Bonne 91 

BeUe et Bonne 91 

Belle et Bonne 375 

Belle Fille 204, 412 

Belle-Fleur 324, 418 

Belle- Fleiir Rouge 324 

Belle Grideline 91 

Belle Orisdeline 91 

Belle JosepMne 191- 

Belledge 91 

Belledge Pippin 91 

Bellflower Pippin 91 

Belmont 93 

Bellefieur d§ France 183 

Bellefleur Ydlow . 418 



APPLES. 



1015 



Bdly Bminder 

Belpre Keeper 

Bei/pre Russet 

Belvoir Pippin 

Belzer 

Ben Apple 

Ben Davis 

Ben Harris 

Bennet 

Bennington 

Benoui 

Bentley's Sweet. . .... 

Benwell's Peannain 

Bere Court Pippin 

Bergner 

Berliner Ohssapfel 

Berry 

Berry Bough 

Bess Pool 

Best Bache 

Best Pool 

Bethlemite 

Betsey 

Betsy's Fancy 

Better than Good 

Bevan's Favorite 

Big Fruit 

Big HiU 286, 

Big Red 

Big Romanite 

Big Sweet 

Big Vnndevei'e 

Bigg's Nonsuch 

Billy Barker 

Billy Bond 

Billy's Pippin 

Bischoff's Reinette'. 

Bishop's Bourne 

BisJiop's Pippin of Nova Scotia .... 

Birmingham 

Birmingham Pippin 

Black American 

Black Annette 

Black Apple 

Black Apple 

Black Coal 

Black Detroit 

Black Gilliflower 

Black Jack 

Black Lady Apple 

Black Oxford 

Black Warrior. 

Blackburn 

Blackstone Valley Sweet 

Blair 

Blake 

Blakely 

Blakely 

Bland's Jubilee 

BlandUalie 



Bleckensderf er . 
Bledsoe Pippin. 



PAGE 

90 

92 

343 

93 

93 

165 

93 

210 

94 

356 

94 

94 

95 

95 

95 

341 

286 

358 

95 

96 

95 

96 

96 

96 

97 

97 

383 

316 

310 

302 

392 

391 

97 

97 

90 

97 

98 

98 

418 

97 

97 

99 

99 

99 

144 

98 

144 

99 

98 

245 

98 

98 

109 

98 

275 

99 

99 

265 

99 

212 

101 

99 

99 



Blenheim 100 

Blenheim Orange 100 

Blenheim Pippin 100 

Blinkbonny 100 

Blinkbanny Seedling 100 

Blockley 100 

Bkickley Pippin 100 

Blondin IOC 

Blooming Orange IOC 

Blue Mountain 101 

Blue Mountain Sweet 101 

Blue Pearmain 101 

Bhie Sweet 313 

Blufe Sweet 101 

Bhis7i June 118 

Boalsburg 101 

Boas 101 

Bodickheimer 341 

Bohannan 101 

Bonne de Mai. . . 148 

Bonne Rouge 219 

Bonne Virginie 103 

Bonum 102 

Bordeauer Gold Reinette 197 

Borden's Early 102 

Borovitsky 102 

Borsdorf Ognon 103 

Borsdorffer 103 

Bossom 103 

Boston Ribsset 342 

Botigne 103 

Bottle Greening 103 

Bough 250 

Bourassa ... 104 

Bowker 104 

Bowling's Sweei 104 

Bowyer's Russet 104 

Boxford 104 

Brabant Belle-fleur 105 

Brabant Bellflower 105 

Braddick's Nonpareil 104 

Bradford's Best 238 

Bradley's Autumn 104 

Bradley'^s Winter 399 

Brandy Apple 193 

Brandywine 104 

Brandytcine 276 

Braunschweig er Milch 275 

Bread-and- Cheese Apple 319 

Breedon Pippin 105 

Brennaman 105 

Brentford Grab 229 

Brewer 105 

Brewer's Pippin 105 

Brickley Seedling 105 

Bridgewater Pippin 106 

Brigg's Auburn 105 

BriU's Seedling 106 

Brimer 106 

Brinckeley White Sweet . 106 

Bringewood Pippin 106 

Bristol 106 

Uristol Pearmain IOC 



1016 



APPLES. 



TAay, 

Brittle Sweet. 107 

Broad-End 107 

Broad-Eye Pippin 107 

Broad Jiiver 339 

Broading 107 

BroadweU 107 

Broadwell Sweet 107 

Bromelia Ananas 78 

Bronson Sweet 108 

Brooke^s Pippin 201 

Brookes 108 

Broughton 109 

Brown 108 

Brown GocMe 129 

Brown Kenting 108 

Broicn's Golden Sweet 379 

Brown's Summer Beauty 108 

Brown^s Winter 108 

Brownite 108 

Brownlee's Russet 108 

Brownlee^s Seedling Riisset . 108 

Brubacker 167 

Brummage Pippin 97 

Buchanan 101 

Buchanan's Pippin 109 

BucMnan^s Seedling 109 

Buck Meadow 110 

Buckham 215 

Buckingham 109 

Buckley 124 

Bucks County Pippin 109 

Buel's Favorite 110 

Buel's Sweet 110 

Buff Ill 

BuflSngton's Early 110 

Bull's Golden Reinette Ill 

Bullett Ill 

BuMock's Pippin 76, 166 

BulMpe 152 

Buncombe 329 

Bunkum 829 

Burlington 285 

Burlington Greening 332 

Burr Knott 193 

Burr's Seedling Ill 

Burr's Winter Sweet Ill 

Burrell's Red Ill 

Burroughs Greening. 112 

BuTsd(yrff 103 

Bursdm-ffer 103 

Burst Open 112 

Bush 112 

Bush's Beauty 112 

Bushwhacker 112 

Butter 118 

Butter 375 

Butter Pippin 195 

Butters 85 

Byam's Sweet 113 

Byer's 109 

Byer's Red 109 

Byson Wood 113 

Byson Wood Russet 113 



piea 

Caas 134 

Cabashea 113 

Cabbage Head 113 

Cable's Gilliflower 86 

Cache 113 

Gadeau du General 392 

CaiUot Bosat 328 

Gain 235 

Cake Apple 113 

Caldwea. 344 

Caleb Sweet 113 

Calefs Sweet , 114 

Calf Pasture 123 

Calkin's Pippin. 368 

Calville Ananas de Liege 79 

Calville Blanc 372 

Calville Blanche a Cote's 114 

Calville Blanche d^£te 372 

Calville Blanche d'Hiver. 401 

Calville d'Angleterre 133 

Calville d'Automne. 324 

CalviUe d'JEte 371 

Calville d'Hiver de Mensfield 272 

Calville des Prairies 312 

Calville Etoile 165, 360 

Calville Malingre 114 

GalviUe Bouge 324, 328 

CalviUe Bouge WAnjou 328 

CalviUs Bouge d'Automne. 182, 324 

Calville Rouge de Micoud 114 

Calville Rouge dEte 371 

Calville Rouge dHiver 328 

Calville Rouge Normande 328 

Calville Royale dHiver. 328 

Calville Saint Sauveur 345 

CalviUe Tulipee 387 

Calville tyraie des Allemands 328 

Camack's Sweet 114 

Cafmack''s Winter Sweet 114 

Cambridge Pippin . : 90 

Cambusnethan Pippin 115 

Camnesar. 404 

Campbell 114 

CampheUite 405 

Campfield 115 

Can 115 

Canada Pippin 402 

Canada Reinette 115 

Canada Reinette Gris 204 

Canada Reinette Grise 116 

Canada Sweet 218 

Canadian Reinette 115 

Gane 235 

Cane Creek Sweet 116 

Cann. 115 

Cannon Pearmain 116 

Canterbury Reinette 116 

Ca/pendu 134 

Capital 117 

Capron's Pleasant 117 

Caraway Russet 117 

Garbage 117 

Cardinal Red IH 



APPLES. 



1017 



PAGE 

Carey's Seedling 117 

Carlisle Codlin. 117 

Carmel Sweet 117 

Carnahan's Favorite 117 

Carnation 118 

Carolina 402 

Ca/roUna Baldmn 118 

(Carolina Greening 201 

Carolina June 119 

Carolina Red June 118 

Carolina Red StreaTc. 93 

Carolina Bed Stripe 328 

Carolina Spice 286 

Carolina Striped June 119 

Carolina Sweet 119 

Carolina Watson 119 

Caroline 118 

Caroline 286, 402 

Caroline Augusta 118 

Carpenter 119 

Carpentin Reinette 120 

CarrelVs Seedling 306 

Carse of Qovyrie 384 

Carter 120 

Cart&r of Ala 265 

Carter's Blue. . , 120 

Cartefs Winter 265 

CartJwuse 191 

Carver 120 

Cary's Summer 120 

Case 120 

Cash Sweet 120 

Cassd Beinette 87 

Castle Major 131 

Cat's Head 285 

Catface 121 

Cathead 169, 324 

Cathead Oreening 121 

Cathead Sweet 121 

Catline 121 

Cato 121 

Catooga 121 

Catshead 121 

Catshead Beaufin 288 

Gatteli Apple. 291 

Cattoogaja 121 

Cayuga Bed Streak. 388 

Caywood 121 

Cedar Falls 122 

Celestia 122 

Cellini 122 

Challenge 122 

Chalmer^s Large 151 

Chaltra/m Pippin 286 

Champaigne Retaette 122 

Chamiplain 368 

Chandler. 122 

Chaney 123 

Chapman's Orange 123 

CMrles Ajyple 363 

Cha/rlea Pearmain 344 

Charley's Winter 123 

Ohase's Seedling 123 



PASS 

Chase's Winter Sweet 423 

Chatham Pippin 286 

Chattahoochie 123 

Cheat 147 

Cheatan Pippiii, 286 

Cheataw 286 

Cheese 123 

Cheese 365 

Cheese Apple. 367 

CheeseboTo 123 

Cheeseborough Russet 123 

Cheltenham 123 

Chenango Strawberry 124 

Cheney 124 

Cherry 422 

Chestatee 125 

Chester 125 

Chester Pearmain 125 

Chester Bed Streak 125 

Chester Spitzenberg. 125 

Chestoa 125 

Chicago 423 

Chicago 229 

Chief Good 135 

Chrisfs Deutsche Ooldreinclte 126 

Christ's Gold Reinette 126 

'Christiana 125 

Christie's Pippin 1 26 

Chronical 126 

Chucket Egg 382 

Church's Late Sweet 136 

Churchill Greening 136 

Citron des Carmes 136 

Citronen Reinette 186 

Clapper Flat 137 

Clara Pippin 127 

ClaTemont Pippin 158 

Clark'' s Seedling 255 

Clarke '. . - 127 

Clarke's Delaware 127 

Clarke Pearmain. 127 

Clarkson 127 

Claygate Pearmain 138 

Clayton 128 

Clepington 128 

Cley Pippin 128 

Clift&n Nonsuch 174 

Cling Tight 147 

Clissold's Seedling 254 

Clothes- ya/rd Apple 199 

Cluster 128 

Cluster Golden Pippin 128 

Cluster Pearmain 128 

Cluster Pippin 128 

Clyde Beauty 128 

Coate's 421 

Coatees Oreening 416 

Cobbetfs Fall Pippin 404 

Cobham 139 

Cobourg Pippin 139 

Coccagee 189 

Cockle Pippin 129 

Cocklin's Favorite 129 



1018 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Cocko Gee. 129 

Cockpit 129 

Coe's Golden Drop 129 

Coe's Spice 152 

Cceur de Pigeon 304 

Cogswell.. 130 

Gogsicell Pearmain 130 

Cole , 130 

Goleman 388 

Coles Quince 319 

Colonel VaugTin^s 392 

Golm^ed HarboTdJs Pippin 209 

Columbian 131 

GolumUan Russet 127 

Colvert 131 

Golville Bafrre 88 

Gompote 298 

Gomstockh Garden 186 

Conant's Red 131 

Goncoiiibre de^s GJiartreux 345 

Gondii Sweet 131 

Congress 131 

Gonnecticut Cake 113 

Connecticut Seek-no-Further 399 

Connecticut Summer Sweet 131 

Connett's Sweet 131 

Contin Reinette 131 ' 

Conway 132 

Cook's Red Winter 132 

CooMs Greening 416 

Cooledge's Favorite 132 

Cooper 132 

Cooper's Early White 132 

Cooper's Market 132 

Cooper'' s Bedling. 132 

Cooper's Russeting 132 

GopmantJwrpe Grab 151 

GoiMn 121 

Coral... 423 

Coral Blush 134 

Cordtmil 344 

Coi'iandre Rose 134 

Corlie's Sweet 133 

Cornell's Fancy 133 

GornelVs Favm-ite 133 

GomelVs Savewell 346 

Cornfield 133 

Cornish Aromatic 133 

Cornish Gilliflower 133 

Cornish July Flower 133 

Cornish Spice 133 

Corse's Favorite 133 

GomwaUisser 133 

Cos 134 

Costard 134 

CotsvUle Spitzenberg 134 

Cotton Apple 126 

Coulthao'd 134 

Court de Wick 135 

Court of Wick 135 

Court of Wick Pippin 135 

Court-pendu 134 

Court Pendu de Toumay 134 



Court-pendu Bore 19' 

Court-pendu Extra 134 

Court-pendu Oris 175 

Court-itendu Musqu'e 134 

Court Pendu Plat 1:34 

Court-pendu plat rovgedtre , , , 134 

Court-perdu Bond Qros 134 

Court Pendu Rosat 135 

Court Pendu Rose 135 

Court-pendu Bose 134 

Court-pendu Bouge Musque 134 

Cowarne Red 135 

Cowame's Queening 135 

Cos's Orange Pippin 135 

Cox's Pomona 135 

Cracking. 135 

Cram 136 

Cranberry. 136 

Cranberry Pippin 136 

Cranberry Russet 136 

Crane's Pippin 296 

Crawford 136 

Crawford's Keeper 136 

Cray Pippin 136 

Crayton 137 

Cream 137 

Credo's Quittenreinette 137 

Credo'' s Outten Beinette 137 

Creed's Marigold 137 

Creek 137 

Creeper 137 

Crego Red Streak 137 

Crimson Pippin 144 

Crimson Queening 137 

Crispin 138 

Crittenden 138 

Crofton Pippin 138 

Crook's Seedling 138 

Crooked Limb Pippin 151 

Cropsey's Favorite 138 

Crotcher 138 

Crow Egg 138 

Crow JSTest. 138 

CuUasaga 139 

Cullawhee 139 

Culp 139 

Cumberland Black 146 

Cumberland Seedling 139 

Cumberland Spice 139 

Currant Crab 423 

Curry's Red Winter 139 

Curtis Early Stripe 363 

Curtis Greening 140 

Curtis Sweet 140 

Cuslvman^s Black 328 

Custard 140 

Cut Pippin 140 

Guttugaja 121 

Baddy 322 

Dahlongea 140 

Dahlton 14C 

BdMton Pippi'n 14C 



APPLES. 



lOlS 



PAGE 

Dainty Apple 218 

DaWs Sweet Fall Queen 377 

Dame Jeannette 140 

Dan Pearmain 141 

Dana 141 

Dana Greening 141 

Dana's Striped Sweet 141 

Daniel 141 

Daniel's Apple 141 

Danvers Winter Sweet 141 

Dapper 141 

Darling Pippia 143 

Darlington 142 

Darlington Russet 142 

Dartmouch Sweet 142 

D'Asterus 80 

Davis 142 

Davis 296 

Dams White Bcllfloicer. 296 

Davis's Sweet 142 

Dawson's Cluster 142 

Day 143 

Dayton 143 

De Boutigne 103 

De Bretngne 115 

D' Espagne 404 

D'Em 148 

De Snint Julien 345 

De Witt 146 

Defiance 143 

Delaware 143 

Delaware 319 

Delight 143 

Democrat .143, 144 

Der Carpemtin 120 

Derrick's Graft 334 

Dernhinan 334 

Derry Nonsuch 144 

Deter (ling's Early 323 

Detroit 144, 296 

Detroit Black 144 

Detroit Red 144 

Devonshire Bnckland 144 

Devonshire Golden Ball 144 

Devonshire Quarrenden 145 

Devonshire Queen 145 

Devonshire Red Streak .* 145 

Devonshire Wilding 145 

DickskiU 145 

Dickson's Emperor 145 

Did Kernobst 145 

Diel's Eeinette 145 

Dietzer Rothe Mandel Reinette .... 145 

DUlingham 146 

Dinsmore. 144 

Dirck's Graft 334 

Disharoon 146 

Double Flowering Apple 423 

Double Flowering Chinese Crab. . . 433 

Double White Siberian Crab. 433 

Dobb's Kernel Golden Pippin 146 

Dobbel BeUeJleur. 183 

Doctor 146 



Doctor Fulcher. 146 

Doctor Harvey 211 

Doctor Helsham's Pippin 146 

Dr. Watson 82 

Dodge's Crimson , ... 146 

Dodge's Early Bed 356 

Domine 147 

Donnelan's Seedling 148 

Double Bdlefleur 183 

Doiix d! Angers 148 

Doux d' Argent 148 

Dow's Winter Pippin 148 

Dowell's Pippin 148 

Downing's Paragon 148 

Doionton Golden Pippin 148 

Downton Pippin 148 

Doionij 218 

Drap d'Or 148 

Drap d)Or 175 

Dredge's Beauty of WilU 211 

Dredge's Fair Maid of Wishford. .. 149 

Dredge's Fame < . . 149 

Dredge's Golden Pippin 149 

Dredge's WJdte Lily 144 

Du Haider 150 

Due d'Arsd 288 

Duchess of Oldenburgh 149 

Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Duckett 150 

Duffield Pippin 150 

DuifApfd. 304 

Duke of Beaufort's Pippin 150 

Duke of Devonshire 150 

Dulce Doman 151 

Diding 130 

Dmnehw's Crab 151 

Dumelow's Seedling 151 

Dumpling 151 

Duncan 151 

Dundee 195 

Dusten 151 

Dutch Codlin 151 

Dutch Mignonne 151 

Dutch Pearmain 194 

Dutcli Tulip 387 

Dutchess County Sweet 417 

Duzenbury 152 

Dyer or Pomme Royale 152 

Earl of Tarmouth's Pearmain 297 

Early Chandler 153 

Early Crofton 229 

Early French Beinette 153 

Ea7iy Golden Sweet 196 

Early Harvest 153 

Early Joe 154 

Early Joe 359 

Early Jennetting 402 

Early Julien 155 

Early Long Stem 155 

Early Marrow 155 

Early May 402 

Early Nonpareil 155 



1020 



APPLES. 



Early Pennock 155 

Early Queening 156 

Early Red Juneating 156 

Early Red Margaret 156 

Early Red Streak 156 

Early Bed Streak 211 

Early Red Sweet 156 

Early Ripe 156 

Early Spice 156 

Early Spice 155 

Early Strawberry 157 

EaAy Summer Pearmain 78 

Early Sweet 157 

Early Siceet BougJi 250 

Early Tart 157 

Early Tart Harvest 158 

Early Tart Harvest 313 

Early Wax 158 

Early Yellow Reinette 158 

East Grinstead 158 

East Grinstead 400 

Easter Pippin . . '. 158 

Eaton 158 

Edel Konig .■ 158 

Edgar's 159 

Edgerly^s Sweet 84 

Edler Winter Borsdoi'ffer 103 

Edmxmton^s Aromatic Pippin 239 

Edward Shantee 286 

Edward's 159 

Egg 402 

Egg Top 159 

Eggermont 159 

EggermonVs CalviMe 159 

Egyptian Belle 159 

Egyptian Russet 159 

Eighteen Ounce Apple 388 

Eldon Pippin 159 

Elford Pippin 160 

Elgin Pippin 404 

Elicke's Winter Sweet 160 

Elizaiet 195 

EUijay 160 

Ellis 160 

EUsworth 160 

Elton Pippin 148 

Embroidered Pippin ■ . . .148, 175 

Emperor 160 

Emperor Alexander 74 

Ene's Winter Sweet 160 

Enfield Pearmain 161 

English Beauty 161 

English Beauty of Pa 147 

English C'odlin 293 

English Crab 161 

English Gilliflower 161 

English Golden 196 

English Golden Russet 196 

English Grauat Reinette 162 

English Nonpareil 288 

English Pippin 195 

English Rambo 147 

English Bed Streak 147, 410 



English Red Stripe 328 

English Reinette 162 

English Russet 163 

English Sweet 163 

English Sweet 218 

English Vandevere 355 

Episcopal 169 

Jose's Sweet - 141 

Epsy 163 

Eptings Premium 163 

Eptings Red Winter 163 

Equinetely 109 

Erd Beere 324 

Erie Sweet 163 

Emsfs Pippin 292 

Esopus Spitzenburgh 164 

Esquire Millefs Best Sort 314 

Essex Pippin 164 

Esten 165 

Etoile 165 

Eustis 165 

Eve 159, 402 

Eve Apple of the Irish 156 

Eve of Scotland 265 

Evening Party 165 

Evergreen Apple Crab 422 

Ewalt 166 

Excel 166 

Exquisite 166 

Eyer's Greruing 166 

Fail-Me-Never 166 

Fair Maid 167 

Fair Maid of Taunton 167 

Fair's Nonpareil 167 

Fairbanks 166 

Fairfield Summer Queen 167 

Falder 167 

EaUBough 82 

Fall Butter 167 

Fall Cheese 265 

Fall de Walldes 167 

Fall Greening 167 

Fall Harvey 168 

Fall Jenneting 168 

Fall Limbertwig 168 

Fall Orange 168 

Fall Pearmain 168 

Fall Pippin 169 

Fall Pippin 404 

FaU Queen 109 

Fall Romanite 319 

Fall Seek-No-Further 170 

Fall Spitzenburgh 169 

FaU Sioaar of West 82 

Fall Vandevere . . 391 

Fall Wine 170 

Fall Winesap 171 

Fallawater 167 

Fallaioalder 167 

Fahcalder 167 

Fama Gusta., . . 171 

Fameuse 171 



APPLES. 



1021 



PAGF. 

VamUj 172 

Fancher 172 

Fanny 173 

Farleigh Pippin 173 

Farley Pippin 173 

Farley's Bed. 173 

Faros 205 

Farrar's Summer 337 

Fat Apple 176 

Father 174 

Father Apple 306 

Faust 174 

Fatisfs Winter 174 

Favorite 174 

Fay's Russet 174 

Feams Pippin 174 

Federal Pearmairi 174 

Felch 85 

FeU's Winter Sweet 174 

Fenley 175 

FennouiEet Jaune 148 

Fenouillet Gris 175 

Fenouillet Jaune '. 175 

FenouiUet Eouge 1 75 

Fenton Sweeting 386 

Ferdinand 175 

Ferris 175, 176 

Fei'i'is Pippin 174 

Fett 176 

Field 176 

Findlay Apple 367 

Findley 175 

Fink 176 

Fink's Seedling 176 

Finley 175 

First and Last 176 

Fish's Seedling 176 

FishkiU Beauty 176 

Fiske 177 

Five Crowned Pippin 255 

Flake's Fall 177 

Flanders Pippin 177 

Flanders Reinette 178 

Flat Apple 127 

Flat Pippin 178 

Flat Pippin 306 

Flat Sweet 178 

Fleet's Nonpareil 178 

Fleiner 178 

Flint Biissct 317 

Flora 178 

Florence Pippin 174 

Flory 179 

Flory's BeUfloicer 179 

Flower of Kent 179 

Flushing Seek-No-Further 202 

Flushing Spitzenburgh 179 

Focht 179 

Foote's Nonpareil. 179 

Forange 179 

Ford Apple 179 

Forelle 101 

Forest 180 



PAGR 

Forest Styre 180 

Forest Styre 365 

Forever Pippin ... . 123 

Forge ,., 180 

Forman's Crew 18C 

Formosa Pippin 33S 

Fomwalder ^ 167 

Forsyth {not of Coxe) 158 

Forsythe's Seedling 286 

Fort Miami 180 

Foster Sweet 180 

Fouldon Pearmain 181 

Foundling 181 

Fourth of July 181 

Foust 174 

Fowler 354 

Fox- Whelp 182 

Foxley Crab 423 

Fragrant 423 

Fraise 182 

Framboise 182 

Frarnboos 182 

Franchot 182 

Frank 124 

Frank Bamiour 370 

Frankfort Queen 109 

Franklin's Golden Pippin 182 

Franz Bennette 184 

Franzosische Edelreinette 184 

Freeman 183 

Freeze and Thaw 183 

Fremont Pippin 183 

French 188 

French Bellflower 183 

French Crab 183 

Frenah Crab 158, 273 

French Nonpareil 183 

French Pippin 184 

French Pippin 184, 285 

French Pippin of Indiana 151 

French Reinette 184 

French Russet 184 

French's Sweet 184 

Friar 184 

Frisland Reinette 184 

Frith Pippin 265 

Frith Pitcher 265 

Fronclin 185 

Front Door 185 

Fry^s Pippin 135 

Fuller 354 

FuUerton Sweet 185 

Fulton 185 

Fulton Strawberry 185 

Fulwood 185 

Funkhouser 93 

Gabriel.... 186 

Gaesdonker Gold Reinette... .... . 186 

Ganges 186 

Garden 186 

Garden Apple 90 

Garden Royal 186 



1022 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Grarden Stripe 187 

Garden Sweet : 187 

Qardefncr''s Ajypie 281 

Gardnei Sweet 188 

Gardner Sweeting 188 

Gardner's Sweet Pearmain 188 

OarnorCs A'pple 134 

Garret Pippin 103 

Garrettson's Early 188 

Garter 188 

Gate 92 

Gault's Bellflower 188 

Gaumont 188 

Gay's Bamanite 302 

General Grant 423 

General Haskell 188 

Generate 298 

Genesee Chief 188 

Geneva Pearmain 368 

Geneva Pippin 189 

Gennetting 402 

Gentle's Barge Red 189 

George 189 

Gem^gia June . .'. 118 

Gestreifter Sommer Zimmetapfel. . 190 

Gewiss Good 190 

Gewiss GutJi 190 

Giant 190 

Giles 190 

Gilletfs SeeMng 340 

Gilpin 191 

Ginctting 402 

Gipson's Kentucky 191 

Gipsoii's Kentuohy Seedling 191 

Girhin Pippin '. . 417 

Glaoe Eouge 87 

Glace de Lelande 401 

Gladney's Red 191 

Glammis Castle 384 

Glanz Reinette 191 

Glazenicood Gloria Mundi. ........ 191 

Gleason Sweet 191 

Glendale 191 

Gloria Mundi 191 

Glory of England 192 

Glory of tlie West 192 

Glory of York 333 

Gloucester Pearmain 127 

Gloucester White 192 

Goble Russet 192 

Gogar Pippin 192 

Golay 192 

Gold Reinette von Bordeaux 197 

Golden 192, 424 

Golden Apple 76 

Golden Ball 192 

Golden Burr 193 

Golden Drop 135 

Golden Goss 193 

Golden Harvey 193 

Golden Knob 193 

Golden Lustre 193 

Golden Monday 193 



FAQI 

Golden Noble 193 

Golden Nonpareil 194 

Golden Pearmain 194 

Golden Pearmain 127 

Golden Pippin 194, 195 

Golden Pippin 76, 92, 169, 258, 296 

Golden Red 195 

Golden Reinette 195 

Golden Reinette of Vanderlaans. . 195 

Golden Russet 196 

Golden Russet 76, 303 

Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 196 

Golden Seedling 196 

Golden Spice 152 

GoldenStreak 196 

Golden Sweet 196 

Golden Stceet 290 

Golden Vining 224 

Golden Wilding 197 

Golden Worcester 197 

Golding 76 

Goodyear 198 

Goodyear'' s Seedling 198 

Gooseberry 198 

Gooseberry Pippin 198 

Gould's Sweet 198 

Governor 198 

Governor Charter 198 

Govern-or Chartefs Seedling 198 

Gowden 286 

Gracey 198 

Grafton Sweet 349 

Graham^ s Bed Warnor 286 

Grand Sachem 144 

Grandfather 129 

Grandmother 361, 414 

Gi'andmothefs Apple. 199 

Grange 198 

Grange's Pearmain 199 

Grange's Pippin 199 

Granite Beauty 199 

Graniwinkle 199 

Granny Buff. Ill 

Granny Earle 199 

Grape Vine 114 

Chrau Osnabrucker Beinette 296 

Graue Pm'tugiesische Beinette 310 

Grauwe Franse Bennett. 412 

Grave Slije 199 

Gravenstein 199 

Gray Apple 308 

Gray Pippin 170 

Gray Bomanite ,191, 319 

Greasy Back 306 

Greasy Pippin 258, 296 

Great Pearmain 413 

Great Unknown 200 

Green Abram Ill 

Gh'een BeUflmcer 296 

Green Cheese 201 

Green Cossings 344 

Green Crank 201 

Green Domine 201 



AFPIJBS. 



102i 



Oreen Vulwood 185 

Green Mountain Pippin 201 

Oreen Mountain Fifypin 167, 393 

Green Newtown Pippin 201 

Green Nonpareil 303 

Green Reinette 202 

Green Seek-no-Further 202 

Green Skin 201 

Green Street Apple 395 

Green Sweet 203 

Green Sweet 302 

Green Sweet of Indiana 203 

Green Tiffin 203 

Green Vandevere 391 

Green Winter Pippin 201 

Green Woodcock 203 

Green's Choice 201 

Greening 201 

Greenup's Pippin 208 

Greenus's Pippin 203 

Gregson Apple 121 

Greist's Fine Winter , 203 

Grey Canada Reinette 204 

Grey French Reinette 204 

Grey Leadington 204 

Grey Leadington Pippin 204 

Grey Reinette 204 

Greyhouse 204 

Griffith 204 

Grimes Golden 205 

Grimes' Golden Pippin. .' 205 

Grindstone 77 

Grise 308 

Groene Franse Benette. 203 

Groene Eenet 202 

Grooveland Sweet 206 

Gros Api Rouge 244 

Gros Ccmr de Pigeon 304 

Gros Faros 205 

Grosh ; 205 

Grosse Beinette d'Angleterre 115 

Grosser Gasselar Eeinette 151 

Grosser Edler Prinzessinapfel. 314 

Grotcm 181 

Grouzier 206 

Grumas Pippin 97 

Grummage Pippin 97 

Grune Reinette 202, 288 

Grilnling von Rhode Island 332 

Graver's Early 206 

Guernsey Pippin 206 

Gullett 206 

Gully 206 

Gully 265 

Guttry 226 

Eaas 223, 259 

HabenBham's Pearmain 206 

Haghe 367 

Hagloe Crab 206 

Hague Pippin 207 

Eiain 207 

142 



PAGH 

Hall 207 

Hall Door 207 

HaWsRed 207 

HalVs Seedling. 207 

Hall's Sweet 208 

HaUum 75 

Hambleton Deux Ans 208 

Hamilton 208, 305 

Hammond 208 

Hampshire Greening 350 

Hampshire Yellow 240 

Hampton Bellflower 208 

Hampton's Fall Sweet 208 

Hampton's Honey Sweet 208 

Hampton's Late Sweet 209 

Hampton's Russet 209 

Hampton's Siberian Crab 424 

Hancock 209 

Hang-On 388 

Hannah 209 

Hanover Seedling 89 

HanweU Soiiring 209 

Harbord's Pippin 209 

HardingharrC s Russet 305 

Hardskin 220 

Hardtoiak 873 

Hare 209 

Hargreave's Green Sweet 210 

Harkn^s New Favorite 326 

Harmony 155 

Harnish 210 

Harrigan 275 

Harris ." 210 

Harrison 210 

Harry Sweet 210 

Hartford 220 

Hartford Sweet 210 

Harvest Red Streak 211 

Harvey 211 

Harvey's Pippin 211 

Harvey's Wiltshire Defiance 21 1 

Haskell Sweet 211 

Haute Bonte 213 

Haverstraw Pippin , 368 

Hawberry Pippin 219 

Hawley 212 

Hawthornden 212 

Hay Boys 213 

Hay'^s Winter. 410 

Haymaker 140 

Heaster 215 

Hector 213 

Heicke's Winter Sweet 255 

HeidehcJier 224 

Heilige JvMans Apfd 345 

Heister 215 

Helen's Favorite 213 

HemphiU 213 

Hempstead 362 

Henrick Siceet 378 

Henry Apple 213 

Henry Sweet . 378 

Hensha/w lOS 



1024 



APPLES. 



PAGT!! 1 

Henwood 213 

Hepler 213 

HerbstricTi Apfel 298 

Herefordshire Ooldcn Pippin 194 

Herefordshire Pearmain 214 

Herefordshire Queening 137 

Herefordshire Red Streak 328 

Herman 214 

Hermann 214 

Hess 214 

Hetterich 214 

Hewe's Virginia Crab 214 

Hewitt's Sweet 215 

Hick's 215 

HioKs Fancy 155 

Hiester 215 

Hig-by Sweet 215 

Highlander 216 

Hightop 216 

Hightop Sweet 216 

Hill's Favorite 217 

HUl's Sweet 217 

Hilton 217 

Hinckman 284 

Hinnersley 217 

Hoary Morning 218 

Hobb's Sweet 218 

Hockett's Sweet 218 

Hocking 384 

Hodge's Limber Twig 218 

Hog Island Sweet 218 

Hogan 147 

Hogpen 168 

Holbert's Victoria 218 

Holcomb 218 

Holden 168 

Holden Pippin 168 

HoUady 219 

Holland Pippin 219 

Holland Sweet 219 

HoUandbury 219 

HoUingbvry 219 

Hollow Core 219 

Hollow Core 321 

Hollow- Gored Pippin 296 

Hollow Crown 220 

Hollow Crown Pearmain 255 

Hollow Crown Pippin 220 

Holhw-Eyed Pippin 220 

Holly 220 

Holmes 220 

Holmes's Sweet 220 

Holsten Sweet 220 

Hominy 356 

Hommacher Apfel 140 

Honemaker Pippin 140 

Honej- Greening 281 

Honey Greening 203 

Honey Sweet 221 

Honey Sweet 221, 404 

Hood 221 

HoixTs Seedling 221 

Hooker 221 



PAG» 

Hoopea 204 

Hoover 221 

Hopkins 222 

Hopper 223 

Hopsey 204 

Hormead Pearmain 222 

Hoi'mead Pip/pin 222 

Horn 223 

Horrex^s Pearmain 181 

Horse 175 

Horse Apple 223 

Ho7'se Block 265 

Horsham Eusset . . , 223 

Horsley Pippin 219 

Hoskreiger 224 

House 170 

Housum's Red 224 

Howard 286 

Howard Russet 123 

Howard's Bdgemont 224 

Howard's Sweet 84 

Howhurry Pippin 219 

Howe Apple 415 

Howe's Russet 342 

Hower 170 

Hubbard 224 

Hubbard 286 

Hubbard's Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Russet Pearmain 224 

Hubbard's Sugar 224 

Hubbardston 224 

Hubbardston Nonsuch 224 

Hubbardton Pippin 225 

Hudson Red Streak 235 

Hughes 225 

Hughes' Golden Pippin 225 

Hughes' Virginia Grab 214 

Hull Blossom 226 

Hull Sweet 226 

Hunge 226 

Hunger 226 

Hunt 226 

Hunt's Connecticut 226 

Hunt's Deux Ans 226 

Hunt's Duke of Gloucester 227 

Hunts Fine Green Pippin 201 

Hunfs Green Neictoion Pippin 201 

Hunts Nonpareil 227, 288 

Hunt's Russet 227 

Hunthouse 226 

Hurlbut 227 

Hurlbut Stripe 227 

Hurlbut Sweet 163 

Hutcheson 228 

Hutching'' s Seedling 366 

Hutchison's Winter Sweet 424 

Hutton Square 228 

Hyde's Sweet 416 

Hyslop 424 

Imperial 228 

Impm'ial Vandevere 391 

Indeed Good 190 



1025 



PAGK 

Indian Prince 228 

Indian Q,ueen 155 

Indiana Beauty 228 

Indiana Favorite 228 

Indiana Jannetting 321 

Indiana Vandevere 391 

Ingram 229 

Inman 296 

Irish Godlin 265 

Irish Peach Apple 229 

Irish PitcJier. 265 

Irish Reinette 229 

Irish Busset 346 

Iron Apple 105 

Ironstone Pippin 158 

Island Beauty 229 

Isle of Wight Orange 229, 294 

Isle of Wight Pippin 229 

Isleworth Crab 229 

Italian Rose 229 

Jabe 230 

Jabez Sweet 230 

Ja^ik Apple 296 

Jackson 230 

Jackson Apple 124, 131 

Jackson Red 286 

Jackson''s Red 329 

Jacques Lebel 230 

James River 409 

James Rimr 253 

Jane 230 

Januarea 115 

Jarminite 230 

Jefferis 2c0 

Jefferson County 231 

Jeniton 321 

Jenkins 231 

Jennett 321 

Jennetting 402 

Jenning's Sweet 231 

Jenny Seedling 207 

Jersey Black 99 

Jersey Greening 296, 332 

Jersey Pippin 231 

Jersey Sweeting 231 

Jerusalem, 304 

Jewett's Best 232 

Jewett's Fine Red 232 

Joanneting 402 

Joannetten' s Reinette 140 

Joe Berry 285 

Joel 232 

John Carter 233 

John May 224 

Jno. Snepps' 356 

John's Sweet 233 

Johnson 233 

Johnson 328 

Johnson Russet 233 

Johnson''s Fine Winter 420 

Johnston''s Favorite 265 

JoUy Beggar 234 

G5 



PAOB 

Jonathan 232 

Jones' Pippin 168 

Journalaskia 235 

Jubilee Pippin 234 

Judge Andrews 234 

Juicy Bite 234 

Julian 234 

Julien 234 

JuMng 234 

July Apple 313 

Jtdy Pippin 153 

Junaliska 235 

Junaluskee 235 

June Stoeeting 326 

Juneating 402 

Juneting 402 

J uniting 403 

Kaighn's Spitzenburgh 235 

Kane 235 

Keddleston Pippin 235 

Keeping Red Streak 235 

Keeping Russet 236 

Keim 236 

Keiser 236 

Kdley White 92 

Kelsey 236 

Kelsey 220 

Kelsey Sweet 236 

Kelter 101 

Kempster''s Pippin 100 

Keney's Sweet 210 

Kennebec- Russet 236 

Kennedy's Red Winter 236 

Kenney 237 

Kenrick 237 

KenricKs Autumn 237 

KenricKs Red Autumn 237 

Kent 237 

Kentish Broading 237 

Kentish Broading 107 

Kentish FUl-Basket 237 

Kentish Pippin 237 

Kentucky 238 

Kentucky Cream 238 

Kentucky King 238 

Kentucky Pippin 93 

Kentucky Queen 109 

Kentucky Red Streak 238 

Kentucky Sweet 238 

Kerry Pippin 239 

Keswick Codlin 239 

Ketchum's Favorite 239 

Kikita 240 

Kilham HiU 240 

Kinellan 240 

King 103, 109, 113, 246 

King Apple 241 

King George the Third 103 

King Philip 232 

King of the Pippins 240 

King Tom 241 

King of Tompkins County 241 



I02G 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Kingsbury Russet 123 

Kingsley 241 

Kingston Black 241 

Kinney • 241 

Kirk's Lord Nelson 242 

Kirkbridge White 241 

Kirke's O olden Reinette 195 

Kirkes Lemon Pippin 252 

Kirke\<i Scarlet Admirable 219 

Kirtland 241 

Kirtland^s Seedling 241 

Kittageskee 242 

Klaproth 242 

Ki^ne Casseler Reinette 87 

Kleine Oraue Reinette 120 

Knickerbocker 243 

KnigMs Codling 416 

KnigMs Golden Pippin 148 

KnigMs Red June 118 

Kniglitimch Pippin 135 

Knobbed Russet 243 

Knobby Russet 243 

Knowles' Early. 243 

Knox Russet ' 243 

Konig's Reinette 243 

Koening''s Pippelin 194 

Kohl 243 

Kool-appel 321 

Kountz 285 

Kram 136 

Krauser. 243 

Krauter Reinette 244 

Krouser 243 

Krowser 243 

La GaneUe 190 

La Mhre des Pommes 321 

Labute 244 

Lacker 244 

Lacifs Nonpareil. 155 

Ladie£ Blush 186, 215 

Ladies^ Fa.vorite 109 

Ladies' Sweet 246, 378 

Lady Apple 244 

Lady Blush 245 

Lady Cheek Sweet 215 

Lady Crab 424 

Lady Finger 245 

Lady Finger 235 

Lady Fitspatriek. 120 

Lady de Grey'^s 237 

Lady Haley's Nonsuch 246 

Lady Washington 132, 257, 418 

Lady of the Wemyss 246 

Lady's Delight 246 

Lady's Fancy. 246 

Lady''s Finger 402 

Lady's Seedling 246 

Ladj'eSweet 246 

Lady's Sweeting 246 

Lady's "\ATiite 247 

Lafayette 247 

Lake 248 



Vkat 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

Lamb Abbey Pearmain 248 

Lancashire Crab , 270 

Lancaster Crab 27(5 

Lancaster Greening 248 

Lancaster Pippin 248 

Lancaster Queen 370 

Lancaster Sweet 248 

Landon 248 

Lane's Red Streak 249 

Lane's Sweet 249 

Lansingburgh 249 

Laquier 244 

Large Black 144 

Large Early Red 323 

Large Fall Pippin 404 

Large Golden Pippin 195, 368 

Large Rambo 319 

Large Red Siberian Crab 424 

Large Rrnnanite 302 

Large Striped Winter Pearmain. .. 363 
Large White Lncompar able Crab... 402 

Large White Juneating 158 

Large Yellow Bough 250 

Large Yellow Siberian Crab 425 

Large Tdlow Summer 259 

Larue's Big Green 250 

Lasting Vandervere 391 

Late Bough 82 

Late Carse of Gowrie 384 

Late Chandler 122 

Late Golden Siceet 84 

Late Strawberry 250 

Late Sweet. 251 

Late Wine 251 

Latham 251 

Lauren's Greening 251 

Lawver 251 

Le Go'and Bohemian Borsdorffer. .. 103 

Leadington's Grauer Pippin 204 

Leanham 286 

Leather Apple 308 

Leather Coat Russet 293, 343 

Leaver 251 

Ledge Sweet 252 

LeecKs Red Winter 223 

Leicester Sweet 252 

Leithemer Streifling 252 

Leland Pippin 252 

Leland Spice 252 

Lemon 338 

Lemon Pippin 252 

Lesher 252 

Lewis 253 

Lewis's Incomparable 253 

Lexington Queen 109 

Liberty 25fl 

Libhart 280 

Ligoz 253 

Lily Buckland 144 

Lima 388 

Limber Twig 353 

Lincoln Pippin. 415 



APPLES. 



1027 



PAGE 

Lincolnshire Holland Pippin 253 

Lindenwald 254 

Lindley's Nonpareil 254 

Lippincott Sweet 254 

lAppincotfs Early 371 

Litchfield Pippin 254 

Little Beauty 254 

lAttle Pearmain 76 

Little E<yinamte 191 

Little Vandevere 391 

Loan's Pearmain 254 

Locy 254 

Lodgemore Nonpareil 254 

Loiidon Oolden Pippin 194 

Loudon Pippin 255 

London Sweet 255 

London Winter Sweet 255 

Londonderry 144 

Long Island 168 

Long Island Pearmain 255 

Long Island Pippin 255 

Long Island Russet 255 

Long John 255 

Long John .- 235 

Long May 402 

Jjong Pearmain 235 

Long's Red Winter 256 

Long Start 256 

Long Stem 256 

Long Stem Sweet 84 

Longville's Kernel 256 

Lop- Sided Pearmain 270 

Lord Burgldey 257 

Lord Burleigh 257 

Lord Owydfs Newtown Pippin. ... 74 

Lord Suffield 257 

Lorick Cluster 257 

Loring Sweet 257 

Loudon Pippin 257 

Louise Renard 257 

Loure Queen 258 

Loveden^s Pijypin 288 

Lovett's Sweet 258 

Lowell 258 

Lowre Queen 258 

Luce's Early Joe 259 

Lucombe's Pine- Apple 259 

Lucomlie's Seedling 259 

Ludwig 259 

Lutticher Ananas Calville 79 

Lyman's Large Summer 259 

Lyman'' s Pumpkin Sweet. 317 

Lyon's Sweet 259 

Lyscom 259 

McAdow's June. 181 

McAfee's Nonsuch 260 

McAfee's Red 260 

McCoy's Pippin 260 

McDaniel 260 

McDowell's Sweet 260 

McHenry 260 

Mclntire's Sweeting. 266 



McKim's Vanderverc 261 

McKinley 261 

McLellan 261 

McLoud's Family 172 

MacKay Sweet 260 

Mackie's Clyde Beauty 128 

Maclean's Favorite 261 

Macomber 262 

Madeleine. 371 

Mage's Johnny 203 

Magnijique 228 

Magnolia 262 

Magnum Bonum 102 

Magoun Apple 114 

Maiden's Apple 263 

Maiden's Blush 262, 425 

Maiden''s Bosom 283 

Maiden's Favorite 263 

Major 263 

Mala Carle 263 

MalPranche 228 

Mamma 263 

Mamma Beam 92 

Mammoth 195 

Mammoth June 264 

Manaen 264 

Mangum 265 

Mank's Codlin 265 

Mannington's Pearmain 265 

Manomet 265 

Manomet Sweet 265 

Mansfield Russet 265 

Marble Sweet 266 

March'' s Red Seedling 266 

March's Red Winter 266 

Marengo 425 

Margaret 156 

Marga,retha Apfel 156 

Margil 266 

Maria Bush 266 

Marietta Russet 342 

Marigold Pippin 294 

Marks 267 

Marmalade Pippin 267 

Marrow Pippin 296 

Marshall 267 

Marshall's Sweet 267 

Marston's Red Winter 267 

Martin 268 

Martin 261 

Martin Nonpareil 268 

Mary 268 

Maryland Beauty 268 

Maryland Cheese 367 

Masten 268 

MasterCs Seedling. 268 

Master's 268 

Master's Seedling 268 

Matapfel 341 

Matchless 73, 285 

Matlock's Summer 269 

Matson 269 

Mattamuaket 369 



1028 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Matthew Stripe 259 

Mauck 269 

Maverack's Sweet 269 

Maxey 270 

Maxfield 265 

May 270 

May 270, 402 

May Apple 270 

May of Myers 270 

May Pippin 402 

May Seek-no-Farther 270 

May Seek-Tw-Further. 270 

May of Virginia 402 

Meach 270 

Meachem Sweet 282 

Meader's Winter 425 

Meadow Sweet i 270 

Mear's Seedling 271 

Mear's Sweet 271 

Megginch Favorite 195 

Meig's 329 

Meister 271 

Mela Garla 263 

Mela di Carlo 263 

Mela di Rosmarino rossa 327 

Melon 271 

Melrose 272 

Melt in the Mouth 272 

Melt in the Mouth 302 

Melting Pippin 296 

Melvin Sweet 272 

Menagere 273 

Menouisten Reinette 272 

Mensf elder Oulderling 272 

Mensf elder Winter Calville 272 

Mensfield Calville 272 

Mercer 273 

Mere de Menage 273 

Merit 109 

Merrill's 273 

MerriWs Apple 273 

Merritfs Pearmain 342 

Merritt's Sweet 273 

Merwin 273 

Methodist 273 

Metoiree 273 

Mexico 273 

Michael Henry Pippin 274 

Michigan Beauty 351 

Michigan Golden 258 

Middle 274 

Middlebourg Reinette 274 

Mifflin King 275 

Mignorme d'Hiver 275 

Milam 275 

Milch 275 

Milch Apfel 275 

Millcreek Vandevere 355 

Miner 275 

Miller. 215 

Miller's Apple 812 

Miller'' s Seedling 160 

Milton Oolden Pippin 194 



PAOf 

MinchaUCrab .,. 276 

Minclmrn's Crab 276 

Minier's Dumpling 276 

Minister 276 

Minkler 276 

Minshul Crab 276 

Mishler's Sweet 276 

Mississippi 191 

Missouri Janet 321 

Missouri Keeper 363 

Missouri Pippin 286 

Missouri Bed 286 

Missourian 363 

Mitchelson 277 

MitchelsorD s Seedling 277 

Mittel 274 

Mrs. Weaver'' s Sweet 255 

Mobbs. 286 

Molasses 277 

Molasses Sweet 3l3 

Molly Whopper 167 

Monarch 277 

Monarch Sweet 277 

Monk's Favorite 277 

Monkland Pippin 277 

Monkton 277 

Monmouth Pippin 278 

Monstow^s Pepping 193 

Monstrous Eellflower 278 

Monstrous Pippin 191 

Montalivet 278 

Montreal Beauty 425 

Moore 279 

Moore's Extra 279 

Moore's Greening 279 

Mom'e's Seedling 279 

Moore's Sweet 279 

Moorhen Pippin 279 

Moose Apple 282 

Moreland 279 

Morgan White 279 

Morgan's Favorite 388 

Morris's Court of Wick 280 

Morris's Russet 280 

Morris's Sack and Sugar 345 

Morrison Sweet 280 

Morrison's Red 280 

Morton 280 

Morto7i's Seed!i7ig 280 

Moses Wood 280 

Moss's Incomparable 280 

Mote's Sweet 281 

Mother 281 

Mother Davis , 282 

Motteux's Seedling 89 

Mountain Belle 282 

Mountain Pippin , 167 

Mountain Sweet 282 

Mountain Vandevere 391 

Mountaineer 282 

Mouse Apple. 282 

MuncMs Pippin 266 

Munson Sweet 28? 



APPLES. 



1029 



MuTphy 

Muscat Reinette . , . 
Museau de Levre, . . . 
Miisqrov^s Cooper. . 

Musk Spice 

Muskmelon 

Muster 

My&r's Nonpareil. . . 
MygaWs Bei'gainot. 



Naigle's Winter 

Nanny 

Nantahalee 

Ne Plus Ultra 

Neasley Bellfloicer 

Nectar 

Ned 

Needle 

Needles 

Neisley Bellflower 

Neisley^s Winter Fenielc 

Nelken Apfel 

Nelson 

Nelson's Codliu 

Nequassa 

Nequassa Sioeet 

Neverf ail 

Neverfail 166, 

Neversink 

New BrunsicdGk 

New Jersey' Bed Streak 

New Late Reinette 

New London Pifypin 

Neio Nonpareil 

New Rock Pippin 

New Scarlet Nonpareil 

New Small Lemon Pippin 

New York Gloria Mtmdi 

New York Greening 

Neto York Pippin 

New Yoi'k Spice 

Newark King 

Newark Pippin 

Neicark Sweeting 

Newhold^s Admiral Duncan 

Neiobold's Duke of York 

Newbury 

Newtoion Greening , 

Neictoicn Pippin 

Newtown Spitzenburgh 

Nichols Sweet 

Niekajack 

Nieman^s BotJie Reinette 

Nieman's Red Reinette 

Nix Green 

Noblesse de Grand 

Nodhead 

Nonpareil 

Nonpareil d'Angletm^e 

Nonpareil Russet 

Nonsuch 

Nonsuch 

Norfolk 



PACE 

382 
282 
, 304 
89 
170 
383 
283 
291 
152 

283 
283 
283 
109 
284 
283 
283 
284 
178 
284 
302 
133 
284 
284 
284 
284 
266 
321 
284 
149 
155 
285 
255 
155 
285 
347 
285 
191 
76 
93 
252 
284 
285 
115 
344 
344 
285 
76 
201 
285 
286 
286 
287 
287 
288 
288 
232 
288 
288 
288 
288 
288 
288 



Norfolk Beauita , . 28!J 

Noj'folk Beefing 288 

Norfolk Golman 413 

Norfolk Paradise 288 

Norfolk Pippin 73 

Norfolk Stone Pippin 289 

Norfolk Storing 289 

Norfolk Storing 412 

No7'th American Best 313 

North Carolina Greening Ill 

No^'thern Golden Sweet 290 

Northern Greening 135 

Northern Hardskin 230 

Northern Spy 289 

Northern Sweet 390 

Northfield Beauty 390 

Northwick Pippin 100 

Noi'ton's Melon. 371 

Nottingham Pippin 290 

Niirsery 290 

Nutmeg Cockle 129 

Nutmeg Pippin 129 

Nyack Pippin 368 

Oakes 290 

Oat Harvest 243 

Oblong-Fruited Siberian Crab 425 

Oconee Greening 291 

Ofine 291 

Ogdensburg 291 

Ogleby 291 

Ohio Beauty 89 

Ohio Favorite. 296 

Ohio Nonpareil 291 

Ohio Pippin 292 

Ohio Red Streak 292 

Ohio Wine 170 

Ohlinger 293 

Old English Codlin 293 

Old Field 293 

Old Golden Pippin 194 

Old House 293 

Old Hundred 293 

Old Maid's 243 

Old Nonpareil 288 

OldNojisuGh 324 

Old Pearmain 214, 413 

Old Royal Russet 293 

Old Town Crab 293 

Old Town Pippin 293 

Old Town Pippin 224 

Oldakefs New 74 

Oline 294 

Olive 294 

Omar Pasha 294 

Onstine 416 

Osceola 296 

Osgood's Favorite 259 

Oskaloosa 296 

Oslm 296 

Osnabrucker Reinette 296 

Osterley 297 

Osterley Pippin 297 



1031 



APPLES. 



PAGK 

Ostogate 297 

Ostogate ]48 

Orange 294, 425 

Orange 168, 258, 369 

Orange Pippin 294 

Orange Pippin 229 

Orange Sweet 295 

Orange Sweet 282 

Orange Sweeting 196 

Ord 295 

Ord's Apple 295 

Original Nonpareil. 288 

Orleans Reinette 295 

Omdorf 295 

Ome's Early 295 

Ortley 296 

Ortley Pippin 296 

Overman's Sweet. 297 

Oviatt 297 

Owen's Golden Beauty. 402 

Ox 297 

Ox Apple 191 

Ox-Uye 109, 285 

Ox Sweet 297 

Ox Sweet 417 

Oxford Peach 347 

Qsmead Pearmain 297 

Padley's Pippin 298 

Padleifs Royal George Pippin 298 

Palmer Greening 396 

Panden Sweet 298 

Panther 346 

Pa/per Apyple 368 

Paradise Pijypin 402 

Paradise Winter Sioeet 414 

Park Apple 298 

Park Spice 298 

Parmentier Reinette 298 

Parmin 214 

Parmin Royal 214 

Parrot Reinette 298 

Parry's Pearmain 298 

Passe Pomme 304 

Passe Pomme d'Automne 298 

Passe Pomme de Canada 343 

Passe Pomme Cotellee 298 

Passe Pomme Rouge 299 

Passe Pomme Rouge d^Automne. . . . 298 

Patch's Russet 299 

Paternoster Apfel 151 

Paterson's Sweet 299 

Paterson's Sweet. 84 

Patton 265 

Pawpaw 299 

Pawsan 299 

Peach 299 

Peach-Pond Sweet 300 

Pear 300 

Pear-Apple 300, 319 

Pea/r Lot 408 

Pear-Tree Lot 408 

Pearmain 413 



FA6I 

Pearmain d'Hiver 413 

PearsaU's Sweet 300 

Pearson's Early 300 

Pearson's Plate 301 

Peck's Pleasant 301 

Pecker 85 

Pelham Sweet 302 

Pelican 302 

Pennington's Seedling 302 

Pennock 302 

Pennock's Red Winter 302 

Pennsylvania Cider 354 

Pennsylvania Red Streak 410 

Pennsylvania Sweet 302 

Pennsylvania Simeting 302 

Pennsylvania Vandevere 391 

Pennsylvania Wine Sap 302 

Peoples' Choice 302 

Pepin Limon de GaUes 252 

Pepin d!Or 194 

Pepin d) Or Allemand 74 

Pepin Parmain d^Angleterre 413 

Pepin Parmain d'Hiver 413 

Pepin Russe ' 303 

Peremenes 413 

Perry Russet 303 

Persimmon 220 

PetersburgTi Pippin , 201 

Petit Api Rouge , 244 

Petit Jean 303 

Pet worth Nonpareil 303 

Pfarrer Walter 167 

Pfeifer 304 

Philadelphia Pippin 109 

Philadelphia Sweet 82 

Philip Rick 232 

Philip's Reinette 135 

Phillippi 303 

Phillips' Sweet 303 

Phoenix 304 

Pickard's Reserve 304 

Pickman 304 

Pickman Pippin 304 

Pie Apple 219 

Pifer 304 

Pigeon 304 

Pigeon Rouge 304 

Pigeonet Blanc 304 

Pigeonette 304 

Pigeonette Blanc dJ^t'i; 304 

Pigeonette Gros de Rouen 304 

Pigeonette de Rouen 305 

Piketon Russet 305 

Piles Russet 305 

Pilliken 270 

PiUkin 270 

Pim^s Beauty of the West 167 

Pine-Apple 859 

Pine- Apple Pippin 259 

Pine-Apple Russet. 305 

Pine Creek Sweet 305 

Pine Strawberry. . 305 

Pink Sweeting 305 



APPLES. 



103 1 



PAGE 

Pinneo's Favorite 152 

Pinner 306 

Pinner Seedling 306 

Pioneer 306 

Pippin 306 

Pitmnston 306 

Pitmaston Golden Pippin 306 

Pitmaston Nonpareil 806 

Pitmaston Pine-Apple 306 

Pittsburg-h Pippin 306 

PitMoicn Pippin 194 

Pitzer Hill '. 316 

Piatt's Sweet 306 

Pleasant Valley Pippin 307 

Plum 307 

Plymouth Greening 270 

Poland 324 

Polecat 370 

Polhemus 279 

Polinia Pearmain 87 

Polish 307 

PoUy Bright 307 

Pomeroy 307 

Pomme d'Api Rouge 244 

Pomme d' Argent 346 

Pomme d'Aunee 74 

Pomme de Berlin 134 

Pomme du Caen 115 

Pomme de Caradere 148, 175 

Pomme de Charles 3G3 

Pomme de Cadillac 341 

Pomme de Guir 308 

Pomme Doulde Agathe 73 

Pomme Finale 263 

Pomme Granate 163 

Pomme Grise 308 

Pomme de Jaune 346 

Pomme de Jaune de la Sartha. . . . 346 

Pomme de LaaJc 15 1 

Pomme de Malingre 114 

Pomme de Neige 171 

Pomme d' Orange 229 

Pomme dOr 194 

Pomme d' Outre Passe 298 

Pomme de Perroquet 366 

Pomme Regdans 133 

Pomme Rymarin Rouge 327 

Pomme Rose 244 

Pomme Roye 302 

Pomme Rubanee 366 

Pomme de Saint Jidien .*. . . 345 

Pomme Saint SawDOur 345 

Pomme Suisse 366 

Pomme Violette 324 

Pomme Water 308 

Pomme Water Sweet 308 

Pommeroy 246 

Pompey 392 

Ponto Pippin 308 

Poorhouse 309 

Pope 309 

Pope^s Apple 309 

Poppy Greening 221 



' PAGE 

Popular Bluff. 354 

Porter 195, 309 

Porter Spitzenburgh 310 

Portsmmuth Sweet 252 

Portugal 115 

Portugal Gray Reinette 310 

Posey's Red 310 

Posey'' s Red Winter Sweet 31 

Posteley 310 

Postdey''s Seedling 310 

Potpie Apple 41 1 

Potter's Large 310 

Pottefr's Large Apple 310 

Potter's Large Seedling 237, 310 

Potter Sweet 252 

Pottinger 31C 

PoughJceepsie Russet 162 

Poimd 167, 286 

Pound Cake 311 

Pound Pippin 169 

Pound Royal 311 

Pound Royal 169, 195, 369 

Pound Royale 369 

Pound Sweet 311 

Pound Sweet 279, 317 

Pound's July 811 

Poveshon 311 

Powell's Russet 311 

Powers 312 

Powers 313, 329 

Powers' Large 426 

Pownal Spitzenburgh 313 

Prager 204, 412 

Praire Ramhour Reinette 115 

Prairie Calville 813 

Prather Apple 867 

Pratt's Sweet 313 

President 313 

President De Fay's Dumonceau. . . 813 

Press , 813 

Pi-ess Ewing 313 

Pride of September 350 

Priest's Sweet ... 313 

Priestley'a American 313 

Priestly , 313 

PriesUy Ill 

Primate 313 

Primiting 402 

Prince of Orange 314 

Prince's Harvest 153 

Prince's Large Red and Green Sweet. 323 

Princely 314 

Princess Noble Zo'ete 134 

Princesse Noble 314 

Princesse Noble 195 

Princesse Noble des Chartreaux. . . 315 

Prinz 315 

Prior's Red 316 

Progress 315 

Proliferous Reinette. 315 

Prolific Beauty 315 

Prolific Beauty 302 

Prolific Sweet oi5 



1032 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Prop 316 

Prussian 131 

Prussian Pippin 134 

Pryor's Red 316 

Pucker End 316 

Pumpkin Russet 317 

Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Pumpkin Sweet 123, 317 

Purple Siberian Crab 426 

Pushmataha 317 

Putnam Harvey 317 

Putnam Keeper 318 

Putnam Russet 342 

Putnam Sweet 318 

Putnam's SaveiceU 346 

Putneyite 318 

PyWs Itusset. 305 

Pyrus Astracanica 401 

Quaker 318 

Quaker 362 

Quaker Pippin 318 

Queen 109 

Queen Anne 258, 281 

Queen Apple 288 

Queen Charlotte 318 

Queen of the Pippins .' . , 318 

Queen of Sauce 318 

Queen of the Valley 319 

Queens. 1 03 

Quince 319 

Rabbit's Head 125 

Rabine 319 

Ragan 319 

Pagan's Red 319 

Ram's Horns 321 

Rambo 319 

Rambouillet 319 

Rambour d^Me 370 

Rambour Franc 370 

Rambour Gros 320 

Rambour Qros 370 

Rambour Papeleu 320 

Rambour Rose. 321 

RamibouT Rouge 321 

Ramboui'g Papdeu 320 

RamsdeWs Red Pumpkin Sioeet 163 

RamisdeWs Siceet 163 

RamsdeWs Sweeting 163 

RandalVs Red Winter 163 

Randrl Rfst 321 

Randel's Best 321 

Raritoii Sweet 274 

Rasche 321 

Rattle-Box 321 

RauVs Gennetting 321 

Raule's Jannetting 321 

Ravelston Pippin 821 

Rawle's Oenet 321 

Rawle's Janet 321 

Rawle's Jannet 321 

Eawling''s Fine Red Streak 322 



Rawlins's Red Streak 33S 

Ray Apple.' 282 

Read''s Baker 288 

Rebecca 322 

Red Apple 323 

Red AsJimore 80 

Red Astrachan 32C 

Red Autumn Calville 324 

Red Baldwin 85 

Red Belle-Fleur 324 

Red Calville 328 

Red Canada 324 

Red Cathead 824 

Red Cedar 325 

Red Cheek 90, 325 

Red Cheek 168 

Red Cheek Pippin ;; 278 

Red Codlin 180 

Red Crofton 347 

Red Doctor 146 

Red Fall Pippin 329 

Red Favorite 326 

Red Gilliflower 326 

Red Gilliflower 133 

Red Gloria Mundi 109 

Red and Green Sweet 323 

Red Hazel 286 

Red Horse 326 

Red Horse 109 

Red Ingestrie 326 

Red Jewell 326 

Red June 118 

Red June Sweet 326 

Red Juneating 156, 157 

Red Kentish Pippin 237 

Red Lady Finger 329 

Red Liniber Twig 253 

Red Mormon 327 

Red Must 327 

Red Neverfail 321 

Red Ox 302 

Red Pearmain 235, 414 

Red Pennock 302 

Red Phamix 235 

Red Pippin 93, 235, 286, 362 

Red Polish 307 

Red Pound Sioeet 323 

Red Pumpkin Sioeet 163 

Red Quarrenden 143 

Red Queening 137 

Red Rstace 327 

Red Republican 327 

Red Romarin 327 

Red Russet 327 

Red Russet 194 

Red Seek-no-Farther 328 

Red Seek-no-Farther , 326 

Red Seek-no- Further 236 

Red Shropsavine 356 

Red Siberian Crab 426 

Red Spitzenburg 235 

Red Spitzenburgh 334 

Red Streak 328 



APPLES. 



1033 



PAGE 

Red Streaked Bawling 333 

Red Stripe 338 

Red Sweet 338 

Bfid Sweet Pippin 379 

Red Siceet Winesap 378 

Red Vandevere 339, 355, 391 

Red Warrior 338 

Red Warrior 386 

Red Winter CalvUle 338 

Red Winter Pearmain 339 

Red Winter Pearmain 335 

Red Winter Sweet 339 

Red Winter Sweet 377 

Redick 336 

Rcdling 133 

Reed 339 

Reine dcs Reinettes 318 

Reinette d'Aix 195 

Reinette d' Angleterre 163, 194 

Reinette d'Anjou 330 

Reinette Bdtarde 103 

Reinette Bauman 88 

Reinette de Bayeux 330 

Reinette Blanche 184 

Reinette Blanche^ dite Pnme 184 

Reinette Blanche d'Espagne 404 

Reinette de Breda 330 

Reinette Calville 330 

Reinette de Canada Orise 343 

Reinette de Canada Platte 343 

Reinette du Canada Blanche 115 

Reinette du Canada a Cortes 115 

Reinette de Cantorbery 116 

Reinette des Carmes 87 

Reinette de Caux 331 

Reinette de Champagne 133 

Reinette de Citron 136 

Reinette de Clareval 331 

Reinette Coulon 330 

Reinette Daniel 330 

Reinette Diel , 145 

Reinette Dore 331 

Reinette Doree 151, 343 

Reinette Duchesse de Brabant 149 

Reinette d'Espagne 404 

Reinette d''j^te Blanche 371 

Reinette Etoile 360 

Reinette Etoile 165 

Reinette de Flandre 178 

Reinette FrancJie 184 

Reinette Franche Qrauwe 304 

Reinette de Prisland. 184 

Reinette Giden 195 

Reinette Oolden 195 

Reinette Grain d'Or 331 

Reinette Qnse 304, 413 

Reinette Orise Brownlee's 108 

Reinette 6-rise Extra 804, 413 

Reinette Orise Fran<;aise 304, 418 

Reinette gnse haute bonte 313 

Reinette OHse d^Hiver 304, 413 

Reinette Orise de Portugal 310 

Reinette Orosse du Canada 115 



PAOB 

Reinette d'MoUande , ... 219 

Reinette de Hongrie , . . . 331 

Reinette Jaune Hatif. 15? 

Reinette Jaune Sardive 331 

Reinette des Menonites 872 

Reinette de Middlebourg 374 

Reinette de Misnie 103 

Reinette Musque 418 

Reinette Musquee 383 

Reinette Nonpareil 388 

Reinette de No^^mandy 184 

Reinette d Orleans 134, 395 

Reinette d'Osnabruck 396 

Eeinette Pippin 333 

Reinette Plate 103 

Reinette Quan-endon 333 

Reinette de la RocheUe 337 

Reinette du Roi 343 

Reinette Rouge 87 

Reinette Rouge de Nieman 387 

Reinette Rouss'e. 87, 331 

Reinette Rousse de Bostx)n 343 

Reinette St. Lambert 338 

Reinette Suisse 378 

Reinette Tardive JSfouvelle 385 

Reinette de Thorn 331 

Reinette Triomphante 333 

Reinette der Tyrol 389 

Reinette doree de Van der Laans. . . 195 

Reinette Van Mons 391 

Reinette Versaillaise 398 

Reinette Verte 803 

Reinette Vervaene 333 

Reinette du Vigan 331 

Renetten 318 

Republican Pippin 333 

Revelstone Pippin 331 

Rhenish May 870 

Rhode Island Greening 333 

Rhode Island Seek-no-Further 175 

Rhode's Orange 333 

Ribbed Pippin • 76 

Ribston Pippin 333 

Ribston Pippin 83 

Richard's Graft 334 

Richardson 334 

Richfield Nonsuch 334 

Richmond 335 

Ridge Pippin 335 

Riest 335 

Rigley 336 

Rigley 133 

Ritter 336 

Rival Oolden Pippin 135 

River 336 

Roa Yon 846 

Roadstown Pippin 336 

Roane's White Crab 315, 336 

Roberson's White 336 

Robert Bruce 336 

Roberts 337 

Roberts Seedling 337 

Robertson^s Pearmain 329 



1034 



AFFI.ES. 



PAGE 

Robey 337 

Robey's Seedling 337 

Robin 337 

Robinson's Pippin 337 

Robinson's Si^perb 337 

Robiur-on's Sweet 337 

Rochelle Eeinette 337 

Rock 338 

. Rock Pippin 338 

■' Rock Remain 321 

Rock Rimmo?i 331 

Rock Sweet 338 

BockhiU's Russet 333 

RockhilVs Summer Queen 328 

Rockingham, Red 75 

Rockport Sweet 338 

Roi Tre!<-NoUe 158 

Rolen's Keeper 338 

Rolla.. 338 

Rolland 91 

Rollin 338 

Roman KnigM 191, 302 

Roman Stem ;i39 

Romanite 339 

Romanite 319 

Romanite of the West 191 

Romarin Blanche 403 

Rome Beauty 340 

Rosa 340 

Rose 340 

Rose Calville 340 

Rose de la Benauge 341 

Rose de Hollande 341 

Rose Tendre 341 

Rose-colored Lady Apple 245 

Roseau 340 

Roseau d'Automne 340 

Roseau d'A utomne 82 

Rosemary 341 

Rosemary Russet 34! 

Ross Greening 393 

Ross Nonpareil 341 

Rosseau 324 

Rostocker 341 

Rosy Red 341 

Rothe Ilernapfel 341 

Rothe Sommerpasspomm 299 

Rothe Stettiner 341 

Rather Ananas 78 

Rother Astrakan 323 

Rother August Apfel 299 

Rother llerbstrichapfel 298 

Rother Sommercalville 371 

Rother Tauhenapfel 304 

Rouen Transparent Crab 426 

Bough and Beady 313 

Bound Gatshead 12 1 

Bound Top 159 

Round Winter Nonesuch 341 

Rowe 342 

Bowe's Seedling 342 

Bcwland 338 

Roxbury Russet 342 



Boyal Grist Bdnette 343 

Eoyal Pearmain 342 

Boyal Peamnain 214, 311 

Boyal Pippin 86, 120, 143 

Royal Reinette 343 

Royal Russet 343 

Royal Shepherd 343 

Royal Somerset 343 

Boyal Somerset 255 

Boyale 24S 

Boyale d^Angleterre 214 

BuMcon 299 

Buckman's Pearmain 194 

BuckmarHs Bed 286 

Rules Summer Sweet 343 

Rum Apple 343 

Runnells 343 

Rushock Peannaln 344 

Bussam 235 

Busset Oolden 196 

Bused Golden Pippin 194 

Bussii Nonpareil 306 

Rii3set Pearmain 344 

Russet Table Pearmain 344 

Russian 134 

Russian Emperor 74 

Russian Transparent 344 

Russine 332 

Busty Coat Milam, 275 

Busty Core 291 

Eymer , 344 

Sable Sweet 344 

Sack Apple 145 

Sack and Sugar 345 

Sailly Autumn 345 

St. John's Nonpareil 306 

Saint Julian 345 

Saint Julien 345 

St. Lawrence 345 

St. Mary'^s Pippin 148 

Saint Sauveur 345 

Salem 345 

Salem Sweet 345 

Salle 345 

Salopian Pippin 345 

Sam Bawlings 218 

Sam Wingara 265 

Sam Young. 346 

Sam's Grab 856 

Sanguineus 171 

Sanguinole 328 

Santouchee 346 

Sapson 346 

Sapsonmne 346 

Sartha's Tellow 346 

Sassafras Sweet 211 

Savage's Cheese 346 

Savewell 346 

Sawyer 347 

Sawyer Sweet 347 

Saylor 283 

Scarlet Crofton 341 



APPLES. 



1035 



84, 



Scarlet Leadington 

Scarlet Nonpareil 

Scarlet Pearmain 

Scai-let Peannain 

Scarlet Perfume , 

Scarlet Queening, , 

Scarlet Sweet 

Scarlet Tiffing 

Schaffer's Early 

Schaffefs Ea/rly Bed 

Schaffer^s Garden, 

Sc/ioolmocker 

Schoonmaker 

Schreveton Golden Pippin. . 

Schioitzer Apple 

Sciota Beauty 

Scollop Gilliflower 

Scolloped Gilliflower 

Scotch Bridget 

Scotch Virgin 

Scott 

Scott's Best 

Scrivener's Red , 

Scudamore^s Grab 

Seaconk Sweet 

Seager 

Seago 

Seaman's Sweet 

Seaver Sweet 

Seedless 

Seedsville Sweet 

Seek-No-Further 303, 319, 390, 

Seever 

Seeder's Red Streak 

Seignen.br d! Orsay , . . . 

Selby Bellflower 

Selma 

Selma 

Selwood's Reinette 

Seneca Spice 

September 

Sergeant's Sweet 

Settin Pijypin 

Shaker Geeening 

Shaker Pippin 

Shaker''s Yellow 

Shakespeare 

Shannon 

Sharpens Early 

Sharpe's Greening 

Sharpe's Spice 

Sheepnose 

Sheep Nose 76, 159, 

Sheep Shire 

SheU 

Shepherd's Fame 

Shepherd's Pippin 

Sheppard's Sweet 

Sherwood's Favorite 

Shiawassee Beauty 

Shipley Green ... 

Shippen's Russet 

Shirley 



PAGE 

. 347 Shockley 

. 347 Showy Grab 

. 347 Siberian Augiist 

. 335 Sigler's Bed 

130 Simmon , 

137 Simpson's Pippin 

347 Simpson's Seedling , 

348 Simpson Sweet. , 

348 Sinclair's Yellow 

348 Sine-qua-non 

348 Sink 

348 Sir "William Gibbons , 

348 Skunk 

348 Skunk 

306 Sleeper 

348 Sleeping Beauty 

348 Sleight's Lady Apple 

348 Slingerland Pippin , 

349 Sloan's Seedling 

405 Small Black 

313 Small Bomanite 

349 Small's Admirable 

349 Smalley 

388 Smith's 

349 SmiHi's Beauty of Newark 

384 Smith's Cider 

365 Smithfleld Spice 

349 Smokehouse 

349 Smyrna 

349 Snediker 

417 Snepps' 

399 Snorter , 

350 Snmo ^ 

350 Snow Chimney 

345 Sol. Carter 

350 Somerset 

350 Somerset Harvest. 

838 Sommerset Lasting. .... 

350 Sops of Wine 

319 Soskrieger 

350 Souisson Russet 

350 Soulard 

151 Sour Bough 

350 Smr Bough 368, 

350 Sour Harvest 

155 Southern Fall Pippin 

351 Southern Golden Pippin 

893 Southern Greening 

370 Southern Lady 

351 Southern Bomanite 

170 Sovereign 

351 Spafford Russet 

835 Spark's 

179 Spark's Late 

351 Speckled 

351 Speckled Golden Beinette 

74 Speckled Oley 

351 Speckled Peamnain 

184 Speckled Sweet 

351 Spectator 

358 /fencer Sweeting 

353 Spice 

181 i Spice Apple 



PA«K 

. 353 

, 486 

, 181 

, 347 

, 830 

, 395 

, 895 

, 353 

, 153 

, 353 

353 

353 

353 

363 

353 

353 

353 

354 

317 

99 

191 

354 

354 

354 

149 

354 

153 

355- 

134 

355 

356 

363 

171 

171 

109 

356 

188 

356 

356 

133 

356 

486 

357 

380 

313 

389 

301 

301 

357 

339 

357 

357 

357 

357 

357 

87 

357 

87 

117 

357 

210 

354 

293 



1036 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Spice Russet. . , , 358 

Spice Sweet 358 

Spiced Ox Eye 285 

SpUzenhurgTi 285 

Sponge 358 

Spotted Pip-pin 110 

Sprague 358 

Spring 83 

Spring Grove Codlin 358 

Spring Pippin 358 

Springer 358 

Spnriger''s Seedling 358 

Springport Pippin 358 

Squire's Greening 359 

Staats' Sweet 359 

Stack 359 

Stackyard 359 

Stagg''s Nonpareil 155 

Stdldubs 391 

Stamford Pippin 359 

Stanard 359 

Stanard's Seedling 359 

Stanley 360 

Stanley's SercMi-g 360 

Stanley's Winter Sweet 360 

StansiU 360 

Star 360 

Star Lady Apple 345 

Star Reinette 360 

Stark 360 

Starr 360 

Steele's Bed Winter 85, 324 

Steele's Sweet 361 

Stehly 215 

Stephenson's Winter 361 

Sterling Beauty 75 

Stetting Bouge 341 

Stevens' GiUiflower 361 

Stewarts Nonpareil 181 

Stiilman's Early 361 

Stillwater Sweet 361 

Stire 180 

Stirzaker's Early Square 361 

Stockade Sweet 361 

Stone 77 

Stone Pippin 362 

Stone Piiynn 97, 192, 289 

Stonewall Jackson 362 

Stonor Park 362 

Strarxt 364 

Straudt 362 

Strawberry 124, 324, 334 

Strawn 362 

8tr awn's Seedling 362 

Streaked Pippin 363 

Strifling WHiver 80 

Striped Ashmore 80 

Striped Beaufin 362 

Striped BeUe et Bonne 363 

Striped BeUe-Fleur 324 

Striped Fameuse 172 

Striped Gillifloicer. 348 

Striped Harvest 211 



PAOl 

Striped Holland Pippin. 363 

Striped, Holland Pippin 253 

Strvped June 156 

Striped June iting 150 

Striped Mohawk 363 

Striped Monstrous Reinette 363 

Striped Pearmain 363 

Striped Porter 363 

Striped Bambo 193 

Striped B. I. Greening 147 

Striped Shropsavine 363 

Striped Siberian Crab 426 

Striped Sweet Pippin 363 

Striped Vandervere 391 

Striped Winter Pearmain. 363 

Stroat 364 

Strode's 364 

Strode's Birmingham 364 

Strubel 365 

Stump 365 

Sturoaer Pippin 365 

Stymiiis 365 

Styra 365 

Styre 180 

Sudbury Sweet 365 

Sudlow's FaU Pijypin 182 

Suffolk Beauty 365 

Sugar and Brandy 366 

Sugar Loaf Pippin 366 

Sugar Sweet 366 

Suisse 366 

Summer Bellflower 366 

Summer BeUflower of Pennsylvania 366 

Summer Broaden 367 

Summer Broadend 367 

Summer Cheese 367 

Summer Colman 367 

Summer Golden Pippin 367 

Summer Hagloe 367 

Summer Harvey 367 

Summer Horse 223 

Summer Janet 367 

Slimmer Jenneting 168 

Summer Limbertwig 367 

Summer Marigold 368 

Summer Nonpareil 155 

Summer Pippin 368 

Summer Pippin 219 

Summer Pound Royal 369 

Summer Queen 370 

Summer Queening 137 

Summer Rambo 370 

Summer Bamhour 370 

Summer Red Calville 371 

Summer Red Streak 371 

Summer Reinette 371 

Summer B. I. G~reening 369 

Summer Rose 371 

Slimmer Busset 377 

Summer Sweet 373 

Summer Swe<t 216 

Summer Sweet Paradise 373 

Summer TcucMt Egg 382 



APPLES. 



1037 



PAOE 

Summer Thorle 872 

Summer White CalviUe 372 

Summerour 286 

Summum Bonum 125 

Superb 372 

Superb Sweet 372 

Surprise 373 

Surrey Flat Cap 373 

Susan's Spice 373 

Susannah 373 

Sutton Beauty 373 

Swaar 373 

Swasey 374 

Sweeney Nonpareil 374 

Sweet Baldwin 375 

Sweet Belle Bonne 375 

Sweet BeUflower 375 

Siceet BeFjlower 82 

Sweet Bellflower of Wyandot Co. . 375 

&weet BougJi 250 

Sweet Butter 375 

Sweet Cann 115 

Sweet Doctor 375 

Sweet Fan Pippin 375 

Sweet Golden Pippin 82 

Sweet Greening 375 

Sioeet Harvest 250 

Sweet Harvey 378 

Sweet Home 151 

Sweet Janet 376 

Siceet Jersey 209 

Sweet June 216 

Sweet King 376 

Siceet Maiden's Blush 115, 204 

Sweet Mary 376 

Sweet Nonsuch 377 

Sweet Pear 376 

Sweet Pearmain 376 

Sweet Pearmain 378 

Sweet Pippin 376 

Sweet Pippin 218, 279 

Sweet Queen 377 

Sweet Rambo 377 

Sweet Redstreak 378 

Sweet Ribbed GiUiflower 379 

Sweet Romanite 377 

Sweet Russet 377 

Siceet Bnsset 123, 317, 358 

Sweet Seek-no-Farther 378 

Sweet Seek-no-Further 192 

Sweet and Sour 374 

Sweet Sponge 378 

Siceet Swaar 82 

Sweet Vandervere 378 

Sweet Willie 378 

Sweet Wine 170 

Sweet Winesap 378 

Sweet Winter Pennock 378 

Sweeting^ WeWs 399 

Swiss Apple 306 

Swiss Piiypin 306 

Swiss Reinette 378 

Byke-House Russet 379 



PAGB 

Sylvan Busset 343 

Sylvester 379 

Table Greening 379 

Tallow Apple 258 

Tallmaii's Sweeting 379 

Talman's Sweet 379 

Tardive de Joncret 380 

Tart Bough 380 

Tart Bough 153, 368 

Tarvey Codlin 380 

Taubenfarbige Apfel 304 

Taunton ' 380 

Taunton 307 

Taunton Golden Pippin 380 

Tdgnmouth 383 

Ten ShiUings 381 

Tenderskin 381 

Tenoi^ Hills .- 91 

Tenterden Park 381 

Terral's Late 381 

Terry^s Bed Streak 319 

Tetof sky 381 

Tetofsky 181 

Teuchat's Egg 382 

Teickesbury Blush 382 

Tewkesbury Winter Blush 382 

Them's Red Streak 382 

Thickset 128 

Thomas 383 

Thomas 275 

Thoi'ol Pippin 372 

Thoi'le 372 

Tift's Swe'et 383 

Tillaqua 383 

Timothy 383 

Timothy Titus Sort 383 

Tinmouth 383 

Tinsan's Red 329 

Titus Pippin 383 

Toccoa 383 

Tod's Golden Pippin - 296 

Toker's Incomparable 384 

Tolbert 384 

Tolman's Sweeting 379 

Tom Potter 384 

Tom Woodward Pippin 296 

Tommy Red 241 

Tompkins 152 

Toole's Indian Rareripe 384 

Tower of Glammis 384 

Tower's Glory 384 

Townsend 384 

Townsend's Smiling Beauty 385 

Trader's Fancy 385 

Transcendent 426 

Transparent Codlin 385 

Transparent de Moscovie 401 

Transparent Pippin 135 

Transparent de Zurich 385 

Transport 385 

Travers" 333 

Treadle Hole 386 



1038 



APPLES. 



PAGT5 

TrmJiam 286 

Trenton Early 385 

Trenton Early 293 

Trescott Russet 38G 

Tnppe's Hffi'se 223 

Trout Apple 101 

True Sjitzenburgh 164 

Trumbull Sweet 386 

Trumbull Sweeting 386 

Trumpeter 386 

Trumpington 143, 319 

Tucker , 386 

Tuebn«'-r's Cider 386 

Tuebner's Golden 386 

Tuft's 386 

Tuffs Baldwin 386 

Tulip 387 

Tulipen CalviUe 387 

Tulp 387 

Tulpehoeken 167 

Tulpm 387 

Turk's Cap 387 

Turkey Greening 387 

Turn-off Lane 387 

Turnefs Cheese 201 

Tuscaloosa 387 

Tuscaloosa Seedling 387 

Tuscaloosa Sweet 387 

Tuttle 388 

Twenty Ounce 388 

Twenty Ounce Apple 388 

20- Ounce Pippin 113 

Twin 388 

Twin Cluster Pippin 128 

Twitchell's Sweet 388 

Tyler 220 

Tyler Apple 131 

Tyre Beauty 388 

Tyroler Glam-reinette 191 

Tyroler Pippin 389 

Uncle John 389 

Uncle Richard's Graft 334 

Uncle Sani's Best 170 

Underdunk 368 

Union 389 

Unique 389 

Updegraff 389 

Utter 389 

Vale Mascal Pearmain 390 

Van Buren 390 

Van Dyne 296 

Van Mons Reinette 391 

Vance's Early 390 

Vance's Harvest 390 

Vandenabeele 390 

Vandernoot 390 

Vanderspiegel 390 

Vanderme/r 391 

Vandervere Pippin 391 

Vandevere 391 

yandevere 285 



PAGI 

Vandevere of Pa 391 

Vandiver 391 

Vandyne. 391 

Varick. 143 

Vaugoyeau 392 

Vaughn's Pippin. 392 

Vaughn's Winter. 392 

Vaun's Pippin 237 

Vermilion d'Ete 323 

Vermilion Royee 392 

Vermont Pippin 383 

Verm,ont Pumpkin Sweet 317 

Versaillaise Reinette 392 

Victoria 1 74 

Victoria Pippin 93 

Victoria Bed 93 

Victorious Beinette 332 

Victuals and Drink 392 

Violefcte 393 

Virginia Greening 393 

Virginia Pippin 393 

Virginia Quaker 393 

Virginia Spice 393 

Virginia Sweet 266 

Voss' Winter 393 

Vrai Drap dOr 148 

Wabash 393 

Wabash Bellfhwer 393 

Waddeh HaU 394 

Wadhurst Pippin. 394 

Wagener 394 

Wa?ir Beinette 115 

Wahrer Weiser Sommer-calville .... 372 

Walb 286 

Walker's Winter 395 

Walker's Yellow 395 

Wall. 286 

Walnut Stem 338 

Walpole 395 

Waltham Abbey 395 

Waltham Abbey Seedling 395 

Waltz Apple 301 

Walworth 368 

Wander 286 

WanstaU 395 

Ward 395 

Warfel Crab 427 

Warfield 395 

Warner Busset 342 

Warner's King 396 

Warraschke de Guben 396 

Warren Pejinock 155 

Warren Pippin 296, 418 

Wa/rt&r''s Oolden Pippin 194 

Warwickshire Pippin 417 

Washington 250, 356 

Washington Pea/rmain 144 

W^ashington Royal 396 

Washington Strawberry 396 

Washington Sweet 397 

Watch Apple 115 

Water 397 



APPLES. 



1039 



PAGE 

'flTaterman's Sweet 398 

Wate7^iel<m 209, 271 

Watenndon 271 

Watrous Dumpling 151 

Watson's Dumpling" 398 

Watson's Favorite 398 

\yaUon's Neio Nonsuch 372 

Watson^ s Vandevere 891 

Wattaugah 221 

Waugh's Orab 398 

Wax 398 

Wax Apple 158 

Waxen 92, 398 

Wealthy 398 

Wealthy's Favorite 399 

Webb's Winter 399 

Weelc's Pippin 135 

Weisse Antillbsche 414 

Weisse Italianisohe Bosmarinapfel . . 229 

Weisse Reineite 184 

Weisse Sommer Reinette 371 

Weisse WacMs Reinette 371 

Weisser Astrakan 401 

Weisser Winter CalviUe 401 

Wdemie 98 

Wdl Apple 383 

Well's Sweet 399 

WeUford's YeUow 399 

WeUington 151 

Wells 147 

Welsh Pippin 267 

West Grinstead Pippin 400 

Wesfs Spitsenierg 140 

Westbrook 357 

Westchester Seek no Further 175 

Western BaMicin 299 

Western Beauty 89, 291 

Western Spy 399 

Westfield Seek-no-Further 399 

Westmoreland Long start 256 

Weston 400 

Wheeler's Extreme 400 

Wheeler's Eusset 401 

Wheeler's Sweet 401 

Whedoch Sweet 323 

Whig 401 

White Apple 92 

White Astrachan 401 

White Beauty 401 

White Bellfleur 296 

White BeUflotcer 296 

White CalviUe 401 

White Calville 372 

White Cockle 129 

White Detroit 296 

White Doctor 402 

Wfiite Fulwood. 185 

White Graft of Wis 168 

White Hawthornden 212 

White Incomparable 402 

White June 419 

^Vhite Jnneating 402 

White Lily 144 



PAGir 

White Mdrose • 272 

White Nonpareil 402 

WJdte Oslin 296 

White Paradise 402 

"White Pippin 403 

White Pippin 289^ 296 

White Rambo 403 

White Romarin 403 

White Eusset 404 

White Seek-no-FurtJier 302, 296 

White Spanish Reinette 404 

White Spice 404 

White Spice 152 

White Spitzenberg 404 

White Stone Pippin 289, 362 

White Sugar 82 

White Summer Pippiu 404 

White Sweet 404 

White Vandevere 391 

White Virgin 405 

White Wine 405 

White Winter .405, 427 

White Winter CalviUe 401 

White Winter Pearmain 405 

Whitens London Pippin 257 

White's Red Winter 404 

White's Whiter 405 

Whitewater Sweet 405 

Whitman 406 

Whitmore's Pippin 406 

Whitney Eusset 406 

WJiorle Pippin 372 

Wick Pearmain 406 

Wickham's Pearmain 406 

Wier Sweet 407 

Wigwam 324 

Wildcat 346 

WUden Apfd 312 

Wilfong 407 

William Penu 407 

William Tdl 306 

William's Early 407 

William's Favorite 407 

William's Pippin 407 

WiUiam's Red 407 

William's White 407 

Willis Sweet 408 

Willis's Russet 408 

WiUoio 409 

Wilkno Leaf Pippin 296 

Wniow Twig 409 

Willsboro 409 

WUmot 409 

Wilmoffs Seedling 409 

Wilson 410 

Wilson''s June 118 

Wilson's Summer 410 

Wilson's Volunteer 410 

WincheU Sweet 410 

Windham Eusset 410 

Wtue 410 

Wine 159, 285, 334 

Wine of Connecticut 388 



1040 



APPLES — APRICOTS. 



PAGE 

Wine dop. ; 411 

Winesap 411 

Wing Sweet 411 

Winn's Russet 412 

Winslow 412 

Winter Belle and Bonne 91 

Winter Belle boon 91 

Winter Blush 167 

Winter B'lUgJi 115 

Winter Broading 107 

Winter Cheese 201 

Winter Gitronenwpfel 243 

Winter Codlin 412 

Winter Colman 412 

Winter Golden Sweet 84 

Winter Gray Reinette 412 

Winter Greening 201 

Winter Harvey 413 

Winter Hog Island Sweet 413 

Winter Horse 286 

Winter Jannetting. . .". 321 

Winter Lading 413 

Winter Maiden's Blush 413 

Winter Majettin 413 

Winter May 270 

Winter Pearmain 413 

Winter Pearmain. 81, 275, 363 

Winter Pippi7i 413 

Winter Pippin of Geneva 189 

Winter Pippin of Vermont 414 

Winter Piind .Royal 311 

Winter Queen 109 

Winder litd Streak 115, 238 

Winter Reinette 414 

Wintf-r Rdnttte 414 

Wf7iter Rose 286 

Winter liitsset 243 

Winter Seedling 399 

Winter Seek-no-Further 170 

Winter Sleeping Beauty 353 

Winter Strawberry 41 4 

Winter Strawberry 387 

Winter Sweet Bough 115 

Winter Sweet Paradise 414 

Wint-r Wine 410 

Winthrop Greening 415 

Winthrop Pearmain 415 

Wisner 415 

WitheriWs White Sweet 404 

Wolfs Den 83 

W('llaton Pippin 134 

Wonder 208 

Wood's Greening 416 

Wood''s Huntingdon 135 

Wood's Sweet 416 

Woodland 415 

Woodpecker 85 

Woodring 416 

Woodstock 152 

Wood4oek IHppin 100 

Wo'^dward^s Pippin 296 

Woolfolks . . . .' 416 

Woolman^s Harvest 371 i 



PAOI 

Woolman^s Lcng 296 

Worden''s Pie Apple 856 

Wen-Id's Wonder 286 

Wormsley Pippin 416 

Wright 416 

Wright's Janet 417 

Wygers 195 

Wyken Pippin 417 

Wyker Pippin 195 

Wythe 306 

Yacht 417 

Yakdin 417 

Yahoola 417 

Yankee Spy 417 

Yates 418 

Yellow 135 

Yellow Bellflower 418 

Yellow Crank 201 

Yellow Foster 419 

Yellow German Reinette. 195 

Yellow Harvest 153 

Yellow Hoss 223 

Yellow Ingestrie 419 

Yellow J'lnett 321 

Yellow June 419 

Yellow M y 402 

Yellow Meadow 419 

Yellow Newtown Pippin 419 

YelloiD Pearmain 127 

Yellow Pippin 285, 296 

Yellow Siberian Crab 427 

Yellow Sweet 419 

Yellow Vandervere 391 

Yoder 106 

Yopp's Favorite 420 

York 420 

York Imperial 420 

York Pippin 169, 195 

York Russet 123, 317 

Yorkshire Goose Sauce 421 

Yorkshire Greening 421 

Yost 421 

Young's Long Keeping 158 

Zane 421 

Zane Greening 421 

Ziebcr 421 

Zoar Greening 421 

Zour Bough 313 

Zweibel Apfel 103 

APRICOTS. 

Abricot Blanc 442 

Abricot Commun 440 

Abricot de Provence 439 

AbriCot hdtif Musquee 440 

Abricot Peche „ , . . 439 

Abricot Precoce 440 

Abricotier 440 

Abricotier Blanc 443 



APKICOTS. 



1041 



PAGE 

Ahricotier Mtif, 440 

AVoerge 433 

Alberge de Montgamet 437 

Albergier 433 

Amande Aveline 434 

Amygdalus dasycarpa 434 

Ananas 434, 439 

Angoumis 434 

Anjou 434 

Anson's 438 

Anson's Imperial 439 

Beauge 434 

Black 434 

Bla)ic 442 

Blenlidm 441 

BhtcJied-leaved Roman 440 

Blotched-leaved Turkey 441 

Breda 434 

BriaiKjon Apricot 442 

Brianfon Plum 442 

Brown Masculine 440 

Brown's Early 435 

Brussels 435 

Burlington 435 

Canine Grosso 435 

Claude Bidot 435 

Cornice de Toulon 435 

Crotte 437 

VMexandrie 438 

Des Farges 435 

T)e HoUande 434 

De Nancy. 438, 439, 441 

De Sardaigne 441 

De St. Jean 437 

De St. Jean Rouge 437 

Double-flowering Apricot 442 

Du I/uxembourg 439 

Du Rape 434 

Dubois' Early Oolden 43b 

Dunmore 438 

Dunmor^s Breda 438 

Early Golden 436 

Early Masculine 440 

Early Moorpark 436 

Early Orange 438 

Early White Masculine 442 

Friihe MuscateJier 440 

Germine 440 

Gold Blotched 441 

Golden Drop 436 

Green Gage 441 

Gros d'Alexandrie. . .'. 437 

Gros Frulie 437 

Gros Prtcoce 437 

Gros Rouge 437 

Gros Eouge Rdtif. 437 

Qrosse Germine 440 

66 



PAGH 

Hasselnussmandel 434 

Hemskirke 436 

HunVs Moorpa/rk 438 

Jaques 436 

Kaisha 436 

Lafayette 436 

Large Early 437 

Large Red 437 

Large Turkey. 441 

Liabaud 437 

Luizet 437 

Male 439 

Mexico 437 

Montgamet 437 

Moorpark 438 

Musch-Musch 438 

Newhall's Early. ' 438 

Noir 434 

OMakefs Moorpark 438 

Orange 438 

Oullins Early Peach. 439 

Peach 439 

Recite 439 

Reche Grosse 439 

Persian 438 

Rersique .- 434 

Rfirdche 439 

Pine Apple 439 

Portugal 439 

Prlcoce dUEsperin 437 

Pr'coce d^Hongrie 437 

Provence 439 

Purple Apricot 434 

Red Masculine 440 

Ringold -, 440 

Roman 440 

Royal 440 

Royal George 438 

Royal Orange 438 

Royal Reach 439 

Royal Persian 438 

Rouge 434 

St. Ambroise 441 

Sardinian 441 

Shipley's 441 

Shipley'' s Large 441 

SucUoio's Moorpark. 438 

Suker Para 441 

Temple's 438 

Texas 441 

Transparent. 440 

Turkey 441 



1042 



BERBEERIES AND BLACKBERRIES CHERRIES. 



PAGE 

Violet 434 

Walton Mborpark 438 

W7dte Algiers 442 

White Apricot 443 

White Masculine 443 

Wurtemburg 439 



BERBERRIES & BLACKBERRIES. 

THE BERBERRY. 

Common Red 443 

BLACKBERRIES. 

Adair's Claxet 443 

Albion 443 

Cape May 444 

Colonel Wilder 444 

Crj^stal White 444 

Cumberland 444 

Cut-Leaved 444 

Cutter's Mulberry 444 

Dewberry 445 

Doctor Warder 444 

Dorchester 444 

Double Pink Blossomed 446 

Double White Blossomed 446 

Duncan's Falls 445 

Farley 445 

Felton 445 

Holcomb 445 

Kentucky White 445 

Kittatimiy 445 

Lawton 446 

Low Blackberry. 445 

Mason's Mountain 445 

Missouri Mammoth 445 

New RocheUe- , , 446 

Newman's Thomless 446 

Grangers Crystal 444 

Parsley Leaved. 444 

Rose Flowering Bramble 447 

Bubus Canadensis 445 

Slubus odoratus 447 

Sable Queen 446 

Seacofs Mammoth 446 

Trailing Blackb<irry . . . . 445 



PASS 

Wachusett , 448 

Washington 446 

Wilson's Early 446 



CHERRIES. 

A Courte Queue de Provence 480 

Adam's Crown 450 

Admirable de Soissons 476 

All-Saints 487 

AUen^s Sweet Montmorency 474 

Allerheiligen Kirsche 487 

Amber 450 

Amber 453 

Amber Gean 451 

Amber Heart 463 

Amber d petit fruit 476 

Ambree 451 

Ambree de Choi,sy 477 

Ambree d Ores Fruit 477 

American Amber 451 

American Heart 451 

Anglaise Tardive 482 

Anne 451 

AnselVs Fine Black 455 

Apple Cherry 464 

Arch Duke 477 

Ar den's Early White Heart 463 

Argental's Late 451 

Autumn Biga/n'eau 453 

Baramdam 484 

Baumann's May 453 

Belle Agathe 453 

BeUe Agathe de Novembre 453 

Belle Audegoise 477 

BeUe de Bavay 485 

Belle de Chatenay 477 

Belle de Choisy 477 

Belle Magnifique 477 

BeUe et Magnifique 477 

Belle d'Orleans 453 

Belle Polonaise 479 

Belle de Bocmont 463, 467 

Belle de Sceaux 477 

Belle de Sceaux 477 

Bdle de Soissons 476 

Benhaon's Fine Early Duke 483 

Bigarreau 453 

Bigarreau Ccexir de Pigeon 453 

Bigarreau Gouleur de Chair 463 

Bigarreau Blanc 476 

Bigarreau Blanc de Drogan 401 

Bigarreau Blanc Tardif de Hilde^- 

heim 465 

Bigarreau cPEsperin 463 

Bigarreau Oaubalais 454 

Bigarreau Oros 453 

Bigarreau Gros CcEuret 453 

Bigan'eau d Oros Fruit Blanc .... 463 
'Bigarreau d Gros Fruit Bouge .... 467 
Biga/rreau Gros Monstrueux 453 



CHERRIES. 



1043 



PAGE 

Bigmrmu Gros Noir 474 

Bigarreau Jaboulay 453 

Bigarreau Jaune de Ih'ogan 461 

Bigarreau Lauermann 470 

Bigarreau de Ludwig 469 

Bigarreau de Lyon 453 

Bigarreau de Mai 452 

Biga/rreau MarceUin 453 

Bigari'eau onarhre de Hildeshevm . . . 465 

Bigarreau of Mezel 454 

Bigarreau Noir 454 

Bigarreau Noir ds Savoi 454 

Bigarreau Badowesnitzefr 456 

Bigarreau Riverchon 454 

Bigarreau de Bocmont 463 

Bigarreau Rouge de Oouben 462 

Bigarreau Royal 453 

Bigarreau Tardif 453 

Bigarreau Tardif de HildesJieim . . . 465 

Bigarreau Tardive d'Argental 451 

Bigarreau des Vignes 463 

Biga/rreauti&r d Feuilles de Tabao . . 474 
Biqarreautier d Ch'andes Feuilles. . . 474 

Bill and Coo 454 

Bisliop's Large 456 

Black Bigarreau of Savoy 454 

Blaok Caroon 455 

Black Circassian 456 

Black Eagle 454 

Black Hawk 455 

Black Heart 455 

Black Honey 455 

Black Mazzard 455 

Black Russian 455, 456 

Black Spanish 480 

Black Tartarian 456 

Black Wild Cherry 486 

Bleeding Heart 464 

Bloodgood's Amber 451 

Bloodgood!s Honey 451 

Bhodgood^s New Honey 451 

Bohemian Black Bigarreau 456 

Bouquet Amardle 478 

Bowyer's Early Heart 456 

Brandywine "•■•.... 456 

Brant 457 

BrennemarCs Ea/rly 475 

Bristol Cherry 455 

Brown's Seedling 457 

Buchanan! s Ea/rly Duke 483 

B'uUocKs Heart 470 

Burr's Seedling 457 

Busch Weichsel 478 

B'llschd Kirsche 478 

Buttner's Black Heart 457 

Buttner's October MoreUo 478 

Buttner's YeUow 457 

BymsviUe . . . , 458 

Carmine Stripe 457 

Carnation 478 

Caroline 457 

Caroon 455 



PAGH 

Ceramis avium 455 

Cefrasus serndata 486 

Cerasus sylvestris flore pleTW 486 

C&rasus Virginiana 486 

C. vulgaris sem/pe^'florens 487 

Cerise Amh^ee 451, 453 

Cerise d Bvuquet 478 

Ceirise d Courte Queue 480 

Cerise Doucette 477 

GeHse Guigne 483 

Cerise Indulle 479 

Cerise du Nord 484 

Cerise Nouvelle d'Angleterre 478 

Cerise d Noyau Tendre 477 

C&rise de la Palembre 477 

Celine de Portugal 478 

Cerise de Bt. Martin 487 

Ce/rise Tardive 487 

Cerise de la Toussainte 487 

Cerisier d Fleurs Doubles 486 

Cerisier de 4 d Livre 474 

Cerisier Nain d Fruit Rond 479 

Cerisier Nain Precoce 479 

Cerisier Pleurant 487 

Cerisier d Trochet 478 

Ceiisier de Virginie 486 

Champagne 458 

Chatenay 477 

Cherry Cluster 481 

Cherry Duke 481, 483 

Chevreuse 478 

China Bigarreau 458 

Chinese Double Flowering 486 

Chinese Heart 458 

Choke Cherry 486 

Circassian 456 

Clarke's Bigarreau 470 

Clarke's Superb 470 

Cleveland 458 

Cleveland Bigarreau 458 

Cluster 478 

Cocklin's Favorite 458 

Coe's Late Carnation 478 

Coe's Transparent 458 

Ccmr de Pigeon 463 

Columbia 459 

Common English 455 

Ccmimon Bed 481, 483 

Common Sour Che)-ry 483 

Commune 481 

Commune d Trochet , 478 

Conestoga 459 

Cornelia 459 

Corone 455 

Coularde 483 

Couronne 455 

Crown 478 

Cumberland Seedling 475 

Dacotah 459 

D'Allemagne 478 

Dauphine 478 

Davenport 459 



1U44 



CHERRIES. 



PAGE 

Davmporfs Early 459 

Daven/porVs Early Black , . , 459 

De Chaux 478 

D'Espagne 483 

De Hollande 483 

DeKalb 481 

De Kleparow 479 

De Soissons 476 

De la Toussaint 479 

Delicate 460 

Dochenaut 478 

Doctor 460 

Donna Maria 479 

Doppelte Natte 479 

Double Flowering Kentish 486 

Double French Cherry 486 

Double Glass 480 

Double Heart 456 

Double Natte 479 

Double Volgers 480 

Doulin Bigarreau 460 

Downer 460 

Downer's Late 460 

Downer's Late Red 460 

Downing's Red Cheek 461 

Downton 461 

Dredge's Early White Heart 462 

Drogaiis' Oelbe Knorpelshirsche . . . . 461 

Drogan's White Bigarreau 461 

Drogan's Yellow Bigarreau 461 

Duchesse de PaUuaa 479 

Dutch Mm-ello 484 

Dwarf Double -Flowering 486 

Early BXack 455 

Early Black Bigarreau 461 

Early Duke 483 

Early Lamaurie 461 

Early Lyons 463 

Early May 479, 480 

Early Prolific 462 

Ea^rkj Purple Oriotte 462 

Early Purple G-uigne 462 

Early Red Bigarreau 462 

Early Bichnwnd 481 

Early White Heart 462 

Elizabeth 463 

Elkhorr 474 

Elklwrn of Maryland 474 

Elliott's Favorite 463 

Elton 463 

Elton Kirsche 463 

Elton's Bunte Knorpelkirsehe 463 

Emp^'ess Eugenie 480 

English MoreUo 484 

English Weichsel 480 

Esperen Bigarreau 463 

EBer-Floioering Cherry 487 

Excellente Douce Tardive 480 

Favorite 463 

Flandrisclie Weic/tsel 478 

Flemish 480 



PA6^ 

Fiesh- Colored Bigarreau 463 

Florence 464 

Four to the Pound 474 

Frankische Wucher Kirsche 484 

Eraser'' s Black 456 

Eraser's Black Heart 456 

Eraser's Black Tartarian 456 

Eraser's Tartansche 456 

Erasefs White Tartarian 476 

Eraser's White Transparent. 476 

Frogmore Early Bigarreau 464 

Erilhe Kleine Runde. 479 

Eruhe Zwerg Weichsel 479 

Gascoigne's Heart 464 

Gean Amber 451 

German Mayduke 462 

Gifford's Seedling 464 

Gobet a Courte Queue 480 

Golden 467 

Governor Wood 464 

Graffion 453 

Great Bigarreau 454 

Great Bigarreau of Mesd. 454 

Great Cornelian 480 

Gridley 464 

Griotte d^Espagne 483 

Gi'iotte Grosse Noire 483 

Griotte Ordinaire du Nord 484 

Griotte de Portugal 477 

Griotte Precoce 483 

Griotte de Villennes 478 

Griottier a Bouquet 478 

Griottier Nain Precoce 479 

Griottier Rouge Pale 478 

Groote Pnncess 453 

Gros Bigarreau Blanc 463 

Gros Bigarreau Couleur de Chair. . 463 

Gros Bigarreau Rouge 467 

Gros Coiuret 453 

Gros Gobet 480 

Gi'oss Schwarze Knoorpel 474 

Grosse Cerise Rouge P le 478 

Grosse Schwarze Hertz Kirsche 455 

Grosse de Wagnellee 465 

Guignier d Eeuilles de Tahac 474 

Guigne grosse noir 455 

Guigne Noir Luisante 480 

Guigne Noir Tardive 474 

Guigne Rouge Hutive 464 

Guigne Tres Precoce. 465 

Guignier d rameaux pendans 487 

Guini&r d fruit noir 455 

Harrison Heart 47G 

Hdtive 479 

Hative Malgre Tout 480 

Hensel's Early 465 

Herefordshire Heart 464 

Herefordshire White 463 

Herz Kirsche 475 

Hildesheim Bigaxr«au 466 



CHERRIES. 



1045 



PAQId 

QUde.^hdmer gam Spate Knorpd 

Kirsche . . 405 

Hildesheimer Spate Herz Kirsche .. . 465 

Hoadley 465 

Holland Bigarreau 470 

Hollandistihe Orosse 453 

Holman's Duke 480 

Honey 465 

Hovey 465 

Hyde's Late Black 466 

Hyde's Red Heart 466 

Irnpera trice Eugenie 480 

Imperial 453 

Imperial EngliaJi Amber 450 

Imperial Morello 481 

Italian Heart 453 

Jaune de Prusse 466 

Jeffrey's Duke 481 

Jeffrey's Royal 481 

Jeffrey's Royal Oaroon 481 

Jocosot 466 

June Duke , 481 

Kennicott 466 

Kentish 481 

Kentish 480 

Kentish Red 481, 483 

Keokuk 466 

Kirsch von der Natte 479 

Kirsche mit Siiftigen Fleisch 474 

Kirtkmd''s Large Morello 482 

Kirtland's Mammoth 466 

Kirtland's Mary 467 

Kirtland's Morello 482 

KnevetCs Late Bigarreau 404 

Knight's Early Black 467 

Kdnigliche Amarelle 479 

Lady of the Lake 407 

Lady Southampton'' s Duke 467 

Lady Soutliampton'' s Golden Drop . . 467 

Lady Southampton's Yellow 467 

Large Black Bigarreau 474 

Large Double Flowering 486 

Large Heart-shaped Bigarreau. 453, 463 

Large Honey 465 

Large May duke 483 

Large Moj-ello 484 

Large Red Bigarreau 467 

Large Red Prool 454 

Large White Bigarreau. 476 

Large Wild Black 455 

Late Amber 458 

Late Arch Buke 477 

Late Bigarreau 468 

Late Duke 482 

Late Duke 477 

Late Honey 465 

Late Kentish 483 

Late Purple Guigne 468 

LauermanrCs Grosse Kirsche .... 470 



PAGH 

Lauermann^s Herz KirseJie 470 

Lauermanris Kirsche 470 ' 

Laura 468 

Leather Stocking 408 

Lem&rciefr 485 

Lincoln 468 

Lindley 408 

Lion's Heart 470 

Logan 468 

Louis Philippe 483 

Love Apple 483 

Ludwig 469 

Lnidwig's Bigarreau 469 

Lundie Gean 469 

Madison Bigarreau 409 

Magnijique de Sceaux 477 

Manning's Early Black Heart 469 

Manning's Late Black 409 

Manning's Mottled 469 

Martin'' s Weic/isel 487 

May Cherry 479 

May Cluster 481 

Mayduke 483 

Mazzard • 455 

Merisier a, Fleurs Doubles 486 

Merisier d fruit blano 465 

Merisier d petit fruit 455 

Merisier d petit fruit noir 455 

Merry Cherry 455 

MerveUle de Septembre 469 

Milan 484 

Millefs Laie Heart Duke 483 

Monats Amarelle 487 

Monstreuse de Bavay 485 

Monstrous May 475 

Monstrous de Mezel 454 

Montmorency 480, 481 

Montmorency a Ores Fruit. 480 

Montmorency a, longue queue 481 

Morello 484 

Morello de Charmeux 484 

Morris Duke 483 

Mo7-7-is's Early Duke. 483 

Mottled Bigarreau 469 

Meyer's Honey Heart 469 

Muscat de Prague 481 

Nancy 470 

Napoleon Bigarreau 470 

JV^eiD Large Black Bigarreau 454 

JSfeiD Mayduke 459 

JVoir Prlcoce de Strass 473 

Nouvelle Royale 484 

Och^en Herz Kirsche 470 

Ohio Beauty 470 

Osceola 470 

Ostheim 484 

Ostheimer Kirsche 484 

Ostheimer Weicisel 484 

Ox-Heart , 470 

Ox-Hea/rt 476 



1046 



CHERKIES — CKAN BERRIES. 



PAGE 

Paramdam 484 

'Petite Gerise Bouge Precoce 479 

Pie Cherry .481, 482 

Pierce's Late 471 

Planclioury 477 

Plumstone Morello 484 

Pontiac 471 

Portvgnl Duke 477, 483 

Powhattan 471 

Precoce 479 

President 471 

Prince's Black Heart 471 

Prinzessin Kirsche 453 

Proudfoot 471 

Primus eerasus plena 486 

Bed Heart 464 

Red Jacket 473 

Reine Hortense 485 

Remington 473 

Remington Heart 473 

Remington White Heart 473 

Richardson 473 

Rival 472 

Rivers's Early Amber. 473 

Rivers's Early Heart 473 

Roberts' Red Heart 473 

Rockport 473 

Rockport Biga/rreau 473 

RonalcVs Heart 456 

RonakVs Large Black Heart 456 

RonalcVs Large Morello 484 

Rose de Lyons 462 

Royal Duke 485 

Royale 481 

Boyale Anglaise Tardive 485 

Royale Hdtive 483 

Boyale Ordinaire 481 

Rumsey's Late Morello 485 

St. Martinis AmareUe 487 

Sehone von Choisy 477 

Schwarze Herz Kirsche 456 

Seize d la Livre 485 

September Weich^d Grosse 484 

Serrulated Leaved Ghen^y 486 

Shannon 485 

Shippen 481 

Small Double Flowering 486 

SmallMny 479 

iSmall wild Black 455 

Spanish Black Hea/rt 455 

Spanish Telloio 467 

Sparhawk's Honey 473 

Sparrowhawk's Honey 473 

Spate Hildesheimer Marmor Kirsche . 465 

Strass's Early Black 473 

Street's May 475 

Sumner's Honey. 473 

Superb Circassian 456 

Sussex 481 

Swedish 462 

Sweet Montmorency 474 



PAOB 

Tardive deMons ... . 469 

Tariarian 456 

Tecumseh 474 

The Doctor 460 

Thompson's Duke 483 

Tobacco-Leaved 474 

Tomato 483 

Townsend 474 

Tradescanfs 474 

Tradescant's Black Heart 474 

Transparent 475 

Transparent Gean 475 

Transparent Guigne 475 

Trauben AmareUe 478 

Trempe Pricoce 462 

Tres-Fertile 478 

Triumph of Cumberland 475 

Turkey Bigarreau 453, 476 

VaU's August Duke 485 

Very Large Heart 470 

Vi&r auf ein Pfund 474 

Virginian May 481 

Virginian Wild Cherry 486 

Virginische Kirsche 486 

Warren's Transparent 475 

Waterloo 475 

Wax Cherry 478 

Weeping 487 

Weic/isd mit ganzkurzen Stiel 480 

Wellington 475 

Wendell's Mottled Bigarreau 475 

Werder's Early Black Heart 475 

Werdsc7ie Friihe Schwarze 475 

WesVs White Heart 453 

WethenU 481 

White Bigarreau 476 

WJdte Bigarreau 453, 476 

White French Guigne 476 

White Heart 463 

White Mazza/rd 456 

White Ox-Heart 476 

White Tartarian 476 

White Transparent 463 

Whixley Black 455 

Wild Black Fruited 455 

Wild Cherry 486 

Wild English Cherry 455 

Wilder' s Bigarreau de Mai 453 

Wilkinson 476 

Telhw 467 

Yellow Honey 465 

Ydlow Spanish 453 

Yung To ,. 486 

Zwerg Kirsche 484 



CRANBERRIES 
BeU-Shaped 498 



CBAI^BERRIES — CURRAIITS — FIGS. 



1041 



Bugle, Oval, or Egg-shaped 
OLerry •. , 



PAGE 

493 
498 



CURRANTS. 

Attractor 489 

Bang Up 493 

Black English 493 

Black Naples 493 

Black Grape 493 

Blanc Transparent 491 

Buist's Long-Bunched 489 

Cam 493 

GauGose 490 

Champagne 489 

Cherry 489 

Common Black 493 

Ba-na's New White 493 

Fertile cP Angers 490 

Fertile de Palluau 489 

Goliath 491 

Gondouin Red 490 

Gondouin White 490 

Oroseillier a Fruit Gouleur de Ghair. 489 

Oroseillier Bouge a Gros Fruit 491 

Qrosse Bonge de Holland. 491 

Qrosse Weiss und Bothgestreifte Jo- 
Jiannesieere 491 

Hdtive de Bertin 490 

Houghton Gastle 491 

Imperial Blana 493 

Imperial Bed 490 

Imperial Wliite 493 

Knight's Early Red 490 

Knight's Large Red 490 

Knight's Sweet Red 490 

La Fertile 490 

La Hative 490 

La Versaillaise 490 

Large-Bunched Bed 491 

Large Bed Dutch 491 

Long-Bunched Red. 491 

Macfocarpa 490 

May's Victoria 491 

Missouri Currant 493 

Morgan^s Bed 491 

Morgan! s White 493 

New Bed Butch 491 

New White Dutch 493 

OgderCa Black Grape 493 



PAGI 

Pheasants Eye ...... 489 

Prince Albert 491 

Baby Gastle 491 

Red Dutch 491 

Red Flowering Currant 493 

Bed Grape 491 

Bed Provens 490 

Beeve's White 493 

Short-Bunched Bed 491 

Silver-Striped 491 

Striped-Fruited 491 

Transparent 491 

Victoria 491 

White Antwerp 493 

White Glinton 493 

W/dte Grystal 498 

White Dutch 493 

White Grape 493 

White Legliom 492 

White Provence 493 

Wilmofs Bed Grape 491 



FIGS. 

Angelique 498 

Bayswater 497 

Black Genoa 496 

Black Ischia 496 

Black Naples 497 

Blue Ischia 496 

Bordeaux 498 

Brown Hamburg 497 

Brown Ischia 497 

Brown Italian 497 

Brown Naples 497 

Brown Turkey 497 

Brunswick 497 

Ghestnut 497 

Ghestnut-colored Ischia. 497 

Glementine 497 

Goncourelle Blanche 498 

Early Forcing 496 

Figue Blanche 498 

Foi'd's Seedling 498 

Green Ischia 499 

Hanover 497 

Italian 497 

Lmge Blue 497 

La/rge White Genoa 498 



1048 



FIGS — GOOSEBEERIES. 



Lee^s Perpetual 497 

Madonna 497 

Malta 498 

Marseilles 498 

Melitte. 498 

Murrey/ 497 



Nerii 



498 



PococJc 498 

Preg-ussata 499 



Bed 



497 



Small Broicn 497 

Small Brown Ischia 497 

Violette ; 498 

Violette de Bordeaux 498 

White Ischia 499 

White MnrseiUes 498 

White Naples 498 

White Standard 498 



GOOSEBEREIES. 

American Red. . . ., 504 

American Seedling 504 

Atlas 503 

Banks Dublin 503 

Berry's Greenwood 502 

Boardman's British Grown. ....... 501 

Briton 503 

Broom Girl 503 

Buerdsill's Duckwing 503 

Capper's Bonny Lass 503 

Capper's Bunker Hill 502 

Capper's Top Sawyer '501 

Champagne 501 

Cleworth's White Lion 502 

Cluster 504 

Collier's Jolly Angler 502 

Conquering Hero 503 

Cook's White Eagle 503 

Crompton Sheba Queen 502 

Downing 503 

Dutiyh Joe 504 

Early Green Hairy 502 

Echo 503 

Edward's Jolly Tar. 502 

Elijah 503 

Farrow's Roaring Lion 501 

Favorite 503 

Freedom 503 

Glenton Green 502 

Gorton's Viper, 503 



PAGB 

Oreen Oascoigne 503 

Green River » 503 

Green Walnut 503 

Guido 503 

Hapley's Lady of the Manor 503 

Hartshorn's Lanca.'shire Lad 501 

Hepburn Green Prolific 502 

HiU's Golden Gourd 502 

Hobbs' Seedling 504 

Hopley's Companion 503 

Houghton's Seedling 504 

Huntsman 503 

Husbandman 503 

Lidependent 503 

Jolly Cutter 503 

Keen's Seedling 501 

Keepsake 503 

Lady Delamere 503 

Leigh's Rifleman 501 

Marigold 503 

Massey's Heart of Oak 503 

Melling's Crown Bob 501 

Miss Bold , 501 

Mountain Seedling 504 

Oliio Prolific 504 

Ohio Seedling 504 

Ostrich 503 

Overall 503 

Pale Red 504 

Parkinson's Laurel 503 

Part's Golden Fleece 502 

PUot 503 

Pitmaston Green Gage 503 

Prince Albert 503 

Prince Regent 503 

Profit 503 

Prophet's Rockwood 503 

Queen Caroline 503 

Red Warrington 503 

Riley's 503 

Riley's Tallyho 503 

BoherVs Sweet Water 504 

St. Clair . . 504 

Saunders' Cheshire Lass 503 

Scorpion ""OS 

Smiling Beauty 308 

Smith's Lnproved 504 

Smith's Seedling 504 

Sovereign 503 

Taylor's Bright Venus 603 

Teazer 503 



GOOSEBERRIES — GRAPES. 



10*9 



PAGE 

riramper 503 

Wainman's Green Ocean 502 

"Wellington's Glory 503 

White Honey 503 

Wistastoa Hero 503 

Woodward's White Smith 503 

Yellow Ball 503 

Yellow Champagne 502 

Young Wonderful 503 



GEAPES. 

Adirondac 528 

Agawam 52S 

Aiken 545 

Albino 528 

Aleatica du Po 520 

Aleppo 513 

Alexander's ; 528 

Alexandnan Frontignan . . 521 

Alicante 513 

Alicantenivdn 513 

Allair 528 

Alvey 530 

Amber Muscadine 521 

Ameriaan Muscadine 554 

Amiens 521 

Amoureux. ... 554 

AnselVs Large Oval Black 515 

Aramon 516 

Archer 530 

Arcott 530 

Arkansas 530 

ArnoMs No. 1 552 

Arnold's No 2 536 

Arnold's No. 5 530 

Arnold's No. 8 532 

Arnold's No. 16 533 

Aughwick 530 

August Pioneer 530 

August Traube 517 

Autuchon 530 

Auverna 514 

Auvernas Rouge 514 

Auverne 514 

Baker 545 

Baldwin le Noir 530 

Barnes 531 

Barry 531 

Baxter 531 

Beautiful 556 

Bird's Egg 531 

Black Burgundy 514 

Black Oape 528 

Black Champion 514 

Black Ghasselas 515 

Black Cluster 514 

Black Constantia 514 

Black FrankenthaU 514 



PieH 

Black Frontignan 514 

Black Frontignan 514 

Black Qerman 558 

BlncJc Grape from Tripoli 516 

Black Hamburgh 5l4 

Black Hawk 531 

Black July 531 

Black Lisbon 513 

Black Lombardy 515 

Black MoriUon 514 

Black Morocco 515 

Black Miisoadel 515 

Black Muscadine 515 

Black Muscat of Alexandria 515 

Black Palestine 513 

Black Portugal 513 

Black Prince 515 

Black St. Peters 513 

Black Spanish 513 

Black SpanisJi Alabama 551 

Black Sweetwater 515 

Black Tripoli 516 

Black Valentia 513 

BlacksmitKs White Cluster 522 

Blanc de Bonneuil 518 

Bland 531 

Bland's Madeira 531 

Bland's Pale Red 531 

Bland's Virginia 531 

Blauer von Alicante 513 

Blood's Black 532 

Bloomburg 536 

Blue Favorite 532 

Blue Gra;pe 531 

Blue Imperial 532 

Blue TrolUnger 514 

Bogue's Eureka - 545 

Boston 515 

Bourdales des Hautes Pyrenees 514 

Bowood Muscat 516 

Brandywine 532 

Brant 532 

Brinckle 532 

Brown 532 

Brown Hamburgh 514 

Bull 554 

BuUett 554 

Burckhardt's Prince 516 

Burgunder. 514, 517 

Burgundy of Georgia 552 

Burroughs 533 

Burton's Early 532 

Busby's Golden Hamiburgh 519 

Camden 533 

GampaneUa Bianca 531 

Canada 533 

Canadian Hamburgh 553 

Canadian Hyh'id 553 

Canby's August 553 

Canon Hall Muscat 516 

Cape Grape 528 

Carter 533 



i050 



GRAPES. 



PAGE 

Cmter , 556 

Cassady 533 

Catawba 533 

Catawba Tokay 533 

Gatawissa Bloam 536 

C&r&se Septembro 521 

Challenge 533 

Chaptal 516 

Charlsworth Tokay 516 

CJiarleswortJi Tokay Malaga 521 

Charter Oak 533 

Ghasselas blanc 521 

CJiasselas dore 521 

Ohasselas de FontaineUeau 521 

Chasselas Musque 516 

Ohasselas Noir 515 

Chassdas panache 513 

Chxisselas Precoce 524 

Ghasselas Bouge 521 

Ghasselas Ro\ige Foiwee 521 

Chasselas Rcyal 517 

Ghasselas Royal 524 

Chasselas Vibert 517 

Chippewa 534 

Ghristi^s Improved IsabeUa 542 

Ghristine : 556 

Ciga/r-Box Orape 551 

Clara 534 

Claret 534 

Clermont 533 

GliftorHs Gonstantia 528 

Clinton 534 

Cloantbe 545 

Clover Street Black 534 

Clover Street Red 534 

Columbia 534 

Golumbia Gounty 536 

Concord 536 

Conqueror 536 

Gonstantia 528 

Cornucopia 536 

Cottage 536 

Cowan 536 

Crevelliag 536 

Croton 537 

Guniberland Lodge 518 

Cunningham 537 

Cuyahoga 537 

Cynthiana 537 

Dana 537 

LfArbois 521 

Delaware 537 

De St. Jean 517 

Detroit 539 

Devereux 531 

Diamant 522 

Diamant Traube 522 

Diana 539 

Diana Hamburgh 539 

Dracut Amber 539 

Duchess of Buccleugh 517 

J)%*£h Hamburgh 514 



PAOB 

Dutch Sweetwater. .. . 524 

Early Black 514 

Early Black Bordeaux 517 

Early Black July 517 

Early GMssdas 518 

Early Golden Frontignan 517 

Early Hudson 539 

Early Kienzimm 518 

Early Saumur Frontignan 517 

Early Silver Frontignan. 518 

Early Smyrna Frontignan 518 

Early Sweetwater 524 

Early White Tenmffe ,. . 521 

Early White Malvasia 518 

Early White Muscadine 524 

Elizabeth 539 

Elsenborough 540 

Elsinboro 540 

Elsiogburgh 540 

Emily 540 

Erbalus 522 

Espagnin Noir 513 

Esperione 518 

Eumelan 540 

Fancher 533 

Farineux noir 520 

Fintindo 518 

Flame- Golored Tokay 520 

Flmch Traube . . 514 

Flora 540 

Foster's White Seedling 519 

Framingham 541 

Franc Pineau 514 

Frankendale 514 

FrankentJialer 514 

Frankenthaler Oroi Noir 514 

Franklin 540 

Fromente 520 

Garber's Albino \ 528 

Garrigues 540 

Genuine Tokay 524 

German Wine 558 

Gibraltar 514 

Goethe 540 

Golden Champion 519 

Golden Ghasselas 521 

Golden Clinton 541 

Golden Hamburgh 519 

Graham 541 

Grauer MuscateUer 519 

Gray Tokay 524 

Green's ProUfic 519 

Grizdy Frontignac 519 

Grizzly Frontignan 519 

Gros Maroc 519 

Grosser Riessling 524 

Grove End Sweet Water 518 

Haga/r 630 

Hall 541 



GRAPES. 



1051 



Hamipton Court Vine 514 

Sardy Blue Windsor 518 

Hart 531 

Hartford Prolific , 541 

Hattie 541 

Heath 537 

Herbemont 541 

Herlemonts Madeira. 541 

Hettie 541 

Hine 542 

Hopkins Early Bed 558 

Howell 542 

Hudler 514 

Hudson 543 

Husson 531 

Hyde's Eliza 542 

Iden 546 

Imitation Hamburgh 557 

lona 542 

Isabella 542 

Isaker DaisiJco 518 

Israella 545 

Italian Wine 537 

Ives 545 

Res' Madeira 545 

Ives' Seedling 545 

JacTc 551 

JaooVs Traube. 517 

Jacquez 551 

James' Seedling- 533 

Jews 522 

July Grwpe 517 

Jura Muscat 520 

Keuka 550 

Kilvington 545 

King 541 

Kingsessing 545 

Kitchen 545 

Kittredge 545 

Kleiner Riessling 524 

Knight's Variegated Chasselas. . . . 520 
Kiimmel Traube 519 

laan Hdtif 522 

Labe 545 

Lady Downe's 520 

Lady Downe's Seedling 520 

Lake 546 

LanguedoG 514 

Lao'ge German 558 

Laura Beverly 536 

Le Cceur 515, 516 

Le Melier 518 

Le Meunier , . . , 520 

Lee's 545 

Lenoir , 546 

Lenmr 531 

lAncdn 531 

liindley 546 

Logan 546 



PAO< 

Lombardy , . 52C 

Long 537 

Long Noir dJ'Espagne 522 

LongwortKs Ohio 551 

Louisa 546 

Louisiana 546 

Lydia 546 

Lyman 547 

McCandless. 551 

McCoun 547 

McOowan 536 

McLean. 531 

MclSTeil 547 

Madeira Wine Gra/pe 523 

Madeira of York, Pa 528 

Madeleine 517 

Madeleine Musquee de Gourtiller. . . 517 

Madeleine Noir 517 

Mammoth Catawba 533 

Manhattan 548 

Marion 548 

Marian Port 558 

Marocain 519 

Martha 548 

Mary 548 

Mary Ann 548 

Massasoit 548 

Maurillan noir panache 513 

Maurillan panache 513 

Maxatawney 548 

Mead's Seedling 533 

Melier blano 518 

Meredith's Alicante 518 

Merrimack 549 

Merritfs Seedling 550 

Michigan 533 

Miles 550 

Miller Grape 520 

Miller's Burgundy 520 

Miner's Seedling 557 

Missouri 550 

Missouri Seedling 550 

Modena 550 

Mohrendutte 514 

Money's 515 

Monteith 558 

Montgomery 550 

MoriUon Hdtif 517 

Morillon noir 514 

MoriUon Taconne 520 

Morna Chasselas 518 

Mornair blanc 518 

Morone Farinaccio. 520 

Moscado Bianco 523 

Moscatel Commun 523 

Moscatel Gordo Blanco. 521 

Moscliata Bianca 523 

Mottled 550 

Mount Lebanon 550 

Muller 520 

Mullevrebe 520 

Muscado Rosso 519 



1052 



GRAPES. 



PAGE 

Mascat of Alexandria 521 

Muscat Blanc 523 

Muscat Blane de Jura 523 

Mtiscat Escliolata • • • • 521 

MiLscat Esciilata 521 

Muscat Orec 521 

Muscat Qris 519 

Miiscat Homhurgh 515 

Muscat Hdtif de Saumur 517 

Muscat of Jerusalem 521 

Muscat of Lunel 531 

Muscat Noir 514 

Muscat Noir de Jura .514, 520 

Muscat Noir Ordinaire 514 

Muscat Bomain 521 

Muscat Bouge 519 

Muscat de Saumur 517 

Muscat de Smyrne 518 

Muscat Troveren 528 

Mtiscat Troveren Blane 523 

Muscateller 523 

Mu^k CJtasselas 516 

Neil Oraipe 541 

Neff 550 

Nepean^s Constantia 523 

Noi.iin 520 

NonaTatum 550 

North America 551 

North Carolina 551 

North Carolina Seedling. 551 

Northern Muscadine 551 

Norton\ Seedling 551 

Norton's Virginia 551 

Ohio 551 

Ontario 557 

Onondaga 551 

Oporto 552 

Osmond 553 

Othello 552 

Paign's Isabella 542 

Palestine 523 

Panse Musquee 521 

Passe Musquee 521 

Pauline 552 

Payne's Early 542 

Perkins 552 

Petit Biessling 524 

Pineau 514 

Pitmaston White Cluster 521 

Plante Biche 516 

Pocock^s Damascus 515 

Poeschel's Mammoth 583 

Pollock 552 

Pond's Seedling 533 

Poonah 515 

Powell 531 

Precoce Musqu'e 517 

Piimavis Frontignan 521 

Purple Constantia 514 

Pwrpk Frontigmn 514 



Purple Hamburgh 514 

Pulveruienta 52C 

Raabe . . . •. , 553 

Baisin d'Aless. 513 

Baisin de Bourgne. 514 

Baisin des Ca/rmes 515 

Baisin de CJiamipagne 521 

Baisin de Cuba. 515 

Baisin de Frontignan 523 

Baisin Precoce 517 

Baisin Suisse 513 

Baisine d'Espagne 515 

Eebecca 553 

Red Chasselas 521 

Bed Constantia 519 

Bed Elbm 554 

Bed Frontignac of Jerusalem 515 

Bed Frontignan 519 

Bed Orape of Taurida 520 

Bed Hamburgh 514 

Bed Lenoir 553 

Bed Munxiy 533 

Bed Muscadine 521 

Bed Muscat of Aleomndria 515 

Bed Biver 537 

Bed Scuppemong 531 

Reeves' Muscadine 521 

Rentz 554 

Bhemish Bed. 520 

Richmond 545 

Biessling 524 

Boanoke 554 

Bossling 524 

Bogers'' No. 1 540 

Bog&rs' No. 3 548 

Bogers' No. 4 557 

Bogers' No. 9 546 

Bogers' No. 1^ 528 

Bogers' No. \Q 549 

Bogers' No. 22 554 

Bogers' No. ^ 531 

Bother 514 

Bothrock 538 

Royal Muscadine 521 

Budesheimerherg 524 

Bulander 554 

St. Albans 516 

St. Catherine 554 

St. Genevieve 554 

St. Peters 513 

Sanct Peter's Traube 513 

Salem 554 

Salisbury Violet 514 

Sanbomton 545 

Sanbomton 542 

Saratoga 533 

Sauvignien noir 520 

Schloss Johannisherg 534 

Schuylkill Madeira 528 

Schuylkill Muscadd 538 

Schuylkill Muscadine 528 



GRAPKR. 



105S 



PAOE 

Sehwaner 514 

Sclmarzer FruTvzdtiger 517 

Seliinnrzer SpmmrJier 513 

Scotch Whibj Cluster 522 

Scuppernong 554 

Seneca 541 

Shaker Grape 557 

Sheppard's Delaware 555 

Sherman 547 

Sherry 531 

ShurtlefFs Seedling 556 

Sir A. Pytchca' Black 515 

Sir WiUiam Ro7cley''s Black 514 

SmaU Black Cluster 514 

Small German 558 

SmarVs EMnghurg 540 

Spofarcl Seedling 556 

Springmill Constantia 528 

Steward's Black Prince 515 

8tiUward\'i Sweetwater 524 

StMkwood Park Golden Hamburgh . . 519 

Striped Muscadine 513 

Sumpter ■ 531 

Switzerland Grape 513 

Syrian 522 

Talker's Grape 528 

Taylor's Bullet 556 

Telegraph 556 

Terra de la Promise 522 

Thurmond 531 

To Kalon 556 

Tokai blano 524 

Tottenham Park Muscat 521 

Trebbiano 522 

Trebbiano Bianco 522 

Trebbiano Vero 522 

Trentham Black 522 

Troller 514 

TroUinger 514 

Troveren .' 523 

Troveren Frontignan 523 

Tr7ie Burgundy 514 

Tryon 558 

Tuley 531 

Turnefs Black. 518 

Tyningham Muscat 523 

Tynningham Muscat 516 

Ugni Blane 522 

Ugrie Novr 516 

Una 556 

trnderhill 556 

Underhill's Celestial 556 

TlnderhilVs Seedling 556 

Union Village 557 

Urbana 557 

Uva Salamana 521 

Vedentine^s 514 

Von der Laan Piecoce 522 

Variegated Ghaasdaa 513, 520 

Venango 557 



PAOB 

Verdal 523 

Verdelho 523 

V&i-dilhio 528 

Vevay 528 

Victoi'ia 514 

Vitis rotundifolia 554 

Vitis Vulpina 554 

Vrai Auvemas 514 

Walter 557 

Wantage 520 

Warner'' s Black Hamburgh 514 

Warren 541 

Wa/rrenton 541 

Water Zoet Noir 515 

Water Zoete Blane 524 

Weisse Mimcaten Traube 523 

Weisser MuseateUer 523 

Welsshokiger TroUinger 514 

Welscher 514 

Wernple 537 

West's St. Peters 515 

White Cape 528 

White Catawba 533 

White Ghasselas 521 

WIdte Constantia 523 

White Frontignan 523 

Wliite Frontniac 523 

White Hamburgh 523 

White Lisbon 523 

White Melier 518 

White Muscadine 524 

Wldte Muscat of Alexandria 521 

White Nice 524 

White Nice 521 

White Pm-tugal 523 

White Raisin 523 

White Eessling 524 

White Sweetwater 524 

White Tokay 524 

WUder. , 557 

WUmington 557 

Winne 528 

Winslow 558 

Wolfe 558 

Woodioard 542 

Worthington 534 

Wright's Isabella 545 

Wyman 556 

Wyoming Red 558 

Xeres 531 

Teddo 524 

York Lisbon 528 

York Madeira 558 

Zane 533 

MELON FAMILY. 

1. MELONS. 
Allen's Superb 601 



]054 



WATER-MELONS — MULBERRIES — NECTARINES. 



PAGE 

Alvord's Hybrid 560 

Beechwood 560 

Cliristiana 560 

Dampslia 561 

Green Citron 560 

Green Melon 561 

Ispahan 560 

Jenny Lind 560 

Large Musk Cantelope 561 

Nutmeg 561 

Persian 561 

Pine-Apple 561 

Skillman's Fine Netted 561 

Valencia 561 

White Japan ' 561 

Winter Melon 561 

2. "WATER-MELONS. 

Apple-Seeded 562 

Baugh 563 

Black Spanish 563 

Bradford 562 

Carolina 563 

Citron Water Melon 563 

Clarendon 563 

Ice Cream 563 

Imperial 563 

Mountain Sprout 563 

Mountain Sweet. 563 

Odell's Large White 563 

Orange 563 

R&^enscroft 563 

Souter 564 

MULBERRIES. 

Black Mulberry 564 

English Mulberry 564 

Everbearing- 564 



PASV 

Hick's Everbearing. 564 

Johnson 564 

Red Mtdberry. 565 

White Mulberry 565 

NECTARINES. 

Albert 566 

Anderson's. 567, 570 

AndersorCs Round 570 

Aromatic 572 

Balgone 566 

Balgowan 566 

Blach 567 

Black Murry 569 

Boston 566 

Broomfield 566 

Brugnon Hatif. 578 

Brugnon Musquee 571 

Brugnon de Newlngton 570 

Brugnon Bed at the Stone 573 

Brugnon Yiolette Musquee 571 

Chauviere 566 

Glaremont 567 

Common Elrtige 567 

Cowdray White 570 

VAngleterre 570 

De Balgone 566 

De Feiigny 568 

Downton 567 

Du Hainaut 568 

Du Tilly's 567 

Due du TeUiet's 567 

Due de TeUo 567 

Dug Timers 567 

Duke de Tilly 567 

Ea/rly Black 567 

Early Black Newington 567 

Early Brugnon 573 

Early Newington 567 

Early Violet 573 

Elruge 567 

Emerton^s New White 570 

Fairchild's 56E 

Fairchild's Early 568 

Feiigny 568 

Fine Gold-fleshed 568 

Flanders 570 

French Newington 578 

Galopin 568 

Gathoye 568 

Golden 568 



NECTARINES — ^NUTS. 



105t 



PAGE 

Hampton Court 573 

Hardwicke 569 

SardtmcMs Seedling 569 

Hunts Early Tawny 569 

Hunts Large Tawny 569 

Hunt's Tawny 569 

Large Scarlet 572 

Large White 570 

Late Oreen 570 

Lewis 566 

Leicis's 566 

Lord Napier 569 

Lord Selsey's Elruge 572 

L/ucomhe^s BlacTc 567 

I/UGombe^s Seedling 567 

Mrrffrum 569 

Murrey 569 

Murry 569 

mats WJiite 570 

New Bark Newington 567 

New Ea/rly Newington 567 

New Scarlet 572 

New White 570 

Newington 570 

Oatlands 567 

Old Newington 570 

Old Soman 571 

Old White 570 

Orange 568 

Perkins'' Seedling 566 

Peterborough 570 

PeterboroiigJi 567 

Petit Violette Hdtive 572 

Pine-Apple 570 

Pitmaston Orange 571 

Red Roman 571 

Rivers' Orange 571 

Rivers' White 571 

Roman 571 

Rough Roman 570 

Scaiiet 570 

Sca/rlet Newington 570 

Sion Hill 570 

SmitKs Newington 570 

Spring Orove 567 

Btanwick 571 

Templets. 567 

Vermash 570 

Victoria 572 

Violet 572 

Violet Musk 572 

Violet Red at the Stone 572 

Violette Angervillieres 572 

Violette Grosse 572 



PAex 
Violette mtive 573 

Violette Musguee 573 

William^'' Orange. , 571 

Williams' Seedling 571 



NUTS. 

1. CHESrNTJTS. 

Chestnut 573 

Chinquapin 573 

Dwarf Chestnut 573 

Spanish Chestnut 573 

3. FILBERTS. 

Coeford ..... 574 

Dwarf Prolific 574 

Mlbert Cob 574 

Frizzled '. 574 

Kentish Cob 574 

Lambert 574 

Northamptonshire Prolific 574 

Nottingham Prolific 574 

PeofrsorCs Prolific 574 

Purple Filbert 574 

Purple-Leaved 574 

Red Filbert 574 

White Filbert 574 

3. HICKORY NUTS, BUTTERNUTS. 

Hickory Nut 574 

Shell Bark 574 

The Butternut 574 

4. WAIiNUTS. 

A Coque Tendre 574 

Black 574 

Be Jaxige 573 

Bouble 573 

DwarfProlific 573 

Ea/rly-Beamng 573 

European 573 



1056 



NUTS — OLIVES — ORAJfGE FAMILY — PEACHES. 



PAGE 

FerUU 573 

Frenxih 573 

Large-Fruited 573 

Predom 573 

Thin-SheUed 574 

OLIVES. 

Broad-leaved 576 

Demi-wood 575 

Long-leaved 576 

Olivier a Fruit Arrondi. 576 

Olivier Picholine 576 

Olivier Pleureur 576 

Weeping Olive 576 

Wild American 575 

OEANGB FAMILY. 

1. OKANGES. 

Bergamot 578 

Bitter Orange 578 

Blood Red 578 

Common Sweet 578 

Double Bigiwade 578 

Fingered 579 

Havana 578 

Maltese 578 

Mandarin 578 

Wdble Orange -578 

Pea/r-sJiaped 579 

Bibbed 579 

St. Augustine 578 

St. Michael's 578 

Seville 578 

Shaddock 579 

Sweet Skinned 579 

3. LEMONS. 

Common 579 

Bweet 579 



PA8I 

3. LIMES. 

Common 579 

Porno d! Adamo . . . , , 579 

4. CITRONS. 

Common .... 579 

Madras 579 

PEACHES. 

A Bee 596 

Abricotee 597 

Acton Scott 597 

Admirable 608 

Admirable Jaune 597 

Admirable Tardive 600 

Alberge Jaune 637 

Albert's Late Rareripe 507 

Alexandra 597 

Alexandra Noblesse 597 

Algiers Winter 621 

Algiers Yellow 631 

Alida 597 

AUen 598 

Allison 621 

Amelia 598 

Anne 609 

Apricot Peach 597 

Aremie 598 

Astor 598 

Atwood 598 

Austin's Late Red 598 

Avant Peche de Troyes 629 

Avant Rouge 629 

Baldwin's Late 599 

Barnard's Early 637 

Barnard's Yellow Honest John 637 

Barrington 599 

Batchelder 599 

Baxter's Seedling, No. 1 618 

Belle Bauce 599 

BeUe Bausse. 599 

Belle de Beaucaire 600 

Belle et Bonne 600 

Belle Chevreuse 599 

Belle de la Croix , 600 

BeUe de Douai 600 

Belle de Done 600 

BeUe de Fillenwii 600 

Belle de Pans 632 

Belle de Vitry. 600 

Bellede Vitry 608 

Bellegarde 600 

Bellis 600 

Bergen's Yellow 601 

Blanton Cling 601 

Blood Clinq 601 



PEACHES. 



1057 



PAGE 

iJIood Clingstone 601 

Bonne Gros de Noisette 601 

Bordeaux Cling. 602 

Brmtfor-d Mignonne 600 

Brevoort 602 

BrevocyrVs Morris 602 

BrevoorVs Seedling Melt&r 602 

Briggs 602 

Brown Nutmeg 629 

Buokingliam Mignonne 599 

Cable's Late 602 

Cable's Late Melocoton 602 

Cambridge Belle 602 

Camellia-flowered 638 

Canary 602 

Carnation-flowered 688 

Carpenter's White 603 

Catheriae 603 

ChanceUor 603 

Chaneelli-re 603 

Chinese Cling 603 

Chinese Peach 638 

Christiana ■. 603 

Claret Clingstone 601 

Clemence Isaure 603 

Clinton 604 

Cole's Early Red 604 

Cole's White Melocoton 624 

Cohnd Aitsl6y''s 599 

Columbia 604 

Columbus, June 604 

Comet 604 

Comtesse de Hainaut 605 

Congress 603 

Cooledge's Early Red Rareripe .... 605 

Cooledge's Favcrite 605 

Count's 605 

Crawford's Early 605 

Crawford's Early Melocoton 605 

Crawford's Late 605 

Crawford's Superb Malacatune 605 

Crimson-flowered 638 

Crimson Galande 606 

Crimson Mignonne 606 

Crockett's Late White 606 

Gut-Leaved 612 

Cutter's Yellow 638 

D'Abricot 597 

Dagmar 606 

De Beurre 606 

De Bonlez 606 

De Montigny 617 

Desse Tardive 606 

De Zelhem 606 

Doctor Hogg 607 

D'Oignes 607 

Donahoo Cling 607 

D' Orange 597 

jDoraetshire 625 

Double-Blossomed 638 

Double Flowering Peach. 638 

67 



PAOH 

Double Montague , 607 

Double Mountain 607 

Double Swalsh 631 

Druid Hill 607 

DufEYellow 608 

Duperron 608 

Dwarf Orleans 608 

Early Admirable 608 

Early Albert 608 

Early Alfred 608 

Early Anne 609 

Early Beatrice 609 

Early Pourdine 631 

Early Chelmsford 609 

Early Crawford 605 

Early Garlande 600 

Early German 615 

Early Grosse Mignonne 609 

Early Louise 609 

Early Maiden 609 

Early May -615 

Early Newington 610, 632 

Early Newington Freestone 610 

Early Purple 61 1 

Eavly Purple Avant 615 

Ea/)iy Bed Nutmeg 629 

Early Red Rareripe. 629 

Early Rivers 610 

Early Royal George 600, 631 

Early Silver 610 

Early Sweet Water 610 

Early TUlotson 610 

E£.rly Victoria 611 

Early Vineyard. 615 

Early White Nutmeg 637 

Early York 611 

Eastbum 611 

Eastbum's Choice. 611 

Eaton's Golden 611 

Edgar's Late Melting 608 

Eliza Peach 611 

Elmira Cling. 612 

Emperor of Russia 612 

English Oaland 637 

Emoult 612 

Exquisite 612 

Favorite 612 

Favorite Red. 612 

Fine Heath 616 

Flat Peach of China 638 

Plater's St. John 613 

Flewellen Cling 613 

Fox's Seedling 613 

Freeman 613 

Freestone Heath 619, 624 

French Bourdine 620 

French Chancellor 631 

French Magdalen 623 

French Mignonne 615 

French Royal George. 600 

Fruitland ..613 



1058 



PEACHES. 



FruiUand Seedling 613 

Fulkerson 613 

Fvlkerson^s Early 613 

Oalande 600 

Gaylord 614 

George the Fourth 614 

Gold-Fleshed 637 

Oolden Mignonne 637 

Goode's October 614 

Gorgas 614 

Great Eastern 614 

Green Catharine 614 

Oreen Nutmeg 609 

Gregory's Late 614 

Griffin^ s Mignonne 631 

Griffith 634 

Gr^th Malacotune 684 

Griffith Mammoth 632 

Grimwoods New Royal GeoQ-ge 615 

Grimwood's Royal Charlotte 631 

Grimwoods Royal George 615 

Gros Melocoton 626 

Gros Persique Rouge 626 

Grosse Jaune Tardive 597 

Grosse Mignonne 615 

Grosse Mignonne Hative 609 

Haines' Early Red 615 

Hale's Early 615 

Hardy Galand 637 

Harker's Seedling 615 

Hastings' Rareripe 616 

Hatch 616 

Hative de Ferrieres 616 

Heath 616 

Heath Clingstone 616 

Heath Free 619 

Henry Clay. 616 

Hero of Tippecanoe 634 

Hoffman's Pound 623 

Hoffner 617 

Hoffner's Seedling 617 

Hogg's Melocoton 629 

Honest John 619 

Honey 617 

Horton's Delicious 617 

Hovey's Cambridge BeUe. 602 

Hull's Athenian 617 

Hyslop 617 

Hyslop's Clingstone. 617 

Incomparable 618 

Indian Blood 601 

Indian Peach. 604 

Irish Jane 618 

Italian 622 

Italian Dwarf 608 

Jackson Cling. 6l8 

Jacques' Rareripe 618 

a' Tellow Rareripe 618 



PASS 

Jane 618 

Java Peach - 638 

Johnson's Ea/rly Purple. 61f> 

Jones' Early 618 

Jones' Large Early . • • 618 

Jose Sweet 618 

Jttdd's Melting 620 

Julia 619 

Kennedy'' s Carolina 621 

Kennedy'' s Lemon Clingstone 621 

Kenrick's Heath 619 

TJ Admirable 608 

La Grange 619 

La Royale 615, 620 

Lady Ann Steward 624 

Lady Parham 619 

Lady Palmerston 619 

Large American Nutmeg 610 

Large Early York 619 

Large French Mignonne 615 

Large Newington 626 

Large Red Rareripe . . . ., 624, 629 

Large White Clingstone 620 

Large TeUoio Rareripe 638 

Largest Lemon 621 

Late Admirable 620 

Late Admirable Cling. 618 

Late Chancellor 603 

Late Purple 620 

Late Red Rareripe 620 

Late Yellow Alberge 621 

Lemon Clingstone 621 

Lenoir 621 

Leopold 1 621 

Lincoln 621 

Lockyefs Mignonne 631 

Long Yellow Pine- Apple 621 

Lord Fauconberg's Mignonne 631 

Lord Montague's Noblesse 625 

Lord Nelson's. 631 

Lord Palmerston 621 

Luscious White Rareripe 624 

Lyon 622 

Madame d'Andrimont 622 

Madeleine Blanche 636 

Madeleine Blanche de Loisel 636 

Madeleine de Courson 622 

Madeleine d Petite Fleur. 631 

Madeleine Rouge 622 

Madeleine Rouge d Moyrnne Fleur . 631 

Madeleine Rouge d Petite Fleur 631 

Madeleine Rouge Tardive 631 

Malacatune 629 

Malagatune 629 

Malta 622 

Malte de Normandie , . 622 

Mammoth . . . ; 609 

Marie Antoinette 638 

Merriam 622 

MdlisJi's Favorite 626 



PEACHES. 



1069 



PAGE 

Middleton'd Imperial 629 

Mignonne 615 

Mignonne A Bee 596 

Mignonne Dubarle 622 

Mignonne Hdtive 609 

MiUefs Mignonne 631 

Molden's White 623 

Montague 607 

Montague Blanche 636 

Montauban 607 

Montgomery's Late 623 

Moore's Favorite 623 

Moore's June , 623 

Monstrons Pavie 626 

Monstrous Pomponne 626 

Monstrueuse de Doue 630 

Morris Bed 624 

Morris's Red Rareripe 624 

Morris's White 624 

Morris's White Freestone 624 

Morris's White Rareripe 624 

Morrisania Pound 623 

Morrison's Pound 623 

Motteux's 620 

Mrs. Hunley 623 

Mrs. Poinsette 623 

Mulatto 604 

Napoleon 624 

Nectarine Peach 624 

NdVs Early Purple 615 

New Cut-Leaved 612 

New Early Purple 631 

New Boyal Charlotte 631 

New York Bareripe 619 

New York White _ Clingstone 620 

Newington 626 

Newington Peach 610 

Nivette 625 

Nivette Veloutee 625 

Noblesse 625 

Noir de MontreuU 600 

Noisette 603 

Nonesuch of N. G 598 

Octob&r YeOow 621 

Old Newington 626 

Oldmixon Glearstone 625 

Oldmixon Cling 625 

Oldmixon Clingstone 625 

Oldmixon Freestone 625 

Orange Clingstone 626 

Orange Peach 597 

Orangeburg 598 

Orchard Queen 630 

Osceola 626 

Owen 626 

Oweri's Lemon Ba/reripe 626 

Pace 604 

Pavie Admirable. 618 

Pavie Camu 626 

Pavie Monstrueux 626 



PAGH 

Pavie de Pompone 626 

Pavie de Pomponne Grosse 626 

Pavie Bouge de Pomponne 626 

Peche Jaune 637 

Pecher d Fleurs Doubles. 638 

Pecher d Fleurs Semi-Doubles 638 

Peche Matte 622 

PecJie Boyale 620 

Been To'. 638 

Pettit's Imperial 629 

Picquet's Late 276 

Pine-apple Clingstone 621 

Poole's Large Yellow 627 

Poolers Loie Yelloio Freestone 627 

Pourprte d Bee. . , 596 

Bourprie Hdtive 611, 615 

Bourpree Hdtive Vineuse 599 

Bourpree de Normandie 615 

Bourpree Tardive 620 

Bourpree Vineuse 599 

President 627 

President Church 627 

Prince of Wales 627 

Prince's Climax 628 

Prince's Excelsior 628 

Prince's Paragon 628 

Brince's Bed Bareripe 620 

Princess of Wales 628 

PuceUe de Malines 628 

Burple Alberge 637 

Burple Avant 615 

Ray 628 

Raymackers 628 

Bayzer's June 598 

Bed Alberge 637 

Bed Avant 629 

Bed Cheek Malocoton 629 

Red-Cheek Melocoton 629 

Bed Heath 616 

Bed Magdalen 600, 622, 631 

Red Nutmeg 629 

Red Rareripe 629 

Bed Bareripe 624 

Bed and YeUow Bareripe 638 

Reeves' Favorite 630 

Beid's Weeping Beach 639 

Reine Des Vergers 630 

Rivers' Early York 630 

Bodman)s Cling 630 

Rodman's Red 630 

BonaWs Mignonne 600 

Bonald's Seedling Galande 615 

Rosanna 637 

Bose 633 

Rose Aromatic 630 

Bose- Flowering 638 

Rosebank 630 

Bough Baysanne 623 

Royal Charlotte 631 

Royal George , 631 

Boyal Kermngton 612 

Boyai Sovereign 615 



1060 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

8t. Oeorge.. 632 

Sally^s Peach 598 

Sanguinole « Chair Adherente .... 601 

Scott's Early Red 631 

Scott's Magnate 631 

Scott's Nectar 631 

Scott's Nonpareil 629 

Scott's October 632 

Seedling Noblesse 597 

Selby's Cling 620 

Serrate Early Ywh 611 

Serrated. 612 

Shanghae 632 

Smith's Early Newington 610, 632 

Smith's Favorite . . .'. 632 

Smith's Newington 632 

SmitKs Newington 610 

Smock Freestone 632 

Smooth-leaved Boyal Oeorge 600 

Snow 632 

Stephenson Cling 633 

Stetson's Seedling 633 

Stewart's Late Galande 603 

Strawberry 633 

Stroman's Carolina 598 

Stump the World 633 

Sturtevant 638 

Sumner's Early 633 

Sumner's White Free 634 

Sti.pe?-b 631 

Superb Boyal 615 

Susquehanna 634 

Sweet Water 610 

Swiss Mignonne. 615 

Teton de Venus 620 

Tice 629 

Tinley's October 634 

Tippecanoe 634 

Titus 634 

Troth's Early Red 634 

True Red Magdalen 622 

Tuft's Rareripe 635 

Unique 612 

Van Buren's Golden Dwarf 635 

Van Zandt's Superb 635 

Vanguard 625 

Variegated-flowered 638 

Velotitee de Mei'let 615 

Velout 'e Tardive 625 

Vineu^e de Fromentin 599 

Vineuse Hdtive 599 

Violet Hative 637 

Walburton Admirable 635 

Walter's Early 635 

Ward's Late Free 635 

Washington 635 

Washington Clingstone 636 

Washington Bed Freestone 635 

Weeping Peach 639 



PAGH 

White Ball 636 

White Blossom 636 

White-Blossomed Incomparable . . , 636 

White English 616 

White Heath 619 

White Imperial 636 

White Magdalene 636 

White Melocoton 624 

White Nutmeg 637 

White Pace 637 

White Bareripe 624 

Williamson's New York 620 

Willow Peach 636 

Yellow Admirable 597 

Yellow Alberge 637 

Yellow Blanton Cling 601 

Yellow Malagatune 629 

Yelloio Malocoton 629 

Yellow Pine-apple 621 

Yellow Rareripe 638 

Yellow Bareripe 637 

Yellow St. John 613 



PEARS. 

A courte queue 880 

A. Oobert 661 

A Tetine 884 

Abbe de Beaumont 651 

Abb6 Bdouard 654 

Abbe Mongein. 835 

Abbe Perez : 654 

Abbott • 654 

Abercromby 654 

Abercromby's Seedling .' 654 

Adams 654 

Adelaide de Revea 654 

Adele Lancelot 655 

Adele de St. Gerras 664 

Adele de St. Denis 664 

Admirable 655 

Admiral Farragut 655 

Adolphe Catchet 655 

Adolphine Richard ^ 655 

Aglae Gregoire 655 

Ah ! Mon Dieu 656 

Albertine 742 

Alexander 656 

Alexandre Berckman 674 

Alexandre Bivort 656 

Alexandre Helie 668 

Alexandre Lambre 656 

Alexandrina 656 

Alexandrina Bivort 656 

Alexandrine DouUlard 656 

Alexandrine Mas 657 

Almain 772 

Almond Peat 661 

Alpha 657 

Alphonse Karr 657 

Althorpe Grassane 657 



PEABS. 



1061 



PAGE 

A.madotte 657 

Amande Double 661 

Amandine de Rouen 657 

Amhre Qris 658 

Ainbret 658 

Ambrette 658 

Ambrette avec tpines 658 

Ambrette epinetise 658 

Ambrette GHs 658 

Ambrette cPIIimr 658 

Ambrosia 658 

Amelie Leclerc 658 

America 658 

American Beauty 740 

Amiral 662 

Amiral Cecil 658 

Amire Joannet 658 

Amire Johannet 658 

Am,ire roux 862 

Amire roux de Toiirs 862 

Amory 660 

Amoselle 784 

Amour 659 

Ananas 660, 782 

Ananas de Courtray 659 

Ananas d'l^lte 660 

Ananas Franrais- 660 

Ananas d'' River 828 

Anderson 835 

Andersoii's Favorite 751 

Andre Desportes 660 

Andrews 660 

Andrews^ Kingsessing 794 

Angelique de Bordeaux 660 

Angelique Leclerc 661 

Angleterre 661 

Angleterre d'Hiver 661 

Angleterre Nain. . 661 

Angleterre Parfume 661 

Angobert 661 

Angoisse blanche 661 

Angora 835 

Anna Audisson 661 

Apple Pear '. 662 

Arbre Courbe 661 

Arbre Superbe 762 

Archduke Charles 733 

Archduke of Summer 862 

ArchiduG d'Ete , 862 

Arlequin Musque 662 

Artehire 850 

Arthur Bivort 662 

Aston Town 662 

Audibert 862 

Audibert 688 

Auger 667 

Augert 667 

Augiere 667 

August Perfume 828 

Auguste Juris 663 

Auguste Lelieur 663 

Auguste de Maraise 684 

A.uguste Royer 663 



vust 

Auguste Van Krans 856 

Augustine Lelieur 663 

Augustus Dana 663 

Aurate 663 

Aurore 682 

Autumn Bergamot 663 

Autumn Bon Chretien 858 

Autumn Butter 880 

Autumn Cathe7ine 846 

Autumn Colmar 663 

Autumn Colmar 724 

Autumn Melting 762 

Autumn Mouthwater 804 

Autumn Nelis 664 

Autumn Superb 657 

Avrii 664 

B. 0. de la Gour 811 

Bachelier 673 

BadhoAn's 710 

Bagpipe of Anjou 775 

Bancrief 729 

Ba:ud de la Cour 811 

Banueau 701 

Barbancinet 664 

Barbe Nelis 664 

BameiVs William 666 

Baron Deman De Lennick 664 

Baronne de Mello 664 

Barry 665 

Bartlett 666 

Bartlett Boncbretien 666 

Bartram ^ 667 

Bassin 767 

Bayonnaise 861 

Beadnell 667 

BeadnelVs Seedling 667 

Beau Present 758 

Beau Present d'Artois 667 

Beauchamps 673 

Beauclerc 863 

Beaute de Tervueren 835 

Beauty of Brussels 668 

Beauvalot -, 667 

Bedminster OratioU 791 

Bein Armudi 700 

Bell Tongue 883 

Belle Adrienne 875 

Belle Alliance 698 

Belle Andreane . 875 

Belle Angevine 835 

Belle d'Aout 668 

Audibert 662 

d'Austrasie 790 

Belle de Berry 875 

Belle de Bruxelles 668 

Belle de Bruxelles 778 

Belle desBois 760 

Belle et Bonne 778 

Belle et bonne d^Ezve 705 

Belle et Bonne W River 723 

Belle Ganaise 819 

Belle Gomelie 761 



1062 



PEASS. 



Be]le fipine Dumaa 

Belle cPEsqu&rmes . . 

BeUe WM'e 

Belle Excellente 

Belle de Figuier . . . 
BeD,e de Flandres . . . 
BeUe de FlusJiing . . . 

Bdle de Forets 

BeUe Gabnelle 



Bdle Henriette . . 

BeUe de Jersey 668, 

Belle Julie 

BeUe Luarative 

Bdle de lAixembourg 

Bdle de Moire 

BeUe Moulinoise 

BeUe apr!s Noel 

Belle de Noel 

BeUe Noisette 

BeUe de rOrient 

Belle sans Pepins 

BeUe de Prague 

BeUe Rouemiaise 

Belle de Thomas 

Bdle de Tliomas 

Bdle de Troyes 

BeUe Verge 

BeUe du Vernie 

Belle du Vernis 

Belle WiUiams 

Bellegarde 

BeUisime d'Automne 

Bdlisime du Bar 

BeUisime de Provence 

Bellissime 

Bdlissime d'Me 

Bellissime d'Hiver 

Bellissime d'Hiver du Bur 

Bellissime Jargonelle 

Bellissime Supreme 

Belmont 

Benoist. 

Bergamot Payee 

Bergamot Seckel 

Berga/mot Sylvanche 

Bergamotte d^Alencon 

Bergamotte d'Angleterre 

Bergamotte d'Avranches 

Bergannotte Beauchamp 

Bergamotte Bouissiere 

Bergamotte de Bruxdles 

Bergamotte Buf o 

Bergarnotte de Bugi. 

Bergamotte Cadet 

Bergamotte Capraud 

Bergamotte de Car erne 

B&rgamwtte Gheminette 

Bergamotte Orassane 

Bergamotte Grassane d'Automne . . . 
Bergamotte Grassane de Bi'uneau. . . 

Bergamotte Grassane d^Hiver 

Bergamatte Doi'ee 



790 
883 
747 
668 
760 
779 
713 
658 
875 
782 
835 
668 
762 
778 
694 
669 
764 
764 
669 
668 
778 
668 
669 
668 
668 
668 
758 
736 
736 
669 
772 
668 
869 
847 
883 
767 
669 
835 
767 
767 
669 
674 
865 
671 
866 
784 
778 
805 
673 
669 
778 
670 
751 
670 
670 
751 
790 
729 
729 
676 
676 
841 



picn 

Bergamotte Dussarfc • . = . . 670 

Bergamotte d'Esperen ... 670 

Bergamotte dIEte .8(2, 863 

Bergamotte d^lit'e Orosse 778 

Bergamotte Fuvle 762 

Bergamotte de Flandre 760 

Bergamotte Fortunie 766 

Bergamotte de Fougere. 784 

Bergamotte Geerard 772 

Bergamotte de la Grillihre 751 

Bergamotte Gaudry. 670 

Bergamotte Heimbourg. 671 

Bergamotte d'Hiver 751 

Bergamotte d^Hiver di' Holland. 784 

Bergamotte d' Holland 784 

Bergamotte Leseble 671 

Bergamotte Louise 802 

Bergamotte Lucrative 762 

Bergamotte Mattheics Eliza 776 

Bergamotte de Millipieds 670 

Bergamotte Musque 841 

Bergamotte de Pdques 751 

Bergamotte Parthenay 671 

Bergamotte de Parthenay 671 

Bergannotte de Pay sans 778 

Bergamotte de la Pentecute 751 

Bergamotte Piquot 671 

Bergamotte Poireau 671 

Bergamotte Q,uessoy d'Ete 700 

Bergamotte Ronde d'Hiver 751 

Bergamotte Bouge 841 

Bergamotte Rouge Tardif 782 

Bergatnotte Royal d-Hiver 723 

Bergamotte Sageret 671 

Bergamotte Sanspareil 702 

Bergamotte Sieulle 746 

Bergamotte Soldat-Nabours 751 

Bergamotte de Soulers. 706 

Bergamotte Stoffels 671 

Bergamotte Suisse 865 

Bergamotte Sylvange 866 

Bergamotte Tardive. 723 

Bergamotte Thouen 884 

Bergamiotte de Toulouse 751 

Bergen 671 

Bergentin 829 

Bergoho 880 

Berriays 672 

Berthebirn 835 

Bed d'Airy 700 

Besi de Bretagne 700 

Besi Esperen 701 

Besi Fondante 777 

Besi Incomparable 702 

Besi Hamon 777 

Besi de Mai 702 

Besi de Maraise 716 

Besi de la Pierre 701 

Besi de Quassoy x. . . . 700 

Bed Quessoy d'£te 700 

Bed de St. Waast 702 

BesiVa 703 

Bed Vaat 703 



PXABS. 



1063 



PAGE 

BesiVatJi 702 

Be,ii Waet 702 

Bemdery 700 

Beddery Sandry 753 

B&urre 710 

Beurre d'Albret 678 

Beurre d^Aleri'on 784 

Beurre d'Amcdis 678 

Beurre Amande 661 

Beurr^ d'Amanlis 678 

Beurre d'Amanlis 678 

Beune d'Amanlis Panachee 679 

Beurre d'Ambleuse 710 

Beurre d'Amboise 710 

Beim'e Ananas 782 

Beurre d' Angleterre. 661 

Beurre d'Anjou 679 

Beurre Anna Audisson 661 

Beurre Autoine 672 

Beurre Antoinette 672 

Beurre d'Araudoi^e 805 

Beurre d'Ardenpont 773 

Beurre d'Aremberg 680 

Beurre d^Aremberg 773 

Beurre d'Argenson 829 

Beurre Assomption 672 

Beurre de V Assomption 672 

Beurre Audusson d''Hiver. 682 

Beurre Auguste Benoit 674 

Beurre Auneniere 673 

Beurre Aurore 682 

Beurre d'Austrasie 790 

Beurre d^Autien 819 

Beurre d' Avoine , . . . 681 

Beurre d' Avranches 805 

Beurre Bachelier 673 

Beurre Bailey 673 

Beurre Beauchamps 673 

Beurre Beaulieu 673 

Beurre de Bea,umont 702 

Beurre Beguines 673 

Beurre des Beiges 859 

Beurre Bennert 674 

Beurre Benoist 674 

Beurre Benoist Nouneau 674 

Beurre Berckmans 674 

Bmrre Blanc 863, 880 

Beurre Blana des Capucins 657 

Beurre blano de Jersey 700 

Beurre Blanc de Nantes 685 

Beurre Boisbunel 674 

Beurre BoUwiller 674 

Beurre Bon Chretien 696 

Beurre or Bonne Louise d^Araudere. 805 

Beurre Bosc 674 

Beurre Boucquia 707 

Beurre de Bourgogne. 760 

B&urr'e Boussock 742 

Beurre Brettonneau 676 

Beurre de Brignais 681 

Befwrre Bronzce 760 

Beurre Bruneau 676 

Beurre de Bruxelles 668 



PAai 

Beurre Burcliardt 68C 

Beurre Bumicq 674 

Beurre de Caen 71G 

Beurre de Gambron 773 

Beurre de Capiaumont 682 

Beurre du Cercle 687 

Beurre de Cercle 687 

Beurre de la Chapelle 705 

Beurre Chapman 829 

Beurre Gha/ptal 717 

Beurre Cha/rneuse 747 

Beurre Charron 676 

Beurre Chatenay 676 

Beurre de Chaumontel 718 

Beurre Citron 676 

Beurre Clairgean 678 

Beurre Goit 722 

Beurre Colmar 678 

Beurre Colmar d'Au.tomne 678 

Beurre Colmar Gris, ditprecel 829 

Beurre Coloma. 678 

Beurre du Coloma 678 

Beurre de Gonick 684 

Beurre Conning 684 

Beurre Cullem 701 

Beurre Curtet 727 

Beurre Cutter 727 

Beurre Davy 760 

Beurre Defais 682 

Beurre Defays 682 

Beurre de Deftinge 760 

Beurre Deftinghem 760 

Beurre Delannoy 684 

Beurre ITelbecq , 684 

Beurre Delberg 684 

Beurre Delbret 678 

Beurre Delfosse 684 

Beurre Derouineau. 685 

Beurre Descha/mps 680 

Beurre Diel 686 

Beurre Bore de Bilboa 773 

Beurre Doree 710 

Beurre Drapiez 871 

Beurre Duhaume. 687 

Beurre Dumon 687 

Beurre Dumont 687 

Beurre Dumortien 687 

Beurre Durand 688 

Beurre Duval 688 

Beurre Buvernay. 736 

Beurre Duvivier 688 

Beurre d'Elberg 668 

Beurre d^Enghien of France. 678 

Beurre Epine 696 

Beurre d'£te 863 

Beurre Extra 784 

Beurre le Fevre 799 

Beurre de Fevrier 683 

Beurre de Flandre. 696 

Beurre Flon 688 

Beurre Foidard 760 

Beurra de Fontenay. . , 690 

Beurre Fougiere 688 



1064 



PEAB8. 



PAGK 

Bewi'Te FromentaL 682 

Beurre Geerards 772 

Beurri de Gelle 686 

Beurre Gendron 688 

Beurre Gens 689 

Beun-e d e Glielin 682 

Beurre Giffard. 689 

Beurre Goubalt 690 

Beurrii Oris 710 

Beurre Gris d'Avtomne 710 

Beurre Grk de Bilboa 773 

Bmrri Gris d'Eti 886 

Beurre Gris d^Hiver 690 

Beurre Gris d'Hiver Kowveau 690 

Bewre Gris de Lucon 690 

Beurri Gris de Portugal 773 

Beurre Gris Suptrieur 690 

Beurre Haffner 691 

Beurri; Haggerston 802 

Beurre Hamecher 691 

Beurre de HmnpUenne 791 

Beurre. W Hardenpont 773 

Beurre d'Hardenpont d'Automne. . . 683 

Beurre d' Hardenpont de Gmnbron . . 773 

Beurre Hardy 691 

Beurre Hdtif 863 

Beurre des Hautes 733 

Beurre a Hicer 690, 696, 718 

Beurre driver de Bruxelles 751 

Beurre Incomparable 686 

Beurri d'lsambert le Bon. 710 

Beurre Jalais 692 

Beurre de Jalaise 705 

Beurre Jean Yan Geert 692 

Beurre de Johnge , 683 

Beurri Judes 661 

Beurre Kennes 692 

Beurre Kenrick 692 

Beurri de Kent. 773 

Beurre Knox 692 

Beurre Knox. 657 

Beurre Koninck 684 

Beurre de Koning 684 

Beurre Kossuth. .... 692 

Beurre Langelier 698 

Beurre Lasalle 733 

Beurre Le Fevre 693 

Beurre Leon Le Clerc 693 

Beurre Leon Bey 801 

Beurre lAebart 802 

Beurre Lomba/rd 773 

Beurre de Lufon . . 690 

Beurre Jjucrative 762 

Beurre Laizet 693 

Beurre Magnifique. , , 686, 742 

Beurre de Malir,z3 -. ., 884 

Beurrii de Mans. . , , 684 

Beurre Mauxioru 693 

Beurre Menand •. . 693 

Beurre Menaud 693 

Beurre de Merode 742 

Beurre Millet of Angers 694 

Beurre Moire 694 



Beurre Moiret. 694 

Beurre Mondelle 695 

Beurre de Mons , 684 

Beurre de Montgeron 684 

Beurre de Montigeron 684 

Beurrii de Mortefontaine 693, 79? 

Beurre des Mouchouses 685 

Beurre Nantais 685 

Beurre de Nantes 685 

Beurre Navez 695 

Beurre Niell 821 

Beurre de Nivelles 685 

Beurre de Noirchain 696 

Beurre Noisette 695 

Beurre. St. NicJiolas 749 

Beurre Oken 822 

Beurre d'Or. 710 

Beurre des Orphelines 680 

Beurre Oudinot 660 

Beurre de Pacques ?d1 

Beurre de Paris 758 

Beurre Paimpol 695 

Beurre Parthenay 671 

Beurre de la Pentecote 751 

Beurre Perrault 748 

Beurre PJiilippe Delfosse 684 

Beurre Picquery 871 

Beurrii Plat 729 

BeuiTe Pointelle de Roux 695 

Beurre Preble 695 

Beurre Precocee 695 

Beurre Prince de Schwarzenbei^g. . . . 796 

Beurre de Prvntmivps 725 

Beurre de RMn 696 

Beurrii du Boi 710 

Beurre Bauge 710 

Beurre de Quenast 685 

Beurre Quitelet 727 

Beurre de Backenheim 661 

Beurre Ranee 696 

Beurre Banse 696 

Beurre de Bam 696 

Beurre d la Beine ' 818 

Beurre de Bemme 766 

Beurre Eichelieu 696 

Beurre Robert 696 

Beurre Robin 746 

Beurre BocliecTwurt 668 

Beurre de BocTwir 668 

Beurre Eomaia 696 

Beurre de Borne 696 

Beurre iBouge 745 

Beurre Rouge d'Anjou 697 

Beurre B&uge Tardif 782 

Beurre Boupe 751 

Beurre Bousse. 710 

Beurre Roux 710 

Beurre Boyale 686 

Beurrii St. Amour 760 

Beurre de Saiut Amaud 685 

Beurre de Saint A^maud 685 

Beurre Saint Helier 790 

Beurre St. Louis 668 



PEABS. 



10G5 



PAOK 

Beurre ScheidweiUer 697 

Beurri de Semur 661 

Beurre Seringe 777 

Beurre Seutin. 697 

Beurre SieuUe 746 

Beurre Six 697 

Beurre Soulange 697 

Beurre Sotde 747 

Beurre de Soulers 706 

Beui-re Spae 697 

Beurre Spence 697 

Beurre Spence 760 

Beurre de Spoelberg 877 

Beurre Sprin 656 

Beurre Sterkmans 698 

Beurre Superfin 698 

Beurre Tuerliiickx 868 

Beurre Van Driessche 699 

Beurre Van Marum 873 

Beurre. Van Mons 664 

Beurre V&rt 686, 710 

Beurre de Whel 695 

Beurre de Waterloo 747 

Beurre de Westerloo 742 

Beurre de Wetteren 685 

Beurre d' Telle 686 

Bernard. 778 

Beymont 696 

Bezi de Caen 699 

Bezi de Caissoy 700 

Bezi de Caissoy d'Ete 700 

Bezi de Ghasseray 753 

B^i de (Jhaumontelle 718 

Bed Ghawnontelle tres-gros 751 

Bm V Echasserie 753 

Bezi d'Echassey 753 

Bezi Esperen 701 

Bezi Goubault 701 

Bezi d'Heri 700 

Bezi de Hery 700 

Bezi Mai 702 

Bezi de Montigny 701 

Bezi de la Motte 700 

Bezi de la Pierre 701 

B^i Precooee 695 

Bezi Royal. 700 

Bezi Vaet 702 

Bezi des Veterans 701 

Besy d' Esperen 701 

Bezy de Louvain 734 

Bezy de Quessoy 700 

Bezy Sanspareil 702 

Bienmmt 673 

Bigariide 863 

Bis Cw'tet 727 

Bishop's Thumb 702 

Black Bewre 875 

Black Pear of Worcester 702 

Black Worcester 702 

Blanc-per-ne 800 

Bianc/ie 858 

Bland 855 

Blanquet Anastere 703 



FAS« 

Blanquet Anasterque 703 

Blanquet d'Austrasia 703 

Blanquet de Florence 775 

Blanquet Petit 802 

Blnnqwett6 d tongue queue , 804 

Blanquette d, hngue queuen 804 

Bleecker's Meadow 703 

Bloodgood 703 

Bloody 851 

Blumenbach 856 

Bois Napoleon 819 

Bolivar 835 

Bolivar dlHiver 835 

Bon Chretien 884 

Bon Chretien d* Amiens Chartreuse. 716 

Bon Chritien d^Auch 884 

Bon Chretien d'Automne 858 

Bonchrltien Barnett 666 

Bon Chretien de Bruxelles 704 

Bon CJiretien de Ghaumontet 718 

Bon Chretien de Constantinople .... 884 

Bon Chretien Bore 819 

Bon Chretien dore d'Espagne 858 

Bon Chretien d^Espagne 858 

Bon Chretien d'ite 863 

Ban Chretien d'Ete Jaime 863 

Bon Chretien d^Ete Musque 704 

Bon Chretien Fondante 704 

Bon Chretien Fondante Musque. . . . 704 

Bon Chretien Gratioly 863 

Bon Chretien d'Hiver 884 

Bon Chretien Jaime d'Automne. . . . 858 
Bon Chritien Joseph Lamarque. . . . 704 
Bon Chretien Musque. Fondante . . . 704 

Bo^i Chritien de Bans 696 

Bon Chretien Spina 858 

Bon Chretien de Tours 884 

Bon Chrtien Tura 761 

Bonchritien Vernois 761 

Bon Chretien de Vernon 884 

Bon Oustave 704 

Bern Papa 875 

Bon Parent 798 

Bonaparte 819 

Bonne Antoine 705 

Bonne d'AvrancJies 805 

Bonne de la Chapelle 705 

Bonne Charlotte 705 

Bonne-ente 880 

Bonne d'Ezee 705 

Bonne des Haies 705 

Bonne de Jalais 705 

Bonne de Keinzheim 872 

Bonne de Longueval 705, 805 

Bonne Louise d'Araudore 805 

Bonne de Malines 884 

Bonne Rouge 769 

Bonne Saplier 706 

Bonne Sophia 706 

Bonne de Soulers 708 

Bonne Therese 707 

Bonne de Zees 705 

Bonnet'^ Pope^s Pear 75J 



1066 



PEARS. 



PAST? 

Bonneserre de Saint Denis 705 

Bonnv'seme 760 

Bonnissima de la Sartha 760 

BoscSire 760 

Base's Flaschenbirne '. 674 

Bosch... 760 

Bosch Nouvelle 760 

Boschpeer ■. , 760 

Bossoch 742 

Boston 838 

Boston Eparne 779 

Boucqnia 707 

Bourgemester 707 

Bouo^gmestre Delfosse 684 

Bouteille 873 

Bouvier 798 

Bouvier Bowrgemestre 707 

Bow Parent 798 

Braconot 707 

Braddicks Field Standard. 813 

Bran de St. Germain 707 

Brande's 707 

Brande's Saint Germain 707 

Brandy wine 707 

Bretagne le Cour 835 

Brettonneau 676 

Brewer 708 

Brialmont 708 

BrifEaut 708 

B'Hllfante 706 

Brilliant 760 

Brindamour 709 

Bringewood 709 

British Queen 709 

Brocas Bergamot 769 

Bronx 710 

Brougham 710 

Brown Admired 862 

Brown Beurre 710 

Broion St. Germain 837 

Brute Bonne d'Automne 863 

Buchanan'' s Spring Beurre 875 

Bufam 711 

Buffum 711 

Bugiarda 704, 758 

Bugiarda des Italiens 758 

Bujaleuf 877 

Burlingame 711 

Burnett 712 

Butler's Harvest 767 

Butter of Michigan 828 

Butter Pear 784, 831 

Butter Pear of Philadelphia 880 

Cabot 712 

Cadet de Vaux 712 

Cadillac 716 

Caen de France 712 

Caillaurozat 863 

Caillorozar 863 

Cailht Rosat 863 

Cailht Rosat d'lHe 863 

Caillou Rozat 863 



FASI 

Calebasse , 712 

Calebasse 827 

Calebasse d'Albret 678 

Calebasse Base 674, 827 

Calebasse Carafon. 873 

Calebasse Delvigne 713 

Calebasse Bauble Extr, x 712 

Calebasse A'tte ^. 713 

Calebasse de HoUand 873 

Calebasse d'Eollande 712 

Calebasse Implriale 873 

Calebasse Monstre 873 

Calebasse Monstrueuse 873 

Calebasse Monstrueuse du Nord .... 873 

Calebasse Musquee 712 

Calebasse de NerckmarCs 873 

Calebasse du JSford 873 

Calebasse Princesse Mcmanne 827 

Calebasse Royale 873 

Calebasse Sterkmans 698 

Calebasse Tougard 713 

Calebasse Vasse 682 

Calhoun '. 714 

Calua Rosat 863 

Cambridge Sugar Pear 779 

Camerliag 714 

Camerling d'Allemagne 714 

Camerlingue 714 

Camerlyn 714 

Camille de Rohan 714 

Canandaigua 714 

Canelle d'Me 863 

CanneUe 674 

Canning 751 

Canning d'Hiver 751 

Cantelope 714 

Caq)e May 751 

Ca/pitinwnt 682 

Capsheaf 714 

Captif de Sainte Hdene 819 

Capuchin 715 

Capucin 715 

Capucin Van Mons 715 

Capucine d'Automne Cdknna 678 

Carlisle 880 

Cartofd 724 

Cassante de Mars 715 

Casserule 715 

Castelline 715 

Catharine Gardette 715 

Catherine 714 

Catherine Lambre 716 

Catillac 716 

Catinka 716 

Cedarmere 716 

Celestus 777 

Cellite 829 

Cent Couronnes 823 

Certeau d'jfite 717 

C&rteau Madam 758 

C&rteau Musque dMiver 814 

Chair d Bame 887 

Clmmber's Large 835 



PEABS. 



1067 



PAGE 

Okmibrette 877 

Chmribrette cPHiver 877 

Charrudsine 802 

Chancellor 717 

Ohandelle 758 

Ohapman 717 

Gluvpman! s 829 

Chaptal 717 

Gharbonniere. 722 

Charles 819 

Charles cPAutriche 733 

Charles Basiner 717 

Charles Bivort 717 

Charles Frederick 718 

Charles Smet 718 

Charles Smith 718 

Clj^rles Van ITooghten 718 

Charlotte de Brower 718 

Chasseurs 735 

Chaulis 815 

Chaumontel 718 

Chaumontelle trhs-gros 751 

Cheat Servant 658 

Chelmsford 719 

Choline 828 

Cher Adame. , 887 

Chevalier 673 

Chevriers de Stuttgardt 847 

Chinese Sa?id Pear 851 

Chiot 802 

Ohoisnard 719 

Choix dHun Amateur 821 

Chopine , 758 

Church 719 

Circe d' River 772 

Citrina 720 

Citron 720 

Citron des Carmes 809 

Citron des Carmes 809 

Citron de Septembre 880 

Citron-Urne BomiscJie grosse punc- 

tirte 775 

Claire. 720 

Ckdrgeau 678 

Clairgeau de Nantes 678 

Clap 720 

Clapp's Favorite 720 

Clara 720 

Clarke 719 

Clay 721 

Clemence 722 

Clement Bivort 723 

Clement Doyenne 666 

Clmnentine 722 

Clmton 722 

Clion 875 

Cluster. 729 

duster Pear 778 

Coit'e Beurre 722 

Colin Noir. 722 

Collins 722 

Colmar. 723 

Colmar d'Alost 724 



PASI 

Colmar d'Arembei^ 724 

Colmar Ai-toisenet „ . 723 

Colmar d'Automne Nouveau 724 

Colmar Boise 773 

Colmar Bonnet 829 

Colmar Bosc 821 

Colmar Charnay 662 

Colmar Deschamps 680 

Colmar Boree 723 

Colmar £pine 725 

Colmar JEjnneaux 829 

Colmar d'fite 724 

Colmar Oris 829 

Colmar Hardetipont 829 

Colmar d'Hiver 723, 884 

Colmar des Invalides 725 

Colmar Jaminette 790 

Colmar de Jonghe 724 

Colmar de Lot 668 

Colmar de Meester 725 

Colmar Musque 829 

Colmar Navez 695 

Colmar Ntlis 884 

Colmar Mel 821 

Colmar Precoee 724 

Colmar Preitle 829 

Colmar de Silly 829 

Colmar Souveraine 829 

Colmar Van Mons 725, 864 

Cohma d'Automne 871 

Colm-ee d'Aoilt 717 

Coloree de Juillet 725 

Columbia 725 

Columbia Virgaloiise 725 

Columbian Virgalieu 725 

Cornice de Toulon 875 

Commissaire Delmotte 726 

Commodore 723 

Common Bergamot 663 

Communaute 815 

Compagnie d'' Ostende 858 

Comprette 726 

Comptesse de l/wnay 701 

Comstock 727 

Comstook Wilding 727 

Comte d'Egmont 726 

Comte de Flandxe 727 

Comte Lamay 727 

Comte de Lamy 727 

Comte Lelieur 727 

Comte de Limoges 668 

Comte de Micliawx. 816 

Comte de Paris 727 

Comtesse d'Alost 728 

Comtesse de Chambord 728 

Comtesse de Frenol 76C 

Comtesse de Lumay 749 

Comtesse de Terweuren 835 

Congress Pomologique 728 

Conklin 728 

Conseiller de la Cour. 811 

Conseiller Ranwez 738 

Copia 72S 



1068 



PEAKS. 



PAGK 

(lops Heat. 714 

C(xraU 765 

Corchorus 813 

Corddiefr 835 

Cornelis 735 

Cornwell 729 

Ooter 729 

Cotillnrd de Lii/re 716 

Coule Smf. 863 

Coule Soif d'Automne 804 

CouUs 815 

Coulon de Saint Marc 668 

Count Coloma 871 

Courts de Ersol 717 

Convent 815 

Crapmul 670 

Crassane 729 

Crassane d^Austrasie 790 

Crassane d'Automne 729 

Crassane Bruneau 676 

Crassane d'M 841, 863 

Crassane d'J liver 676 

Crassane d^Hiver de Bruneau 676 

Crawford 729 

Crlsane 729 

CristaMne 660 

Croft Castle 729 

Cross 730 

Crottee 859 

Crouch 730 

Crustem,enie 884 

Cueillette dUIvoer. 875 

Cuisse Dame d^te. 767 

Guisse Madame 767 

Culotte de Suisse 804 

Cumberland 730 

Cumberland of Belgium 781 

Curette 875 

Cushing 730 

Cyprus Pear 846 

D'Ambre 818 

B''Aremberg Parfait 680 

DAustrasie 790 

D'Avril 664 

B'Eau Rose 863 

B'lIorUouUure 835 

Daqobert G61 

Dalbret 678 

Dallas 730 

Dame Houdotte 657 

DancCs Admirable 655 

Dana''s Excelsior 759 

Dana's Hovey 730 

Dana's No. \ 814 

Darlington 731 

Daupldne 797 

Davis 731 

De Bavay 732 

Be Bell Argentine 716 

Be Bon Crustmnenien 884 

De Bordeaux 700 

De Cadet 670 



PAdl 

De CaHleam, . 883 

De Caillot 863 

De CJutmpagne d Me 717 

De Chine 658 

De Chretien 884 

De CitrouiUe 716 

De Clion 875 

De Coq 668 

De Deux Foix Lane 732 

DeDos 884 

De Duchesse 863 

De Fesses 884 

De Fontenay Vendiie 790 

De Oraine Damadote 657 

De Oros Bateau Baisenette 716 

De Henri 700 

De Hollande 886 

De Janvry 858 

De Jersey 805 

De KeinzJieim 873 

De Lama,rtine 797 

De Lansac 797 

De Launay 684 

De Lepine 801 

De Lestumieres 665 

De Louise 805 

De Louvain 734 

De Maune 723 

De Melon 686 

De Monsieur: 863 

De Monsieur Le Cure 875 

De Montgeron 684 

De Montigny 701 

De Mott 859 

De JSfonne. 681 

De Perigord 830 

De Pucelle 790 

De Quessoy 700 

De Sainte Catherine 661 

De Sainte H&i^blain 676 

De Saint Martin 884 

De Saint Waast 702 

De Sidle 841 

De Sicile Mu^quee 841 

De Sorlus 735 

De Soulers 706 

De Spoelberg 877 

De Tongres 735 

De Tout Temps 716 

De Vall'e 872 

De Vigne Pekme 760 

De la Qladere 683 

De-la-mi- Juillet 863 

De la Montil-res 863 

Deacon Dillen 741 

Dean's ,. 880 

Dearborn's Sanding 733 

Dearborn's Seedling 733 

Dechantsbime 880 

Decoster's Busselet 845 

Defays 743 

Delavault 666 

Delbecque 684 



PEARS. 



1069 



PAGE 

le 801 

Delfosse 684 

Delfosse Bourgmestre. 684 

Ddices cPAlost 734 

Bllices cP Angers 738 

D'ilices cV Ardenpont 783 

Dolices de la Cacaudiere 734 

Delices de Charles 732 

Delices d'Hardenpont of Angers. . . 733 
Di'lices d'Hardenpont of Belgium.. 733 

Delices de Froyennes 733 

Delices de Jodoigne 733 

Delices de Louvenjal 734 

B'dioes de In Meuse 734 

DcliGes de Mons 734 

DUioes des Orphelins 680 

Delices Van Mons 734 

Demeester 725 

Democrat 734 

Des Ohassenrs 735 

Des Dames 668 

Des Deux Sceurs 736 

Des Nonnes 681 

Des Trois Tours 686 

Des Vit'^rans 701 

Descliamps 680 

Desiree Cornelis 735 

Desiree Van Mons 735 

Despoilherg 877 

Deutsche National Bergamotte 778 

Deux Soeurs 736 

Devergnies 736 

Dial 791 

Diamant 769 

Dickerman 736 

Die Sommer Ghristebirne 863 

Diel 686 

DieVs BiitterUrne 686 

Dieudonne Anthoine 736 

Dillen 686 

Dillen d'Automne 811 

Dillen d'Mver 686 

Diller 736 

Dingier 727 

Dix 737 

Doyenne 880 

Doyenne d^Affay 743 

Doyenne d'A]en9on 742 

Doyenne Anna Audisson 661 

Doyenne d''Automne 745 

Doyenne Barry 665 

Doyenne blano 880 

Doyenne Boussock 742 

Doyenne Boussouck 745 

Doyenne Boussouck JVbuveUe 742 

Doyenne de BruxeUes 712 

Doyenne de Cercle 742 

Doyenne de Cercle Prat\',que de Eouen 742 

Doyenne du Cornice 744 

Doyenne Crotte 859 

Doyenne Defais 743 

Doyenne Downing 744 

Doyenne d'^te 742 



PA6B 

Doyenne Oaleux 745, 859 

Doyenne Goubault 745 

Doyenne Gray 745 

Doyenne Gris 745 

Doyenne Gris d'Hiver Wouveau 742 

Doyenne d'Hiver 751 

Doyenne. d'Hiver d'Alencon 742 

Doyenne d''Hiver Noitveau 742 

Doyenne Hovey 784 

Doyenne de Juillet 742 

Doyenne Marbre 742 

Doyenne de Merode 742 

Doyenne Musque 701 

Doyenne Panache 881 

Doyenne du Printemps 751 

Doyenne Robin 746 

Doyenne Rose 746 

Doyenne Bouge 745 

Doyenne Roux 745 

Doyenne Santellet 746 

Doyenne de Saumur 743 

Doyenne SieuUe 746 

Doyenne Sterkmans 698 

Doyenne White 880 

Docteur Bouvier 738 

Docteur Brettonneau 676 

Docteur Capron 738 

Docteur Lentier 738 

Docteur Trousseau 738 

Doctor Dillen , 741 

Doctor Lenthier 738 

Doctor Nelis 738 

Doctor Reeder 739 

Doctor Turner 740 

Dr. TJdales Warden 835 

Dorothee Roy ale 686 

Dorothee Royale Nouvelle 740 

Dorsoris 740 

Double Mansuette 661 

Double PJiilippe 742 

Douillard. 656 

Dow 741 

Dowlin 872 

Do'tonham Seedling 777 

Doyen DUlen 741 

Driver 773 

Dry Martin 814 

Dry Toren 686 

Du Bouchet 660 

Du Breuil Pere 746 

DuBur 669 

Dit Colombier 841 

Du Cure 875 

Dm Mortier 687 

Du Pdtre 751 

Du Pradel 875 

Du Seigneur 762 

Du Tonneaii , , 835 

Due Alfred de Cray 747 

Due dAremberg 680 

Due d'Aumale 747 

Dug de Bonrdeaux 668 

Due de Brabant 74T 



1070 



PEABS. 



PAGE 

Due de Nemmirs 695 

Bug (POiieans 749 

Duchesse d' Angouleme 747 

Duchesse d'Aremberg 747 

Duchesse de Berry 748 

Duchesse de Berry d'^fite 748 

BucJiesse de Berry dUIi'o&i' 835 

Duchesse de Berry de Nantes 748 

Duchesse de Bourdeaux 748 

Duchesse de Brabant 748, 749 

Duchesse Helene d'Orleans 749 

Duchesse d'Hiver 749 

Duchesse de Mars 749 

Duchesse d'Orleans 749 

Dumont Dumortier 750 

Dumontier 687 

Dwmonstier 687 

Dundas 750 

Dunmore 750 

Dupuy Charles 750 

Duree 751 

Duree's Seedling 751 

Dusnas 851 

Duval 688 

Duvernay 736 

Duvernis 736 

Duvivier 688 

Dwad 688 

Ba^l Pear 783 

Early Bergamot 751 

Barly Beurre 658, 703 

Early Butter of Cincinnati 751 

Early Catharine 846 

Early Chaumontelle 809 

Early Denzelona 833 

Early Queen 818 

Early Bousselet 846 

Early Sugar 779 

Early Summer Butter 751 

Easter Bergamot 751 

Easter Beurre 751 

Easter Saint Germain 800 

Eastnor Castle 752 

Echasserie 758 

Echassery 753 

Edmonds 753 

Edward Morren 754 

Edwards 754 

Edwards' Elizabeth 754 

Edwards' Seedling St. Germain 754 

Edicige 880 

Eisenbart 710 

Eleonie Bouvier 754 

Eliott Dundas 750 

Eliza d'Heyst 754 

Elizcd)eth Van Mons 810 

Bllanrioch 778 

Elliott's Melting 755 

Ellis , 755 

Ellsworth 756 

Elton 756 

Emerald 756 



Emerance 758 

Emerance Bivort 756 

Emile d'Heyst 757 

Emile de Rochois 668 

Emilie Biyort 756 

Emily Bivort 756 

Emmanuel 717 

Emmilacour 815 

Endicott 863 

Enfant Prodigue 846 

Englebert Lott 779 

English Bergamot 663 

English Autumn Bergamot 663 

English Beurre 661 

English Jargonelle 758 

English Red GheeJc 767 

Epargne 758 

Epine Dumas 668 

:Epine d'Ete 758 

]<;pine dEte Gouleur Rose 863 

Epine d'Hiver. 885 

Epine de Limoges 668 

Epine de Roclwir 668 

Epine Rose 863 

Jilpine Rose Oris 851 

Ejnne Rose d'Hiver 885 

Epine Royale 758 

Ejyiscopal 766 

Ermesinde 758 

Ernestine Auzolle 758 

EsMeman . 784 

Espargne 758 

Esperi7i's He/rrenUme 763 

Esperine 759 

Esperine -. 656 

Essex 759 

Esturion 759 

Etourneau 884 

European Honey 784 

Excelsior 759 

Eyewood 759 

Eal&e Spredew 827 

Famenga. 759 

Fanfareau 778 

Faux-Bolivar 835 

Faux Spredew 827 

Favori Musqu'e 660 

Favori Musqu'e du Gonsdller. 782 

Fig Pear of Naples 760 

Figue 76C 

Figue dAlencon 760 

Figue d^Alencon d'Hiver 760 

Figue d'Hiver 760 

Figue d'Hiver dWlengo7i. ....'..... 76C 

Figue de Naples 70C 

Fin Or d'Ete 76C 

Fin Or dHivet^ 766 

Fine Gold of Summer 76C 

Fine Gold of Winter. 766 

FingaVs 778 

Feast 759 

Feasfs Seedling 758 



PEARS. 



.071 



PAGE 

Feaster 703 

Velidte Bundas 750 

Felix de Leim 759 

Ferdinand Demeester 864 

Ferdinand de Meester. . i 814 

Flat Butter 729 

Flemish Beatity 760 

Flemish Bon Chretien 761 

Fleur de Ouignes 856 

Fleur de Mars 684 

Fleur de Neige 782 

Florent Scouman 762 

Florimond Parent 762 

Fondante 863 

Fondante Agreable 762 

Fondante d'Albret 762 

Fondante d'Automne 762 

Fondante du Bois 760, 821 

Fondante de Gharneitse 747 

Fondante du Cornice 764 

Fondante de Cuerne 763 

Fondante Belbecq 684 

Fondante d'Ingendal. 763 

Fondante de la Maitre d'Ecole 764 

Fondante de Malines 764 

Fondante de Mnubege 762 

Fondante de Millot ' 854 

Fondante de Mons 829 

Fondante Musquee 758 

Fondante de Nees 764 

Fondante de Noel 764 

Fondante Pariselle 733 

Fondante de Pome 696 

Fondante des Pres 764 

Fondante Serrwier de Millot. 854 

Fondante Van Mons 764 

Fantarabie acure 772 

Foote's Seckel 765 

Forelle 765 

Fordlen-birne 765 

Forme de Bergamotte Crassane. . . 766 

Forme de Delices 766 

Fm'ine de Marie Louise 813 

Forniquet 851 

Fortunee 766 

Fortunee de Bemme. 766 

40 Ounce 716 

Foster's St. Michael 766 

Fouroroy 686, 760 

Franc B<al 766 

Franc Beal d'M 863 

Franc Eeal d'Hiver 766 

Franchimont 766 

FrancMpane 767 

Francois Bergia 766 

Frangipane 767 

Frankfard 703 

Franklin 791, 850 

Framosische BumelUrne 700 

Fraser Pear 831 

Frauenschenkel 758 

Frederick Leclerc 767 

Frederick Lelieur 727 



PAai 

Frederick de Wurtemburg 767 

Frederick of Wurtemburg 767 

Frederika Bremer 767 

French Jargonelle , 767 

Friihe Bousselet 856 

Fulton 768 

F'ulvie Oregoire 823 

Fusee di'Et'e 767 

Oambier 829 

Gansel's Bergamotte 769 

Gansel's Late Bergamotte 769 

Gansel's Seckel 770 

Oarde Ecoroe 772 

Oarde d'Ecosse 772 

Garden Pear 770 

Gardner 880 

Garner 880 

Gastelier 696 

Gaudry 670 

GMeon Paridant 747 

Gendebien 770 

Gendesheim 770 

General Banks 831 

General Bosquet 770 

General Canrobert 770 

General Dutilleul 770 

Gf^neral Buvivier 688 

General Lamoriciere 771 

General de Lourmel 770 

General Taylor 771 

General Todleben 771 

General Totleben 771 

Genesee 859 

Gerando 771 

Gerardin 772 

Gerardine 772 

German Baker 835 

German Muscat 778 

Gibson 660 

Giffart 689 

Gile-o-gile 772 

Gillette longue. 804 

Gilogil 772 

Gilot 772 

Girardin 772 

Girardon 772 

Girogille 772 

Gisambert 710 

Gloire de VEmpereur 819 

Glory of Combrone 772 

Glou-morceau 773 

Ghu Moirceau de Camibron 773 

Glout Morceau 773 

Gloux Morceaux 773 

Gobert 772 

Golden Beurr'e 710 

Golden Beurre of Bilboa 773 

Golden End of Winter. 766 

Good Christian of Spain 858 

Good Christian of Winter 884 

Goodale 778 

GoodaWs Seedling 773 



1072 



PEA.RS. 



PAGE 

Om'eh Heatkcot 780 

Got Luc de Ca/mbron 773 

Goulu Morceau 773 

Goulue Morceau de Chambron 773 

Gracieuse 778 

Gracioli d'Hiver 686 

GracioU of Jersey 791 

Gracioli rouge 863 

Gracioli de la Toussaint 858 

GraharrHs Autumn. Nelis 664 

GraliarrCs Bergamot 664 

Grand Bretagne 774 

Grand Mogol 716 

Grand Monarque 716 

Grand Soleil 775 

Grand Tamerlan 716 

Graslin 775 

Gratiole WAutomne 858 

Gratioli 863 

GratioUd'Ete 863 

Gratioli di Roma 863 

Graue Sommer Butterhirne 886 

Grave de Corail 765 

Graves 833 

Gray Beurre 710 

Gray Butter Pear 745 

Gray Beans 745 

Gray Doyenne 745 

Great Bergamotte 778 

Great Blanket 775 

Gieat Blanquette 775 

G^-eat Bntain 774 

Great Citron of Bohemia. 775 

Great MoittMcater 863 

Great Musk Pear of Gone 818 

Great Onion Pear 862 

Great Orange 825 

Great Rousselet 843 

Green Chisel 775 

Green Mountain Boy 775 

Green Pear of Yair 776 

Green Sttgar 861 

Green Sylvange 866 

Green Windsor 883 

Green Yair 776 

Grenade 851 

Gresillier 762 

Gris de GMne 861 

Groom's Princess Eoyal 776 

Groote Mogul 716 

Gros Angobert 661 

Gros Blanquet Bond 797 

Gros Bon Ghrltien 863 

Gros Bon Chretien Beauclerc 863 

G)vs Bon Ghritien d'£!te 863 

Gros Gerteau (TEte 717 

Gros Colmar Van Mans. 725 

Gros Dillen 686 

Gros fin or kng d'Eimr 835 

Groa Franc Real 772 

Gros Franc Real dHHver 660 

G^'os Giht 772 

Qi-08 Gobet 773 



PAQB 

Gros Guy GriHaud. 772 

Gros Micet 766 

Gros Micet d^i^te 863 

Gros Mouille BoucJie 863 

Gros Mvicadille 668 

Gros Ognonet 862 

Gros Qiiere 734 

Gros Rousselet 843 

Gros Rousselet d^Aout 776 

Gros Rateau 716 

Gros Rateau gris 716 

Gros Thomas 716 

Grosse Allongee 875 

Grosse Blanquet 775 

Grosse Blanquette 775 

Grosse Blanquette Ronde. 797 

Grosse de Bruxelles 835 

Grosse Calebasse du Nord. 873 

Grosse Guisse Madame 758 

Grosse Dame Jeanne 835 

Grosse Dorothee 686 

Grosse Figue 760 

Grosse Grande Bretagne 858 

Grosse Grande Bretagne dor'ee 858 

Grosse Jargonelle 883 

Grosse Marie 811 

Grosse Roi Louis 775 

Grosse Sucre 697 

Grumkower 776 

Grumkoicer Winterbirnie 776 

Grune Magdalena 809 

Grune Sommer Magdalena 809 

Guernsey 859 

Gute Graue ; 886 

Guenette 775 

Guillaume de Nassau 686 

Gurle-s Beurre. 769 

Gustave Bivort 776 

Gustave Burgoyne 776 

Gustin's Summer 776 

Hacon's Incomparable 777 

Haddington '. 777 

Hadley 795 

Hagar 777 

Haghens d'Hiver 673 

Haight 777 

Hamilton 777 

Hamilton Seedling 777 

Hamon 777 

Ham'pden 778 

Hampden's Bergamot 778 

Hampton 778, 780 

Hampton's Bergamot 778 

Hampton's Cluster 778 

Hampton's Yirgalieu 778 

Hannas 778 

Hanners' 778 

Hanover 779 

Hardempont 773 

Hardenpont d'Hiver 773 

Hardenpont du Printemps 696 

Harris 77£ 



PEARS, 



lOTI! 



PAGE 

Harrison's Large Fali 779 

Harvard 779 

Harvest 779 

Hasselbirn 783 

Hativemi 775 

Hntiveau Blanc 863 

Hawes' Winter 780 

Hazel 783 

Heathcot 780 

Hebe 780 

Hebron 833 

Hegeman 780 

Hegerman 780 

Heggerman 780 

Heidelberg 703 

Helene Grea-oire 780 

Henkel ...T 781 

Henkel (VHiver 871 

Henri Bivort 781 

Henri {Bivort) 781 

Henri Desportes 782 

Henry the Fourth 783 

Henri Quatre 782 

Henri Van Mons 782 

Hmn Van Mons 727 

Henrietta 782 

Henriette 782 

Henriette Boimier 782 

Henriette cV Orleans_ 7^2 

Hepiiwrth 879 

Hericart 783 

Hericart de Thury 783 

Herkimer •. 783 

Herm,n,nshirne . 850 

Hessel 783 

Hewes' Winter 780 

Hingham 783 

His Poiteau 850 

Hocrenaille 844 

Hoe-Langer Hoe-Liever 864 

HoUand Bergamot 784 

HoUand G-reen 784 

HoUande Bergamotte 784 

Hollandische Bergamotte 784 

Homewood 771 

Honey 784 

Hooper'^s Bilboa 774 

Hosenschenck 784 

Hosenschenak 784 

Hovey 784 

Howard 785 

Howell 785 

Hubard 678 

Huguenot 786 

Hull 786 

Hungerford's Oswego 786 

Hunt's Connecticut 786 

Hunter 735 

Huntiiigdon , 797 

Huntington 786 

Huron "^55 

Hv.yshe's Bergamot /87 

Huyshe's Prince Consort 786 

68 



Huyshe's Prince of Wales 787 

Huyshe's Princess of Wales 787 

Huyshe's Victoria 787 

Ice Pear 877 

Im,ptratrice 829 

Imperatrice de France 760 

Imperial 822 

Imperial Oak-leaved 822 

Imperiale dfemlles de chene 822 

Incommunicable 787 

Incomparable 723 

Inconnne la Fare 850 

Inconnue Van Mons 787 

Inconstant 788 

Iris Gregoire 788 

Iron 702 

Isabella 788 

Isambert 710 

Isambert le Bon 71 

Island 78» 

Ives' August 788 

Ives's Bergamot 769 

Ives' Bergamotte 788 

Ives'Pear 788 

Ives' Seedling 789 

Ives' Virgalieu 789 

Ives' Winter ■. 789 

Ives' Yale 789 

JackmavUs Melting 794 

Jackson 789 

Jackson .: 789 

Jackson's Elizabeth 789 

Jagdbirne 753 

Jalousie 790 

Julonsie de Fontenay 790 

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee 790 

Jamin 747 

Jaminette 790 

Janvry 858 

Japan 790 

Jaquin 782 

Jar din de Jougers 784 

Jargonelle de Knoop 758 

Jargonelle des Provencaux 864 

Jean Baptiste Bivort 790 

Jean de Witte 791 

Jefferson 791 

Jenart 696 

Jersey Gratioli 791 

Jeioess 796 

Jihgil 772 

Joannette 658 

John 815 

John Griffith 791 

Johonnot 791 

Joli-mont 864 

Jolie Fille de Gust 792 

Jolimont. 742 

Jolivet 742 

Jolliemont 742 

Joly de Bonneau 793 



1074 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Jones 792 

Jones's Seedling 793 

Joseph Staquet 793 

Josephine 696, 790 

Josephine Bouvier 793 

Josephine de Malines 793 

Jmiffroy 875 

Judge Andrews 794 

Juive 796 

Jules Bivort 734 

Julienne 794 

July Pear 863 

Just 767 

Just-peer 886 

JutjesMrne ., 886 

Jutte 886 

Kaiser d'Automne 880 

Kaiserbirne 880 

Kaissoise 678 

Kartofd 724 

Kattern 846 

KatzetiJcop 716 

Keele Hall Beurre 861 

Keiser 794 

Kelsey 794 

Kessoise 678 

Keyports 771 

Kilmer. 823 

King 794, 795 

King Edward's 794 

King of Summer 843 

King of Wurtemberg 767 

King'^s Seedling 795 

Kingsessing 795 

Kirtland 795 

Kirtlands Beurre 795 

Kirtland'' s Seeled 795 

Kirtland! s Seedling 795 

Knight's 796 

Knight's Monarch 796 

KnigMs Seedling 796, 840 

Konge 883 

Kopertscher 796 

Kossertscher 796 

Kronprinz Ferdinand 773 

Kronprinz von Oestreich 773 

VEchasserie 753 

Vlneonnue 787 

DIncmistant . . 788 

DOrpMAne 680 

La Bonne Malinaise 884 

La Fortunee de Paris 766 

La Fortunee de Parmentier 766 

La Girardin 772 

La Herard 796 

La Juive 796 

La Moulinoise 797 

La Savourese 797 

La ScBur Gregoire 798 

La Quintinye 835 

La Heine 696 



pAon 

La Virguleuse , 877 

Lady Thigh 883 

Lafare 850 

Lafayette 79« 

Lamartine 797 

Lammas 797 

Lammas 729 

Langdier's Beurre 693 

Langlier''s Victoria 773 

Lansac 797 

Large Round Blanquet 797 

Large Bausselet 843 

Large Seckel 703 

Large Sugar 863 

Large Summer Bergamot 863 

Large Swanks Egg 779 

Las Canas 798 

Latch 832 

Late CatJierine 846 

Laundry Wilding 753 

Laure de Glymes 798 

Laurentienne 767 

Lawrence 798 

Le Beurre 745 

Le Breton 798 

Le Brun 799 

Le Cure 875 

Le Virgoule 877 

Lebanon 833 

Lee 799 

Lee's Seedling 799 

LeecKs Kingsessing 795 

Lefevre 799 

Lefevre 693 

Lenawee 800 

Lent Saint Germain 800 

Lent St. Germain. 835 

Leochine de Printemps 800 

Leon le Clerc Laval 800 

Leon le Clerc Louvain 801 

Leon Gregoire 800 

Leon Bey 801 

Leonie Pinchart 800 

Leopold 1 801 

Leopold Riche 801 

Lepine 801 

Lewis 801 

Lewis 737 

Long Green 803 

Long Green of Autumn 804 

Long Green of Esperin 804 

Long Green Panache 804 

Long Lsland Summer 758 

Long- Stalked Blanket 804 

Long-Stalked Blanquet 804 

Long- Tailed Blanguette 804 

LongueviUe dEcosse 778 

Lord C/ieeney^s 784 

Lord Cheney 784 

Lord Martin Pern- 844 

Lotfs Pear 779 

Lotds Bosc 701 

Louis Bupont 871 



PEAKS. 



1075 



Louis Gregoire. 

Louise Bonne 

Louise Bonne d' Avranclies . . 

Louise Bonne d'Hiver 

Louise Bonne de Jersey 

Louise Bonne of Jersey 

Louise Bonne de Printemps. 

Louise Bonne Rial 

Louise of Boulogne 

Louise d Orleans 

Louise de Prusse 

Liart 

Liberale 

Liebart 

Lieutenant Poidevin 

Lieutenant Poitevin 

Limon 

Linden d'Automne 

Little Blanket 

Little Blanquet 

Little Muscat 

Little Musk 

Livingston Virgalieu 

LiDre de Burgoyne 

Locke 

Locke's New Beurre 

Lodge 

London Sugar 

Longue de Narkouts 

Love Pear 

Lucien Leclercq 

Literate 

Lycurgus , 

Lydia Thierard 

Lyon , 



MabWs 686, 

MeLellan 

McLaughlin 

McVean. 

Madame 

Madame Ad'laide Reves 

Madame Ducar 

Madame Durieux 

Madame Eliza 

Madame de France 

Madame Gregoire 

Madame Henri Desportes 

Madame Millet 

Madame Treyve 

Madeleine. 

Madeleine 

Madeleine Vert 

Madotte 

Magdelen 

Maiden of Flanders 

Maiden of Xaintonge 

Mailanderin Orosse Orune 

Malconnaitre 

Malconnaitre d'Haspin 

Manchester 

Manchester Late 

Manchester October 



PAGE 1 PASI 

806 Mandieu 656 

804 Manning's Elizabeth 810 

, 805 Mansfield 811 

, 835 Mansuette . 661 

805 Marasquine 811 

, 805 Marcellis 815 

804 March Bergamotte 811 

804 Marechal de la Cour 811 

806 Marichal Becours 811 

871 Marechal Dillen 811 

859 Margaret 811 

819 Maria NouveUe 827 

801 Marianne 827 

802 Marianne de Nancy 812 

802 Marie Chritienne 813 

802 Marie Guisse 818 

^ 802 Marie Louise 813 

773 Marie Louise Ddacourt. 813 

802 Marie Louise Donkdar 813 

802 Marie Louise dElcourt 813 

802 Marie Louise de Jersey 813 

802 Marie Louise Nowodle 813 

803 Marie Louise Nova 813 

772 Marie Louise d'Uccle 813 

803 Marie de Nantes 812 

803 Marie Parent 814 

803 Marian 815 

803 Marmion 814 

661 Marotte Sucree Jaune 829 

659 Marquise de Bedman 814 

806 Martha Ann 814 

762 Martin Sec 814 

806 Martin Sec de Champagne 814 

806 Martin Sec d'Eiver 814 

807 Martin Sire 814 

Mofi'tin Sire 844 

819 Marulis , 815 

880 Mary 815 

807 Mather 815 

807 Matthews Eliza 776 

883 Maynard 815 

654 Meadmo Feaster. 703 

808 Mear''s Summer Butter. 751 

808 M Gonnaitre 722 

809 Mdaille 819 

883 Mdailled'Or 767 

809 Mellish 815 

809 Melon 819 

809 Melon deKops 686 

809 Merriam 815 

809 Merriweather 866 

809 Merveille de la Nature 751 

775 Messire d'Hiver 875 

657 Messire Jean 815 

809 Messire Jean Blanc 815 

818 Messire Jean Dore 815 

818 Messire Jean Gris 815 

819 Michaux 816 

722 Miel di' Waterloo 747 

810 Mignonne d'Hiver 816 

810 MUanBlanc 863 

810 MUanBlanc 863 

83 Milan de la Bewrrihre 863 



1076 



PEAKS. 



Milan de Bourdeaux 670 

Milan de Rouen 816 

Milan Vert 778 

Milanaise Guvelier 884 

Miller's Early 828 

Millot de Nancy 816 

Misporde Benoist 716 

Missive d'Hivffr 875 

Mitchell's Russet 817 

Moccas 817 

Mogtd Summer 719 

Moire 694 

Molle Bouche d'Eirnr 660 

Molle Bouche Nouvelle 760 

MoUet's Guernsey Beurre 817 

Mollefs Quernsey Chaumontelle. . .. S17 

Mon Bieu 656 

Monarch. 796 

Monkoicthy 661 

Monseigneur AflEre 817 

Monsei^eur des Hons 817 

Monseigneur Sibour 817 

Monsieur 875 

Monsieur le Cure 875 

Monsieur Jean 815 

Monstreuse de Landers 716 

Monstrueuse du Word 873 

Moor-foicl Egg 865 

Moore's Pear 784 

Moore's Pound 784 

Morel 818 

Morgan 780 

Moiiille Bouche 803 

Mouille boiiohe d'Autwnne 804 

Mount Vernon 818 

MouthiDater 803 

Moyamensing 818 

Mr. John 815 

Mrs. Jackson 789 

Muscadet d'Bte 767 

Muscadille 668 

Muscadine 818 

Muscat VAleman 772 

Muscat d'Allemagne 772 

Muscat VAlleman 772 

Mtiscat Allemand 772 

Muscat r Allemand 772 

Muscat d'Amhre 8] 8 

Muscat of Germany 772 

Muscat LaUemand 772 

Muscat Petit 802 

Muscat Robert 818 

Muscat Bobine 818 

Muscat Bouge 668 

Musette d'Anjou 775 

Mu^k Blanquet, or Blanquette 802 

Musk Orange 824 

Musk Pear 846 

Musk Bobine 818 

Musk Sunvmer Bon Ghritien 863 

Muskingum 819 

Musqwine de Bretagne 784 

Mv-God Pear 656 



PASI 

NaamarDs Greek. . . .■• 878 

Namen's Greek 878 

Napoleon 819 

Napoleon d'Hiver 319 

Napoleon Savinien 8l9 

Napoleon Vrai 819 

Naumkeag 819 

Navez Peintre 819 

Ne Plus Meuris 820 

Ne Plus Mentis 679 

Nectanne 846 

Negley 830 

Nelis d'Hiver 884 

Neue Grnssane 829 

New Bridge 820 

New Frederick of Wurtemberg 684 

New St. Germain 837 

Neto Spii,ng Beurre 875 

New To)^k Bed Cheek 853 

NewhaU 830 

Newtown 820 

Newtown Seedling 820 

Nickerson 820 

Niell 821 

Niles 831 

No. 10 Van Mans 802 

No. 185 Van Mons 877 

No. 1599 of Van Mons 693 

Noirchain 696 

Nones 732 

Nonpareil 821 

Nonpareille 702 

Norris Pear 791 

Notarie Minot 821 

Nouveau liaison ; 854 

Nouveau Mauxion 854 

Nouveau Poiteau 831 

Nouvelle Fulvie 833 

Nounelle d' Ouef 880 

Nun's Pea/r 681 

Nutmeg Pear 700 

Oak-Leaved Imperial 833 

Oak-leaved Imperial 833 

Oakley Park Bergamotte 822 

(Euf • 823 

Ognon de Xaintonge 863 

Ognonet 863 

Ognonet Musque 863 

Ognonnet 863 

Oiqnonet 863 

Oken 828 

Oken d'Hiver 832 

Oliver's Russet 822 

Olivier de Serres 833 

Omer Pacha 850 

Oneida 833 

Onondaga 833 

Ontario 834 

Orange 824 

Orange dAutomne 824 

Orange Bergamot 833 

Orange Bergamotte 824 



PEAKS. 



1077 



PAGE 

Orange WiU 824 

Orange d'Hiver . . 824 

Orange Mandarine 824 

Orange Musk 824 

Orange Musquee 824 

Orange Bouge 824 

Orange Tulipee 825 

Orpheline Colmar 825 

Orplieline cTEngJiien 680 

Osba7i(fs Favorite 825 

Osband's Summer 825 

Osborne 825 

Oswego Beurre 825 

Oswego Incomparable 826 

Ott 826 

Ott's Seedling 826 

Owen 826 

Oxford Ghaumontel 718 

Paddock 826 

Paddrington 751 

PaUleau 826 

Panchresta 884 

Paquency 830 

Parabelle Musque 734 

Paradise d'Aiitomne 827 

Pardee:s No. 2 736 

Pardee's Seedling 827 

Parfum d'Aout 828 

Parfum de Eose 828 

Pariselle 733 

Parkinson^ s Warden 702 

Parsonage 828 

Parthenay 671 

Passa-tutti 859 

Passans du Portugal 828 

Passe Colmar 829 

Passe Colmar Epineaux 829 

Passe Colmar Francois 791 

Passe Colmar Oris 829 

Passe-Colmar Musque ." . 829 

Passe- Colmar Musqus d^Automne. . . 829 

Passe Colmar Vineux 829 

Passe Crassane 829 

Passe Tardive 829 

Pastorale d^Hiver 751 

Pater Noster 830 

Paul Ambre 830 

Paul Tbielens 830 

Paul Thielens 830 

Payenche 830 

PayencM 830 

PayencM de Pirigord 830 

Payency 830 

Peach 831 

Peacb Pear 831 

Pearl Pear 802 

PecKs Seedling 847 

Pemberton 831 

Penderson 831 

Pendleton's Early York 831 

Pengethly 831 

Perm 831 



PAGD 

Pennsylvania 832 

Pequini 772 

Peral del Campo 863 

Perdreau 846 

Perfumed 828, 851 

Perpetual 832 

Petaless 760 

Peters 832 

PetersUie Peer 760 

Petit Blanquet 802 

Petit Certeau 668 

Petit Corail 765 

Petit Johannet 658 

Petit Muscat 803 

Petit Muscat d'Autmnne 841 

Petit muscat iatard muscade 775 

Petit Musque 704 

Petit Bousselet 846 

Petit St. Jean 658 

Petite Beurre d^Hiver 700 

Petite Blanquette 802 

Petite Epine d'Me 758 

Petre 832 

Pettalless 760 

PfirsicJibirne 831 

Philadelphia 832 

PMlijype Delfosse 684 

Philippe Goes 833 

PMUjrpe de Pacques 751 

Phili'p'pe Strie 859 

Picciola 833 

Pickering Pear 835 

Pickeringls Warden 835 

Picquery 871 

Pie IX 833 

Pine Pear 880 

Pinneo 833 

Pimilice 704 

Piper 835 

Pistolette 760 

Pitmaston Duchesse d'Angouleme. . 833 

Pitt's Prolific 834 

Pitfs Surpasse Marie 834 

Plantagenet 834 

Piatt 834 

Piatt's Seedling 834 

Plombgastel 851 

Pocahontas 834 

Poire d'Abondance 656 

Poire d'Albret 678 

Poire d'Amboise 710 

Poire d' Amour 659 

Poire d'Angoise 884 

Poi7'e d'ApotJu'Caire. 884 

Poire d'Avril 664 

Poire de Bavay 732 

Poire de Berriays 672 

Poire Braconot d'Epinal 707 

Poire de Bunville 844 

Poire de Cadet 670 

Poio^e des Chasseurs 735 

Poire CheniUe 828 

Poire de Chypre 846 



1078 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Pm-e Dcvey 760 

Poire du Doyen 880 

Poire Durandeau 735 

Poire Gendron 688 

Poire Oerando 771 

Poire Giffard 689 

Poire-qlace 877 

Poire de Glace 877 

Poire d Gohert 772 

Poire Goubalt 690 

Poire Gidllaume 666 

Poire His 850 

Poire des Tnvalides 725 

Poire dv, Jardin 770 

Poire de Lepine 801 

Poire Liard 819 

Poire de lAmon 880 

Poire de Louvain 734 

Poire aux Mouches 825 

Poire Na/poleon 819 

Poire Niell 821 

Poire des Nonnes 681 

Poire de Paycncy 830 

Poire Peche 831 

Poire a la Perle 802 

Poire de Persil 760 

Poire-Pomme 662 

Poire Poriavit 671 

Poire Preiiost 836 

Poire de Prince 837 

Poire de Printemps 858 

Poire d la Peine 818 

Poire Ritelle 842 

Poire de Pose 863 

Poire sans Peau 856 

Poire sans Pepins 778 

Poire Seutin 854 

Poire Six 697 

Poire de 16 Ounces 772 

Poire de Stuttgard 847 

Poire de tables des princes 758 

Poire Trwite . 765 

Poire Van Marum 873 

Poire Yauqiielin 874 

Poireau 671 

Pollan 834 

Pomoire 662 

Pope's Quaker 834 

Pope's Scarlet Major 834 

Potts 773 

Pound 835 

PoiodVs Virgalieu 864 

PradeUo de Catalogue 875 

Prairie du Pond . .- 835 

Pratique de Roiien 687 

Pratt 835 

Pried 829 

Precilly 835 

Precoce de Glady 856 

Precocee Goubault 695 

Premices de Wagelwater 836 

Present de Malines 829 

Present Boyal de Naples 667 



rAsi 

Present Boyal de Nantes 667 

President 836 

President WEspagne 858 

President Felton 836 

President Mas 336 

Pretty Girl of Gust 793 

Preul 825 

Prevost 836 

Primitive 802 

Prince Albert 836 

Prince ComiiUe de BoJian 714 

Prince Imperial de France 837 

Prince de Joinville 837 

Prince Napoleon 837 

Prince's Harvest 837 

Prince's Pear 837 

Prince's St. Germain 837 

Princess 8uga/r 862 

Prince's Sugar Top 868 

Princess 818 

Princess Charlotte 838 

Princess Helen d' Orleans. 749 

Princess Maria 838 

Princess of Orange 839 

Princess Royal 770 

Princesse Conquete 839 

Princesse Marianne 827 

Princesse d' Orange 839 

Princesse de Parme 813 

Princiere de Kopertsh 796 

Professeur Hennau 839 

Pvcelle Condmenne 829 

Pulsif er 839 

PuTis St. Germain 839 

Queen of August 784 

Queen of the Low Countries 839 

Queen^s Amber 818 

Queen's Pear 818 

Quilletette 840 

Quinn 840 

Quinnipiac 850 

Railroad Fuss 831 

Rallay 840 

Rapelje 840 

Ravenswood 840 

Raymond 840 

Read's Seedling 825 

Reading 841 

Real Jargonelle 758 

Red Bergamot 841 

RedBeurre 710. 745 

Red Butter 710 

Red Cheek 767 

Rsd- Cheeked Stckel 852 

Red Boyenne 745 

Red Garden 841 

Red Muscadel 767 

Rsd Orange. 824 

Reeder's Seeding 739 

Regine 841 

Regintin , 829 



PKARS. 



1079 



PA6T! 

Beigner 880 

Reine Caroline 841 

Reine d'Hiver 841 

Udne des Pays Bos 839 

Reine des Poires 843 

Reine Victoria 843 

Reine de Vierge 749 

Reserve Pear 758 

Retour de Rome 843 

Rej-naer Beernaert 843 

Richards 843 

Richards Beurre 863 

Richmond 779, 850 

Ridelle's 843 

Ris de Loup 778 

Rivers' Winter Beurre 843 

Roberfs Keeping 751 

Roberfs Muskateller 818 

Robertson 878 

Robine 818 

Robinson 878 

Roe's Bergamot 843 

Roid'Ete 843 

Roi Jolimont 743 

Roi Louis 775 

Roi Louis Nouveau 688 

Roi de Louvain 716 

Roi de Rome 843 

Roi de Rome 819 

Roi de Wurtemberg 767 

Roitelet 843 

Rok«by. 844 

Rondelet 844 

Ronville. 844 

Ropes 844 

Rose Spine Rose 863 

Rose Pear 863 

Rosenbirne 863 

Roslyn 844 

Rostiezer 845 

Rouge d''Anjou 697 

Rouge des Vierges 717 

Bound Top 873 

Rousellet de Meester 814 

Rousse Lench 845 

Rousselet 843, 846 

Rousselet Aelens 845 

Rousselet Bivort 845 

Rousselet de Coster 845 

Rousselet Decoster 845 

Rousselet Double 846 

Rousselet Enfante Prodigue 846 

Rousselet Esperen 846 

Rousselet Hatif 846 

Roussdet d'Hicer 814 

Romselet Jamia 750 

Roussdet de Jamin 750 

Rousselet de Janvier 845 

Rousselet de Jonghe 846 

Roussd,et Musqu't 846 

Rousselet de Rheims 846 

Rousselet St. Nicholas 847 

Rousselet Stuttgart 847 



PAOB 

Rousselet Vanderwecken 84? 

Rousseline 847 

Rousselon , 847 

Roussette d^Anjou 700 

Royal 847 

Royal d' Angleterre 835 

Royal Tairling 751 

Royal Winter 848 

Royale 863 

Royale d'Hiver 848 

Royale Nouvelle 849 

Rosatte du Dauphine 863 

Rozatte d'' Ingrandes 863 

Rushmore^s Bon Chretien 779 

Russdet 843 

Russelin 847 

Rutter 848 

Sabine 790 

Sabine d' £te 767 

Sabine Van Mons 790 

Sacandaga 849 

Sacandaga Seckd 849 

Saco 773 

Safran d'Automne 858 

Safran d^tlte 803 

Safran rosat d^Automne 858 

Sageret 671 

Saint Andre 849 

St. Cerran 664 

Saint Crispin 849 

Saint Denis 849 

Saint Dorothee 849 

Saint Germain 850 

Saint Germain blanc 804, 850 

Saint Oermain brun 850 

St. Oermain Dore 850 

St. Oermain Dutilleul 668 

Saint Oermain d^pAe 864 

Saint Oermain Fondant 673 

St. Oermain de Oraines 668 

St. Oermain Oris '850 

St. Oermain Jaune 850 

Saint Oermain d'Hiver 850 

Saint Oermain de Martin. ....... 864 

St. Oermain Nouveau 874 

St. Oermain Panachee 850 

Saint Germain de Pepins 850 

Saint- Oermain-Puvis 839 

St. Oermain du Tillay 668 

St. Oermain du Tilloy ■. 668 

Saint Oermain Vauquelin 874 

Saint Oermain vert 850 

Saint Ghislain , . . . 850 

St. Herblain d'Hiver. 751 

St. Jean 658 

St. Jean Baptiste 737 

St. Jean Baptiste di'Hiver 737 

St. Jean Ifusquee Ores. 818 

St. John's Pear 658 

Saint Lambert 758 

Saint Laurent 767 

Saint Lezin 850 



1080 



PEARS. 



PAGE 

Saint Menin . . . . , 850 

Saint Marc 668, 871 

8t. Martial 660 

8t. Michael Ar change 851 

Saint Michael ArchaDgel 851 

Bt. Michael of Boston 880 

St. Michael Dm-e 745 

St. Michael cTMe , 742 

St. Michael d}Hiveft\ 742 

St. Michel. 880 

Saini Michel Grotte 859 

St. Nicholas 749 

Saint Sampson 758 

Saint Vincent de Paul 851 

Sainte-Madelaine 809 

Salisbury Seedling 851 

Salviata 851 

Sand Pear 851 

Sanguine cVItalie 851 

Sanguinole 851 

Sanguinole de Belgique 852 

Sans Pair 702 

Sans PareUle ..... 702 

Sans Pepins 778 

Sanspeau 856 

Sarah 852 

Sarah 784 

Satin 797 

Satin Vert 758 

Schelis 863 

Schdne and Gute 778 

Schuman 852 

Scotch Bergamot 778 

Seal 852 

Sebastopol 852 

Sebastopol Wtlte 853 

Seckel 852 

Seclde. 852 

Seigneur 762 

Seigneur d^Esperin 762 

Seigneur d'Hiver. 751 

Selleck 854 

Senateur Mosselman 854 

Sept-en-gueule 802 

Seraphine Ovin 854 

Serrurier 854 

Serrurier di'Automne 854 

Seutin....' 854 

Shakespeare 852 

Shaumontel 718 

Shaw-Montel .* 718 

Shawmut 855 

Sheldon 855 

ShenK's. . . _ 784 

Sheppard ■. . . . 855 

SJiorfs Saint Germain 864 

Sidle 758 

SicJcel 852 

Sievlle 746 

Silliman's Russet 833 

Silvanbirne 866 

SUvange Pierard 866 

Simon Bouvier 856 



PAei 

Sire Martin 814 

Skinless 856 

Small Blanquet 802 

Small Winter Beurre 700 

Smith'' s BordenwvC 803 

Smitlis Early Butter 818 

SmitKs Pennsylvania 832 

Smokehouse 784 

Snow Flower 782 

Smur Gregoire 798 

Soldat Esp)eren 856 

Soldat Laboureur 856 

Soleure 706 

Solitaire 661 

Sommer Gute Christenbirne 863 

Sophia Beekmans 814 

Souvenir du Congress 856 

Souvenir d'Esperen 857 

Souvenir Favre 858 

Souvenir of Madame Treyve 809 

Souvenir de la Reine des Beiges. . . 857 

Souvenir de Simon Bouvier 856 

Soxweraine. 829 

Souveraine d'Ete 858 

Sowceraine d'Hi-ver 829 

Souveraine de Printemps 858 

Spanish Bon Chretien 858 

Spanish Warden 858 

Sparbim,e 758 

Speckled Harris 779 

Spice Butter 703 

Spdce Pear ■ 846 

Spina 858 

Spina di Carpi 848 

Sponge 721 

Sportsman 735 

Spring Beurre 875 

Staunton 769 

Steinmitz Catherine 858 

Steimnitz Spice 859 

Stephen^s Genesee 859 

Sterling 859 

Stevens' Genesee 859 

Stone 860 

Striped Bergamot 865 

Stnped Bean 881 

Striped G-ermain 850 

Striped Orange 825 

Stuttgarter Geishirtel. 847 

Stuyversant 863 

Styer .• 860 

Styrian 861 

Sublime Garnotte 880 

Siicre d''Automne de Tertolen 861 

Sucre Noir d'Ete 861 

Sucre de Tertolan 861 

Sucre Vert , . . . . 861 

Sxicre Vert d'Automne de Tolsduyn. 861 

Sucre-vert dHoyersworda 861 

Sucrie blanche 804 

Sucree du Cornice 861 

Sucree de Hoyerswerda 861 

Sucree Boree 819 



PEABS. 



1081 



SufJirin olano cCfUe 

Suffolk Thorn 

Sugar of Hoyerswcn'da 

Sugar Pear'. 

Sugar Top 

Su^erey d^Automne 

Sullivan 

Summer ApotheJcerbmie 

Summer Archduke 

Swmm,er Beauty 

Summer Bell , 

Summer Bergamot 

Summer Beurre d'Aremberg 

Summer Bon Chretien 

Summer Crassane 

Summer Doyenn'' 

Summer Franc Real 

Sumyner Oood Christian 

Summer Ja.rgonelle 

Summer Pine-apple 

Summer Portugal , 

Summer Rose , 

Summer Sh. Germain. . ; , 

Summer TJioim 

Summer Virgalieu 

Summer Virgalieu 835 

Superfondante 

Supreme 

Supreme Coloma 

Supreme de Quimper 

Surpass Maria Louise 

Surpasse Crassane 

Surpasse Fortune e 

Surpasse Meuris 

Surpasse Virgalieu 

Surpasse Virgouleuse 

Suzette de Bavay 

Swan's Egg 

Swan's Orange 

Sweet Summer 

Swiss Bergamot 

Syckle 

Sylvanche 

Sylvange 

Sylvange cPHiver 

SyVoanglie vert deliver 



Tardif de Mons 

Ta/rdive de Toulouse . . , 

Tarquin 

Tarquin des Pyrenees , 

Taylor Pear 

Tea 

Terling 

'fer-reneuvaise 

Tete de Ghat 

Teton de Venus 

Theodore Van Mons . . . 

Therese Kumps 

TMessoise 

Thompson's 

Thooris 

Thorny Ambrette 



PAOK 

, 804 

8G2 

, 861 

779 
, 862 
861 
862 
863 
862 
767 
883 
862 
862 
863 
868 
742 
863 
863 
767 
660 
828 
863 
864 
758 
864 
833 
864 
883 
796 
864 
834 
829 
766 
864 
864 
864 
865 
865 
823 
758 
865 
852 
866 
866 
760 



866 
749 
866 
866 
866 
866 
751 
700 
716 
772 
867 
868 
678 



658 



Thorny Bose 863 

Tlhmin 884 

Thuerlinckx 868 

Tillington 868 

Tilloy 668 

Tilton 658 

Tombe de V Amateur 821 

Totten's Seedling 868 

Treasure 659 

Trescott 868 

Tresor 659 

Tresor d'Amoiir 659 

Trimble 773 

Triomphe de Hasselt 873 

Triomphe de Jodoigne 869 

Triomphe de Louvain 869 

Triomphe du Nord 873 

Triomphe de Pomologique 728 

Troken Martin 814 

Trompe-valet 658 

Trout Pear 765 

Troiive de Montigny 701 

Truckhill Bergamot 809 

Tuerlinclcx 868 

Ttdipee 863 

Tidiped or Fly Pear 825 

Turkish Bonciir'uUen . , 761 

Turkish Pear 761 

Twenty-fifth Anniversaire de Leo- 
pold I 869 

Two Sisters 736 

Tyler 869 

Tynsboro' 719 

TyroUe ..'. 790 

Tyson 870 

Udal 767 

Union 835 

Upper Crust 870 

Urbaniste 871 

Urbaniste Seedling 871 

Ursula 873 

Uvedale's St. Germain 835 

Uwchlan 873 

Va DeuxAns 725 

Valandree 734 

Valencia 880 

Valentia 880 

Valentine 873 

Vallee Franche 873 

Van Assche 873 

Van Assene 873 

Van Asshe 873 

Van Buren 873 

Van Deventer 873 

Van de Weyer Bates 873 

Vandeweyer Bates 873 

Van Donckelaer 813 

Van Bonkelear 813 

Van Byok 858 

Van Marum 873 

Van Mons Leon le Clerc 873 



1082 



PEAKS. 



PAGE 

Vo/n Mans JVb. 154 810 

Van Mons iVb. 889 862 

Van Mom No. \2^S 722 

Van Mons St. Oerivmn 874 

Van Vranken 849 

Vandyck 858 

Vauquelin 874 

Verdette. 861 

Verlaine 874 

Verlaine 770 

Verlaine cPEU 770, 874 

Vermilion 668 

Vermilion d'lSts 767 

Vermilion d''Aiitomne 668 

Vermilion des Dames ' 668 

Vermilion d'Espagne d'Hiv&r. 858 

Vermilion d'EU 767 

Vermilion d'en Haut 874 

Vermilion d^Hiv&r des Dames 669 

Vermont 874 

Vermont Seedling „ 874 

Verte Longue 803 

Verte Longue d! Angers 760 

Verte Longue ^Automne 804 

Verte Longue of Esperin 804 

Verte Longue dUIiver 753 

Verte Longue de la Mayenne 760 

Verte Longue panache 804 

Vemlam 875 

Vezouziere 875 

Vicaire de Winkfield 875 

Vicar of Winkfield 875 

Vicomte de Spoelberch 877 

Victoria 773 

Vignes 733 

Viliam d^AnJou , 863 

Vineuse. 877 

Vineuse d'Esperen 877 

Virgalieu of New York 880 

Virgaloo 880 

Virgin of Xaintonge 818 

Virgolese 877 

Virgouleuse 877 

Von Zugler 877 

Wadleigh 877 

Walker 877 

Walkefs Seedling 818 

Warwick Bergamot 880 

Washington 878 

Water 883 

Waterloo 747 

Watermelon 784, 883 

Watertown 722 

Watson 878 

Wayne. 855 

Webster 878 

Weisse Herbst Butterbirv/i 880 

Welbeck Bergamot 879 

WelHngton 879 

Wendell 879 

Westcott 879 

Wetmore 879 



rim 

Wharton's Early 879 

Wheeler 880 

Whieldon 880 

Whieldon's McLeUa/n 880 

White Autumn Beurre 880 

White Bewrre 880 

WhiU Butter 880 

White Doyenne 880 

White PeoA- 803 

White's Seedling 881 

Wicar of Wakefield. 875 

Wiest 883 

Wilbur 883 

Wilding of Caissoy 700 

Wilding of Hery 700 

Wilfred 683 

Wilhelmine 790 

WUkinson 882 

WUlermoz 883 

William 805 

William Edwards 883 

William the Fourth 805 

William Powell 863 

William Prince 883 

Williams' Bonchretien 666 

WiUiams^ Bonchretien 666 

Williams' Early 883 

Williamson 888 

Wilmington 883 

Windsor 883 

Winship 884 

Winship Seedling 884 

Winter Ambret 658 

Winter BeU 835 

Winter Bergamotte 751 

Winter Beurre 718, 843 

Winter Bonchretien 884 

Winter Duchess 749 

Winter Good Christian 884 

Winter Oreen Long 753 

Winter Long Oreen 753 

Winter Nelis 884 

Winter Oken 822 

Winter Orange 824 

Winter Moussdette 814 

Winter Eoyal 848 

Winter Seckel 885 

Winter Thorn 885 

Winter Virgalieu 723 

Wisner 855 

Woodbridge's Seckel 885 

WolcotVs Early 779 

Woolaston 778 

Woodstock 886 

Wredow 886 

Yat 886 

Yellow Butter 880 

York Bergamot 663 

Yutte 886 

Zepherin Gregoire 888 

Zepherin Louis 88fl 



PEARS PLUMS. 



1083 



PAGE 

in Louis Gregoire 886 

Zoar Beauty 887 

Zoar Seedling 887 



PLUMS. 

Abricot Vert 917 

Abricote B'anc 952 

Abrimte Edtif 911 

AbricoUe 896 

Abricotee Blanc 896 

AbricoUe Blanche 896, 952 

Abricotee de Braunau 895 

Abricot 'e de Braunau Nouvelle 929 

Abricot' e Hutive 911 

Abricotee Rouge 942 

Abricotee Sageret 917 

Abricot' e de Tours 896 

Admiral de Bigny 923 

Agen Datte 939 

Albany Beauty 895 

Alderton 948 

Aloise's Oreen Oage 917 

Altesse Blanche 954 

Altesse Double 924 

American Magnum Bonum 896 

American Wheat 896 

American Yellow Oage. 939 

Amber Primordian 925 

Angelina Burdett 896 

Anglaise Noir 935 

Anna Maria 896 

Apple Plum 896 

Apricot 896 

Apricot Plum of Tours 896 

Askew^s Golden Egg 954 

Askew^s Purple Egg 943 

Auburn 897 

Aunt Ann 918 

Austrian Quetsche 916 

Automne de Schamali 897 

Autumn Beauty 898 

Autumn Compote 897 

Autumn Gage 897 

Avant Prune blanche 925 

Azure Rdtive 899 

Bavay's Green Gage 897 

Beach Plum 889 

BeekmaiUs Scrwlet .... 929 

Bejonnieres 898 

Belgian Purple 898 

Belle de Louvain 898 

Belle de Septembre 898 

Benedict 899 

Bilboa 925 

Bingham 899 

Black Damson' 907 

Black Imperial 901 

Black Morocco 932 

Black Perdrigon 899 

Blackthorn 955 



Bleecker's Gage 899 

'Bleecker's Scarlet 939 

Bleeckm'''s Yellow 899 

Bleecker's Yellow Gage 899 

Bleu, de Belgique 898 

Bleu de Perque 898 

Blue Gage 899 

Blue Holland 921 

Blue Imperatrice 900 

Blue Imperatrice. 947 

Blue Impenal 901 

Blue Perdrigon 900 

Blue Perdrigon 937 

Blue Plum ^ 900 

Blum 900 

Bolmar 951 

Bolmer 951 

Bolmer^s Washington 951 

Boimet d'Eveque 900 

Boulouf 901 

Boulouf 926 

Bradford Gage 917 

Bradshaw 901 

Brahy's Green Gage 901 

Brandy Gage 931 

Bremen Prune 916 

Brevoort's Purple 901 

Brevoorfs Purple Bolmar 901 

Brevoorfs Purple Washington 901 

Bricet 901 

Bricetta 901 

Brignole 953 

Brignole Yiolette 900 

Brugnon Gage 917 

Bruyn Gage 9l7 

Bryanston's Gage 902 

Buel's Favorite 902 

Burettes 902 

Burgundy Prune 902 

Burlington Gage 902 

Bury Seedling 904 

Byfield 902 

Caldwell's Golden Drop 902 

Caldwell's White Gage 903 

Ga^,edonian 917, 933 

Cambell 903 

CnmbelVs Seedling 903 

Canfs late Green Gage 917 

Oatalonian 925 

Oerisette Blanche 925 

Chapin 903 

Ghapin's Early 921 

ChapmarCs Princo of Wales 938 

Charlotte 950 

Cherry 903 

Chester Coimty Prune 903 

Cheston 904 

Chickasaw Plum 889 

Cleavinger 904 

Cloth of Gold Esperen 916 

CIM of Gold Plum 910 

Cce's Golden Drop 904 



1084 



PLUHS. 



PAGE 

Cois Golden I)r<yp Yiolette 905 

Doe's Imperial 904 

Coe's Late Red 904 

Coe's Plum 904 

Coe's Violet 905 

Columbia 905 

Colwnhian Oage 905 

Com/mon Damson 907 

Common English Sloe 955 

Common Orleans , 935 

Gmnmon Q,uetsc]ie 915 

Cmnnnon St. Julien 946 

Comte Gustave d'Bgger. ... ..... 905 

Cooper'' s Blue Gage ,. 899 

Cooper's Large 905 

Cooper'' s Large American 905 

Cooper's Large Red 905 

Cope ,. 906 

Copper 906 

Corse's Admiral 906 

Corse's Field Marshal 906 

Corse's Nota Bene 906 

Couetsehe 915 

Covetche 915 

Cox's Seedling 906 

Croft's Early 907 

Cruger^s 907 

Cruger's Scarlet 907 

Crugefs Scarlet Gage 907 

Crugefs Seedling 907 

B'Agen 939 

DAmerique Roxige 903 

WAutomne de Schamal 897 

D'Autriche 908 

If Avoine. 925 

Damas Blanc 953 

Bamas Blanc Gros 952 

Bamas Blanc Hdtif Gros 952 

Bamas Bronet 910 

Bamas d^Espagne 949 

Bamas Gros .... 915 

Bamas dJItalie 924 

Bamas Jaune 953 

Bamas Lawson 928 

Bamas de Manger on 931 

Bamas Musque 933 

Bamas de Provence 939 

Bamas de Provence Hdtif 939 

Bamas de Septembre 947 

Bamas de Tours 937 

Damas de Tours gros 917 

Damas Vert 917 

Bamas Violet 941 

Bamas Violet Gros 915 

Bamascena Scliamali 897 

Damascene Maugeron 931 

Damask 915 

Dame Aubert 954 

Dame Aubert blanche 954 

Bame Aubert Jaune 954 

Bame Aubert Violette 943 

Damson 907 



pAca 

Dana's YeLow Gage 908 

Date Plum 908 

Battelzwetsche 908 

Bauphin 948 

Baupliine 917 

Be Bordeaux 926 

De CJnjpre 933 

De Deiice 908 

De Montf ort 908 

De Virginie 903 

Dennistov's Albany Beauty 896 

Denniston's Red 908 

Denniston's Superb 908 

Benyer''s Victoria 948 

Diamond 909 

Dictator 909 

Biapliane 950 

Biaphane Laffay 950 

Biapre Blanc 952 

Biapree Blanche 953 

Biapr'ee Bauge 942 

Biapree Violette 904 

Bie Bothe Eijierflaume 943 

Bie Violette Kdrdgin Claudie 940 

Bolphin 948 

Domine Dull 909 

Borelle's Neue Grosse Zwetsche 934 

BoreWs Neio Purple Prune 934 

Dorr's Favorite. .". 909 

Double-blossomed Plum 955 

Double-flowering Sloe 955 

Downing's Early 910 

Downton Imperatrice 910 

Drap d'Or 910 

Brap d' Or Esperen 916 

Dronet Damask 910 

Duane's Purple 910 

Bumore 910 

Dunmore 910 

Butch Prune 909 

Butch Quetzen 909 

Dwarf Texas Plum 889 

Early Amber 911 

Early Apricot 911 

Early Bavay 926 

Early Black Morocco 933 

Early Cross 911 

Early Bamask 933 

Early Bamask of Provence 939 

Early Bamson 907 

Early Favorite 911 

Early Genesee 930 

Early Creen Gage 911 

Early John 935 

Early Monsieur 911 

Early Morocco 932 

Early Orleans 911 

Early Prolific 912 

Early Purple 921 

Early Rivers 912 

Early Royul 945 

Early Royal cf Nikita 912 



PLUMS. 



1086 



PAGE 

Enrly Russian 915 

Early St. John 912 

Ewriy Scarlet 903 

Early Tours. 937 

Early Violet 937 

Early Yellow 925 

Early Yellow Prune 912 

Edouard Seneclauze 912 

Egg Plum 954 

Eifrey 912 

Elfry's Prune. 912 

Emerald Drop 913 

Empref^s. 900 

English Orleans 935 

English Wheat 913 

English Yellow Gage 913 

Eugene Furst 913 

Faifs Golden Drop 904 

Fellenberg 924 

Fine Bonte 913 

Florence 943 

Flushing Gage 923 

FontUll 937 

Footers Early Orleans 913 

Foote's Golden Gage 914 

Fotheringay 914 

Fotheringham 914 

Franklin 951 

French Copper. 906 

French Royal 945 

French St. Julien .' 946 

Frost Gage 914 

Frost Plum 914, 952 

Fulton 914 

Galbraith 914 

Gelbe Mirabelle 932 

Gem 915 

Genl. Hand 91f) 

German Gage 899 

German Prune 915 

German Quetsche 915 

Ghiston's Early 916 

Gifford's Lafayette 916 

Gillett 931 ; 

Gisbome's 916 

Gisborne^s Early 916 

Gloire de New York 922 

Golden Cherry Plum 916 

Golden Esperen 916 

Golden Gage 904 

Golden Gage Lawson 928 

Goliath 917 

Gonne 917 

Gonne's Green Gage 913 

Goring'' s Golden Gage 917 

Goutte d^Or 904 i 

Great Damask Violet of Tours 917 

Great Green Damash 917 

Green Gage 917 | 

GrimiDooWs Early Orleans 911 

Oros Damas V&rt 917 '. 



PAEffl 

G? ?s Damas de Tours 917 

Go 3s Rouge de Septembre. 898 

Grosse Luisante. 954 

Grosse Peine 917 

Grosse Peine Claiide 917 

Growndacre 918 

Grove House Purple 914 

Gundaker Plum 918 

Gundaker Prune 918 

Guthrie's Apricot 918 

Guthrie's Aunt Ann 918 

Guthrie's Golden 918 

Guthrie's Late Green 919 

Guthrie's Russet 919 

Guthrie's Taybank 919 

Guthrie's Topaz 919 

Gwalsh. 919 

Hallenbeck 920 

Hampton Court 911 

Hartwiss' Yellow Prune 920 

Henrietta Gage . . 920 

Henry Clay 920 

Highlander 920 

Hinckley 931 

Holland , 921 

Holland Prune 92;! 

Horse Plum .- 92: 

How's Amber 921 

Howard's Favorite 921 

Howell's Early 921 

HowelVs Large 933 

Hudson Gage 922 

Huling's Peine Claudia 917 

Huling's Superb 922 

Ickworth Imperatrice 922 

Ida Gage 917 

Ida Green Gage 917 

Imperatrice 900 

Imperatrice Blanche 952 

Impiratrice Violet 900 

Imperatrice Violette 915 

Imperatrice Violette Grosse 915 

Imperial 948 

Imperial Diadem 942 

Imperial Gage 923 

Imperial Ottoman 923 

Imperial Purple 923 

Imp'rial de Sharp 948 

Imperial Violet 943 

Impfriale 943 

Impenale blanche 954 

Imperiale de Milan ... 922 

Imp'eriale Rouge 943 

Impiriale Violette 943 

Incomparable 924 

Incomparable Prune 924 

Irving^s Bolmar 951 

Isabel 931 

Isabella 924 

IsleiDorth Green. Gage 917 

Italian Damask 924 



1086 



PLUMS. 



PAGE 

Italian Prone 924 

Italian Quetsche .' 924 

Ives 924 

Ive£ Seedling. . . 924 

Ives' Washington 924 

Jackson 951 

Jacob 925 

Jaune de Gatalogne 925 

Jaune Hative 925 

Jean Ildtive 925 

Jefferson 925 

Jenki/is' Imperial , . . 933 

Jerusalem 926 

Jodoigne Green Gage 926 

Judson 926 

July Green Gage 926 

Kester's Green Gage 926 

Kester's Yellow Gage 926 

Keyser's Plum 922 

Kirke's 926 

Ki^'ke's Stoneless 949 

KneveWs Late Orleans 933 

KnigMs Large Drying 927 

KnigMs No. ^ 922 

Koetsche 915 

Kolenkamp 927 

La D'dideiise 905 

La Boy ale. 945 

Lady Plum 927 

Langdon 927 

Langdon^s Seedling 927 

Large Early Damison 921 

Large German Prune. ... 915 

Large Green Drying 927 

Large Long Blue 930 

Large Peach 936 

Large White Damson 907 

Largest Damask of Tours 917 

Late Black Damson 907 

Late Black Orleans 927 

Late Bolmer 928 

Late Cluster . . 952 

Late Oreen Gage 935 

Late Monsieur 935 

Late Purple Damson 907 

Late Rivers 928 

Late Yellow Damson 952 

Lawrence's Favorite 928 

Lawrence'' s Gage 928 

Lawrence's Early 928 

Lawson's Golden 928 

Leipzic 915 

Lewiston Egg 929 

[iiegel's Apricot 929 

Little Blue Gage 899 

Little Mirabelle 932 

Little Queen Claude 913 

Livingston Manor 917 

Lombard 929 

Long Scarlet 929 



FAas 

Loudon Plum 92S 

Louis Brun 917 

Louis Philippe 933 

Louisa 930 

Lucombe's Nonesuch 930 

Mc Cauley''s Seedling 903 

McLaughlin 930 

Madison 908 

Magnum Bonum 954 

Mattre Claude 953 

Mamelon Sageret 930 

Mamelonnee 930 

Mangeron 931 

Mann's Brandy Gage 931 

Mann's Imperial 931 

Manning'' s Long Blue 930 

Manning's Long Blue Prune 930 

Manning'' s Prune 930 

Marian 945 

Marten 931 

MarteiUs Seedling 931 

Matchless 904 

Maugeron 931 

MatLQeron Damask 931 

Mediterranean 931 

Meigs 931 

Mimms 942 

Miner 931 

Minette 919 

Mirabelle 932 

Mirabelle Blanche 933 

Mirabelle Double 910 

Mirabelle Grosse 910 

Mirabelle Jaune 932 

Mirabelle de Nancy .^. 932 

Mirabelle d' Octobi'e 901 

Mirabelle Perle 932 

Mirabelle Petite 932 

Mirabelle Pricoce 932 

Mirabelle Tardive 901 

Mirabelle Vert Double 917 

Mirabelle de Vienne 932 

Miser Plum 903 

Mitchelson 932 

Mitchelson's 932 

Monroe 932 

Monroe Egg 932 

Monsieur 935 

Monsieur d fruits Jaune 954 

Monsieur Hdtif 911 

Monsieur Hdtif de Montmorency . . . 911 

Monsieur U&tive 911 

Monsieur Ordinaire 935 

Monsieur Tardif 949 

Monsieur Tardive 949 

Monstrueuse de Ba,vay 897 

Momtrueuse d' OuUins 935 

Montgomery Prune 929 

Morocco 932 

Moyret's Gage 933 

Mulberry .. 938 

Murray's Beine Clau iia 917 



PLUMS. 



1087 



PAGE 

Muscle 933 

Musk Damask 983 

Musque de Malta 933 

Myrobolan 903 

Nectarine 933 

Nelson's Victory 933 

New Early Orleans 911 

Neio Golden Drop 904 

New Orleans 911 

New Washington 951 

New York Purple 901 

Newman 934 

Noire Hdtive 937 

Nolen Plum 953 

Nonparml 924 

Norbert 934 

Norman Perdrigon 934 

North 934 

NortJi^s Seedling 934 

Nouvelle de Dorelle 934 

Nutmeg 913 

Oberley 934 

Oherley^s Greenwood. 934 

October Green Gage 935 

(Eil ds Bceuf 926 

Old Apricot 896 

Old Orleans 935 

Orange 935 

Orange Gage : 935 

Orleans 935 

Otdlin''s Gage 935 

OuUin's Golden 935 

OuIUtHs Golden Gage 935 

Pan'Tcer^s Mammoth 951 

Parsonage 936 

PatersorCs 916 

Peach Plum 936 

Peach Plum. . 933 

Penobscot 936 

Peoly's Early Blue 936 

Perdrigon Blanc 953 

Perdrigon Normand 984 

Perdrigon Rouge 943 

Perdrigon Violet 987 

Perdrigon Violet HtUif 936 

Perdrigon Violette 900 

Pershore 936 

Peter's Yellow Gage 937 

Petit Bricette 901 

Petit Brap d'Or.... 982 

Petit St. Julien 946 

Petite Peine Claude 918 

Philippe I. 951 

Picketfs Jtdy 925 

Pigeon's Heart 941 

PiUess 949 

Plum de VInde 987 

Pmd's Purple 937 

Pond's Seedling 937 

Pourpree Duane 910 



TAeK 

Precoce de Bergthdd 938 

Precoce de Tours 937 

Prince Albert 938 

Prince Englebert 938 

Prince of Wales 938 

Prince's Blue Primordian 939 

Prince's Early Damson 907 

Princess Gage 923 

Princess Imperial 92b 

Prince's Imperial Gage 923 

Prince's Orange Egg 938 

Prince's Orange Gage 938 

Prince's Primordian 939 

Princess White Gage 923 

Prince's Yellow Gage 939 

Provence Damask 939 

Prune d'Agen 939 

Prune d'AUemagne 915 

Prune d'Altesse 949 

Prune d'Altesse blanche 925 

Prune d?Ast 939 

Prune d'Automne de Schamili 897 

Prune d'Autriche 908 

Prune des Bejonnieres 898 

Prune de Bourgogne 902 

Prune de Brignole 939 

Prune de Catalogue 925 

Prune de Ghypre 933 

Prune Damson 907 

Prune Datte 908 

Prune Diaphane Laffay 950 

Prune de Gaillon 937 

Prune Gonne 917 

Prune Goutte d'Or 904 

Prune Grosse Quetsche Nouvelle. . . . 934 

Prune d'lnde blanc 954 

Prune d'ltalie 924 

Prune de Lepine 934 

Prune de Louvain 898 

Prune de la Madelaine 937 

Prune de Malthe 933 

Prune de Milan 922 

Prune de Mirabelle 932 

Prune de Monsieur 935 

Prune Monsieur Jaune 925 

Prune Nouvelle de Borrel 934 

Prune d'CEuf. 943 

Prune d' Orleans 935 

Prune Peche 933, 936 

Prune de Prince 934 

Prune du Boi 939 

Prune Boyale 945 

Prime de St. Barnabe 925 

Prune de St. Jean 912 

Prune de St. Martin 904 

Prune Suisse 949 

Prune de Vacance 947 

Prune Violet de Jerusalem 926 

Prunier de Jerusalem 926 

Prunier des Vacances 947 

Prunus Cerasifera 903 

Prunus Myrobolana 903 

Purple Damson 90? 



1088 



PLUMS. 



PAGE 

Purple Egg 943 

Purple Favorite 940 

Purple Gage 940 

Purple Magnum Bomrni 910, 943 

Quackenboss 941 

Queen Claudia 917 

Queen Mother 941 

Quetsdie cTAllemagne Grosse 915 

Quetsche de Brevie 916 

Quetsche Datte. .: 908 

Quetsohe de Dordle NouveUe Grand. 934 

Quetsche Grosse 915 

Quetsche de Hongrie 908 

QueUche d'ltalie 924 

Quetsche Precoce de Furst 913 

Quetsen 915 

Reagle's Ancient City 941 

Beagle's Gage 941 

Reagle's Union Purple 942 

Red Apricot 942 

Red Damask 935 

Red Diaper 942 

Bed Egg 943 

Red Gage 942 

Bed Gage 929 

Red Gage of Dutchess County. . . . 942 

Bed Imperial. 943 

Red Magnum Bonum 943 

Bed Magnum Bonum 948 

Bed Orleans 935 

Red Perdrigon 943 

Red Primordian 943 

Bed Queen Mother 941 

Bed Saint Martin 904 

Beina Nova 898 

Beine Claude 917 

Beine Claude d'Automne 897 

Beine Claude de Bavay 897 

Beine Claude de Bavay Hdtive 926 

Beine Claude Berger 936 

Beine Claude Blanche 913 

Beine Claude de Brahy 901 

Beine Claude Diaphane 950 

Beine Claude Boree 917 

Beine Claude Hdtive 911 

Beine Claude d' Hudson 922 

Beine Claude Imp'riale 923 

Beine Claude de Jodoigne 926 

Beine Claude de Lawrence 928 

Reine Claude Moyret 933 

B,eine Claude d' Octohre 935 

Beine Claude d' Oullins 935 

Beine Claude Pricoce 935 

Beine Claude Rouge de Septembre. . 898 

Beine Claude Bouge Van Mons 898 

Beine Claude Tardive 935 

Beine Claude Transparent 950 

Beine Claude Violette 940 

Heine Claudia blanche la grosse. . . . 917 

Beine petite esplce 913 

Reine Victoria 943 



PAGP 

Reizensteir 's Yellow Prune 943 

Rensselaer Gage 917 

Rhinebeck Yellow Gage 944 

Rhue 944 

BJiue's Seedling 944 

Richland 944 

Bivers' No. 1 911 

Bivers' Early No. 2 912 

Bivers'' Early Favorite 911 

Bivers'' Early Prolific 913 

Bote de Sergent 939 

Robinson 931 

Roby's Yellow 944 

Roche Carbon 942 

Roe''s Autumn Gage 897 

RoUande Galloppi 944 

Ronald's Fancy 945 

Rostrave BeU 945 

Rotherham 953 

Royal 945 

Royal Dauphine 948 

Royal Red. 945 

Boyal Tours 945 

Royal de Vilvorde 926 

Royale 945 

Royale Hative 945 

Royale de Tours 945 

St. Barndbte 925 

Saint Catherine 946 

Saint Clair i 897 

Saint Cloud 917 

Saint ]6tienne 946 

St. James' Quetsche 916 

St. Jean 912 

Saint Julien 946 

St. Julien petit 946 

Saint Martin 904 

Saint Martin Bouge 904 

Saint Martin's Quetsche 947 

St. Maurin 939 

Sand Plum 889 

Sans Noyau 949 

Scarlet Gage 929 

Schenectady Catherine 947 

Schuyler Gage 947 

Schuyler Gage 917 

Sea: 921 

Semiana of Boston 947 

September Damask 947 

S/iailer^s White Damson 952 

Sharp's Emperor. 948 

Sheen 914 

Sheldon , 948 

Shepiler 943 

Shropshire Damson 907 

Siamese 948 

Simiana 949 

Sir Cha'les Woi'sley''s 945 

Small Green Gage 913 

Small MirabeUe 932 

Small Red Damson 907 

SmaU White Damson 907 



PLUMS — POMEGRANATES. 



1089 



PAST!! 

Smith's Orleans 948 

Spanish Damask 949 

Spotted Gage. 949 

Standard of England 949 

Steers's Emperor 917 

Stoneless 949 

Sucrin Vert 917 

Suisse 949 

Superioi' Green Oage 923 

Sweet Damson 913, 931 

Sweet Prune 915 

Swiss Plum 949 

Switser's Plum 949 

Thomas 949 

Thorndyke Gage 950 

Tomlinson's Charlotte 950 

Townsend 931 

Transparent Gage 950 

Trompe Oarcon 917 

Trompe Valet 917 

Trouvee de Voueche 950 

True Large Oerman Prune 915 

Turkish Quetsohe. 915 

Ulysses 950 

Van Mms' Red 898 

Van Mon£ Red Oage 898 

V&)'d,oGhio 917 

Verducia 917 

Veritable Imperatrice 900 

Vert Bonne 917 

Vei-te Tiquetee 917 

Victoria 948 

Violet Diaper 904 

Violet Empress 900 

Violet Gage 940 

Violet Perdngon 900, 948 

Violet de Tours 937 

Violette 900 

Violette ILltive 937 

Violette Jei^usalem 926 

Violette Queen Claude 940 

Virgin 950 

Virginal Blanc 950 

Virginal a Fruit hlanc 950 

Virginal d gros Fruit blanc 950 

Virginale Blanc 950 

Virginia Cherry 903 

Wager 935 

Wangenheim 951 

Washington 951 

Washington Jaune 951 

Washington Purple 901 

Wate)'loo 904 

Wax 951 

Wemtworth 954 

Wheat Plum 913 

Wheaton 913 

White Apricot 952 

White Bullace 952 

69 



PAGB 

White Damascene , , . . 952 

White Damask. . 952 

White Damson 953 

White Diaper 952 

White Egg 954 

White Empi'ess 952 

White Oage 913, 923, 939 

White Holland 954 

White Imperatrice 952 

White Impenal 954 

White Magnum Bonum 954 

White Mirabelle 932 

White Mogul 954 

White Perdrigon 953 

WJiite PHmordian 925 

White Prune Damson 952 

WJdte Virginale 950 

White Winter Damson 952 

Whitlow 913 

Wild Goose 953 

Wild Red Plum 889 

Wilde's 953 

Wilkinson 953 

WilmoVs Ea/rly Orleans 911 

Wilmofs Green Gage. 917 

Wilmofs Late Green Gage 917 

Wilmofs Late Orleans 917 

Wilmofs Neio Green Oage 917 

Wilmofs Orleans 911 

Winesour 953 

Winter Bolmar 928 

Winter Damson 907 

Woolston's Black Gage 953 

Yellow Apj-icot 896 

Yellow Damask 953 

Yellow Egg 954 

Yellow Imperatrice 954 

YelloiD Magnum Bonum 954 

Yellow Perdrigon 910 

Yellow Plum 889 

Yohe's Eagle 954 

Young , 955 

Young^s Seedling 955 



Zwetsche . 



915 



POMEGRANATES. 

Acid-Fruited 957 

Double Red 957 

Double White 957 

Gi'enadier d Fruit Doux 957 

Subacid-Fruited 957 

Sweet-Fruited 957 

Variegated Flowered 957 

Wild Pomegranate 957 



1090 



POMEtJRANATES — QUINCES — RASPBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Yellow Flowered 957 



QUINCES. 

Angers 958 

Apple-shaped Quince 959 

Blush Japan Quince 960 

Chinese Quince 960 

Oydania Japonica 960 

Japan Quince 960 

New Upright - 959 

Oblong Quince 959 

Orange (Quince , 959 

Panis de Fontenay 959 

Pear-shaped Quince 959 

Portugal Quince 959 

Pyrus Jajponica 960 

Rea's Seedling 959 

Van SlyTce 959 

White Quince 960 

RASPBERRIES. 

AM 967 

Allen 962 

Allen 971 

Allen^s Antwerp 962 

Allen's Red Prolific 962 

American Black 963 

American Improved 966 

American Red 963 

American White 963 

Arnold's Orange 963 

Arnold's Red 963 

August Black 963 

Autumn Black 963 

Autumn Black Raspberry 969 

Bagley's Perpetual 964 

Barnet 964 

Bamet Cane. 964 

Belle de Fontenay 964 

Belle d:' Orleans 964 

Belle de Paluau 964 

Black 964 

Black Raspberry 963 

Brentford Cane 964 

Brinckle's Orange 971 

Burley 972 

Burlington. 964 

Canada Black Cap 964 

Oarter'a Prolific, 965 



PAGI 

Catawiasa 965 

Cincinnati Red 969 

Clarke 965 

Col. WUder 965 

CoUinsviUe Miami 969 

Common Black- Cap 963 

Common Red 963 

Cope 965 

CornwaWs Prolific 964 

CornwaWs Seedling 964 

Cretan Red 965 

Cushing 965 

CutbusKti Prince of Wales 971 

Davison's Thomless 966 

Doolittle 966 

Doolittle's BlacJc Cap 966 

Doolittle's Red Flavoi'ed Black Cap. 967 

Double-Bearing 96b 

Double-Bearing Yellow 974 

Duhring. 966 

EllJsdale 966 

Elm City 966 

Elsie 966 

Emily . . 966 

English Black 964 

English Globe 966 

English Purple 971 

English Red 971 

English Red Cane , 962 

False Red Antwerp 962 

Fastollf 967 

Filby 967 

Framboisier d Gros Fruit 972 

Franconia 967 

French 967 

Fulton 967 

Garden 967 

Gen. Patterson 967 

Golden Cap 963 

Golden Thomless 967 

HUdreth 968 

Hornet 968 

Rowland's Red Antwerp 972 

Hudson River Antwerp 968 

Huntsman's Giant 968 

Huntsmlle 971 

Imperial 968 

Imperial Rei 968 

Improved Miami 969 

Joslyn''s Black Cap 966 

Joslyn's Improved 966 

Joslyn's Improved Black Cap 966 

Jouet 968 

Kirtland 969 

Knevet's Giant. 968 



RASPBERRIES STRAWBERRIES. 



1091 



KneeetCs Antwerp 972 

Large-Fruited Monthly 969 

Large Miami Black Oa/p 969 

Large Orange 972 

Large Red 964 

Late Siberian 966 

Lindley 969 

Little Miami Black Gap 970 

Lcn'd ExmowtKs 964 

Lum's ETer-Bearing. 969 

McCormick 969 

Magnum Bonum 970 

Mammoth Cluster 969 

MerveiUe de Quatre Saisons 970 

Miami Black 970 

Miami Black Cap 969 

Mote's Ever-Bearing. 970 

Mrs. Wood 970 

Ifew Bed Antwerp 968 

Northumberland Fill-Basket . . 970 

Nottingham Scarlet 970 

October Red 970 

October YeUow 970 

Ohio Ever-Bearing 971 

07iio Baspberry 971 

Old Bed Antioerp 972 

Orange 971 

Perpetual Bearing 966 

Philadelphia 971 

Pilate 971 

Prince of Wales 971 

Prince's Globose 971 

Prolific {Carter^s) 965 

Prosser 964 

Purple Cane 971 

Purple Prolific • 971 

Red Antwerp 972 

Bed Imperial 968 

Red Pearl 972 

Bed Prolific 971 

RUey's Early 972 

Bivers' Kew La/rge Monthly 969 

Rivers' Orange 972 

Boger's Victoria 973 

Bubus Ocddentalis 963 

Russell's Red 972 

Semper Fidelis 972 

Seneca Black Cap 972 

Souchetti 973 

Stoever 963 

Summit 973 

Superior Miami 969 

Surprise 973 

Sweet Yellow Antwerp 973 

Thimbkberry 963 



FA8E 

TJiornless Black Cap 966 

Thunderer 973 

True Bed Antweip 973 

Vice-President French 967 

Victoria 973 

Walker 973 

W7iite Antwerp 974 

White Canada 973 

W7dte Transparent 973 

Woodside 974 

Woodward 974 

Yellow Antwerp 974 

Yellow Cap 963 

Yellow Pearl 974 



STRAWBERRIES. 

Aberdeen 1001 

Aberdeen, Beehive. 988 

Aberdeen Seedling 1001 

Abraham, Lincoln 978 

Adair 978 

Admiral Dundas 978 

Agriculturist 978 

Ajax 978 

AlMno 994 

Albion White 994 

Alice Maud 978 

Ambrosia 978 

America ~. 978 

American Scarlet. 990 

Ariadne 978 

Atkinson's Sca/rlet 988 

Austin 979 

Austin Seedling 979 

Austin Shaker 979 

Austrian Sca/rlet 985 

Barnes' Mammoth 979 

BoA^es' White. 979 

Baron Deman de Lennick 979 

Barflett 980 

Belle de Bordelaise 1007 

Bicolor. 979 

Bicton Pine 979 

Bijou 979 

Bishop's New 979 

Bishop's Orange 979 

Black 997 

Black Beacon 997 

Black Canterbury 997 

Black Impeiial. 979 

BlackPine 997 

Black Prince 979 

Black Roseberry 980 

Bhod Pine 998 

Boisselot 980 

Bonte de St. Julian. 980 

Boston Pine 980 



1092 



STRAWBEKEIES. 



PAGE 

Boudinot 980 

Boule a Or 980 

Boyden's Mammoth 980 

Boyden's No. 30 980 

Brewer's Emperor 980 

BridUy Scarlet 1001 

Brighton Pine 980 

Brilliant 981 

British Oreen Seedling 998 

British Queen 981 

British Queen 996 

BrooKs Prolific 991 

Brooklyn Scarlet 981 

Brune de Gilbert 1005 

Bryan's Satisfaction 981 

Buffalo 995 

Buisson des Alpes Blanc, etc 1006 

Bunce .'... 984 

Burr's New Pine 981 

Burr'' 8 Old Seedling 981 

Burr's Seedling 981 

Burr's Staminate 981 

Caleb Cope 981 

Caperon Hermaphrodite 1007 

Caperon Royal 1007 

Capt. Cook 981 

Carolina 998 

Carolina 998 

Carolina Superba 981 

Champion 983 

Charles Downing 982 

Charles Favorite 982 

Charlotte 982 

Charlton Prolific 982 

Chorlton 982 

Chillian 982 

Clinton 982 

Cockscomb 982 

Colfax 982 

Colonel Ellsworth 983 

Columbus.. 983 

Common Rouge 1006 

Commun sans Filets 1006 

Comte de Flandre 983 

Comte de Paris 983 

Conical 1007 

Cornucopia 983 

Crimson Cluster 983 

Crimson Cone 983 

Crimson Favorite 983 

Crimson Queen 983 

Crystal Palace 985 

CulverweU's Seedling 984 

Cushing 984 

GuthilVs Black Prince 979 

OuthilVs Princess Royal 1000 

Cutter's Seedling 984 

De Bath 984 

Delices d'Automne 984 

Deptford Pine. , 884 

Des Alpes d Fi-uit Blanc 1006 



PAGE 

Iks Alpes d Fr lit Rouge 1005 

Des Alpes de Tous les Mois d Fruit 

Blanc, etc 1006 

Des Alpes de Tou^ les Mois d Fruit 

Rouge 1005 

Des Alpes sans Filets 1006 

Des Bois d Fruit Rouge 1006 

Des Quatre Saisons. 1006 

Diadem 984 

Doctor Hogg 984 

Doctor Nicaise 984 

Double- Bea7'ing 1007 

Doubleday's No. 2 , 983 

Downer's Prolific 984 

Downton 985 

Due de Brabant 985 

Due de Malakoff 985 

Dutliesse de Trivisse 1004 

Duke of Kent 985 

Duke of York Scarlet 985 

Dundee.. 985 

Durand 985 

Durand's Seedling 985 

Dutchherry 983 

Early Prolific Scarlet 985 

Early Virginia j 993 

Early Washington 991 

Eclipse 985 

Elton 986 

Elton Improved 986 

Elton Pine 986 

Elton Seedling 986 

EmUy 986 

Emma 986 

Empress Eugenie 986 

English Lady Finger 986 

English Red Wood , , .1006 

Fairy Queen . 986 

Faulkner's King , .1000 

Faulkner's Seedling 1000 

Ferdinande 986 

Filbert Pine 986 

Fill-Basket 987 

FiUmore 987 

Fleming 987 

Florence S87 

Fraisier Vert 1008 

French 987 

French Musk Hautbois 1007 

French's Seedling 987 

Frogmore Late Pine 987 

Galland 1005 

Garibaldi 987 

General McLellan 995 

General Scott 988 

Genesee 987 

Oei-mantown 990 

Globe 988 

Globe Scarlet 985 

Globose Scarlet , 988 



STRAWBERRIES. 



1093 



PAGE 

Golden Soeded 988 

Ookhn Quern 1004 

Goliath 988 

Orandiiiora 998 

Great Eastern 988 

Oreen Alpine 1008 

Green Pine 1008 

Green Prolific 988 

Green Strawberry 1008 

Oreen Wood 1008 

OremweWs French 1007 

OreenioeWs Neio Oiant 1007 

Grove End Scarlet 988 

Haquin 989 

Harlem Orange 989 

Hathaway 989 

Hathaway' s Seedling 989 

Hendry 989 

Hero 989 

Higgins' Seedling 996 

Highland Chief'. 989 

Highland Mary 989 

Hooker 989 

Hooper's Seedling 990 

Hovey's Seedling 990 

Hudson 990 

Hudson's Bay 990 

Huntsman 990 

Ida 990 

Imperatrice Eugenie 990 

Imperial Crimson , 990 

Imperial Scarlet 991 

Ingram's Prince Arthur 991 

Ingram's Princess Royal 1000 

Iowa 991 

Jenny Lind 991 

Jenny's Seedling '. 991 

Jessie Read 991 

Jeyes' Wo?iderfid 1005 

John Powell 991 

Jucunda 991 

Julien 991 

Keen's Black Pine 992 

Keen's Seedling 992 

Keen's Seedling 996 

Kentucky , 992 

Kimberly Pine 992 

Kitley's Goliath 988 

Knight's Seedling 985 

Knox'slQO 991 

Kramer , 992 

La Challonaise 992 

La Constante 992 

La Delicieuse 992 

La Fertile 993 

La Grosse Sucree 993 

La Liegeoise 993 

LaPerle 993 



PASB 

La Reine 993 

La Snltane 993 

La Versaillaise 994 

Ladies' Finger 993 

Ladies' Pine 992 

Lady 992 

Lady Finger 993 

Lady of the Lake 993 

Large Early Scarlet 993 

Late Scarlet 990 

Laurella 993 

Le Baron 994 

Lennig's White 994 

Leonce de Lambertye 994 

Leopold I 994 

Little Monitor 994 

Lizzie Randolph 994 

Longworth's Prolific 994 

Lorenz Booth 994 

Lorio 995 

Lucas 995 

Lucida Perfecta 995 

McAvoy's Extra Red 995 

McAvoy's No. 1 995 

McAvoy's No. 12 995 

McAvoy's Superior 995 

Malcolm's Aberdeen Seedling 979 

Mammoth 995 

Marguerite 995 

Marquise de la Tour Maubowg. . . ,1004 

Marshall's Seedling 1003 

Mead's Seedling 995 

Melon .-. 995 

Metcalf's Early 996 

Methven Castle 996 

Methven Scarlet 996 

Miss Ida 990 

Monitor 996 

Monroe Scarlet 996 

Montevideo Pine ; 996 

Monthly .1 without runners 1006 

Moyamensing 996 

Mulberry 997 

Murphy's Child 992 

Musk Hautbois 1007 

Myatt's British Queen 981 

Myatt's Beptford Pine 984 

Myatt's Eleanm' 985 

Myatt's Eliza 996 

Myatt's Globe 988 

Myatt's Mammoth 995 

Myatt's Prolific 1005 

Myatt's Seedling 986 

Naomi 996 

Napoleon 997 

Napoleon III 997 

Necked Pme 997 

New Hautbois. 998 

New Jersey Scarlet 997 

Newark Prolific 988 

Newland 98? 



1094 



STRAWBERRIES. 



PAGE 

Newlan^s Mcmumoili 1006 

Nicanor 997 

NiTnorod 978 

Nova Scotia Scarlet 985 

Oatland's Scarlet 985 

Old Black. 997 

Old John Brown 997 

Old Pine 998 

Old Scarlet 998 

Old Scarlet Pine 998 

Omer Pacha 996 

Orange Hudson Bay 979 

Orange Prolific 998 

Oscar 998 

Patagonian 1007 

Peabody 998 

Peabody's Seedling '. . . 998 

Peak's Emperor 998 

Pennsylvania 998 

Pine Apple 997, 998 

Powdered Pine. 1008 

Prairie Fanner 1003 

Premier 998 

President 978 

President Wilder. 998 

Prlmordian 999 

Prince Albert 999 

Prince Frederick William 999 

Prince of Orleans 999 

Prince of Wales 999 

Prince's Climax 999 

Prince's Excelsior 999 

Prince's Magnate 999 

Princess Alice Maud 978 

Princess Boyal 1000 

Princess Royal of England 1000 

Profuse Scarlet 1000 

Prolific 1000, 1007 

Prolific Pine 1001 

Pyramidal GhiUian 982 

Randolph Pine 1000 

Red Alpine 1005 

Red-Bush Alpine 1006 

Bed Monthly Strawberry 1005 

Red Wood 1006 

Reeve's Eclipse 985 

Regent's Dwarf 1007 

Reine des Beiges 999 

Richardson's Early 1000 

Richardson's Late 1000 

Rifleman 1000 

Ripawam 1000 

Rival Hudson. 1001 

Rival Queen 996 

Rivers' Eliza 1001 

Robinson's Defiance 1001 

Romeyn Seedling 1004 

Rose 1001 

Roseberry 1001 

Rosebud 1001 



PAGB 

Ross's Phoenix 1001 

Royal Hautbois 1007 

Ruby 1001 

Ruisson 1006 

Russell's Prolific 1001 

Sabreur 1002 

Sacombe 1007 

Salter's Versaillaise 1002 

Scarlet Cone 1002 

Scarlet Magnate 999 

Scarlet Meltmg 1002 

Scarlet Nonpareil 1002 

Scotch Pineapple 983 

Scotch Runner 983 

Scotch Scarlet 1001 

Scott's Seedling 1002 

Seedling Eliza 1001 

Shaker's Seedling 979 

Sir Charles Napier 1002 

Sir Harry 1002 

Sir Joseph Banks 1007 

Sir Joseph Paxton 1002 

Southampton Scarlet 996 

Southborough 1003 

Southborough Seedling 1003 

Souvenir 1003 

Souvenir de Kieff. 1003 

Stinger , 1003 

Stinger's Seedling 1008 

Stirling Castle Pine 1003 

Stoddard's Alpine 1006 

Swaiustone's Seedling 1008 

Topsy 1003 

Trembly' s Union 1004 

Triomphe de Gand 1003 

Triomphe d'HoUande 1006 

Triomphe de Liege 1004 

Triumph of Holland Alpine 1006 

Trollope's Victoria 1004 

True Chili 1007 

Turkey Pine 997 

Unimi 1003, 1004 

Unique Prairie 997 

Vicomtesse Hericart de Thury 1004 

Victoria 1004 

Victory of Bath. . . 1004 

Vineuse de Nantes 1004 

Virgin Queen 979 

Walker's Seedling 1004 

Ward's Favorite 1004 

Warren's Seedling 996 

Washington 991 

Washington Alpine 1006 

White Albany. 994 

White Alpine 1006 

White Bush Alpine. . . 1006 

White Monthly 1006 

White MonHily, without runners . . .1006 



STRAWBBRKIES. 



109^ 



PAGE 

White Piiieapple 994 

White Wood 1007 

Western Queen 1004 

Wild Strawberry of Europe 1006 

Willey 1005 

Wilmot's Superb 1007 

Wilmot's Prince Arthur 1005 



_^., , . PAGE 

Wilson's Albany 1005 

Wizard of the Noilh .,, 1005 

Wonderful .1005 

Yellow Chili 1008 

York River Scarlet 99C 

Young's Seedling 994] 



GENERAL INDEX. 



AliMOND, its nativity, 430 ; uses of, lb. ; 
its cultivation, ib. ; varieties, 431 ; or- 
namental, 433. 

American Blight, 66. 

Annual pruning of peach trees, 585 
(note). 

Aphis, the Woolly, 66. 

Apple, its history, 58 ; where best nat- 
uralized, 59 ; its uses, ib. ; its quality, 
60 ; propagation, ib. ; grafting, 21 ; 
soil and situation for, 61 ; planting 
and cultivation of apple orchards, 62 ; 
the bearing year. 63 ; pruning, ib. ; 
insects destructive to, ib. ; how to de- 
stroy, 64; gathering and keeping, 
67; varieties of, 72; Siberian crabs 
and improved Siberian apples, 421 ; 
selections for different latitudes, and 
for table use, marketing, cooking, and 
keeping, 427. 

Apple bark beetle, 67. 

Apple Borer, 63. 

Apple Worm, 66. 

4.pricot, uses and cultivation of, 438 ; 
liable to disease, ib. ; curculio fatal 
to fruit, ib. ; varieties of tree, ib. ; 
ornamental varieties, 442 ; varieties 
adapted for small gardens, and for 
cold climates, ib. 

Ashes, a cure for peach borer, 586. 

Aspect of fruit trees, 53.~ 

Bark Louse, the, 66. 

Bats, useful as destroyers of insects, 
58. 

Bending down limbs, to produce fruit- 
fulness, 37. 

Berberry, description of, 442; its use 
and culture, 443 ; varieties of, ib. 

Birds, as destroyers of insects, 57. 

Black Gum, fatal to plum trees, 894. 

Black Walnut, 574. 

Blackberry, culture and varieties of, 
443 ; ornamental varieties, 446. 

Blight on Apple Trees, 67. 

Budding, 23 ; proper season for, 24 ; 
shield and American shield budding, 
25 ; reversed shield budding, 26 ; an- 
nular budding, 27. 



Butternut, 574. 

Canker Worm, the, 65. 

Caterpillar, 64; to destroy, ib. 

Chamomile to destroy insects, 56. 

Cherry, its history, 447 ; uses of, ib. 
gum of the, 448 ; as shade trees, ib. ; 
soil and situation for, ib. ; propaga- 
tion and cultivation, 449 ; classes of, 
450; ornamental varieties, 486; se- 
lections of, for family use, to ripen 
in succession, 487 . 

Chestnut, 572. 

Cider, how to make, 69. 

Citron, the, 579. 

Coal Tar, a remedy for grubs, 56. 

Codling Moth, 66. 

Composition for wounds in pruning, 35. 

Crab, wild species of, 58. 

Cranberry, description of and value, 
493 ; its culture profitable, 494. 

Cross-breeding, 7. 

Cucumber Bug, the, 559. 

Curculio, 892 ; habits of, ib. ; how to 
destroy, 893. 

Curl, the, in peach trees, 592. 

Currant, its history and use, 487 ; pro- 
pagation and culture, 488 ; insects de- 
structive to, 488, 489 ; varieties of, 
489 ; ornamental, 493. 

Cuttings, to propagate by, 29. 

De Candolle, remarks on decay of 

varieties, 11. 
Deep planting to be avoided, 48. 
Disbarking and ringing, 37. 
Duration of varieties, 10. 

Eyes, or Buds, to propagate by, 23. 

Fig, its history, 494 ; its secret blossom, 
494, 495 ; propagation, 495 ; soU and 
culture, ib. ; oiling the fruit, 496 ; va- 
rieties, ib. 

Filbert, varieties of, 574. 

Fire Blight, 644. 

French Standard Names, key to, 1009, 

Frozen-Sap Blight, 646. 

Fruit, production of new varieties, 1. 



GENERAL INDEX. 



1097 



Fruitfulness increased by root-pruning, 
36 ; by bending the limbs, 37. 

Glands of the Peach, 593. 

Gooseberry, description and uses of, 
499 , 500 ; propagation and culture, 
500 ; varieties, 501 ; selection of, 503 ; 
American varieties, ib. 

Graft, its influence on the stock, 27. 

Grafting, uses of, 16 ; proper time for, 
ib. ; scions selected, 17 ; stock for, 
ib. ; theory of, ib. ; confined to cer- 
tain limits, ib. ; its manual opera- 
tion, 18 ; splice and tongue grafting, 
18, 19 ; American Whip-tongue graf- 
ting, 19 ; cleft grafting, 21 ; grafting 
the vine, 22 ; saddle grafting, ib. ; 
side grafting, 23. 

Grafting Clay, 23. 

Grafting Wax, 23. 

Grape, history of, 504 ; uses and soil, 
505 ; propagation, 506 ; culture of 
foreign, ib. ; renewal system, 507 ; 
culture under glass, without heat, 
508 ; soil for vinery, 509 ; pruning, 
ib. ; routine of culture, 510; thinning 
the fruit, ib. ; culture under glass, 
with fire-heat, ib. ; construction of 
viaery, 511 ; the border, 512 ; the 
spur system of pruning, 512 ; insects 
and diseases peculiar to, 513 ; varie- 
ties, ib. ; pruning, training, and cul- 
ture of American grapes, 525 ; dis- 
eases and insects, 527 ; grafting, ib. ; 
keeping, ib. ; varieties, 528 ; selection 
of varieties, 558. 

Grape Beetle, 527. 

EiCKOEY Nut, 574. 
Bybridising, 7 ; limits of, 8. 

[noculating Fruit Trees, 23. 

Insect Blight, 645. 

Insects, remarks on, 54 ; to destroy by 
hand-picking, 55 ; larv«, or grubs, 
ib. ; salt, a remedy for, ib. ; to de- 
stroy in the winged state, 56. 

BENIGHT, his mode of raising new varie- 
ties, 10 ; his theory on the decay of 
varieties, ib. 

Knots Disease, fatal to plum, 894. 

Latebs, propagating by, 31. 

Laying in by the heels, 50. 

Lemons and Limes, 579. 

Lime, a cure for peach-borer, 586. 

Loams, best adapted for plantations, 

51. 
Longevity of Peach Trees, 585 (note). 

MADEniA Nut, 573. 

Manure for fruit trees, 48, 49. 



Melon, its history and culture, 559 ; in- 
sects attacking, ib. ; varieties, 560. 

Mice, to prevent girdling trees, 35. 

Mildew in grapes, 527. 

Moths, how to destroy, 56. 

Mtdberry, habits and varieties, 564 ; the 
ever-bearing, ib. : the red mulberry, 
565. 

MulchiDg, 48. 

Nectarine, its history and culture, 
565 ; curculio an enemy to, ib. ; va- 
rieties, 566. 

Noyes, Darling, remarks on the yellows 
in Peach 588 (note). 

Nuts : Chestnut, 572 ; the Chinquapin 
and European Walnut, 573 ; Filbert, 
Hickory nut, 574. 

Olive, history and uses, 575 ; propaga- 
tion and culture, ib. ; varieties, 576. 

Orange, history, 576, 577 ; soil and cul- 
ture, 577 ; insects on, ib. ; specific 
against, 578; varieties, ib. 

Peach, its history, 580 ; uses, 581 ; 
propagation, 582 ; soil and situation, 
ib. ; pruning, 583 ; training, 585 ; in- 
sects and diseases, 586 ; yellows in, 
587 ; symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 ; 
remedy for, 591; the curl, 592; classi- 
fication of freestones and clingstones, 
ib. ; raising peaches in pots, 594 ; va- 
rieties, 596; curious or ornamental 
varieties, 638 ; selection of choice 
sorts, 639; selection for the South, 
ib. 

Peach Borer, 586 ; remedy for, ib. 

Pear, history of, 639 ; its nativity, 640 ; 
extraordinary specimen of tree, 641 ; 
uses of, ib. ; gathering and keeping, 
ib. ; propagating, 642 ; soil, situation, 
and ctdture, 643 ; diseases of, 644 ; 
insect blight, etc. , 645 ; varieties, 
650 ; select list for table use, market 
ing, and cooking, 887. 

Planting deep, bad effects of, 48. 

Plum, history and use, 889 ; propaga- 
tion and culture, 890; soil, 891 ; in- 
sects and diseases, ib. ; curculio or 
plum-weevil, 892; how to destroy, 
893 ; the knots or black gum, 894 ; 
varieties, 895 ; ornamental varieties, 
955 ; selection of varieties for table, 
market, and cooking, ib. 

Plum Weevil, 892. 

Pomegranate, history and uses, 956 ; 
propagation and culture, 957 ; varie- 
ties, ib. 

Position of fruit trees, 51 . 

Potash Wash for fruit trees, 35. 

Preparing soil for fruit trees, 47. 

Propagation of Varieties, 16 ; by cut- 
tings, 29 ; by layers and suckers, 31 



1098 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Prunes, to make, 890. 

Pruning, to promote growth, 33 ; to in- 
duce fruitfulness, 36; annual, pro- 
duces longevity in peach trees, 585 
(note). 

QUENOTJILLE training, 39. 

Quince, its history and use, 957, 958 ; 
propagation, culture, and varieties, 
958; ornamental varieties, 960. 

Quince Stocks to dwarf pears, 643. 

Rabbits, to prevent girdling trees, 35. 

Raspberry, its habits, uses, propaga- 
tion, and culture, 960, 961 ; varieties, 
962. 

Remedies for Blight, 646. 

Renewal Training of vines, 507. 

Ringing and Disbarking, 37. 

Rivers, Mr. , on Root-pruning, 86. 

Root-pruning, 36. 

Saddle -GRAFTING, 22. 

Salt, used to destroy iasects, 55. 

Scale Insect on Orange, 578. 

Scions, to select, 17. 

Seedlings, to raise, 4, 5. 

Shaddock, the, 579. 

Shellac, for wounds in trees, 35. 

Shortening -in, mode of pruning the 
peach, 37. 

Siberian Crabs, 421. ^ 

Slug-worm, 650. 

Smells will drive away winged insects, 
56. 

Soft-Soap, for stems of trees, 36. 

Soil, best for fruit trees, 51. 

Species of Fruit Trees, 2. 

Spurring-in, training the vine, 507. 

Stocks, for grafting, 17; their influence 
on graft, 27. 

Stopping the bearing shoots of the vine, 
508. 

Strawberry, history and uses, 974; pro- 
pagation and soil, 975 ; modes of cul- 
ture, 976 ; fertile and barren plants, 
976, 977 ; varieties, 977 ; Alpine and 
wood strawberries, 1005 ; hautbois 
Btrawberries, 1007 ; Chili strawberries, 



ib. ; green strawberries, 1008 ; seleo 
tion of varieties, 1008. 
Suckers, propagating by, 32. 

Taking up Trees, 46. 

Thorn, the, good stocks for pear trees, 
643. 

Toads destroy insects, 58. 

Tobacco- Water, remedy for insects, 56. 

Training, remarks on, 38 ; its objects, 
39 ; conical standards and quenouille 
training, 39, 40 ; pyramids and bush- 
es, 40 ; cordon-training, 41 ; fan-train- 
ing, 42 ; horizontal training, 44. 

Transplanting, remarks on, 45 ; best 
season for, 45, 46 ; preparing the 
places, 47 ; proper size for, 49 ; lay- 
ing in by the heels, 50. 

Trellis, use of, for the vine, 508. 

Trenching, to improve soil, 53. 

Valleys, objectionable for fruit trees, 
53. 

Van Mons' Theory, 5. 

Varieties, to produce new, 1 ; tendency 
to change, 3 ; influence of grafting 
on, 4 ; Van Mons' method of raising 
new, 5 ; cross-breeding, 7 ; propaga- 
tion of, 16 ; remarks on the duration 
of, 10 ; Knight's theory on the decay 
of, ib. ; effects of climate on, 12 ; to 
restore decayed, 15. 

Vine, grafting the, 22 ; culture of, 506. 

Vinery, cheap mode of building, 508 ; 
for fire-heat, 510. 

Vineyard Culture, 526. 

Wash for stems of fruit trees, 35. 
Water Melon, its uses, cultore, and 

varieties, 561. 
Weevil, attacks plums, 892 . 
Whale-oil Soap, to destroy insects, 56 
Wild Plum, varieties indigenous, 889. 
Woolly Aphis, the, 66. 
Wounds made in pruning, compositios 

for, 35. 

Yellows, disease of, in Peach, 587 
symptoms, ib. ; cause, 588 : remedy 
691. 



THE 



FRUITS AND FRUIT-TREES 



AMERICA: 



OB, 



THE CULTURE, PROPAGATION, AND MANAGEMENT, IN THE 
GARDEN AND ORCHARD, OF FRUIT-TREES. GENERALLY ; 



DESCRIPTIONS OF ALL THE FINEST VARIETIES OF FRUIT, NATIVE 
AND FOREIGN, CULTIVATED IN THIS COUNTRY. 



By a. J. DOWNING, 

COKBESPONDING MEMBER OF THE KOTAL BOTANIC SOCIETY OF LONDON ; AND OF THE HOBTICnio 

TURAL SOCIETIES OF BERLIN, THE LOW COUNTRIES, MASSACHUSBITS, 

PENNSYLVANIA, INDIANA, CINCINNATI, ETC. 



APPENDIXES— L, II., and TIL 



NEW YORK: 

JOHN WILEY & SONS, 15 ASTOR PLACE. 

1888. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, fey 

JOHN WILEY & SON, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washi'o ;»tt>0» 



GE!JEUAL INDEX 

TO 

APPENDIXES I, II, and III. 



APPLES. 



[Standard names are in Roman letters. The synonymous names in Italic.'] 



PASB 

Adam's White 67 

Allerson's Early 75 

American Oolden Basset of New 

England 53 

American Beauty 105 

Amsterdam Sweet 43 

Andrew's Favorite 75 

Andrew's Sweet 75 

Annate 48 

Annette 43 

Arnold's Beauty 43 

Austin Apple 76 

Autumn Pomme Gris 1 

Bailey's Crimson Crab 33 

Baldwin's Summer 107 

Baltzley 2 

Baltzley's Sweet 3 

Bank 76 

Baptist 44 

Barnard 76 

Beauty of tEe World 76 

Belle de Boskoop 77 

Belle du Havre 2 

Belle Donee du Havre 2 

Bell's Seedling 3 

Bender 104 

Bergen . . 44 

Berkshire Spy 44 

Bettie Brocks 43 

Big ixreer, 45 

Big Ramlo 37 

Big Bomanite 57 

Big Sweet 45 

Big Tree 97 

Black Hawk 45 

Black Jack 57 

Black Pennock 57 

Black Twig 78 

Black Vandetoere 57 

Black's Annette 45 

Blenheim P'ppin 3 

Blenheim O'^ange 3 

Blooming Orange 3 

Blenheim 3 

Blue Bloom. 78 

iii 



PAGB 

Bl ue Spitsenberg 45 

Bower's Nonpareil 45 

Boyd 3 

Breckenridge 78 

Brewington Pippin 78 

Brewington 78 

Briers Sweet Crab 39 

Brilliant 46 

Broad water 46 

Brown Fall 85 

Bucks County 46 

Bucks County Seedling 72 

Bullock's Pippin 53 

Bunker Hill 4 

Burlington Pippin 47 

Bushnell 78 

Busby's Early 4 

Cabane du Ghien 102 

Cadwallader's Golden 5 

Calkin's Pippin 5 

Canada Baldwin 79 

Carpenter's Sweet 79 

Carpentin 79 

Carpentin Beinette 79 

Centennial 80 

Cheese Apple 48 

Glieese 35 

Chester County 5 

Child's .' 47 

Clark's Prolific 48 

Clark 80 

Clayton 6 

Clermont 48 

Cline's Codlin 6 

Columbia 81 

Columbia Hyde 81 

Connecticut Red Cheek 6 

Connecticut Red Streak 6 

Connecticut Red Side 6 

Cons 6 

Cooper's Red 51 

Cornell's Early 45 

Cornell's Favorite 45 

Cornwall's Golden Sweet 81 

Crain's Spice 7 



IV 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Cross 48 

Curtis' Greening 109 

Dale's Seedling 49 

Davage 7 

Dawes 81 

Dawes' Porter 81 

Dawes' Nonsuch 81 

Deane 49 

Decarie 82 

DeHogg 83 

De Long 82 

Dr. Fulcher 7 

Dr. Walker 83 

Dollin's Pippin 64 

Donahue 7 

Doylestown 84 

Duffield 8 

Duling 8 

Duling's Sweet 8 

Dulin's Red 9 

Dutch Mignonne 3 

Dwight Apple 108 

Early Russet 107 

Edelkonig Reinette 84 

Edelkonig 84 

Edgar Red Streak 50 

Egyptian Queen 84 

Ella 50 

English Codlin 67 

English Pearmain , 55 

Esperens Reinette 9 

Etowah 51 

Eureka 84 

Fairy 9 

Fall 68 

Fall Brown 85 

Fall Queen, or Haas 10 

Fall Stripe 11 

Fameuse Baldwin 102 

Fameuse Sucree 85 

-Farley 69 

Fay's Russet 53 

Fenton 51 

Five-Quartered Gilliflower 70 

Fletcher Russet 51 

Fleming 86 

Foote's Nonsuch 51 

Forney 86 

Fountain Hill 52 

Fox Apple 52 

Fox Sheepnose 52 

Pranclin 11 

French Spitsenberg 36 

French Wine 86 

General Lyon 11 

General Marion 11 

Geneva , 39 

German Spitsenlerg 57 



PAGE 

Gillette's Winesap. . . 12 

Gloucester White 67 

Goff 51 

Golden Dixie 52-86 

Golden Pippin 87 

Golden Russet 53 

Golden Russet of Massachusetts. . . 53 

Golden Russet of New England. . . 53 

Golden Spy 87 

Goyeau 12 

Granny Hyde 81 

Grattan 12 

Gray's Keeper 21 

Gray's Apx)le 21 

Gray Romanite 57 

Greyhouse 57 

Gros Pigeonnet 12 

Gros Vert 13 

Gros Pommier. 10 

Gros Pomier 10 

Guilford Red 87 

Haas 10 

Hames 88 

Hannah 13 

Hard Red 57 

Harper 52 

Hatcher 13 

Hatcher's Seeding 13 

Haven 53 

Hawkin's Chief 14 

HayascJie Gold Reinette 14 

Hex's White 67 

Hick's White 67 

Highland Beauty 88 

High Top Sweet 43, 54, 91 

Hiram 14 

Hog Pen 68 

Hoope's 57 

Hoope's Remain 57 

Hopsey 57 

Hopson 57 

Horse 10 

Hoss 10 

Hottenstein 53 

Hoya Golden Reinette, , 14 

Hubbardston's Nonsuch 21 

Htidson Red Streak 55 

Hunt Russet Apple 53 

Hunt Russet 53 

Hunter Pippin 54 

Huntsman Favorite 14 

Humiston 15 

Hyde 81 

Hlinois Greening 15 

Illinois Pippiin 71 

Imperial RamLo 89 

Imperial White . 25 

Improved Red Spitsenberg 45 

Indian 21 

Iowa 82 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

Iowa Eusset 16 

Irish Pippin 16 

Izzard 23 

Jackson's Boman Stem 48 

Jelly Flower 70 

Johnson 16 

Johnson 89 

Jones 68 

July Queen 90 

Kaigri's Spitsenberg 55 

Kaign's Spitsenberg 5o 

Kansas Queen 17 

Kansas Sweet 17 

Keasbey's Favorite 19 

Kentucky Bellflower 55 

Kentucky Oilliflower 55 

Kempter's Pippin 3 

Kestner 90 

Key's Red 91 

Keystone 57 

Kidd 68 

King 35 

Kinkead 91 

Kinnaird's Choice 18 

King of the Bambos 95 

King Solomon 18 

King Sweet 54, 91 

King of Sweets 54 

Kirkland 92 

Knapp's Harvey 92 

Ladies' Favorite 21 

Lady Elgin 39 

Lady Finger 55 

Lady Heuniker 54 

Lallier's Prolific Red 19 

Lambert 19 

Landsberger Reinette 20 

Lankford 92 

Large Green 13 

Large Striped Winter Pearmain . . 21 

Large Striped Pearmain 21 

Large Summer Queen 93 

Lelieur 20 

Lewis 80 

Libert 53 

Lincoln Pippin 93 

Lipkin's Sweet. . . 54 

Lippart 53 

Litsey. 83 

Long 68 

Long John 55 

Long Pearmain 55 

Long Red Pearmain 55 

Long's Russet 20 

Long worth's Red Winter. ....... 94 

Lopside 57 

Lucy Sweet 55 

Mackie's Beauty Siberian 39 



PAGE 

McAfee's Nonsuch 21 

McAfee's Bed 21 

McAfee ... 21 

Maggie's Favorite 95 

Magog Red Streak 56 

Major Sweet 75 

Mann 21 

Marengo Siberian, No. 4 39 

Marquis of Lome 22 

Mary Wornack 95 

Maryland Queen 10 

Mason's Stranger 23 

Mason's Pippin 23 

Massachusetts Golden Busset 53 

Mathews 57 

May Seek-no-Farther. 57 

Mc-intosh Red ' 55 

McKinney . 56 

Mellinger 57 

Mercer 96 

Milden 53 

Milding 58 

Missouri Keeper 23 

Missouri Pippin 23 

Missouri Superior 21 

Monte Bello 24 

Morgan 24 

Morton's Red 59 

Moser's Sweet 96 

Mosher Sweet 97 

Mother's Favorite 97 

Mountain Beauty 97 

Mudhole 55 

Mumper Vandervere 59 

Musgrove's Cooper 37 

Mystic. 59 

Nansemond Beautv 60 

Nelson Rock *. 60 

Neio England Golden Busset 53 

New England Busset 53 

Neto Missouri 21 

New Bhode Island Greening 109 

New River Boat Apple 61 

Nine Ounce 49 

Nonsuch 21 

Norton's Pippin 97 

Northampton , . . 61 

Northfield Beauty Crab 61 

Northidck Pippin 3 

Ohio Beauty 37 

OldBcttie 43 

Old Field 23 

Onstine Greening 98 

Ontario 61 

Orange Pippin 62 

Otoe Red Streak 25 

Oxford 99 

Palmer Apple 99 

Park (Not of Kansas) 55 



APPLES. 



PAGE 

ParKs Keeper 21 

Parry's White 25 

Peach Blow 99 

Pewr AjJiJle 99 

Pear Pippin 99 

Perle d'Angleterre 25 

Pearl of England 25 

Pearmain 55 

Peasgood's Nonsuch 100 

Perkins 86 

Perry Red Streak 63 

Petite Reinette Grise 79 

Pewankee 26 

Pickett 63 

Piedmont Pippin 64 

Pilot 26 

Pine Apple 64 

Plumb's Cider 65 

Pomme Grise d'Or 27 

Porter 68 

Pound Royal 55 

Presh's Winter 27 

Prewit , 65 

Princeton 28 

Prolific Blush 65 

PucJcett 35 

PucketVs Summer 35 

Pyle's Red Winter 65 

Races Red 66 

Randolph Sweet 100 

Ransom 101 

Red Streak 101 

Reed's Golden Pippin 66 

Red BeUflow,er ... 55 

Red Bietigheimer 101 

Red Everlasting 57-105 

Red Gillifloicer 69, 70 

Red Pearmain 55 

Red Pliwriix 55 

Red Pippin 55 

Red Spitseriberg 55 

Red Winter Pearmain 55 

Red Winter Sweet 101 

Reinette d'Espcren 9 

Reim tte de Haya. 14 

Reinette de Landsberg 20 

Reinette Edelkonig 84 

Reinette Onts 66 

Reliance 28 

Ribbed Gilliflower 70 

Ripley 28 

Ripley's Claret 28 

Robinson 101 

Rochester Pi^tpin 28 

Rock Apple 60 

Rockweod 67 

Roi. Tres. Noble 84 

Romanite 57 

Rose Bee. . . 29 

Rose Bud 29 

Rose Red 30 



FAOB 

Russam 55 

Russet Pearmain 53 

Salome 103 

Sanderson 103 

Sauta 104 

Sarah 67 

Saxton 11 

Scarlet Pearmain 55 

ScJmffer 104 

Schuyler's Sweet 31 

Scollop Gilliflower 70 

Scollop Crilliflotcer 69 

Scribner's Spitsenberg 31 

Seager 30 

Settle Pippin 67 

Settle's Superb 67 

ShafEer 104 

SJiaffer's Garden 104 

Shannon Pippin 104 

Sheriff 105 

Sheepnose 52, 53-55 

Sherman's Favorite 31 

Sherman's Sweet 31 

Sidney Sweet 54 

Sillix 31 

Simmons' Red 105 

Sisk 67 

Smith's Favorite 68 

Smith's Favorite. 97 

Snepp's 106 

Snepp's Nonsuch; 106 

Snorter 21 

Somerset 32 

Soulard 33 

Southern Porter 68 

St. Hilaire 102 

Starkey 69 

Starr 32 

Stayman's Summer 34 

Stayman's Winesap 108 

Stearns' Greening 107 

Steam's Winter Greening 107 

Steve Baldwin 107 

Stevenson Pippin 108 

Stonewall Jackson 108 

Storr's Wine 21 

Stribling 34 

Strinestown Pippin 'i9 

Striped Bellflower 69 

Striped Gilliflower 69 

Striped Pearmain 21, 55 

Striped Winter Pearmain 21 

Striped Pippin 35 

Striped Sweet Pippin 35 

Stuart's Golden 108 

Stump 110 

Stump 108 

Summer Cheese 3i 

Summer King 35 

Summer Sicect 54, 91 

Summer Spitsenberg 36 



APFLES — CnEKRIES— GRAPES — PEACHES. 



Superb WMte 67 

Superior WMte 25 

Sutton's Early 70 

Swasie Pomme Grise 27 

Sweet Rhode Islarjd Greening ... 100 

Sweet Winter Spitseuberg 109 

Sylvan Sweet Crab 39 

Tanner's Winter 110 

TJiomas Sweet 54-91 

Tom Apple. 76 

Town House <» 47 

Transparent Zoar 70 

Tuttle s 36 

Twin Apple 55 

Uncle Zeeke 21 

Valley Ill 

Valandingham Wine 21 

Van Horn Ill 

Van Wyck's Siberian 39 

Vickers 92 

Victoria Pippin Ill 

Victoria Sweet Ill 

Volney 71 



WahasJi Bellfloioer 55 

Walbridge 50 

Watwood 71 

Wealthy 37 

Western Beauty 87 

Westmoreland Rambo. . . 112 

Wheatyard 46 

Whitescarver 38 

White Apple 25 

White Crow 21 

WJiite King 104 

Williams' Red Winter 113 

Wilson's Summer Ill 

Winter Pear main 21-55 

Wolf River 113 

Wyandotte 21 

Wythe 71 

Yardley... 72 

Yellow Pippin 114 

Yellow Transparent 114 

York Stripe 38 

Zachary Pippin 72 

Zolotereff 114 



Additional Synonyms to Apples, x, xi, xii. 
CHERRIES. 



Barrhart 161 

Burghley Park 161 

Dy ehouse 161 

Earlv Lyons 162 

Early Rivers 162 

Flagg 164 

Galusha, or No. 11 165 

Gloire de France 162 

Guigne Hative de Lyon 162 

Ida 163 

Lancaster 163 



Large Montmorency 163 

Leeb 1(53 

Love Apple 163 

Marie Theresa 164 

Montmorency, Large Fruited 163 

Montmorency a Langue Q^ueue. . . . 163 

Northwest, or No. 29 165 

Olivet 164 

Rose Hative de Lyon 162 

Tomato 163 

Weir's Early Kentish 164 



GRAPES. 



Allen's Hybrid 119 

Beauty 165 

Brighton 165 



Duchess 166 

Early Dawn 166 

Early Victor 166 

Janie Wylie 119 

Jefferson 167 

Kalamazoo 119 



Lady Washington 167 

Niagara 167 

Peter Wylie 119 

Pocklington 168 

Prentiss 168 

Quassaick. 168 

Rochester. 169 

Senasqua 120 

Triumph 169 



PEACHES. 



Alexander's Early 141 

Amsden's June 141 

Annie Wylie 169 

Atlanta 120 

Black's Extra Early Peach 120 



Cass 142 

Climax 142 

Connecticut 142 

Cook's Late White 141 

Early Ascot. 142 



PEACHES — PEAKS. 



Early Eivers 120 

Early Silver 170 

Early Victoria 170 

Family Favorite 170 

Fetters 142 

Foster 121 

Freemason 121 

Henrietta 171 

High's Early Canada 142 

Hill's Chili Peach 142 

Honeywell 143 

Hopkinsville 170 

Imperial Yellow 144 

Jenny Lind 142 

Laporte 121 

Leopold 14^ 

Levy's Late 17l 

Madison 142 

Mountain Eose 121 

Mrs. Brett 143 

Muscogee 143 

Nectarine Peach 171 

Nix's Late White 143 



Park's Cling , 131 

Petit, Imperial 144 

Queen of Sheba 142 

Quisenberg 170 

Raisin 171 

Richmond 123 

Sallie Worrell 171 

Sal way 133 

Seagram 143 

Seagrove's^moek 143 

Sener 173 

Smolk 143 

South wick, Late 123 

Stanley's Late 143 

Stedly 173 

Styles.. 170 

Sugar , 142 

Thurber 144 

Tuskena 172 

Wager 173 

Waterloo 173 

Wheatland 173 

Wilcox 142 

Wirt 173 



PEARS. 



Buerre Delpierre 12-L 

Buerre Lade 122 

Bonne du Puita Ansault 123 

Brockworth 128 

Bronze d'Enghien 124 

Calebass d'Octobre 145 

Chambers 174 

Clapp's. No. 22 143 

Colmar Delahaunt 124 

Colonel Wilder 146 

Courte Queue d'Automme 146 

Curran 152 

Bean 182 

Delpierre 121 

Doctor Howe 146 

Doctor Koch 124 

Doctor Lindley 146 

Due de Morny 124 

Duchesse de Uouchy 125 

Duchesse Precoce 125 

Duhamel du Monceau 146 

Eastern Belle 126 

Egerie 127 

Eliot's Early 127 

Elizabeth Maury 147 

Eugene Appert 175 

Fall Beurre D'Aremberg 1 75 

Fox B. S 154 

Frederick Clapp 148 

General De Bouchamp 176 

Grand Isle 176 



Harris 149 

Homestead 150 

Hoosic 177 

Horace Greeley 150 

Housatonic 151 

Indian Queen 127 

Jacques Chamaret 137 

Josephine de Binche 187 

Jules D'Airoles (De Leon Leclerc). 178 
Jules D'Airoles (De X. Gregoire). . 178 

Keiffer 179 

Eeiffer's Hybrid 179 

Longue du Bosquet 151 

lioriol de Barny 128 

Louis Vilmorin 138 

Lucie Andusson 151 

Lucy Grieve 151 

Madame Andre Leroy 129 

Madame Appert 151 

Madame Baptiste Desportes 152 

Madame Cuissard 129 

Madame Favre 129 

Madame Loriol de Barney 129 

Mannington 129 

Marechal Vaillant 130 

Maria 152 

Marshall 179 

Maurice Desportes 130 

Nortlifield Seckel 154 

P. Barry 153 



PEAKS — ^PLTJMS — QUINCE — RASPBERRIES — STRAWBERRIES. 



Petite Margruerite 131 

Premices d'Ecully 132 

Professor Hortoles 132 

Puebla 152 

Rogers 132 

Saint Gennain Van Moas 133 



St. Therese 153 

Sam Brown 134 

Sutton's Great Britain 154 

Souvenir Favre 134 

Talmadge 154 

Therese Appert 136 



PLUMS. 

Oweii 



181 



Big Blue 181 

Blue Magnum Bonum 181 

Boddaert's Green Gage 156 

Bradshaw 181 

Canada Orleans 180 

Canada Egg 180 

Batte de Hongrie 156 

Early Yellow Gage 156 

Frankfort Peach 180 

Frogmore Damson 181 

Glass 181 

Green Station 181 

Gueii 181 

Guii 181 Violette de Qalopin 157 



Hungarian Prune 156 

Moore's Arctic 182 

Precocee de Lucas 156 

Pride of Waterloo 183 

Prune Tardine 157 

Beine Claude Boddmrt 1 56 

Royal de Braunac 157 

Sultan 157 



QUINCE. 
Sweet Quince 136 | 

RASPBERRIES. 



Baldioin's Choice 185 

Baumforth's Seedling 183 

Brandywine 137 

Caroline 183 

Cuthbert 183 

Gregg 184 

Great Western 184 

Herstine 136 

Montclair 184 



Narragansett 136 

New Rochelle 1 84 

Ontario 137 

Pride of the Hudson 184 

Queen of the Market 183 

Reliance 185 

Southern Thornless 185 

Susqueco 137 

Turner. 185 



STRAWBERRIES. 



Bidwell 186 

Black Defiance 186 

Champion 186 

Crescent Seedling 187 

Cumberland Triumph. 187 

Duchess 187 

Forest Rose 187 

Glendale 188 

Golden Defiance 188 



Miner's Prolific 188 

Miner's Great Prolific 188 

Monarch of the West 188 

Pioneer 189 

Primo 189 

Sharpless 189 

Triple Crown 189 

Windsor Chief. 186 



ADDITIONAL SYNONYMS 



APPLE. 



A.lpian Syn. 

Anderson " 

American Nonpareil " 

August Pippin " 

Bell's Favorite " 

Bully Pippin " 

ChUHcothe Sweet " 

Crutchfield Greening " 

Champ Sweet ' " 

Claybank " 

Conford , " 

Dixie " 

Duverson's June " 

Early White " 

Early July Pippin '' 

Early Red Sweet " 

Father Abram " 

Garvis Seedling " 

Glory of the West " 

Hollman " 

Hazeldeen " 

Herr's June " 

Holland's Red Winter " 

Hutchinson's Pippin " 

Joe Allen " 

Jones's Early Harvest " 

July Branch " 

Kentucky Red Streak " 

Kirby's Red " 

Lady's Blush " 

Long Island Graft " 

Normanton Wonder " 

New York Bellflower " 

Regular " 

Red Abram " 

Rigley " 

Same Sweet " 

Seneca Favorite " 

Speckled " 

Striped Quarendon " 

Striped Sweet Harvest " 

Striped Red Harvest " 

Susy Clark " 

Summer Traveller " 

Sweet Dumpling " 

TenanRed " 

Texan Red " 

Uxbridge Spice " 

Van Kleek's Sweet " 

Virginia June " 

Virginia Sweet " 

Virginia Pippin " 

Westbrook " 

White Codlin " 

White NeweU " 

White, or TeUow June of some " 

Wine Sweet , " 

Wrigley " 

York and Lancaster " 



of Cannon Pearmain. 

Domine. 

Summer .Sweet Paradise 

Sops of Wine. 

Ewalt. 

Bailey's Sweet. 

Bullet. 

Hartford Sweet. 

Griffith. 

Pryor's Red. 

Shockley. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Cooper's Early White. 

Early Harvest. 

Red June Sweet. 

Abram. 

Buckingham. 

Dutch Codlin. 

Nickajack. 

Princely. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Winesap. 

Ben Davis. 

11 

Carolina Red June. 

Jersey Sweet. 

Ben Davis. 

Red Winter Pearmain. 

Ewalt. 

Fall Orange. 

Dumelow's Seedling. 

Fall Orange. 

Cooper's Market. 

Abram. 

Cooper's Market. 

Red and Green Sweet. 

Quince. 

Fall Orange. 

Early Red Margaret. 

Red Jrme Sweet. 

Carolina Red June. 
Early Red Margaret. 
Summer Sweet Paradise 
Ben Davis. 
Winesap. 

Capron's Pleasant. 
Hog Island Sweet. 
Early Red Jlargaret. 
Red and Green Sweet. 
Ben Davis. 
Fall Orange. 
Dutch Codlin. 
Fall Orange. 
Kirkbridge "WTiite. 
Winter Sweet Paradise, 
Cooper's Market. 
St. Lawrence. 



ADDITIONAL SYNONYMS 



APPLE. 



American Beauty (incorectly) Syn. 

Aromatic Calville ' 

Belle Rose 

Benjamite 

Bersford 

Black Ann 

Black Spitzenberg ' 

Boston Pippin 

Broad Apple 

Byfield ' 

Carolina Winter ' 

Conic June 

Copp's Mammoth 

Cranberry Pippin (incorrectly) 

Donahoe ' 

Early Baldwin 

' ' Congress 

" Sweet 

" Washington 

English King 

Farmer's Profit 

Flat Vaudevere 

Fox Apple, of some 

Franklia 

French Pearmaia 

Green Sweet of Indiana 

" Winter Pearmain 

Hare Pippin 

Harris White Hall 

Haven Pippin 

Heicke's Summer Queen 

Highland Pippin 

Hoover 

" June 

Hower 

Jefferson Pippin. 

Jenkins' Summer Pippin. 

Jennings 

Jersey Pearmain 

Jewett's Striped 

Juicy Bite ' 

Juniata 

Kennebec Seedling 

Kingsbury Russet 

Large Summer Pearmain 

Limber Twig Russet 

Lodge's Early 

Logan's Northern Pippin 

Maralandica 

Montgomery Sweet 

Mountaia Flora 

Mountain Green 

North Carolina Vaudevere 

Oats (incorrectly) 

Paper Skin 

Potter's Early. 

Pound's July 



to Baltimore. 

' Aromatic Carolina. 

' Primate. 

' Fallawater. 

' Pryor's Red. 

' Black Coal. 

' Flushing Spitzenberg 

' Golden Pippin. 

' Pennock. 

' Rock Sweet. 

' Nix Green. 

' Kirkbridge White. 

' Gloria Mundi. 

' Black Coal. 

' Red Canada. 

' Primate. 

•' Gravenstien. 

' High Top Sweet 

■' Sops of Wine. 

' Alexander. 

' Hubbardston Nonsuch. 

' American Pippin. 

' American Golden Rn^sse^ 

' Fronclin. 

' Autumn Pearmain. 

" Victuals and Drink. 

' Autumn Pearmain. 

'- Summer Sweet Paradise 

' Dyer. 

' Ledge Sweet. 

' Early Pennock. 

■' Primate. 

' Black Coal. 

' Yellow June. 

' French Pippin. 

' Rawles' Genet. 

'' Primate. 

■' Porter. 

' Autumn Pearmain. 

' Jewett's Best. 

' Better than Good. 

' Washington Strawberry. 

' Winthrop Greening. 

'' Pumpkin Russet. 

■' Buckingham. 

' Golden Russet of N. Y. 

' Summer Rose. 

' Miokler. 

' Early Harvest. 

■' Autumn Sweet Bough, 

' Gloria Mundi, 

■' Fallawater. 

' Horn. 

' Early Harvest. 

" Summer Pippin. 

" Knowles' Early. 

" Large Yellow Bough. 



Xll 



THE APPLE. 



Pound Royal (incorrectly) Syn. to 

Pound Sour '' 

Queen of the Dessert " 

Eock Apple " 

Red Cheek Bellflower " 

Red Gillifiower, of some " 

Red Harvest, of some " 

Red Winter Sweet, of some " 

Rittner " 

Robinson's Streak " 

Rolfe " 

Royal Red of Kentucky ** 

Russian Hagloe " 

Ryerson " 

Shelbome's Sweet ; " 

Shropshirevine " 

St. John Strawberry " 

Striped Shropshire •' 

Tennessee Early Red " 

Vestal " 

Virginia May " 

WaddeU Hall " 

Wakeman.. , " 

Washington of Maine " 

Weidner. " 

Welch's Spitzenberg " 

Whitewater Sweet " 

Williamson " 

Yellow Flat. " 

Yellow May Pippin • " 

Yellow Summer Pearmain " 



LowelL 

Golden Pippin. 

Newtown Spitzenberp. 

Lansingburgh. 

Ewalt. 

Red Winter Pearmain. 

Carolina Red June. 

Moore's Sweet. 

Jackson. 

Ben Davis. 

Macomber. 

Winesap. 

Summer Hagloe. 

Primate, 

Spice Sweet. 

Sops of Wine. 

Early Strawberry. 

u u 

Early Strawberry. 
Maiden's Blush. 
White Juneating. 
Shockley. 
Baltimore. 

Washington Strawberry 
Early Ripe. 
Red Canada. 
Wells' Sweet. 
Domine. 

Kirkbridge White. 
White Juneating. 
Porter. 



APPENDIX. 



Foe specimens of Fruit, and information relating to 
many of the varieties in this Appendix, I am indebted 
to many of the leading Pomologists in many parts 
of the country, who will please accept my cordial 
fchanks. 

Chaeles Downing. 



THE APPLE. 



Autumn Pomme Geis. 



Originated in the orcliard of William Reynolds, Markliara, Ontario. 
Ti'ee a strong upright grower, very productive. Fruit small, oblate, 
inclining to conic ; skin yellow, nearly covered with thin nettings of 
russet, sometimes a shade of rich red in the sun ; stalk long, slender 
inserted in a medium cavity ; calyx closed ; basin broad, shallow, dia 




Baltzley. 

tinctly and peculiarly corrugated; flesh fine, yellowish, tender, nvider 
ately juicy, rich, sprightly subacid and ai-omatic; very good; core 
small. October and November. 



3 the apple. 

Baltzley. 
Baltzley's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of John Baltzley, Manellan Townsliip, Pa. 
Ti ee moderately vigorous, spreading, an early bearer, very productive 
every other year, and a small crop alternate ones ; an old apple, but a 
favorite where known; young shoots light reddish brown, many 
russet dots. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin 
pale yellow, often with a shade of light pale red in the sun, and a few 
grayish dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx 
closed; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, 
tender, moderately juicy, rather rich, sweet ; good to very good. Sep- 
tember, October. 



Belle du Havre. 
Belle Douce du Havre. 

A promising French variety. Tree hardy, vigorous, upi-ight, an 
sarly and abundant bearer annually ; a good table fruit, and excellent 
for culinary uses ; young shoots reddish brown, slightly downy at the 
end. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, conical ; angular or slightly 




Belle du Havre. 



ribbed ; skin pale greenish yellow, shaded and rather obscurely striped 
and splashed with light and dark rich red over most of the surface, and 
many light brown dots; stalk medium, slender; cavity large, deep; 



THE APPLE. 



calyx closed ; basin rather large, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, 
tender, moderately juicy, with a brisk, peculiar, quince-like flavor ; good 
to very good ; core small. Ripe last of August to last of September. 



Bell's Seedling. 

Originated with the late Z. Bell, near Adairville, Kentucky. Tree 
a vigorous grower, making a large, handsome round head ; comes into 
bearing tolerably early, and rarely fails to produce a crop of fair fruit, 
and is popular where known. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to roundish oblong, 
slightly angular; skin entirely covered with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red and a few light dots ; stalk short, slender ; 
cavity deep, acute, russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin 
rather deep, medium size; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid; good to very good; core medium. ' Septembei 
October. 

Blenheim Pippin. 

Blenheim Orange. Blooming Orange. Blenlieira. 

Woodstock Pippin. Northwick Pippin. Kempter's Pippin. 

Dutch Mignonne, erroneously. 

An error having been made in the second revised edition of thia 
work with this Variety, Dutch Mignonne and Blooming Orange, — the 
last being a syn., — we give a corrected description. 

An old variety which originated in Oxfordshire, England. Tree very 
strong, vigorous, spreading, somewhat droopiiig when in full bearing, 
^-^ makes a large handsome tree in the orchard. It is late coming 
into bearing, but when fully established is a good regular bearer. This 
apple is a favorite in England, and succeeds in most localities here in 
the Middle and Northern States, especially the latter. Young wood 
stout, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, often very large, roundish oblate, regular, skin dull 
orange, half covered or more with rich dull red, often mixed with russet, 
dotted and mottled with large yellow russet specks, some of which are 
areole ; stalk rather short, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep, rus- 
seted, the russet sometimes extending in rays out on the fruit ; calyx 
large, open ; basin broad, large, rather deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
white, a little coarse — at first firm — but becoming crisp, tender, juicy, 
rich, brisk subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small, very good. Novem- 
ber, February. 



Boyd. 

Origin supposed to be on the McPherson farm, Monroe County, 
Kentucky, and introduced by Alfred and Thomas Boyd. Tree a strongs 
spreading, rather straggling grower, and productive. 

Fx'ait large, oblate, slightly conic; skin yellow, shaded with light 
and dark red, deep rich red in the sun, sometimes obscure splashes and 
stripes and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk very 
ehort ; cavity large, broad, deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx closed 



4 THE APPLE. 

or half open ; basin rather large and smooth ; flesh yellowish, a littla 
coarse, rather firm, moderately juicy, rather rich subacid, slightly aro- 
matic ; good to very good ; core small. January to April. 

Bunker Hill. 

Originated in the orchard of the late Dr. Paige, of Dryden, New 
York. Tree a healthy, rapid grower, an early and abundant bearer, 
and valued where known. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin pale whitish yellow, 
shaded, mottled, striped and splashed with two shades of red, rather thinly 
over two-thirds the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light dots, a 




Bunker Hill. 

few being areola ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medium or large, a little 
greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite 
white, sonietimes a little stained next the skin, fine, tender, jui(!y, 
subacid, vinous, slight quince-like flavor ; very good ; core rather smull. 
October. 

Buzby's Early. 

Origin uncertain, supposed to be Moorestown, New Jersey. Tree a 
moderate grower, rather spreading, very productive alternate years. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, thinly 
shaded, striped and splashed with light red over half the surface ; stalk 
short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin quite deep, slightly 
conmgated ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; 
good to very good ; core small. Last of August and September. 



i'he apple. 

Cadwallader's Golden. 

Originated on tlie farm of James Simmons, near Greenbush, Warren 
County, Illinois, and introduced by E. F, Cadwallader, Paola, Kansas, 
who states that the tree is hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading. 
an early and prolific bearer, and valuable for market and culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, some- 
times with a slight blush, moderately sprinkled with dark grayish dots j 




Cadwallader's Golden. 



stalk rather short, slender ; cavity quite large, deep, sometimes slight 
russec ; calyx closed, or half open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh yellowish white, half fine, tender, jviicy, mild, pleasant subacid; 
good to very good ; core small. October, February. 

Calkins' Pippin. 

Originated with the late Elias Calkins, of West Cornwallis, Nova 
Scotia. Tree vigorous; forms a large round head, with drooping 
branches ; an early and heavy bearer alternate years ; is valuable fo? 
market and culinary uses. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, sometimes oblong, slightly angular ; 
skin whitish, thinly shaded and mottled on the sunny side, sometimes a 
few nettings of russet and a few grayish dots ; stalk of medium length, 
slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather narrow, deep, 
much corrugated ; flesh white, rather coarse, tender, juicy, brisk sub- 
acid ; good ; core large. November, February. 



Chester County. 



Origin uncertain ; found on the farm of Dr. J. C. Brosins, Cochrar 
ville, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop; \ery 



iin- 



6 THE APPLE. 

productive nearly every year ; a late keeper, and considered valuable in 
its locality. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, very slightly conic ; skin 
yellow, shaded, splashed and striped with light and dark red in the sun 
and faintly on the shaded side, moderately sprinkled with large and 
small light dots, a few being areole ; stalk short ; cavity medium, some- 
times slightly russeted ; calyx small, closed ; basin deep, large, slightly 
corrugated; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid; 
£food to very good ; core small. January, March. 

Clayton. 

Originated with Kichard "Worrell, near Clayton, Indiana, and is 
valued as a late keeper. Tree vigorous, upright, a regular and abun- 
dant bearer, but only moderate crop alternate years. 

Pruit rather large, roundish oblate, regular; skin smooth, yellow, 
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, and moderately sprinkled 
with light dots ; stalk short ; cavity rather large, thinly russeted ; calyx 
small, nearly closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow- 
ish, rather coarse, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid; good; core 
small. January, May. 

Cline's Codlin. 

Origin unknown; introduced by Daniel Cline, of Fairview Town- 
ship, York County, Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, upright, an early 
bearer, and very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular ; skin pale whitish yellow, 
almost waxen, sometimes a light shade of red in the sun ; stalk short, 
small ; cavity large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish yellow, fine, crisp, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very 
good ; core medium. Middle of August to middle of September. 

Connecticut Red Cheek. 
Connecticut Red Streak. Connecticut Red Side. 

An old variety, which originated in Hartford County, Corm. IVee 
vigorous, upright spreading ; very productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate ; skin pale, with a bright red 
cheek, sometimes a few obscure splashes and stripes, and a few scatter- 
ing brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; 
basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, crisp, ten- 
der, juicy, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. October, 
November. 

Cons. 

An old variety of uncertain origin, grown in Lancastei and York 
counties. Pa., where it is esteemed as a dessert apple. Tree moderately 
vigorous, rather upright, very productive. 

Fruit quite small, roundish, slightly conic ; skin whitish, mottled 
and striped with rather dull red, and sprinkled with a few light dots ; 
staUc long, slender ; cavity medium ; cal3r£ half closed ; basin medium, 



THE APPLE. 7 

corrugate ; flesh white, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; good to 
very good ; core medium. Ripe last of July and August. 

Chain's Spice. 

Originated with Dr. James H. Grain, Undulation, Illinois. Tree 
vigorous, forming a round head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin en- 
tirely covered with deep rich red, and a few light dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; cavity small or medium ; calyx small, closed ; basin some- 
what narrow, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, a little stained 
next the skin, fine, tender, quite acid at first, but when fully ripe a pe- 
culiar subacid, quince-like flavor; good; core rather small. October, 
Januaiy. 

Davage. 

Origin unknown; introduced by Judge James Davage, of Cale- 
donia, Illinois. Tree moderately vigorous, forming a round head, an 
early and annual bearer, said to be a fine apple, retaining its juice and 
flavor remarkably well. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin whitish, nearly covered 
with light and dark red, many large yellowish and some brown, ir- 
regular, and star-shaped dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity medium, often slightly russeted ; calyx open ; basin quite broad, 
not deep, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, juicy, mild 
subacid, inclining to sweet ; good to very good ; core small. February, 
May. 

Dk. Fulcher. 

Received from J. S. Downer, of Fairview, Kentucky, who informs 
me that it was a chance seedling found on the farm of the late Dr. Fid- 
cher, of that town, and is very popular there. Tree thrifty, upright, in-, 
dining to spread in the orchard ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer ; 
young shoots light reddish brown. 

Fruit below medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends, 
sometimes slightly oblique; skin whitish yellow, shaded, mottled, 
striped, and splashed over two-thirds its surface with light and dark red, 
a thin grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
rather large, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx open or half closed ; 
basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, half fine, sometimes a lit- 
tle stained next the skin, tender, juicy, refreshing, subacid; very good; 
core small. November, January. 



Donahue. 

Originated with P. Donahue, near Cumberland, Md. Tree moder- 
ately vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, very slightly conic, regular ; skin 
deep rich red or purplish in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, sometimes a little greenish ; 



8 THE APPLE. 

calyx small, closed ; basin large, sligMly xmeven ; flesh white, fine, ten 
der, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small 
October, January. 

DUFFIELD. 

Originated with James Duffield, Jr., Yan Buren, Iowa. Tree 

moderately vigorous, spreading ; an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit mediiun, oblate, sides unequal, skin yellow, shaded, splashed 
and sti'iped with light and dark red over the whole surface, and moder- 
ately sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 




Doctor Fulcher. 

large, deep, slightly russeted ; calyx closed, basin medium, corrugated ; 
flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, rather 
rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, February. 

DULING. 

Duling's Sweet. 

Originated with Edmund Duling, Linton Township, Coshocton Co., 
Ohio. Tree healthy, vigorous, rather spreading; begins to bear quite 
early ; a regular bearer, some seasons very heavy crops ; young shoots, 
grayish brown, smooth. 

Fruit roundish, inclining to conic, regular; skin yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed with deep rich red nearly over the whole surface — 
the splashes sometimes in broad bands, — pale red in the shade ; stalk 
of medium length, slender, curved ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; calyx 
closed; basin medium, regular; flesh whitish, tender, juicy, pleasant, 
mild subacid, almost sweet; very good; core small. Middle of Aiigusi 
to middle of September. 



the apple. 9 

Dulin's Red. 

Raised by Lodd Dulin, of Hopkinsville, Christian Countj, Ky., 
where it is considered a valuable and popular winter fruit. Tree 
moderately vigorous, rather upright, and makes a handsome orchard 
tree, very productive alternate years; young shoots brownish red, 
grayish. 

Fruit medium, oblate, very little conic, sides sometimes unequal ; 
skin entirely covei-ed with light red, striped and splashed with dark 
red, aiid many light and brown dots ; stalk short ; ca^dty large, deep ; 
calyx half closed; basin medium, regular; flesh yellowish, a little 
coarse, breaking, tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; 
good to very good ; core medium. December, February. 




Diilin's Red. 

Esperen's Reinette. 
Reinette d' Bsperen. 

A foreign variety ; tree strong and vigorous, spreading, very pro- 
ductive. 

Fruit large oblate, or roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light 
golden yellow, a shade of pale light red in the sun, and a few brown 
dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity large, broad, regular, thinly 
russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, 
rather coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core 
small. December, February. 

Fairy. 

A new English dessert apple, which is spoken of as very handsome. 
and of fine quality, and it is thought will rival in size and color the 
celebrated Lady apple. Tree moderately vigorous, upright, hardy, and 
prolific. 



10 THE APPLE. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical ; skin lemon yellow, covered with 
bright lively crimson, shaded with streaks of a deeper tinge ; stalk of 
medium length, slender; cavity small, russety; calyx closed; basiu 
small, plaited; flesh deep yellow, fii'm, crisp, very juicy, with a rich 
brisk flavor, and a fine delicate aroma. December, February. (Florist 
and Pomologist.) 



Fall Queen, or Haas. 

Gros Pommier. Haas. Horse of some. 

Gros Pomier. Maryland Queen. Hoss. 

Originated on the grounds of Gabriel Cerre many years since, adjoin- 
ing the then village of St. Louis (now city). Mo. It was at first called 
Gros Pommier, but now generally Fall Queen or Haas, and we retain 
this, as it is most commonly used. It is very popular through most of 
the West and Southwest as a profitable market fruit, and for family 
use. Tree hardy, very vigorous, upright, forming a beautiful symmetric 
head ; an early, annual, and abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, angular or slightly 
ribbed ; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, shaded nearly over the whole 
surface with light and dark red, some rather obscure splashes and 
stripes, and a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, a little 
greenish; calyx closed; basin small or medium, slightly corrugated; 




Fall Queen, or Haaa. 



flesh quite white, fine, often stained next the skin, and sometimes 
through the flesh, tender, very juicy, vinous, brisk subacid; good to 
very good ; core medium or large. September, October. 



the apple. h 

Fall Stripe. 
Saxton. 

An old variety wMcli originated in Massachusetts or Connecticut. 
Tree -vigorous, forming a handsome round head ; very productive alter- 
nate years ; an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, regular ; skin yellow, shaded, striped 
and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, having a 
few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, slightly 
russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; skin yellow- 
ish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, subacid, slightly aromatic; good to 
very good ; core small. September. 

Franclin. 

Origin, Lancaster County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, with a 
round head, very productive alternate years, and a few the intervening 
ones. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate ; skin pale greenish white, covered 
with pale red, often deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure splashes 
and stripes, and a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
rather large, sometimes a little russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
very slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid ; very good; core small. September, October. 

General Lyon. 

A new variety, received from George S. Park, who writes that it was 
raised from seed of Ben Davis by the late Elias Peck, of Parksville, 
Missouri, and that the tree is hardy, and resembles its parent in growth ; 
very productive annually, a long keeper, and a good market fruit ; young 
shoots smooth, brownish red. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, flattened at the ends, 
sometimes a little oblique ; skin bright yellow, shaded with light and 
dark red nearly over the whole surface ; sometimes a few faint stripes 
and a few light and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, 
often slight green russet ; calyx open ; basin broad, not very deep, cor- 
rugated ; flesh yellowish, fine, compact, moderately juicy, mild subacid, 
rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. January, April. 

General Marion. 

Originated with Henry Lyons, Columbia, S. C. Tree a strong, 
vigorous grower, quite spreading, not early coming into bearing, but 
uniformly productive when it attains sufficient age, valuable for its late 
keeping and productiveness ; young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit medium or below ; roundish oblate conic, slightly angular ; 
skin pale yellow, shaded, and rather obscurely striped with light and 
dark red nearly over the whole surface, and moderately sprinkled with 
light and gray dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium or small ; calyx half 
closed ; basin rather narrow, deep, sligl^tly plaited ; flesh whitish, half 
fiine, compact, moderately juicy, mild sub<»^^d; good to very good; core 
nedium. January to April. 



22 THE APPLE 



Gillette's Winesap. 



Origin unknown, but supposed to have originated witli the late H, 
K. Gillette, of Quaker Bottom, Ohio. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, 
a good and valuable apple, quite productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, a little oblique, sides sometimea 
unequal ; skin whitish, shaded and mottled with light red, rather thinly 
striped and splashed with darker red, and moderately sprinkled with 
light and brown dots ; some specimens have a mixed red and russet on 
the exposed side ; stalk short ; cavity medium, much russeted ; calyx 
open, or half closed ; basin rather large, regular ; flesh white, a little 
coarse, crisp, juicy, tender, mild subacid ; very good ; core small. De- 
cember, January. 

Goyeau. 

A chance seedling on the farm of Goyeau, Windsor, On- 
tario. Tree a vigorous grower, rather straggling and crooked ; cornea 
rather early into bearing, and produces good crops annually. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, angular or slightly ribbed, and some- 
what irregular ; skin light pale yellow, many i-ather obscure light dots ; 
stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, uneven ; calyx 
closed ; basin quite large, furrowed ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, 
juicy, brisk subacid, excellent for culinary uses, and a fair table fruit. 
August, September. 

Grattan. 

This new large apple was gtown from seed by Nehemiah Smith, of 
Grattan, but while quite young, before fruiting, was removed to the farm 
of Solomon Deal, of Oakfield, Mich. It is highly prized in that section 
for culinary purposes as well as for the table. Tree vigorous, iipright, 
forming a round open head, producing good crops annually, and larger 
ones alternate years. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly conic, regular ; 
skin smooth, bright yellow, moderately sprinkled with gi-ayish dots ; 
stalk very short, small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted ; 
calyx open, or partially closed ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, tender, juicy, brisk, subacid ; good to very 
good ; core small. September, December, 

Gkos Pigeonnet. 

Of foreign origin. Tree strong, but a slow grower ; productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellow, shaded, mottled, 
and rather obsciirely striped and splashed, with light and dark rich red 
over most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with small light dots ; 
stalk short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium; 
frtrrowed ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, subacid ; good 
December, February. 



THE APPLE. 



13 



Gros "Vert. 
Large Green. 

Of foreign origin. Tree vigorous, spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate ; skin greenish, yellow, covered with a fe"* 
i-ather obscure green and grayish dots ; stalk rather short, moderately 
stout ; cavity quite large, russet ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly 
corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; 
good to very good ; core small. January, March. 

Hannah. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Manchester, O. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, upright at first, but spreading when in bearing ; an annual, 
moderate bearer. 

Fruit roundish oblate conic, slightly angular ; skin pale dull green- 
ish yellow, striped, splashed and mottled over half the surface with, light 
red, and moderately sprinkled with, large and small white dots, a few 
being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx small, 
closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh greenish white, fine, tender, 
juicy, mild subacid, almost sweet ; good to very good ; core small. 
November, December. 

Hatcher. 

Hatcher's Seedling. 

Originated on the farm of the late O. C. Hatcher, near Franklin, 
Term. Tree an upright thrifty grower, not an early bearer, but pro- 




Hatcher. 



duces good crops annually; a late keeper, and one of the most popular 
apples in Middle Tennessee. 



14 THE APPLE. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skxa 
very dark rich red, sometimes almost purplish, a few light dots ; stalk 
short, small ; cavity medium, often slight russet ; calyx open ; basin 
m.edium, slightly plaited ; flesh yellow, fine, rather compact, juicy, mild, 
pleasant rich subacid, almost sweet ; very good ; core small. January, 
March 



Hawkins' Chief. 

Originated with S. Hawkins, Maple Grove, Minn. Tree hardy, 
healthy and vigorous, and adapted for a northern latitude. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, clear of tht 
slightest blush or tinge ; stalk short, stout ; cavity shallow ; calyx 
closed ; basin broad, deep ; flesh rather coarse, brittle, acid ; good ; core 
small. October. (Western Pomologist.) 



Hiram. 

Origin, orchard of General Isaac Sandford, of "Vermillion, 111. 
Tree a moderate grower, forming a round head ; a moderate bearer at 
first, but when the tree has attained some age is very productive ; val- 
uable in its locality for late keeping and market. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ; skin en- 
tirely covered with dark red, sometimes obscure splashes and moderately 
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, much rus- 
set ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh whi- 
tish, half fine, rather compact, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core 
small. January to May. 

HoYA Golden Reinette. 
Hayasche Gold Reinette. Reinette de Hoya. 

Of German origin. Tree strong, vigorous, spreading ; an early and 
abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; skin golden yellow, shaded with dark 
red, faintly striped, and splashed with light red, and sprinkled with a 
few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium ; flesh yellowish, half fine, juicy, tender, 
subacid ; good ; core small. November, March. 

Huntsman's Favorite. 

A seedling on the farm of .John Huntsman, of Fayette, Mo. Tree 
vigorous, not a very early bearer, but is very productive anniially when 
the tree has attained sufiicient age ; it is said to be a valuable and profi- 
table fruit in the locality where it originated ; young shoots smootli, red- 
dish brown. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, often a little oblique ; skin 
smooth, pale yellow, sometimes a shade of pale red or deep yeliow in 
the sun, and a few scattering grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
broad, deep, dometimes slight russet ; calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin 



THE APPLE. 15 



arge, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, criap, 
tender, jiiicy, mild rich subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core 
rather small. December, March. 




Huntsman's Favorite. 



HUMISTON. 



Origin Plymouth, Conn. Tree vigorous, upright, with long brancues, 
forming a spreading head when in fruit, very productive every other 
year, hangs late on the tree, cooks well, but only second quality for 
eating. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic, sides some- 
times unequal ; skin yellow, a little greenish, shaded and rather ob- 
scurely striped and splashed with light and dark red over half or two- 
thirds its surface, a few light and gray dots ; stalk rather short, small ; 
cavity quite large, slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
subacid ; good ; core small. February, March. 

Illinois Greening. 

Originated with Joseph Curtis, of Paris, 111. Tree hardy, vigorous, 
upright, somewhat spreading, produces large crops annually, valuable as 
a late keeping market apple in its locality. 

Fruit large oblate, to roundish oblate, sometimes a little oblique ; 
skin greenish yellow, often a shade of dull red in the sun, and a few 
light and brown dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium, slight russet ; 
calyx half open ; basin large, deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish, 
half fine, rather compact, moderately juicy, subacid ; good ; core small 
January, April. 



16 



THE APPLE. 



Iowa Kusset. 

This new apple originated with Joseph L. Budd, Shellsburg, Iowa, 
who informs us that the tree is very hardy, vigorous, making a compact 
round head, an early, annual, and abiindant bearer ; fruit even in size, 
of good quality, and a valuable acquisition for the prairie country; 
young shoots light reddish yellow brown. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sometimes slightly oblique ; 
skin deep yellow, a shade of pale red when exposed to the sun, mod- 
erately sprinkled with grayish dots, and partially covered with patchea 
and nettings of russet ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite large ; calyx 
closed ; basin round, quite deep, nearly smooth ; flesh yellowish, half 
fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid, rather rich ; good to very 
good ; core small. January, March. 




Iowa Russet. 



Irish Pippin. 



Originated with Stephen A. Porter, Norristown, Pa. Tree a free 
upright grower, forming a handsome head, very productive alternate 
years ; young shoots smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, sometimes roundish, slightly 
conical ; skin whitish, shaded with light bright red, striped and broken 
splashes of dark red, and a few light and brown dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; caAdty medium, sometimes a little russeted ; basin small, corru- 
gated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly vinous ; very 
good ; core rather small. October, November. 



Johnson. 

Originated with Thomas Johnson, Ash Pidge, 111. True vigorous, 
upright, an annual and good bearer ; it is highly prized where it origi- 
nated. 



THE APPLE, 17 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique skin pale 
greenish yellow, almost entirely covered with dark rich red, inclining 
to maroon, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk 
very short, small ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx open ; basin medium, 
slightly plaited ; flesh yellowish, fine, juicy, mild rich subacid, incliniag 
to sweet ; very good ; core small. December, March. 




Irish Pippin. 

Kansas Queen. 

Kaised by Burrell Atkinson, Leavenworth, Kan. Tree hardy, vigor- 
ous, forming a handsome open head ; very productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical, slightly angular ; skin 
entirely covered with light and dark red, sometimes almost piirplish in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with small light and gray dots ; stalk 
short, slender ; cavity deep, rather narrow ; calyx closed or nearly so ; 
basin medium, corrugated ; flesh quite white, rather firm, juicy, brisk 
subacid ; good ; core rather large. August, September. 

Kansas Sweet. 

A seedling raised by B. Atkinson, of Leavenworth, Kansas. Tree 
erect, compact, vigorous, productive. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, slightly conical ; skin greenish yellow, 
covered with broken stripes of light red and crimson ; dots small, black, 
scattered ; stalk short, rather thick ; cavity regular, wide, deep ; calyx 
small, closed; basin shallow; flesh yellowish white, fine, juicy, crisp, 
breaking, very tender and pleasant, sugar sweet ; quality excellent ; core 
medium. November to January. 



18 



THE APPLE. 



King Solomon. 

Origin tinknowD ; received from J, S. Downer & Son, of rairvieWj 
Ky., who write me that it came from Georgia. Tree a strong, vigorous 
grower, spreading, not an early bearer, but very productive alternate 
years ; a handsome and good apple of its season ; yoting shoots dark 
reddish brown ; buds large. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly angular ; 
skin orange yellow, a few scattered stripes and splashes of light red over 
the surface, and moderately sprinkled with brown dots ; stalk short ; 
cavity medium ; calyx large, open ; basin rather large or medium ; flesh 
yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; 
good to very good ; core small. September. 

Kinnaird's Choice. 

Originated on the farm of the late Michael Kinnaird, of Franklin, 
Tenn. Tree a thrifty, vigorous grower, not very upright or regular, 
similar to Winesap ; an early and annual bearer, producing heavier 
crops alternate years. 




Kinnaird's Choice. 



Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular, or ob- 
scurely ribbed, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, almost covered 
with dark rich red, many small light dots near the crown, and larger 
ones and less number near the base ; stalk short, small, sometimes by a 
lip; cavity wide, deep, russeted; calyx closed; basin large, deep, fur- 
rowed; flesh yellowish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild, rich sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core small. January. 



the apple. 19 

Lallier's Pkolific Red. 

A new variety raised by Eugene Lallier, of Leavenworth, Kansas. 
Specimens received from Dr. J. Stayman, who writes that the tree is 
moderately vigorous, forming a round head, unusually productive on 
rich bottom land, where nearly all others fail, and has shown no symp- 
tom of blight or disease of any kind ; use, table and market. 




Lallier's Prolific Red. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical ; skin pale greenish yellow, 
shaded with rather bright red, more or less faint stripes and splashes of 
rather dull red over most of the surface, and covered with numerous 
light dots in the sun and grayish ones in the shade ; stalk short ; cavity 
medium to large, sometimes thinly russeted ; calyx closed, or nearly so ; 
basin small or medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core small. 
Octolaer, February. 

Lambert. 
Keasbey's Favorite. 

Origin near Salem, N. J., on the premises of John H. Lambert. 
Tree very vigorous, rather upright, inclining to spread ; a good bearer, 
and keeps well. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly conical ; skin 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with pale light red and obscurely striped 
and splashed with darker red and numerous light dots ; stalk very short, 
small ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, closed ; basin large, 
deep, corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, rather firm, juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic ; very good ; core small. December to Feb- 
ruary. 



2C 



THE APPLE. 



Lakdsbebger Reinette. 
Reinette de Landsberg. 

Originated with Justrigrath Burchardt, Hanover, Germany. Tree 
str®ng, vigorous, spreading, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, golden yellow, 
sometimes a shade of light red in the sun, and many light and brown 
dots ; st-aik long, slender ; cavity medium, russet ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, corrugated; flesh yellowish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, lively 
subacid, rather rich ; good to very good ; core small. November, Jan- 
uary. 

Lelieur. 

• Of foreign origin and a promising variety. Tree vigorous, upright, 
very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yel 
low, shaded, splashed, and striped with light and dark red over the en- 




tire surface, and a few scattering light dots ; stalk short, slender ; cavit} 
large, deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin quite large, moderate- 
ly deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid ; good to very good ; core small. November, February. 



Long's Russet. 

Originated with the late J. S. Long, of Fairview, Ky., and is con^ 
sidered one of the best late keeping apples for that locality. Tree vigo- 
rous, upright, but spreading when in fruit, and makes a large handsome 
b"ee ; very prodvictive annually ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 



THE APPLE. 21 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, sliglitly oblique ; skin greenish, near- 
ly covered with, rough dull russet ; stalk very short ; cavity rather 
broad, deep ; calyx open ; basin medium, regnalar ; flesh white, green 
tinge, half fine, moderately juicy, half tender, pleasant subacid ; good ; 
core small. March, April. 

McAfee's Nonsuch. 

McAfee. Wyandotte. Large Striped Pearmain. 

McAfee's Red. Gray Apple. Storr's Wine. 

Striped Pearmain. Indian. Missouri Superior. 

Snorter. Uncle Zeeke. New Missouri. 

Nonsuch. Winter Pearmain. Valandingham's Wine. 

Zeeke. Large Striped Winter Pear- White Crow. 

Gray's Keeper. main. Ladies' Favorite of some. 

Park's Keeper. Striped Winter Pearmain. Hubbardston Nonsuch, er- 
roneously. 

As this and Striped Winter Pearmain in the second revised edition 
ha\ e proved to be identical, we give a new description with the addition- 
al syns. An old variety, which originated in the orchard of George 
McAfee, near Harodsburg, Mercer County, Ky. We are indebted to 
Dr. William Howsley, of Leavenworth, Kansas, for its history, origin, 
etc. Tree very vigorous, forming a round spreading head. It does not 
come early into bearing, but is very prodiictive when it attains some 
age. It is considerably grown through the West and South-west under 
the name of Striped Winter Pearmain, also more or less by the syns. as 
given above. It is valued in many localities as one of the best of its 
season ; in others of but little value. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to conic ; skin yel- 
low, striped, splashed and marbled with light and dark bright red nearly 
over the surface, yet showing the yellow ground nearly all through, thickly 
sprinkled with large and small light dots, some areole ; stalk short to 
long, slender ; cavity lai-ge, deep, often thinly russeted ; calyx small, 
closed ; basin rather small, slightly plaited ; flesh yellowish, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, rich mild subacid, inclining to sweet, slightly aroma- 
tic ; very good ; core medium. October, February. 

Mann. 

A chance seedling in the orchard of Judge Mooney, of Granby, IST. Y. 
Tree hardy, an upright grower, with rather slender branches, forming a 
round head ; an early and annual bearer, a late keeper, vakiable foi 
market and cooking, and a fair table fruit. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin deep 
yellow when fully ripe, often with a shade of brownish red where ex- 
posed, and thickly sprinkled with light and gray dots, a few being 
areole; stalk short, rather small; cavity medium or quite laige, some- 
times slightly russeted; calyx generally closed; basin rather large, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish, half fine, half tender, juicy, mild 
pleasant subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. January, April. 



22 



THE APPLE. 




Makquis of Lorne. 
Raised from seed of the Gravenstien by William Sutton, of Poit 




Marquis of Lome. 

Williams, Nova Scotia. Tree very ^agorous, making a large spreading 



THE APPLE. 



23 



tree; it is ratlier late coming into bearing, but produces good crops 
annually wlien established ; valuable for market and culinary uses. 

Fruib large to very large, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish yel- 
low, shaded, mottled, and a few broken splashes and stripes of light and 
dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and brown 
dots ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx large, open ; 
basin large, ii-regular or ribbed ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, 
tender, juicy, lively subacid ; good to very good ; core medium. No- 
vember. 



Mason's Pippin. 



Mason's Stranger. 
Old Field. 



Izzard. 



A chance seedling found on the farm of Dr. George Mason, Virginia. 
Tree of vigorous growth, forming a large symmetric head, very pro- 
ductive annually; a popular and favorite apple where it originated; 
young shoots brownish red. 




Kason's Sti-angira:. 

rrnit medium, oblate, somewhat -depressed ; skin light bright yellow, 
sometimes a shade of light red where exposed to the sun, and a few 
brownish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, slight russet ; calyx 
open ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather compact, 
crisp, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet, somewhat spicy and rich : 
very good ; core small. December, February. 



Missouri Pippin. 
Missouri Keeper. 

It is said to have originated in the orchard of Brink Homsby, 
Johnson County, Mo. Tree hardy, a strong upright, rather spreading 
grower, an early and abundant annual bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly oblique, somewhat 
flattened at the ends ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, striped and 



24 THE APPLE. 

splashed ydth. light and dark red, often quite dark in the sun, Ljvviug 
many large and small light and gray dots ; stalk short, small • ca^ity 
large, deep ; calyx closed, or half open ; basin rather abrupt, deep, 
slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, crisp or breaking, 
moderately juicy, subacid; good; core small. January, April. 



Monte Bello. 

Originated with Matthew Gray, Riverside, Monte Bello Township, 
111. Tree rather xipright, hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, an early 
bearer, very productive annually, a new variety, and A. C. Hammond, 
from whom specimens were received, writes that he considers it an 
apple of great promise. 




Monte Bello. 

Fruit above medium, oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, shaded and 
mottled with light red, striped and splashed with dark rich red over the 
whole surface, and a few large light dots ; stalk very short, small ; 
cavity large, broad, russeted ; calyx small, nearly closed ; basin large, 
deep, smooth ; flesh quite white, fine, sometimes a little stained next 
the skin, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, vinous ; very good ; core 
small or medium. September, November. 

Morgan. 

Originated with Benjamin Morgan, Gloucester County, N. J., many 
years since. Tree a healthy moderate grower, not an early bearer, but 
produces good crops alternate years when the tree attains some age. 

Fruit medium, roundish ; skin pale greenish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of pale red in the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity small often a little russeted ; basin rather small, slightly corru- 
gated ; flesh white, fine, tender, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild . sub- 
acid ; good ; core small. October, January. 



the apple. 25 

Otoe Red Streak. 

Originated with James H, Masters, Nebraska City, Otoe County, 
Nebraska. Tree an upright spreading grower, forming a round head; 
an early and abundant bearer anaually. 




Otoe Bed Streak. 

Fruit* medium, roundish oblate, sides sometimes unequal ; skin 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with light red, many stripes and broken 
splashes of dark rich red, moderately sprinkled with light and grayish 
dots ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; calyx 
closed ; basin large, deep, very slightly corrugated ; flesh qaite white, 
sometimes a little stained next the skin, crisp, tender, jxiicy, mild, 
sprightly subacid ; good to very good ; core small. November, May. 

Parry's "White. 
Imperial WMte. Superior White. White Apple. 

Of unknown origin, supposed to be Pennsylvania. Tree vigorous, 
upright, compact head, a regular bearer, and very productive ; use, table, 
cooking, and market. 

Pruit medium or below, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth, 
whitish, sometimes a slight tinge of red in the sun ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ; 
flesh fine, white, crisp, very tender, juicy, subacid; good. August. 

Perle d'Angleterre. 
• Pearl of England. 

• Of foreign origin. Tree a strong grower, productive. 
Pruit medium or below, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yellow, thinlif 



26 THE APPLE. 

shaded with light red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes, and 
many brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity quite large, 
russeted ; calyx large, open ; basin large, broad, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, half fine, half tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rather rich; 
good to very good ; core small. November, December. 



Pewaukee. 

Raised from seed of Duchess of Oldenburg by George P. Pepper, of 
Pewaukee, "Wis., who sends us specimens, and writes that the tree ia 
strong and vigorous, centre upright, very spreading, an annual bearer, 
and one of the hardiest and best for the Northwest ; young shoots dark 
brownish red. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin bright yellow, striped, 
splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the surface, 
covered with a thin grayish bloom, and many large and small light 
dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; 
basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a Kttle coarse, breaking, 
half tender, jmcy, subacid, slightly aromatic ; good ; core small. Janu- 
ary to May. 

Pilot. 

An accidental seedling, found on the premises of John Robbins, at 
(he foot of Pilot Mountain, Nelson County, Ya. Tree hardy, of mod- 




erate growth, forming a round head, rather slow coming into bearing, 
but when established produces large crops alternate years, and a few the 



THE APPLE, 27 

intervemng ones, aaid is considered a valuable variety in its locality ; 
young shoots reddish, brown. 

Fruit large, roiuidisb oblate, sHglitly angular ; skin pale yellowish 
green, shaded, splashed and striped with pale dull red nearly over the 
surface, and thickly sprinkled with large areole dots ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity rather large ; calyx half closed ; basin large, deep, smooth ; flesh 
yellowish white, fine, rather fii-m, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly 
aromatic ; very good ; core small. December, January. 

P.OMME Grise d'Or. 
Swaaie Pomme Grise. 

An old variety of unknown origin. I am informed it is consider- 
ably grown in Canada and some portions of Western New York, and 
there were trees of it near Niagara on the Colonel Swazie farm — where 
it probably originated— two feet in diameter. Tree hardy, upright, 
moderately vigorous, and a good bearer every other year. The fruit is 
more oblong, more golden in color, and more aromatic than the Pomme 
Grise, and is considered sxtperior to it. 




Pomme Grise d'Or. 

Fruit small, oblate, or roundish oblate, conical; skin deep yellow, 
covered with a thin light cinnamon grayish russet, and many rather 
obscure light dots; stalk short to long, slender; cavity rather broad, 
deep; calyx closed; basin quite large, deep, slightly coirugated; flesh 
whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich and aromatic ; very good 
or best ; core rather small. January to March or April. 



Presh's Winteb. 

Originated at the Forest Nursery of J. S. Downer & Son, of Fair- 
view, Todd County, Ky., who write that the tree is a good grower, up« 



28 THE APPLE. 

right, ratlier irregular, very productive alternate seasons, and an excellent 
winter apple ; young shoots reddish brown. 

Fruit medium to large roundish, slightly conic ; skin pale yellow, 
shaded with dark red in the sun, thinly shaded and rather obscui-ely and 
faintly splashed and striped in the shade, moderately sprinkled with 
light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, considerably russeted ; 
calyx open ; basin quite large, deep, smooth ; flesh yellowish, fine, a lib- 
tie firm, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid, vinous; very good; core small. 
December, March. 

Pkinceton. 

Origin, Massachusetts. Tree a vigorous grower, spreading ; a good 
bearer alternate years. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed with light and dark red over most of the surface, 
a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, smooth, 
sometimes thinly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, a little un- 
even; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to very 
good ; core medium. October, January. 

Reliance. 

Origin, Berlin, Wis. ; received from G. N. Smith, who writes that it 
is valuable for that locality for its hardiness, vigor, and productiveness. 

Fruit conical, or oblong conical, slightly ribbed, or with broad shal- 
low furrows ; skin pale light yellow with broken stripes and shades of 
deep red where fully exposed ; stalk short ; cavity deep, open, slight 
greenish russet ; calyx nearly closed ; basin deep, broad, open, with 
many small sharp furrows ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid ; good to very good ; core rather open at centre. 
January to March. — {^JRural New- Yorker.) 

Ripley. 

Ripley's Claret. 

This is said to have been raised by N. L. Ripley, of Collinsville, 
Madison County, 111. Tree said to be thrifty, well shaped and tolerably 
productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, somewhat conical, sides unequal ; 
skin smooth and shining, greenish ground, nearly covered with a bril- 
liant crimson and marked with numerous white dots ; stem medium 
length, slender ; calyx large, closed ; flesh white, firm, moderately 
juicy, subacid ; very good ; core rather small and closed. Septem- 
ber. (W. 0. Flagg, in J'oumal of Horticulture.) 

Rochester Pippin. 

A hybrid raised by Jacob Moore, of Rochester, IS". Y., and judging 
from the specimens received, being of large size and excellent quality, 
is a very promising winter variety. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, nearly regular ; skin smooth, pale 
greenish yellow, shaded with light brownish red in the sun, and a few 



THE APPLE. 



greenisli dots ; stalk short, smaJ ; cavity large, smootli, a little green- 
ish ; calyx closed ; basin medium or rather lai-ge, smooth ; flesh whitish, 
fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous refreshing flavor, slightly aromatic and 
rich ; very good or best ; core small. January, March. 




Rochester Pippin. 

RosE-BuD. 

Origin tuiknown, supposed to be ISTew Castle County, Del. Tree a 
strong, vigorous grower, forming a round, rather spreading top, very 
productive ; fruit hangs firmly to the tree, keeps well, and is useful for 
tiie table and kitchen. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin yellowish, 
shaded and rather obscurely splashed and striped with light and dark 
red nearly over the surface, and moderately sprinkled with quite large 
light dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity rather large, often 
slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fine, breaking, juicy, mUd subacid ; good ; core 
small. December, March. 

Rose Bee. 

Originated with John Rose, Loudon, Mercer County, Pa. Tree 
vigorous, ixpright, a good bearer alternate years, and some the inter- 
vening ones. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; 
skin pale whitish yellow, shaded with light red, striped and splashed 
with dark red, sometimes almost purplish, and a few light dots ; stalk 
short, rather stout ; cavity rather small, often russeted ; calyx closed 



30 



THE APPLE. 



basin ^mall, slightly corrugated; flesh qmte white, sometimes a little 
stained next the skin, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, brisk subacid ; 
good ; core medium. October, January. 

KosE Red. 

Of unknown origin, supposed to be on the farm formerly owned by 
Gideon Eamsdell, Egypt, Monroe County, N. Y. Tree a thi-ifty, 
strong grower, upright, inclining to spread ; very productive and regri- 
lar bearer. 




BoseBed. 

Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin whitish, shaded, 
striped and splashed with light and dark red, sometimes qiiite dark, 
nearly over the whole surface, many light dots, a portion being ai-eole ; 
stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, smooth, a Kttle greenish ; calyx 
half closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh yellowish, fine, very tender, juicy, 
vinous, Kvely subacid ; very good ; core small. Middle of' September 
and November. 



Seager. 

The original tree grows on land owned by the Indians near Lumber- 
ville, Bucks County, Pa. Tree vigorous, upright, productive; young 
shoots dai"k brown, buds large, long, prominent. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conic, slightly angular ; skin pale 
yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, some 
of the splashes quite broad and broken, and a few light dots ; stalk 
rather long, slender, curved ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, corrugated ; flesh white, tender, juicy, rather rich, mild sub- 



THE APPLE. 31 

acid; good to very good; core rather small. Last of August and 
September. 

Schuyler's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of Rensselaer Schuyler, Seneca Falls, N. Y, 
Tree vigoroiis, spreading, open head, a regular bearer, and productive. 

Fruit large, roundish or roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly 
angular ; skin pale yellow, a few scattering brown dots ; stalk rather 
short, slender ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin large, deep, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
mild, pleasant sweet, slightly aromatic ; good to very good ; core small. 
September, October. 

Scribner Spitzenburgh. 

Originated on the farm of Elijah Scribner, Plattsburgh, N. Y. Tree 
vigorous, spreading, very productive alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular ; skin pale yellow, shaded 
with bright deep red in the sun, sometimes obscure stripes and splashes 
and pretty thickly sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, moderately 
stout; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx half closed; basin medium, 
furrowed; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, subacid, 
slightly aromatic; good to very good; core small. December, February 

Sherman's Favorite. 
Sherman's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm now owned by E. C. Sherman, of Wyoming, 
N. Y. Tree vigorous, rather spreading, very productive alternate 
years. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate, angular or slightly ribbed; skin 
greenish yellow, sometimes brownish red in the sun, moderately 
sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity 
broad, not very deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin broad, rather 
deep ; flesh a little coarse, half tender, crisp, juicy, mild, rather rich 
sweet ; good to very good ; core medium. November, January. 

SiLLIX. 

Originated on the farm of Thomas Sillix, Manellan Township, Pa. 
Tree moderately vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading, not an early 
bearer, but very productive alternate years when the tree has attained 
some age. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, regular; skin pale yellow, shaded 
with light and dark rich red over half or more of the surface, obscurely 
splashed and striped, and covered with numerous small light and gray 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity small, smooth ; calyx half closed ; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated; flesh yellow, fine, compact, moderately 
iuicy, mild subacid, almost sweet, quite rich; very good; core small, 
December, March. 



32 the apple. 

Somerset. 

Of tmcertain origin; supposed to have originated in tlie town of 
Somerset, N. Y. Tree vigorous, spreading; an annual bearer, but 




heavier crops every other year ; a rich, high-flavored apple, depirable foi 
family use. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, much narrowed towards the 
calyx ; skin whitish yellow, some nettings and patches of russet, and a 
few brown dots ; stalk of medium length, slender ; cavity medium ; 
calyx closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, very ten- 
der, juicy, rich, highly aromatic ; very good or best ; core medium. 
October. 

SOULAED. 

Raised by Antoine Lessieur, of Portage des Sioux, a few miles above 
St. Louis, Mo. Tree very vigorous, upright, slightly spreading when in 
fruit ; an early and abundant bearer. This is highly prized in the 
neighborhood of its origin. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular, or ob- 
scurely ribbed ; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light 
and dark bright red over most of the surface, with a few light and 
brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite large, slight russet ; basin 
medium, corrugated ; flesh quite white, very tender, very juicy, spright- 
ly subacid, vinous ; very good ; core rather large. October, November. 

Stabr. 

This large early apple was an accidental seedling on the premises of 
the late John Starr, of Woodbmy, N. J. The tree is said to be a 



THE APPLE, 



33 



vigorous grower, forming a round, somewhat spreading head ; branches 
rather slender; a regular and abundant bearer; valuable as an early 




Soulard. 



market sort, and for culinary uses ; young wood light reddish yeUo'W 
brown, buds prominent. 




Starr. 



Fniit large, roundish oblate, obscurely ribbed ; skin greenish white, oi 
pale yellow at full maturity, sometimes a shade of light red in the s-vin 



34 THE APPLE, 

irioderately sprinkled with light and gi'ay dots ; stalk short ; cavitj 
large, deep; calyx closed; basin of medium size, slightly comigated, 
flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid ; good tc 
very good ; core medium; ripens from the middle of July to the middle 
of September. 

Stayman's Summer. 

Originated on the grounds of Dr. J. Stayman, Leavenworth, Kan- 
sas. Tree hardy, vigorous, spreading, irregular, tough, wiry, droops 
like a weeping willow with ropes of friiit, never breaking a lin ib ; an 
early bearer and very productive, very nearly equal to Benoni and Sum- 
mer Pearmain, and handsomer. 

Frtiit medium, round, regular, approaching conic; skin smooth, 
greenish yellow, 'splashed and striped with red and purple, covered with 
a white bloom ; dots small, gray, scattered ; stem medium, rathei" slen 
der ; cavity narrow, deep, irregular, ru.sseted ; eye very small, closed ; 
basin narrow, shallow, furrowed ; core small, slightly open ; flesh .fi[reen- 
ish white, very juicy, brittle, sprightly, high flavored, mild acid; very 
good ; use, kitchen, table, and market. August, September. — ( Jl''''Stern 
J'omoloffist.) 

Stribling. 

Originated with the late William Stribling, Medon, Tenn. Tree a 
good grower, rather upright, forming a regular round head; an early 
annual and abundant bearer ; young shoots reddish brown. 




stribling. 



Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular ; skin whitish, neaoly coveien 
with stripes and splashes of light and dark rich red — some of tlif 



THE APPLE. St 

splashes almost purplish with rather conspicuous yellow dots; stalk 
short, small; cavity medium; calyx half open; basin rather small, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh white, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasant 
subacid ; good to very good. July at the South. 

Striped Sweet Pippin. 

Striped Pippin. 

An old variety of unknown origin, and was given as a syn. in formei 
editions of this work to Striped Winter Pearmain, but has proved 
distinct. Tree vigorous, forming a round, rather low head ; an early 
and abundant bearer, but ;[aore heavily alternate years; valuable foi 
table or market ; young shoots olive brown, slightly downy at the end. 




striped Sweet Pippin. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin bright 
yellow, shaded with dark rich red in the sun, striped, splashed and 
mottled with lighter red on the shaded side, and many light and gray 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin 
quite deep, rather abrupt, a little uneven; flesh white, fine, tender, 
juicy, mild, pleasant rich sweet, or very mild subacid; very good ; core 
rather large. November, February. 

Summer King. 

King. Puckett. Cheese. 

Puckett's Summer. Summer Cheese. 

An old variety supposed to have originated in North Carolina, and 
fias been cultivated in Warren and Todd Counties, Ky., for many Y(;ars, 



36 THE APPLE. 

where it is Mglily prized as one of tlieir best and handsomest apples ol 
its season. Tree upright, moderate grower, and productive alternate 
years ; young shoots reddish brown, grayish. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate ; skin yellowish green, striped 
with crimson, red and orange ; stalk short ; cavity large, deep, russeted ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium, regular ; flesh whitish, yellow, fine, brittle, 
juicy, mild agreeable subacid flavor ; core small. August, September.^ 
( Western Gardener.) 

Summer Spitzenburgh. 
French Spitzenburgh. 

Originated with Woolsey Ostrander, Plattekill, N". Y. Tree moder- 
ately vigorous, forming a round head; an early and abundant bearer 
annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, slightly angular; skin whitish. 
aliQOst entirely covered with two shades of red in stripes and splashes. 




Sammer Spitzenburgh. 

eome of which are quite dark, and covered with a thia bloom ; stalk 
short ; cavity medium, sometimes slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellowish white, half tender, moder 
ately juicy, subacid, and a little aromatic; good to very good. August 
Septfimber. 

TUTTLE. 

Originated on the farm of Lyman Tuttle, Hamden, Conn. Tree 
upright, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer every other year of fail 



THE APPLE. 37 

fruit, and valued in its locality for market and fautiily use; young 
slioots dark brown, many light grayish dots. 

. Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides sometimes unequal ; skin 
pale yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red, nearly 
covering the fruit, and moderately sprinkled with light russet and gray 
dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity large, russeted, sometimes extend- 
ing in rays on the base ; calyx closed ; basin small, slightly corrugated; 
flesh whitish, tine, tender, juicy, mild pleasant subacid; very good; 
core medium. December, March. 

Wealthy. 

A new variety, raised by Peter M. Gideon, of Excelsior, near St. 
Paul, Minn. So far the tree has proved hardy, healthy, vigorous, 
spreading, very productive ; a beautiful and excellent fruit. 

Fruit medium, oblate, or roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish 
Fellow, shaded with deep rich red in the s^^n, obscure broken stripes, 




Wealthy. 

splashes and mottlings in the shade, sometimes entirely covered with 
crimson, and many light dots ; stalk short to medium, slender ; cavity 
large, green russet ; calyx partially closed ; basin deep, abrupt, uneven ; 
flesh white, fine, sometimes stained with red, tender, juicy, vinous, 
lively subacid ; very good ; core small. December, February. 

Westekn Beauty. 

Musgrove's Cooper. Big Rambo. Ohio Beauty. 

Origin unknown. William T. English, of Rhinehart, O., seems tc 
have brought it into notice, and furnished us specimens. Tree very 



38 THE APPLE. 

vigorous, making & large, spreading, open head; an early and good 
bearer. 

Fruifc large to very large, roundish oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, 
shaded with bright red in the sun, some rather obscure splashes and 
stripes of light red in the shade, thickly sprinkled with large light and 
gi-ay dots, the light ones being areole ; stalk of medium length, slender ; 
canity large, sometimes light russet ; calyx large, closed ; basin large, 
broad, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, coarse, crisp, tender, 
juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; core rather small. October, 
February. 

"Whitescabver. 

Originated with E,. A. Whitescarver, of Laurel Mills, Ya., who 
informs me that the tree is vigorous, rather spreading or round head, 
an early and good bearer annually, but more so alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin pale yellowish green, a few 
light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk short ; cavity narrow ; calyx 
small ; basin broad, moderately deep ; flesh yellowish white, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; very good ; core large, open. 
Kovember, December. 

York Stripe. 

Origin York County, Pa. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, an 
early bearer, and very productive alternate years. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin 
pale whitish yellow, shaded and rather thinly striped and splashed with 
light bright red over the whole surface, but quite faintly on the side 
least exposed to the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, a little 
greenish ; calyx open or half closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corru- 
gated ; flesh white, rather coarse, breaking, moderately juicy, mild 
RTabacid ; good ; core small. January, February. 



SIBERIAN CRABS AND IMPROVED SIBERIAN 

APPLES. 

Bailey's Crimson Crab. 

Raised by William H. Bailey, of Plattsburgh, N, Y. Tree vigor 
?.us, upright ; very productive. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, very slightly conic ; skin 
yellow, shaded over the whole surface with deep rich crimson, almost 
purplish in the sun, and covered with a light bloom ; stalk short to 
long, slender, in a medium or small cavity ; basin rather shallow, cor- 
rugated ; flesh yellow, juicy, subacid and astringent. September. 



the apple. 39 

Brier's Sweet Crab. 

Originated with B. B. Brier, of Baraboo, Wis. Is the result of a 
fertilization of the Siberian Crab with the Bailey apple. Tree perfectly 
hardy, vigorous and productive. 

Fruit as large as the Transcendent ; shaped like the Bailey Sweet ; 
solor pale yellow, beautifully pencilled and splashed with carmine ; flesh 
yellowish, crisp, juicy, very sweet and rich ; quality best for dessert 
or preserves. (A. G. Tuttle, Manuscript.) 

Lady Elgin. 
Geneva. Marengo Siberian, No. 4. 

This beaiitiful new Siberian apple originated on the farm of Jamea 
Forbes, of Ridott Township, 111. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, slender 
branches, very productive, a pleasant dessert fruit, and said to be excel- 
lent for canning ; the slight acid or vinous flavor being preferred by 
some to the rich sweet of the peach. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roimdish oblate, regular; skin smooth, 
whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright rich red, a few light and 
gray dots ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin 
shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
slightly vinous ; very good. September, December. 

Mackie's Beauty Siberian. 

Originated with Matthew Mackie, Clyde, IST. Y. Tree vigorous; 
very prodiictive. 

Fruit large of its class, roundish oblate ; skin whitish, nearly cov- 
ered with deep rich red, a light grayish bloom, and a few light dots ; 
stalk rather long, slender ; cavity quite large ; calys closed ; basin 
broad, rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh white, crisp, tender, moderately 
juicy, subacid, a little astringent. September. 

Sylvan Sweet Crab. 

Raised by Mrs. C. P. Ailing, Sylvan, Richland County, "Wis., from 
seed of Siberian Crab, and A. L. Hatch, of that town, describes the tree 
as vigorous, handsome, and suited to a northern latitude ; he says the 
flesh is tender, juicy, and sweet, and thinks it would make good cider. 

Fruit larg(3, two inches or more in diameter, roundish oblate ; skin 
smooth, light yellow, nearly covered with bright red ; stalk long, slen- 
der ; cavity medium ; basin rather small ; flesh yellowish, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant sweet ; core rather large ; ripens last of Augaist and first 
of September. {Pomologist and Gardener^ 

Tan Wyck's Siberian. 

A chance seedling on the farm of Miss Caroline Van Wyck, Fish- 
kill, Dutchess County, N. Y. Tree Adgorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large for a Siberian, roundish, slightly conic; skin smooth, 
whitish, shaded and mottled with light bright red, and covered >vith a 
thin bloom ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity rather narrow, deep ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium, smooth ; flesh whitish, fine, rather firm, 
moderately juicy, rather rich, honeyed sweet ; good ; core small and close- 
September. 



seco:n"d appeitdix 



TO 



SECOND KEVISED EDITION. 



The publishers of Downing's Fruit and Fruit-Treea 
have requested me to give them a short Appendix con- 
taining some of the new fruits, with the additional 
synonyms, corrections, etc. Further corrections, with a 
more complete list of new fruits, must await a complete 
revision of the whole work; and this I hope to be able 
to accomplish if my life and health are spared, at a 
future day. 

I again thank the many Pomologists and Fruit 
Growers in various parts of the country for information 
and specimens of fruit relating to many of the varieties 
in this Appendix; their names will be duly acknowledged 
when the third revision of the' work is issued. 

Chaeles Downing. 

Nkwbukgh, March, 1876. 



THE APPLE. 



Amsterdam Sweet. 
High Top Sweet, incorrectly. 

Origin, Amsterdam, N. Y., on the farm of Joseph Britten. Tree 
hardy ; a vigorous, stout, iipright grower; an early and moderate bearer 
jmnually. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the ends ; skin 
pale greenish yellow, striped and splashed with light and dark bright 
red ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; basin large, deep, slightly 
plaited ; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, rather rich sweet, slightly 
aromatic; core medium. October, November. 

Annette. 
Annate. Old Bettie. Bettie Brooks. 

Of unknown origin, received from John Dollins, Greenwood, Yir- 
ginia, who informs us that it was found in that locality in the late 
Nicholas Merritt's orchard a half a centiiry ago ; tree vigorous, with an 
upright, round, compact head, requiring but little pruning — one of the 
most valuable of its season for its locality. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, slightly angular ; skin 
pale greenish yellow, rarely with a blush ; stalk very short, small ; cav- 
ity large, deep, slight russet ; basin, broad, deep, a little uneven ; flesh 
white, half fine, brittle, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, subacid, 
September, October. 

Arnold's Beauty. 

This fine new apple was raised from seed of the Northern Spy, 
crossed with the Wagener and Spitzenberg, by Charles Arnold, of Paris. 



44 THE APPLE. 

Ontario Mr. Arnold states that the tree is hardj, an excellent up 
right grower, forming naturally a symmetric head, and bearing aliun- 
dantly. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightl}' angular ; skin bright yellow, occasion 
ally a shade of bright red, and a few brown dots ; stalk medium, slender ; 
cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin, deep, 
round, slightly plaited ; flesh pale yellow, fine, rather firm, juicy, rich 
subacid, and slightly aromatic ; core small. Januaiy, May. 



Baptist. 

Origin, Clinton, Kentucky, but by whom is not known ; tree vigor 
ous, spreading, and an abundant bearer alternate years; not a gooa 
market variety, but valuable as a table and family apple. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed ; sides sometimes unequal ; 
skin yellow, entirely covered with dark red, a few faint splashes on the 
shaded side, and many yellowish and brown dots ; stalk very short, 
rather stout ; cavity broad, deep, russeted ; calyx half open ; basin large, 
broad, deep, slightly wrinkled ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, very mild subacid, inclining to sweet ; core small. Decern 
ber, February. 

Bekgen. 

Origin, on the farm of Jessie Griswold, Bergen, N. Y. ; tree hardy, 
vigorous, with an open spreading head, requiring but little pruning ; a 
full bearer alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; a good 
table apple, but moi-e valued for culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, roundish ; a little angular ; skin greenish white, 
shaded, splashed and marbled with light and dark red over half the sur- 
face ; stalk short, slender ; cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin 
rather small, corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
slightly aromatic ; core medium. January, February. 



Berkshire Spy, 

A new variety, raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., from 
seed of Northern Spy ; tree of moderate vigor, sjireading, wood of great 
solidity ; a moderate annual bearer. Mr. Foote has raised several 
promising apples, pears and plums which are worthy of trial. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, sides sometimes unequal ; skin pale 
yellow, shaded on one side with light bright red, sometimes a few rather 
obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue, and a few light dots ; stalk 
short, small ; cavity medium, greenish russet ; calyx open with short 
and divided seguments ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whit- 
ish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic and 
rich ; core small. December, February. 



the apple 45 

Black's Aiwette. 
Cornell's Early. Cornell's Favorite. 

Of imkiiO"vm origin, supposed to be Virginia ; tree vigorous, spread- 
ing, very productive altei-nate years. 

Fruit medium or below, roundisli oblate conical ; skin whitish yellow; 
stalk short to long, slender; cavity large, deep; calyx small, closed; 
basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, mod- 
erately juicy, sprightly subacid ; core small. August. 

Black Hawk. 

Originated in the orchard of William Brooks, Rock Island, Illinois ; 
tree modei-ately vigorous, with a round rather spreading head; blooms 
late ; an annual bearer of good crops, some seasons very large ones ; 
valuable as a late keeper. 

Fruit rather large, oblate ; skin greenish yellow, nearly covered with 
dull red or purplish red in the sun, a few rather obscure stripes and 
splashes, and a few ligho dots ; flesh ^rhitish, rather coarse, firm, moder- 
ately juicy, mild subacid; core small. January, April. 

Blue Spitzemburg. 
Improved Red Spitzenberg. 

Origin, Oley Township, Pa.; tree moderately vigorous, making a 
round head; not an early bearer, but produces good crops alternate 
years when a little advanced. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly conic, sometimes a 
little oblique ; skin pale whitish yellow, nearly covered with light and 
dark red, sometimes a ftnv rather obscure stripes and splashes, and 
many large and small light dots ; stalk short, smaii ; cavity medium, 
slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fine, tender, moderatelj juicy, nQiJ(i iStibacid, slightly 
aromatic ; core medium. January, March. 

Boweb's Nonpareil. 
Big Sweet. Big Green. 

Origin supposed to be Harrisonburg, Virginia ; tree igorous, upright, 
somewhat spreading; an early and good bearer annually, but larger crops 
alternate years ; a large fruit, and highly valued where known. 

Fruit large, oblate, regular ; skin pale yellow, often a shaue of reJ and 
numerous russet and brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather 
large, sometimes slight russet ^ calyx closed ; basin large, deep, corru- 



46 



THE APPLE. 



gated; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, very mild subacid, O) 
almost sweet, slightly aromatic ; core small. October, March. 




Bower's Nonpareil. 



Brilliant. 



Originated with Lindsay F. Thomas, near Portsmouth, Ohio , tree 
vigorous, rather spreading ; an early and good bearer annually ; much 
esteemed in tlie neighborhood of its origin. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly angiilar, sometimes a little 
oblique ; skin pale yellow, somewhat waxen, a shade of pale red where 
exposed, and a few grayish dots ; stalk short, rather small ; cavity large, 
deep, often slightly russeted ; calyx large, open ; basin large, broad, 
deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, a little coarse, tender, j uicy, 
»)leasant siibacid ; core small. October, January. 

Broadwater. 
Wheatyard. 

Origin, on the farm of Col. Charles Broadwater, near Vienna, Vir- 
ginia ; tree healthy, vigorous ; an early and good bearer ; a favorite for the 
table and market in its season where it originated. 

Fruit below medium, oblate ; skin smooth, pale yellowish white, pale 
I'ed in the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity mediiim, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild rich subacid ; core small. Sep- 
tember. 

Bucks County. 



Originated on the farm of Thomas Head, Yardleyville, Pa. ; tree 
vigorous ; long slender branches, spreading head ; an annual bearer of 
good croj)S, some seasons large crops. 



THE APPLE. 



47 



Fruit medium, roundish oblate, or nearly so ; skin greenisli yellovr, 
shaded, and rather obscurely striped and splashed with dull red ; stalk 
short; cavity small; calyx closed; basin medium, corrugated; flesh 
whitish, half fine, half firm, moderately juicy, mild subacid ; core small. 
January, May. 



Burlington Pippin. 
Town House. 



Origin unknown, supposed to be Burlington, Vermont ; tree hardy, 
vigorous, forming a round rather spreading head ; a good bearer annually 
of fair fruit of uniform size and excellent quality. 




Burlington Pippin. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin 
pale whitish yellow, shaded and mottled with light red, with sti-ipes and 
broken splashes of dark red, and a few light and grayish dots ; stalk 
medium, slender ; cavity broad, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; 
basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh quite white, sometimes a little 
stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid, 
and a little vinous; core medium. October, January. 

Childs. 

Raised by the late Ezekiel Page, Belgrade, Maine; tree vigorous, 
spreading, and very symetric in form ; a good bearer annually. 



48 THE APPLE. 

Finiit medium oblate to roundish oblate ; skin wbitish, shaded, 

. striped and splashed with light and dark red over mosc of the surface ; 

stalk short, small ; cavity rather large ; calyx open ; basin broad, not 

very deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine ; half tender, juicy, 

sprightly subacid ; core medium. December, January. 

Olabk's Prolific. 

Raised by W. G. Clark, Albia, Iowa ; tree hardy, vigorous ; an early 
and abundant bearer, and is highly esteemed in the neighborhood of its 
origin. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate conic, slightly angular ; skin pale 
whitish yellow, a shade of light red, a few gray and many indistinct light 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep, uneven, sometimes slight 
russet ; calynx small, closed ; basin rather small, slightly furrowed ; 
flesh white, fine, very tender, juicy, lively subacid, slightly aromatic ; 
core small. November, February. 

Cleumont. 
Jackson's Roman Stem. Cheese Apple. 

The Clermont is said to be a seedling raised by Samuel Medary, near 
Batavia, Ohio. Tree, a moderate grower, an early and good bearer, and 
a late keeper. 

Fruit medium oblate, depressed, sides sometimes unequal ; skin yel- 
low, deep orange yellow in the sun, sometimes a shade of bright red, and 
sometimes nettings of russet, and a few gray dots ; stalk very short ; 
cavity rather large, russeted, which sometimes extends out on the fruit ; 
calyx closed; basin rather large, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow, half 
fine, quite firm, moderately juicy, rich subacid ; core close and small. 
January, May. 

Cross. 

Originated with Robert Cross of Fair Play, Marj^land ; tree vig- 
orous, making a large spreading head ; an early bearer, producing large 
crops alternate years, and a light one the intervening ones ; its lar-ge 
size and fine appearance renders it one of the most valuable of its season 
for market and culinary uses. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin whit- 
ish, or gi-eenish white, rather thinly striped, splashed and mottled with 
light and dark red, and a few light and grayish dots ; stalk very short ; 
cavity large, deep ; basin large, deep, broad, slightly plaited ; flesh white, 
half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid; core small. Middle of August to 
middle of September. 



THE APPLE, 



49 




Dale's Seedling, 

Origin, farm of Christian Dale, near Boalsburg, Pa. ; tree of upright 
moderate growth ; great bearer alternate years, and valuable for making 
apple butter. 

Eruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides often unequal ; skin white, 
shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, and many- 
whitish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin 
rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, tender, mild subacid, 
or almost sweet ; core small. September, October. 

Deane. 
Nine Ounce. 



Origin unknown, supposed to be East Wilton, Maine, where it is 
considered the best apple of its season ; tree vigorous, spreading, bear- 
ing abundantly alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones. 

Fi-uit medium, oblate to roundish oblate conic, angular, slightly ob- 
lique, and flattened at the base ; skin whitish, shaded and rather obscure- 
ly splashed and mottled with light red, and moderatel)'^ sprinkled with 
yellowish dots, a few being areole ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather 
large, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh quite white, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid or vinous ; core 
medium. September, October. 



50 the apple. 

Edgar Red Streak. 

WaJbridge. 

Origin, in the orchard of Joseph Curtis, Paris, Edgar County , Illinois , 
this apple has been grown in the West and Northwest for many years 
under the name of Walbridge, its true name being unknown until lately ; 




Edgar Red Streak. 



tree very hardy, vigoroiis, upright at first, but spreading with age and 
weight of fruit ; very productive altei-nate years, and a light crop the 
intervening ones ; not of the best quality, but valuable for its hardiness, 
productiveness, and late keeping in a cold climate. 

Fruit medium, oblate, very slightly conic, regular ; skin pale whitish 
yellow when fully mature, shaded with pale red in the sun, narrow 
stripes and a few splashes of bright red over most of the surface where 
fully exposed ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity medium, sometimes 
slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin small ; slightly plaited ; flesh 
white, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; core small or medium. Janu- 
ary, May. 

Ella. 

Another of Charles Arnold's seedlings, raised from seed of Northern 
Spy, crossed with Wagener and Spitzenb\irg ; tree moderately vigorous, 
spreading, young wood dark brown ; bears heavy crops alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conic, sides sometimes a little unequal ; 
flkin pale yellow, nearly covered with light and dark dull red, some 
rather obscure stripes and splashes, and a few light dots ; stalk shorty 
small ; cavity rather large, deep, slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin 
medium, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish, with a greenish tinge, half fine, 
tender, juicy, with an agreeable aromatic flavor, inclining to sweet ; core 
rather small. December, February, 



the apple. oj 

Etowah. 
Cooper's Red. 

Origin, in the garden of Major M. A. Cooper, Glen Holly, Georgia; 
tree healthy, moderately vigorous ; upright, compact, rather roundhead ; 
bearing abundantly nearly every year ; it is esteemed in the neighbor- 
hood of its origin as one of their best late-keeping apples. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate conic, slightly oblique ; skin pale 
yellow, almost entirely covered with bright red, some obsure stripes and 
splashed, a few large light dots, areole ; stalk veiy short, small ; cavity 
large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx half open ; basin large, very 
deep ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild pleasant 
subacid, inclining to sweet; core small. January, March. 



Fenton. 

Origin, Cheltenham Township, Pa., on the grounds of Samuel Fenton; 
tree thrifty, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and valueft 
in its locality for the table and cooking. 

Fruit rather large, oblate, angular ; skin pale whitish yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed on the sunny side with light and dark red ; flesh 
white, a little firm, moderately juicy, pleasant subacid; core small. Octo- 
ber, November. 

* 
Fletcher Eusset. 

Origin, on the farm of James Fletcher, Acton, Mass. ; tree thrifty, 
upright, with a round rather spreading head ; a good bearer alternate 
years, and much prized as a table apple where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate conic ; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow when 
fully ripe, nearly covered with dull russet, often mixed with brownish 
red in the sun ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; 
basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, tender, jiiicy, 
pleasant subacid and quite rich ; core rather small. December, Feb- 
ruary. 

Foote's Nonsuch. 

This fine new apple was raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, 
Mass., from seed of Red Canada or Nonsuch. Mr. Foote writes that 
the tree is hardy, vigorous, upright, with bright reddish wood, remark- 
ably productive alternate years, and keeps well. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; skin very nearly covered with dark 
rich red, and many conspicuous light dots, a few being areola ; stalk 
rather short, slender ; cavity rather large, often thinly russeted ; calj^x 
small, closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, sometimes a 
Little stained next the skin, fine, tender, juicy, mild, rich subacid, slightly 
BTomatic ; core small and close. January, Apxil. 



52 the apple. 

Fountain Hill. 

Raised by Suel Foster, Muscatine, Iowa, which he values as a good 
table apple, and for continuing long in use ; tree vigorous, rather 
spreading ; an early and good bearer, evenly through the tree. 

Fruit medium or below oblate, regular; skin pale green, shaded, 
striped and splashed, with dull red nearly over the surface, and many 
light dots; stalk very short; cavity medium; calyx closed or nearly so ^ 
basin large; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid; core 
small. September, November. 

Fox Apple, 
Sheepnose. Fox Sheepnose. 

Originated with Eli Fox, near Cosl\oeton, Ohio ; tree strong, vigoi 
ous, upright, rather spreading ; an abundant bearer, and is esteemed aa 
an amateur fruit. 

Fruit mediiim to large, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conical, 
angular, or slightly ribbed ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light and 
dark red, striped and splashed rather obscurely with a darker hue, and 
many light dots ; flesh white, a little coarse, tender, juicy, pleasant 
subacid, slightly aromatic and rich; core rather large. October, No 
vember. 

GOFF. 

• 

Originated with J. S. Goff, near Belief ontaine, Ohio; tree hardy, 
vigorous, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years of fair fruit of 
uniform size, and valuable as a market and cooking apple. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate; skin whitish, a few light and gray 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large ; basin large, deep, slightly 
corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, tender, biisk subacid ; core medium. 
Kipe the last of August and first of September, 

Golden Dixie. 

Originated on the farm of James Fitz, township of Rivanna, Yirginia ; 
tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, forming a handsome pyramidal head, 
requiring but little pruning; an. early and abundant bearer alternate 
years, and much esteemed in its locality. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin light 
yellow, deep yellow where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, 
often slight russet ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, rather firm, crisp, j uicy, lively 
rich subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. August. 

Harper. 

Of unknown origin, supposed to be Tennessee ; tree vigorous, round 
nead ; bears moderate crops annually, and popular wheie known. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic ; skin whitish yellow, 



THE APPLE. 



53 



shaded, striped and s])laslied with light and dark bright red nearly ovei 
the whole surface, with many large and small light dots, a portion being 
areola ; stalk rather short, slender ; cavity large, deep, yellowish ; basin 
rather large, slightly wrinkled ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, 
mild, pleasant subacid ; core small. October, January, 

Haven. 

An old variety of unknown origin, but supi)osed to have been im- 
ported by the Haven family of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, many 
years since; tree vigorous, rather spreading; not an early bearer, but 
bearing abundantly alternate years when established ; fruit fair of uni- 
form size, which is highly esteemed where known for its excellent 
qxiality ; the tree requires good cultivation. 

Eruit medium, oblate conic, slightly angular ; skin smooth, whitish 
yellow, often a shade of pale red on the sunny side, and a few grayish 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep ; calyx closed ; basin rather 
large, slightly coirugated ; flesh whitish yellow, fine, very tender, juicy, 
rich, sprightly pleasant subacid ; core small. January, March. 

HOTTENSTIEN. 
Libert. Lippart. 

Origin, Kutztown, Pa., on the lands of Frederick Libert ; tree vig- 
orous, spreading ; an abundant bearer annually ; valuable for culinary 
uses and for market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin greenish yellow, 
covered with stripes and splashes of light and dark red, moderately 
sprinkled with lai'ge light dots, a portion being areole ; stalk short, 
small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid. October, December. 

Hunt Russet Apple. 

This favorite old apple is claimed, by those knowing it best,to have origi- 
nated with the Hunt family, at Concord, Mass., nearly 200 years since; 
and, being of excellent quality, has been cultivated and disseminated 
widely under different names ; and I am satisfied, from experience and 
examination, that Golden Russet of Mass., Fay's Russet, and Russet 
Pearmain are identical with the Hunt Russet, and that the latter is the 
original name, with the synonyms as stated below. 

Hunt Russet. 

GoMenRusset(not of New England Russet. Fay's Russet. 

N. T. ) New England Golden Russet Pearmain. 

Golden Russet of Mass. Russet. American Golden Russe{ 

Mass. Golden Russet. Bullock's Pippin, or of New England. 

Golden Russet of New Sheepnose. Incorrectly. 

England. 

There is said to be a distinct Russet Pearmain : but those that I ro 



54 



THE APPLE. 



oeivea as such frcm Connecticut, many years since, proved to be the 
Hunt Russet. 

The Golden Russet of New York, or Western New York, is quite dis- 
tinct, and is incorrectly called by some, at the West, EngKsh Golden 
Basset. 

Hunter Pippik. 

A cbance seedling on tlie land of William Gray Hunter, Westport, 
N. Y. ; tree moderately vigorous, hardy, spreading ; a good bearer 
annually. 

Fruit medium, roundisli conical, angular or slightly ribbed ; skin pale 
whitish yellow, a few scattered gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
medium, often russeted ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather narrow, 
deep furrowed; flesh whitish, crisp, tender, juic}', brisk subacid, slightly 
ai omatic ; core rather large. August. 



King Sweet. 

Summer Sweet. Thomas Sweet 
Sidney Sweet. King of Sweets. 
High Top Sweet, incorrectly. 

Origin, on the farm of Ichabod Thomas, Sidney, Maine ; tree hardy, 
thrifty, upright, compact, and requires much inside pruning ; not a very 
early bearer, but produces large crops of fair fruit alternate years, and ia 
highly esteemed where known. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, inclining to oblong; skin 
greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, a shade of pale red 
where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin 
rather deep; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, rich honey sweet* 
core rather small. September, November. 

Lady Henniker. 

This new English, apple was raised by John Perkins, Thornham Hall, 
Suffolk, England; tree healthy, and a great bearer; chiefly valuable as a 
cooking variety, but useful also in the dessert. 

Fruit very large, roundish, slightly conic, angular, with prominent ridges 
around the eye ; skin yellow, shaded with ])ale red, and broken streaks 
of crimson on the sunny side ; stalk very short ; cavity wide, deep, riis- 
sety ; calyx large, open ; basin very deep, angular ; flesh very tender in 
the grain, well flavored, and with a pleasant perfume. October, February. 
{^Journal of Horticulture.^ 

LiPKiNs Sweet. 

Origin unknown, supposed to be near Philadelphia ; tree moderately 
vigorous, upright at first, bixt spreading with age and bearing ; a good 
annual bearer. 

Fruit medium, or nearly so, oblate or slightly conic ; skin pale whit- 
ish yellow, shaded with light red, many large and small light and brownisl 



THE APPLE, 55 

iots, some star-shaped ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather small ; calyx 
small, closed ; basin medium ; flesh white, fine, rather compact, moder- 
ately jviicy, mild sweet, rather rich ; core small. December, March. 

Kaign's Spitzenburg and Long Red Pearmain. 

For many years these have been considered identical, and Downing so 
makes it in the second revised edition, but experience and examination 
have proven them distinct, both in the growth and form of the tree, and 
of the fruit. The Long Red Pearmain is said to have originated on the 
property of the Economites at New Harmony, Indiana, many years since ; 
The name and synonyms by which it is known in different localities aie 
^iven below. 

Long Red Pearmain. 

Red Pearmain. Red Winter Pearmain, in- Red Phoenix. 

Kaign's Spitzenburg, in- correctly. Pearmain. 

corectly. Scarlet Pearmain, incor- Kentucky G-Oliflower. 

Long John. rectly. Kentucky Bellflower. 

Red Spitzenberg. English Pearmain, incor- Hudson Red, Streak. 

Striped Pearmain. rectly. Sheepnose, of some. 

Lady Finger, incorrectly. Red Bellflower, incorrect- Wabash Bellflower. 
Winter Pearmain. ly. Russam. 

Long Pearmain. Red Pippin, Park (not of Kansas). 

Mudhole. 
Pound Royal, incorrectly 

The true Kaign's Spitzenberg, so far as I know, has no synonyms, and 
was first described by William Coxe. in his work on Fruits, in 1817, as 
having originated in Gloucester county, New Jersey. 

Neither of these apples are much cultivated now, as we have better 
kinds, the object being to correct the mistake. 

Lucy Sweet. 
Twin Apple.- 

Originated on the farm of Samuel Jewett, Wey bridge, Vermont ; tree 
vigorous, of a pyramid form, producing moderate crops annually. 

Fruit medium roundish oblate ; skin pale greenish yellow, a shade of 
pale red where exposed ; stalk short, small ; cavity deep, sometimes light 
russet ; basin large, deep ; flesh whitish, half fine, moderately juicy, 
mild, rather rich sweet ; core small, October, November, 

McTntosh Red, 

Originated with John McTntosh, Dundela, Ontario, some seventy 
years since, but is not widely known ; the 1 ree is said to be very hardy, 
long-lived, vigorous, with a spreading head ; a good annual bearer of fair, 
handsome fruit of excellent quality, and valuable for home use and 
market. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, regular ; skin whitish yel 
low, very nearly covered with dark rich red or crimson, almost purplisl 



66 THE APPLE. 

in the sun, moderately sprinkled ■with light do^vS ; stalk short, rathei 
small ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather small, slightly 




Mcintosh Red. 



plaited; flesh white, fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing, 
peculiar slight quince-like flavor; core medium. November, February, 

McKlNNEY. 

Origin, on the farm of Luther McKinney, Crawford, N. Y. ; tree vig- 
orous, forming a round head ; an early and abundant bearer alternate 
years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; fruit fair of uniform size, 
and valuable as a late keeper. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate ; skin deep yellow, shaded with pale 
brownish red where exposed, a few grayish dots ; stalk very short ; 
cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx open, or half closed ; 
basin broad, deep ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, rather firm, moder- 
ately juicy, mild subacid ; core close and small. January, April. 

Magog Red Streak. 

Raised from seed by William Warren, Newport, Vermont ; tree very 
hardy, thrifty and vigorous, an iipright spreading head ; bears every 
year, but large crops in even years ; valued for its extreme hardiness, 
vigor, productiveness, and long keeping. 

Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish inclining to oblong ; skin light 
yellow, shaded and faintly striped and splashed with light red over half 
the fruit ; stalk short, small ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated 



THE APPLE. 5? 

flesh yellowish, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild subacid ; core 
medium. December, March. 



Mathews. 

Origin, on the farm of Hugh Foster, near Alton Depot, Nelson Co., 
Virginia ; tree vigorous, with an open spreading head ; an early and 
abundant bearer alternate years, and a partial crop the intervening 
years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, regular ; skin smooth, 
whitish almost waxen, shaded with pale dull red where exposed, many 
large light dots, a portion almost obscure, a few areole ; stalk short, 
small; cavity medium, regular; calyx small, closed; basin rather 
abrupt, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild, 
pleasant, sprightly subacid ; core medium. October, January. 



May Seek-no-farther. 



An old variety of unknown origin, and the original name also un- 
known, and was described in Downing's second revised edition, page 270 ; 
it was once valuable as a long keeper and a profitable market variety, but 
now nearly out of use ; tree hardy, vigorous, upright and very produc- 
tive alternate years ; it has been grown in different sections of the coun- 
try, under the following names, in addition to those named in the second 
revision. 



Lopside, Romanite, incorrectly. Greyhonse, incorrectly. 

Hoopes. Big Romanite, of some. Black Jack. 

Hopson. Black Pennock. B.ed Everlasting. 

Hopsey. Black Vandervere. Hard Red. 

Hoopes Pearmain. German Spitzenberg. Keystone. 

Gray Romanite, of some, 



Mellinger. 



An old variety of late introduction, found on the Mellinger property, 
now owned by Dr. Mellinger, Manor Township, Pa., and considered in 
that neighborhood one of the most valuable and showy apples of its 
season ; tree healthy, vigorous, spreading, bearing large crops alternate 
years, and a light one the intervening ones. 

Fruit medivim to large, roundish, or roundish conical; skin smooth, 
white, mostly covered with stripes and broken splashes of light and 
dark bright red, some of the splashes of a purplish red, and moderately 
sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium, slight russet ; 
cal3'^x small, closed ; basin medium, rather abrupt, deep, slightly corru- 
gated ; flesh quite white, half fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid or 
vinous ; core medium. September, November. 



68 



THE APPLE. 




Mellinger. 




Milden or Mildino 



MiLDEN OR MiLDING. 



Origin, Alton, New HampsMre; tree hardy, a strong, vigorouei, 
apriglit grower, forming a large round head ; very productive altemat*? 



THE APPLE. 59 

years, of largo fair fruit, which is highly esteemed where known foi 
market and family use. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; skin smooth, 
whitish yellow, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and 
dark bright rich red nearly over the whole surface, and a few light dots ; 
stalk rather shoi-t, slender; cavity broad, deep, sometimes thinly rus- 
seted ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin broad, moderately deep, fur 
rowed ; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, brittle, tender, juicy, sprightly 
subacid, slightly aromatic ; core medium. December, January, 



Mokton's Reb, 

Origin, supposed to be on the farm of the late Elkannah Morton, Bill 
Town, Nova Scotia ; tree moderately vigorous, forming a round rather 
spreading head ; an early and good bearer annually, and a favorite apple 
for market and home use. 

Fruit medium, regular, roundish oblate, slightly conic ; skin whitish, 
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, quite dark in the sun, 
sometimes a few obscure stripes and splashes, and sometimes nettings of 
russet ; stalk medium, slender ; cavity medium, slight russet ; calyx 
closed or nearly so ; basin small, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite white, 
half fine, tender, juicy, brisk subacid ; core large. December, January. 



Mumper Yandevere. 

Origin, on the farm of John Mumper, near Dillsbury, Pa. ; tree 
strong and vigorous, making a round, rather spreading open head ; an 
abundant bearer alternate years of fair fruit of uniform size ; valued 
chiefly for its late keeping, market, and kitchen use. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, regular, flattened at the 
ends ; skin pale greenish yellow, rather faintly shaded, striped and 
splashed with light red, and moderately sprinkled with large light and 
gray dots ; stalk rather short, small ; cavity medium, often a little 
greenish ; calyx large, open ; basin broad, rather deep, corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, coarse, compact, moderately juicy, brisk subacid; core 
close and small. December, April. 



Mystic. 

Origin, Mystic Yalley, Conn., on the farm of Alden Fish ; tree vigor- 
ous, rather late coming into bearing, but produces large crops alternate 
years when of sufficient age. 

Fruit medium, roundish, flattened at the ends ; skin pale yellow, 
shaded and mottled with light red, and some rather obscure stripes and 
broken splashes of a darker hue, with a few russet dots; stalk long, 
slender ; cavity medium, moderately deep ; calyx small, closed ; basin 
large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, pleasant 
3iild subacid ; core rather small. October, November, 



60 



THE APPLE. 



Nansemond Beauty. 

Origin, somewhat uncertain, supposed to be Suffolk, Virginia ; tre« 
vigorous, rather spreading, bearing good crops annually of fair fruit of 
uniform size, and a good keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic; skin pale yellow, 
nearly covered with light and dark rich red, sometimes rather obscure 
stripes and splashes of a darker hue ; stalk short, small ; cavity quite 
large, slight russet ; calyx half open ; basin large, deep, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh quite white, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, vinous subacid ; 
core small. January, April. 

Nelson Eock, 

Rock Apple. 

A chance seedling on the farm of the late Henry G. Roberts, neal 
Greenfield, Virginia ; tree moderately vigorous, upright at first, but 
spreading with weight of fruit ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and 
a light crop the odd years ; valuable in its locaKty for its good qualities 
and late keeping. 




Nelson Eock. 



Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pale greenish 
white, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over most 
of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk 
short, small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed ; 
basin rather broad, shallow, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yellow, 
half fine, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid ; core small. December, 
March. 



the apple. 61 

New River Boat Apple. 

Origin, on the premises of Robert Porter, Sr., Portei-'s Feny, Virginia ; 
tree a strong vigorous grower, spreading; an early and great bearer 
alternate years, and highly prized where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate, flattened at the base, sometimes a little oblique ; 
skin bright yellow, rarely with a blush ; stalk very short ; cavity 
rather large ; calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, peculiar sub- 
acid, almost sweet j core small. October, December. 

Northampton. 

A Pennsylvania apple from Northampton County, but exact origin 
unknown ; tree vigorous, upright, spreading, an early bearer, and very 
productive ; it is said the lower half of the tree bears one year and the 
upper part the next year, and this is more characteristic with trees of 
some age ; valued especially as a table fruit where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate, often depressed ; skin smooth, pale whitest 
yellow, shaded, striped and splashed rather thinly over most of the sur- 
face with light and dark red, and many large and small light dots, a few 
areole ; stalk short, slender ; cavity rather large, deep, regular ; calyx 
closed or nearly so ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; flesh white, fine, 
tender, juicy, pleasant mild subacid and very good ; core small. Oc- 
tober, Febuary. 

NOKTHFIELD BeAUTY CrAB. ' 

Raised by Leonard D. Cady, Northfield, Vermont, from seed of yel- 
low Siberian Crab ; tree vigorous, hardy, forming a compact symmet- 
rical head; a handsome apple of good size, good quality, and promises to 
be valuable in cold localities. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate ; skin smooth, whitish, shaded with 
light red, rather obscurely striped and splashed with two shades of rich 
red and a few light dots ; stalk short ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; 
basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half flne, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid ; core small. September, December. 

Ontario. 

This handsome and excellent apple was raised by Charles Arnold, 
Paris, Ontario, from seed of Northern Spy crossed with the Wagoner ; 
tree vigorous, somewhat spreading, bears quite young and abundantly. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular ; skin whitish yel- 
low, nearly covered with bright rich red, some rather obscure stxipea 
and splashes, and moderately sprinkled with light dots ; stalk short, 
rather stout ; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed 
oi nearly so ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yel- 
low, fine, tender, juicy, subacid, refreshing, slightly aromatic ; core small. 
January, April 



62 



THE APPLE. 




Ontario. 

Orange Pippin. 



Origin unknown, considerably grown in some parts of New Jersey, 
where it is valued as a profitable summer market apple ; tree vigorous, 
upright at first, but spreading with age and bearing; good and sura 
bearers alternate years. 




Orange Pippin. 



Fruit medium or above, oblate or roundish oblate ,* skin smooth, pale 
yellow, orange red or fawn in. the sun, a few gray dots ; sbalk short, 
small; cavity large, sometimes slight russet; calyx laige, open; basin 



THE APPLE. 



63 



large, deep, slightly plaited ; flesh, white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleas- 
ant subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. September. 

Perry Red Streak. 

Origin, Lowville, N. Y., on the premises of Dr. David Perry ; tree 
hardy, vigorous, spreading, forming an open head ; an abundant bearer 
alternate years, and a light crop the intervening ones ; it does not con- 
tinue long in use. 

Pruit medium, oblate, slightly angular; skin light yellow, shaded, 
striped and splashed with light and dark rich red, and moderately 
sprinkled^ with light and . gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, 
sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin large, deep, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, crisp, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
slightly aromatic ; core medium. October. 

Picket. 

Origin, near Arlington, Kentucky, on the farm of William Picket ; 
tree a strong, vigorous, upright grower ; an early and abundant bearer 
annually, and is considered an acquisition in its locality. 

Pruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, often sKghtly oblique, 
somewhat flattened at the ends ; skin yellow, nearly covered with light 
and dark red, some rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue. 




Picket. 



Bonietimes with a grayish bloom, a shade of light purple, and moderately- 
sprinkled with light and brown dots ; stalk very short ; cavity large, 
deep, slight russet ; ca'yx open ; basin deep, round, slightly wrinkled; 



64 



THE APPLE. 



flesh whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, and very 
good ; core small. December, February. 

Piedmont Pippin. 

Dollins Pippin. 

Origin, on the farm of the late James Woods, Rockford Township, 
Virginia, and is supposed to be a seedling of the Albemarle Pippin ; 
tree quite vigorous, upright at first, but spreading with age ; not a very 
early bearer, but giving large crops alternate years when of suflS.cient age, 
and promises to be valuable. 




Piedmont Pippin. 

f niit large, roundish oblate, conic, angular, sometimes oblique ; skin 
greenish yellow, a few nettings of russet and some brown dots ; stalk 
short, rather small ; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx 
nearly closed ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; fiesh pale yellow, 
half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; core 
medium. November, March. 



Pine Apple. 

Origin uncertain, supposed to be Mt. Laurel, New Jersey ; tree 
of moderate growth, upright, rather spreading, producing good crops 
alternate years. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate ; skin pale yellow, shaded and some- 
vhat obscurely striped and splashed with bright red, a few light dots j 



THE APPLE. 65 

Btalk short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin medium; 
slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant mild 
subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. October, November. 

Plumb's Cider. 

Origin uncertain, introduced by J. C. Plumb, Milton, Wisconsin ; 
tree hardy, vigorous, round headed ; an early bearer, and very produc- 
tive alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conic ; skin greenish yellow, shaded 
and rather obscurely striped and splashed with dull red, some light 
dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin small, 
corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid ; core 
small. September, January. 

Peewit. 

Origin, farm of William Prewit, Rock Spring Church, Kentucky , 
tree vigorous, upright, an annual bearer ; chiefly valuable for its long 
keeping. 

Fruit medium, oblate, conic, sides unequal ; skin yellow, shaded, and 
rather faintly striped and splashed with light and dark red ; stalk very 
short ; cavity large, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin deep ; flesh 
yellowish, half tender, moderately juicy, mild subacid; core small. 
January, May. 

Prolific Blush. 

Origin, on the farm of E. H. Cocklin, Shepherdstown, Pa. ; tree a 
slow stout grower, forming a low head ; an early and great bearer alter- 
nate years ; blooms late ; valuable for home use, and a profitable early 
market variety. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin smooth, white, a blush of 
bright red ; stalk short, small ; cavity large, deep, slight russet ; calyx 
closed ; basin rather shallow, corrugated ; flesh quite white, crisp, juicy, 
brisk subacid; core medium. August. 

Pyle's Red Winter. 

A chance seedling on the farm of Baynard Pyle, Thornbury Town- 
ship, Pa. ; tree vigorous, spreading ; an early and good bearer annually 
of large fair fruit of uniform size, of excellent quality, and keeping 
well. 

Fruit large, roimdish, oblate, slightly conic, sometimes slightly ob- 
lique ; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, shaded with 
pale red over two-thirds its surface, with some rather obscure stripes 
and splashes of a darker color, and moderately sprinkled with light and 
brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather large ; calyx small, closed ; 
basin large, deep, slightly wrinkled ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, 
tender, juicy, pleasant lively subacid ; core rather small. January.. 
March. 



B6 



THE APPLE. 




Pyle's Red Winter. 

Race's Red. 

A chance seeding on the farm of Stephen Race, Claverack, IST. Y. ; 
tree strong, vigorous, forming a round rather spreading head, bearing 
large crops alternate years. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, regular ; skin smooth, light yellow, 
nearly covered with light scarlet crimson, many light dots, some rather 
obscure ; stalk short, small ; cavity somewhat narrow, deep ; clayx 
closed ; basin medium ; flesh white, fine, sometimes stained next the 
skin, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid ; core small. August, September. 

Reed's Golden Pippin. 

Origin unknown, from Central ISTew Jersey ; tree vigorous, making a 
large round head, bearing good crops annually, and evenly through the 
tree. 

Fruit medium, roundish, oblate, slightly angular ; skin golden yellow, 
shaded with light bright red where exposed, a few nettings of russet and 
a few grayish dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, often russeted ; 
calyx closed ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh yellow, fine, a 
Little firm, juicy, rich mild subacid, slightly aromatic; core small. Jan 
uary, March. 

Reinette Ontz. 

Origin, supposed to be Liixemberg, Belgium; trf<3 vigorous, spread- 
ing ; a good bearer alternate years. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic ; skin pal* greenish yellow, oi 
Dale yellow at full maturity, many grayish dots ; lA'alk short, small j 



THE APPLE. 67 

cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallo-w, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh yellowish, a litttle coarse, moderately juicy, subacid; core 
small. December, March. 

ROCKWOOD. 

Origin, Belgrade, Maine, on the farm of John Eockwood ; tree hardy, 
healthy, vigorous, upright ; an eai-ly and full bearer alternate years, and 
a light crop the intervening ones ; it is popular and profitable ■where 
known. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, flattened at the ends, 
angular; skin greenish yellow, nearly covered with light and dark 
dull red, brownish red in the sun, and numerous yellowish dots, a few 
areole ; stalk rather short ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin me- 
dium, corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid, inclining to sweet ; core small. December, Februaiy. 

Sarah. 

Origin, farm of John Tufts, East Wilton, Maine ; tree very vigorous, 
forming a broad spreading top ; an early and good bearer, annually, with 
very large crops alternate years ; a valuable and profitable apple for 
market and home use. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate conic ; skin yellow shaded and mottled 
with light red, striped and splashed with dark red, some splashes almost 
purplish, a few light dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep ; calyx 
closed, or half open ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, 
coarse, tender, juicy, brisk subacid; core medium. October. 

Settle Pippin. 

Superb White. Hex's White. Hick's White. 

Adams White. Settle's Superb. Gloucester White, incorrectly. 

English Codlin, incorrectly. 

An old apple of unknown origin, supposed to be Maryland or Vir- 
ginia ; it is a popular apple in Winchester and the lower part of the 
Shenandoah Valley of its season ; tree thrifty and vigorous, making a 
fine head ; an early and annual bearer. 

Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish oblate conic ; skin white, shaded 
with light red, and sprinkled with a few brown dots ; stalk short, small ; 
cavity rather large, deep ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather shallow, 
broad, corrugated ; flesh quite white, fine, crisj), tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid, refreshing; core small. September, November. 

SiSK. 

Origin, on the the farm of Joseph Sisk, near Preston, Maryland ; tree 
Tigoroiis, upright ; not an early bearer, but with age bears good crops, 
annually ; some seasons less alternate years. 

Fruit i-ather large, oblate, somewhat depressed; skin pale yellow, 
shadrd, and rather obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark 



68 



THE APPLE. 



red, a few brown dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity broad, deep ; caljra 
large, open ; basin broad, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish yel« 
low, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic. OctO" 
ber January. 

Smith's Favorite. 

Origin, on the farm of Isaac Smith, Winthrop, Maine ; tree vigorous, 
upright at first, forming a large round flead ; an annual bearer, but more 
abundantly alternate years ; valuable in its locaKty for family use and 
market. 

Fruit medium, roundish, sometimes inclining to oblong, slightly 
angular ; skin pale yellow, thinly shaded, striped, splashed, and mottled 
with light red over half or more of the surface, and moderately sprinkled 
with light dots ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity medium ; calyx 
closed ; basin small, corrugated ; flesh pale yellow, half fine, half tender, 
juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic; core medium. October, November. 

Southern Porter. 

Porter, Kidd. Jones. 

Fall. Hog Pen. Long. 

An old and valuable apple, which originated about ten miles east of 
Chesterville, South Carolina ; tree hardy, a strong grower, young wood 




Southern Porter. 



hard and tough, rather spreading ; very productive alternate years, anu 
a moderate crop the intervening one ; one of the most popular apples 
of its locality and season, ripening near two months later than the 
Porter. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, regular ; skin bright golden yellow 



THE APPLE. (39 

and a few gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity medium, deep ; calyx 
open ; basin large, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, fine, half tender, 
juicy, rich mild subacid, slightly aromatic ; core small. September at 
the South. 

Stakkey. 

Origin, town of North Yassalboro, Maine, on the farm of Moses 
Starkey ; tree hardy, vigorous, spreading ; a regular good bearer, and 
highly esteemed in its locality as a profitable market variety as well as 
for home use. 

Fruit mediiim, oblate, slightly conic, regular; skin pale yellow, 
shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark bright red, and moder- 
ately sprinkled with light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
medium, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, mild 
pleasant subacid ; core small. October, January. 

Strinestown Pippin. 

Origin, near Strinestown, Pa., on the farm formerly owned by Christo- 
pher Miller; tree hardy, upright at first, but forms a round open head; 
an early and good bearer altei'nate years ; valued mostly as a late keep- 
ing market variety and for culinary uses. 

Fruit medium, roundish, conical ; skin yellow, a shade of bright red 
in the sun ; stalk short, small ; cavity rather narrow ; calyx closed ; 
basin large, broad, deep, fiirrowed ; flesh whitish, rather coarse, com- 
pact, moderately juicy, brisk subacid; core close and small. Jan- 
uary, A])ril. 

Stkiped Gillifloweb — Farley — Scollop Gilliflower. 

These apples were formerly considered identical, but time ami experi- 
ence have proven them distinct. The striped variety is a vigorous 
grower, with long shoots, and generally bears good crops annually. It is 
a showy fruit, and in some localities, thought much of for market and 
culinary uses; the fruit is variable in form and size, usually roundish con- 
ical, angular, or more or less ribbed ; skin white, striped and mottled 
with bright lively red ; flesh whitish, crisp, juicy, with a brisk, subacid 
flavor. The scollop variety is a moderate, or poor grower, the young 
shoots much darker colored, the tree more spreading, a poor bearer, and 
has nearly gone out of use ; the fruit is roundish oblate conic, more rib- 
bed, the color much darker, rather dull red, with broader stripes and 
splashes, the flesh more yellow, of a mild, subacid aromatic, richer in 
quality, and a month or more later in ripening, than the striped variety ; 
they are known by the following names and synonyms. 

Striped Gilliflower. 
Striped Bellflower. Scollop GilliflowPT. incorrectly. Red Gilliflower. 



70 



Ribbed Gilliflower. 
Red Gilliflower, of some. 



the apple. 
Scollop Gillifloweb, 

Five-Quartered Gilli- Jellyflower. 

flower. 



Sutton's Eakly. 

Baised by "William Sutton, Port Williams, Nova Scotia ; tree vigor 
ous, spreading, productive ; young shoots stout, dark, downy ; promis- 
ing as an early apple for cxilinary uses. 

Fruit medium or above, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conic, 
slightly angular ; skin whitish yellow ; stalk short, small ; cavity me- 
dium, slightly russeted ; calyx closed ; basin medium, corrugated ; flesh 
white, tender, juicy, brisk subacid ; core rather large. September. 

Transparent Zoak. 

A beautiful and very good apple, which originated with the Zoar 
Society, at Zoar, Ohio ; tree vigorous, making a round rather spreading 
head ; an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. 




Transparent Zoar. 

Fruit large, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, a beautiful waxen while^ 
shaded with light pink or carmine where exposed to the sun, a few 
rather obscure light dots ; stalk very short, small ; cavity large, deep ; 
calyx small, closed ; basin large, round, slightly plaited ; flesh white, 
fine, very tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing ; core medium. Octo 
lier, November. 



THE APPLE. 
VOLNEY. 



71 



Origin, orchard of William Munsow, near Astoria, Illinois; tree vig- 
orous, with an upright rather spreading head ; a good bearer annually, 
and highly esteemed where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular ; skin smooth, bright yellow, shaded 
with light bx'ight red in the sun, many light brown dots, some irregular 
or star-shaped ; stalk short, slender ; cavity medi\im, slight russet ; 
calyx closed or nearly so ; basin large, deep, a Kttle wrinkled ; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fine, crisp, tender, juicy, rich subacid ; core small. 
January, April. 

Watwood. 

Origin, on the farm of Nathan Rose, near Blandville, Kentucky ; tree 
vigorous, upright, forming a round head ; a good bearer annually, and 
esteemed in its locality for its quality and long keeping. 

Fruit medium, oblate, depressed and flattened at the ends ; skin 
whitish yellow, shaded with pale red over two-thirds its surface, and a 
few light and gray dots ; stalk very short ; cavity broad, deep, slight 
russet ; calyx closed ; basin rather shallow, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
pale yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, pleasant subacid ; core smalL 
January, March. 

Wythe. 



Illinois Pippin. 




Wythe. 



Origin, on the farm of Rodolphus Chandler, Wythe, Illinois ; tree is 
said to be hardy, vigorous, round head, blooms rather late, bears good 
crops annua ly of fair fruit of uniform size, and keeps well. 



72 THE APPUC. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conic, nearly regular ; skin ^'hite, 
shaded, striped and splashed over more than half the surface with 
bright red and a few light and gray dots ; stalk short, small ; cavity 
rather large, deep ; calyx small, closed ; basin medium, slightly plaited ; 
flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, slightly aromatic ; 
core medium. January, March. 



Yardley. 
Bucks County Seedling of Some. 

Origin, on the farm of Thomas Yardley, Lower Makefield Township, 
Pa. ; tree vigorous, spreading ; an abundant bearer alternate years, and a 
light crop the odd years ; a large apple, valuable as an early market 
variety, and for home use. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly angular ; skin greenish white, 
thinly striped and splashed with pale dull red, and moderately sprinkled 
with quite large irregular brown dots ; stalk short, rather stout ; cavity 
large, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin broad, motl- 
erately deep, corrugated ; fl.esli whitish, rather coarse, tender, juicy, 
brisk subacid ; core small. August and half of September. 

Zachary Pippin. 

A chance seedling on the land of John Burbank, Belgrade, Maine, 
and was introduced the year Zachary Taylor was inaugurated ; tree 
vigorous, spreading ; not an early bearer, but when established produces 
good crops annually of large fair fruit, and esteemed in its locality. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, angular ; skin greenish yellow, or 
yellow at maturity, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and 
dark red, some of the splashes quite dark ; stalk short, rather small ; 
cavity large, quite broad, deep, slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, mod- 
erately juicy, subacid, rather rich ; core medium. November, December. 



THIED APPEl^DIX 



SECOND EEVISED EDITION. 



PREFACE. 

"When the second Appendix to " Downing's Fruits and Fruit 
Trees of America " was published it was my intention to revise 
the whole work, correct the errors in the descriptions of fruits, 
describe fully the new fruits, and make the whole complete to the 
present time ; but the publishers do not feel warranted in doing 
so at present, and I am obliged, therefore, to defer the revision ; 
I have, however, at their urgent request, prepared this third Ap- 
pendix. 

To the numerous friends of Pomology to whom I am indebted 
for specimens of fruit, and for information relating to them, I 
offer many thanks, and their names would havei been acknowl- 
edged if the third revised edition had been required by the pub- 
lishers. 

Chakles Downing. 
Newburgh, 1881. 



THE APPLE. 



Aleksok's Early. 



Origin uncertain, supposed by some to be Ohio, and it may prove 
to be the Early George or August Tart. Tree said to be hardy, up- 
right, moderately vigorous; an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, oblate, angular, ribbed or uneven; skin pale yel- 
low; stalk short, rather stout; cavity rather broad, slightly russeted; 
calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid; core rather small. Ripens about the time 
of the Early Harvest, to which it is inferior as an eating-apple, but 
superior for cooking. 

Ajstdbevts' Favoeite. 

Origin on the Andrews farm, Berlin, Vt. ; the original tree is 
said to be seventy years old, healthy, vigorous, spreading and ir- 
regular; a good bearer annually of handsome fruit, and of good 
quality. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly angular; 
skin whitish, shaded, and mottled with light red, with stripes and 
broken splashes of dark red or crimson, and many light dots, a few 
being areole; stalk short, small; cavity small, sometimes slight rus- 
set; calyx small, closed; basin medium, corrugated; flesh white, 
half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; very good; core large and 
open. December, January. 

Andrew's Sweet. 
major Sweet. 

Of Nova Scotia origin, on the grounds of Major Andrew, of Yar- 
mouth, and it is said to be a very hardy tree for that locality. Tree 
a free upright grower; an early and annual bearer, but larger crops 
on alternate years. 

Fruit below medium size, round oblate conic, slightly angular; 
skin whitish or pale yellow; stalk short, small; cavity medium; 



76 THE APPLE. 

calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; 
flesh white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant, sweet, 
rather rich, and very good; core medium. November, December. 

Austin Apple. 
Tom Apple. 

Originated on the farm of Thomas Austin, of Suffield, Conn., 
many years since. Tree a good grower, spreading, and produces good 
crops annually. Its size and color make it valuable as a market 
apple, and also for home use; the tree requires good cultivation. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, regular; skin pale whitish 
yellow, shaded with light red, splashed with crimson over most of 
the surface, and thickly sprinkled with large and small yellowish 
dots; stalk short; cavity medium; flesh white, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid; good; core medium. Season middle of 
August to the middle of September. 

Bank. 

Cave. 

This is an old variety, but little known out of its locality, and 
originated in the orchard of James Hadseil, on the west bank of the 
Susquehanna River, opposite Ransom, Pa., and is a favorite apple in 
that neighborhood. The tree is a vigorous grower, with a roundish 
spreading head; an abundant bearer on alternate years, and a light 
crop intervening. 

Fruit medium, or rather large, oblate, slightly conic, slightly an- 
gular, sides sometimes a little unequal; skin whitish yellow, shaded 
with light red stripes and broken splashes of dark red or crimson, 
and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots; stalk short, 
small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin medium, nearly 
smooth; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, refreshing, pleasant 
subacid; core small. Season September, January. 

Baenakd. 

Its origin is said to be on the farm of John Barnard, near Mus- 
catine, Iowa. Tree very hardy, vigorous, healthy, upright, somewhat 
spreading, roundish top, rather long, slender branches, valuable for 
its hardiness, productiveness, long-keeping, and quality; an abun- 
dant bearer on alternate years. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly oblique; skin 
whitish yellow, shaded with pale red (dark red where fully exposed 
to the sun), a few gray dots; stalk short, moderately stout; cavity 
medium, deep, sometimes light russet; calyx closed; basin rather 
large, broad, saucer-like shape, corrugated; flesh whitish, rather 
coarse, crisp, juicy, with a peculiarly mild subacid flavor; core me- 
dium. December to May. 

Beauty of the Woeld. 

A new variety, raised by John Mace, of Morganton, N. C, 
or found in an old field of his at the foot of South Mountain — a 



THE APPLE. 



77 



spur of the Blue Ridge— a few miles from Morganton. Tree a 
vigorous grower, rather tall and spreading; bears moderate crops 
annually; keeps well, and is said to be a valuable variety for that 
locality. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin yellowish, entirely covered 
with pale red and yellow, thickly striped and splashed with crimson, 
purplish crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light, yel- 
lowish dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity small or medium, thin 
russet; calyx closed; basin rather large and broad; flesh white, 
half fine, rather firm, mild subacid; very good; core small. Ripens 
in November, and keeps till March. 

BelIiE de Boskoop. 

A new variety, trees of which I received from France; it is said 
to be of Russian origin. Tree vigorous, spreading-, comes into bear- 
ing moderately early, and produces abundantly alternate years of 
fair fruit, good size, very good quality; keeps well, and is a promis- 
ing variety. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate to roundish oblate, sometimes a 




Belle de Boskoop. 



little oblique; skin yellow, shaded with light and dark red over 
nearly the whole surface, with some rather obscure stripes and 
splashes on the shaded side, some specimens more or less mixed with 
russet, and many small and large yellowish-brown dots, with some 
irregular ones; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, often rus- 
seted, sometimes extending in rays out on the fruit; calyx closed, 
or partially open; basin large, round, deep, slightly corrugated; 



78 THE APPLE. 

flesh a little coarse, crisp, tender, juicy, brisk subacid, rich, and of 
very good quality; core small and close. Season February to April. 

Black Twig. 

The exact origin of this apple is unknown, but supposed to be 
in the northern portion of Lincoln County, Tenn. It is said to be 
one of the most valuable and profitable apples grown in that section. 
Tree very vigorous, spreading, rather an open head, not an early 
bearer, but giving good regular crops annually. 

Fruit medium, oblate, very little conical, slightly angular; skin 
bright yellow, shaded with liglit red (dark crimson in the sun), some 
obscure stripes and splashes on the shaded side, and rather thickly 
sprinkled with yellowish and brovvn dots; stalk short, rather stout; 
cavity medium, slight russet; calyx closed; basin medium, roundish, 
regular; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
rich; very good; core rather small. October to February. 

Blue Bloom. 

This apple originated in an orchard of seedlings planted by the 
Rev. Daniel G. Cartwright, in Union, Iowa, about 1840. Tree vig- 
orous, making' a round head; a good bearer in alternate years, and 
a moderate intervening crop. 

Fruit rather large, oblate or roundish oblate, slightly angular; 
skin white, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark red 
over most of the surface, with a light grayish bloom, often mixed 
with russet, and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, 
small; cavity large, deep, slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin 
rather small, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid, good flavor and rich; core large. September, Oc- 
tober. 

Brewln^gtox Pippix. 
Breckenridge. Brewington. 

This new apple originated with James Brewington, Garfield, 
Ky., about 1870. Tree a vigorous grower, upright, becomes spread- 
ing with age and bearing; an early and abundant bearer on alter- 
nate years, and blooms quite late. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, slightly angular; skin yel- 
low, shaded with pale red, striped and splashed with rich crimson 
over most of the surface, and pretty thickly sprinkled with rather 
large yellowish dots, a j^ortion being areole; stalk short, small; 
cavity medium, russeted, sometimes extending out on the fruit; 
calyx closed; basin rather abrupt, quite deep, slightly plaited; flesh 
white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, inclining to sweet; 
quality very good; core small. Ripe February, March. 

BUSHNELL. 

Originated in the garden of General Andrew Bushnell, Hartford, 
Ohio, many years since. Tree hardy, a moderate grower, spreading; 
an early and prolific bearer on alternate years. 



THE APPLE. 79 

Fruit rather below medium, oblate, slightly angular; skin whitish 
yellow, having a few small gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity me- 
dium; calyx open; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh white, 
fine, tender, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; very good; core rather 
small. Season August and September. 

Cakada Baxdwin". 

This beautiful apple is said to have originated, some years since, 
in the orchard of Alexis Dery, St. Hilaire, in Rowville County, Prov- 
ince of Quebec, and is probably of the Fameuse type. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, thrifty grower, upright at first, gradually spreading with 
age and bearing; it begins to bear rather early, giving heavy and 
light crops on alternate years; it is a handsome fruit, of very good 
quality; it is considered one of the most valuable, long-keeping ap- 
ples of its locality, both for market and family use; it is said to suc- 
ceed best on heavy soils, while on light, warm soils, and sudden 
changes of temperature, the trunk is apt to sun-scald, which often 
causes premature decay. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, slightly angular; skin quite 
white, thickly striped and splashed with rich red and crimson, pur- 
plish crimson where fully exposed, having a slight bloom, and many 
white dots; stalk short to medium, slender; cavity rather large, 
deep, regular; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh very white, fine, sometimes a little stained next the skin, 
and sometimes veined in the flesh, tender, juicy, refreshing, with a 
mild subacid, peculiar slight quince-like flavor; very good; core 
small. Season January, April. 

Cakpeistter's Sweet. 

An old variety which originated on the lands of Ephraim Car- 
penter, of Woodstock, Conn. Tree a thrifty grower, upright; comes 
rather early into bearing, and produces large crops alternate years; 
its size, color, and flavor make it valuable for home use or market. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate conic; skin pale yellow, 
striped with light and dark red nearly over the whole surface, but 
quite thinly, with a few brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity me- 
dium or rather large, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed; basin 
medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, with a 
mild, pleasant, rich, sweet flavor; very good; core medium. Ripe in 
September, and continues in use till November. 

Caepentix. 
Carpentin Reinette. Petite Reinette Grise. 

Of German origin. Tree a moderate grower, forming a round, 
open head, producing moderate crops annually, often growing in 
clusters ; fruit of small size, but regular, handsome, and of fine qual- 
ity; valuable as an amateur fruit, and when well known will, no 
doubt, be in demand for the market. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly angular, nearly regular, entirely coV' 



80 THE APPLE. 

ered with a peculiar light red russet, more or less mixed with crimson 
and russet where exposed, and a few brown dots; stalk short to 
medium, slender; cavity medium, or rather large, regular; calyx 




Carpentin. 

closed; basin round, rather deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, with a rich, sprightly subacid flavor; very good; 
core small. November, February. 

Centennial. 

An old variety which originated on the farm of Stephen Child, 
East Woodstock, Conn., but was not brought into notice till quite 
recently. Tree a thrifty upright grower, somewhat spreading, an 
abundant bearer on alternate years; fruit always fair, handsome, and 
desirable for home use or market. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conic, slightly angular; 
skin yellow, shaded with light and dark red, striped and splashed 
with crimson over the entire surface, and purplish crimson in the 
sun, with a few light dots; stalk rather short, small; cavity medium, 
much russeted, sometimes extending its rays out on the fruit; calyx 
closed; basin rather large, deep, corrugated; flesh white, sometimes 
a little stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, subacid, with a 
pleasant, refreshing flavor; very good; core large. Season Novem- 
ber, December. 

There is another Centennial which originated with J. Z. Schu- 
man, of Upper Berne, Pa., which he states is a new apple, and pro< 
duced its first fruit in 1875. Tree is vigorous, healthy, and a good 
bearer; the fruit is large, handsome, striped with red, of an aromatio 
flavor, and keeps through the winter. 

Clark. 

Lewis. 

An old variety, but little known out of the neighborhood of its 
origin; it was raised from seed by Deacon William Clark, of Clark's 
Green, Pa. Tree a vigorous grower, spreading, and inclining to 



THE APPLE. 81 

droop with over-bearing; an^ early and profuse bearer on alternate 
years; it is said to be uniformly fair, very productive, adapted to 
all purposes, and for a long time, which makes it a favorite and 
popular fruit where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly angular, slightly conic; skin whit- 
ish, often with a blush, and moderately sprinkled with grayish dots; 
stalk short; cavity small or medium, rather deep, light russet; calyx 
closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, 
crisp, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, with a pleasant, slightly 
aromatic flavor; core rather large. Ripening in succession from 
September to January, and can be kept much longer. 

COLTJMBIA. 
Hyde. Columbia Hyde. Granny Hyde. 

Originated on the farm of Nathaniel Hyde, Columbia, Conn., 
about fifty years since. Tree a vigorous grower, upright, with 
a round top, and long, pendent, rather slender branches; a good 
bearer on alternate years, with a moderate crop the intervening 
ones, and is considered, in its locality, valuable for home use and 
for market. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin light yellow, shaded, striped 
and splashed with light and dark red over the whole surface, some 
of the splashes are of a purplish crimson, and a few light dots; stalk 
quite short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; basin medium, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, rather firm, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid; good or very good in quality; core mediu^m. 
January to March. 

Cornwall Golden Sweet. 

This is supposed to have originated in Cornwall, Vt..,. with a 
Mr. Bartholomew, one of the old settlers, many years since.. Tree- 
very hardy, a vigorous grower, round head, somewhat spre-adiagj, an 
abundant bearer on alternate years; a late fall and early winter ap-> 
pie, fair, uniform in size, and very valuable for culinary purposes^. 

Fruit rather below medium, ovate, or roundish conical;; skin 
deep yellow, a shade of red in the sun, and a few scattering brown, 
dots; stalk short, small; cavity small, slight russet; calyx, small, 
closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, halt 
tender, moderately juicy, mild rich sweet; very goodj core niedium.. 
October, December. 

Dawes. 
Dawes Porter. Dawes Nonsuch. 

The Dawes apple is an old variety, originated on the farm of 
Francis H. Dawes, of Cummington, Mass., where it is much culti- 
vated, and is considered by some superior to the Porter. Tree 
hardy, a vigorous grower, making a large round head; not an early 
bearer, but, when fruiting, bears profusely on alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical; skin light yellow, a shade 
of light purplish red, and sometimes a few rather obscure splashed 



82 



THE APPLE. 



and a few scattering gray dots; stalk rather short, slender; cavity 
medium, slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin small, slightly cor- 
rugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, half tender, juicy, sprightly 
subacid, and of very good quality; core medium. October, Novem- 
ber. 

Decarie. 

A very handsome and very good apple, said to have originated 
in the orchard of Jeremie Decarie, in Coteau, St. Pierre, Province of 
Quebec, and is more than one hundred years old. Tree hardy, 
vigorous, healthy, forming an erect head, which spreads out grad- 
ually, and bears heavy and light crops alternately; it is thought by 
some to be the same as the Red Autumn Calville, but I believe it to 
be distinct. 

Fruit medium, or nearly so, oblate, slightly conical, flattened at 
the base; skin white, nearly covered with light and dark rich red, 




Decarie. 

dark crimson in the sun, moderately sprinkled with light and 
brown dots, and covered with a thin grayish bloom; stalk short, 
rather stout; cavity large, deep, slightly russeted; calyx closed; 
basin round, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh quite white, often 
stained next the skin, and sometimes in the flesh, fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, having a slight peculiar, quince-like, agree- 
able flavor; core small. September, October. 



De Long. 
Iowa. 



The original tree of this variety was grown by William De Long, 
near Lexington, Iowa, It is said to be hardy, thrifty and vigorous, 
forming a roundish regular head; an earlj^ and productive bearer, a 
good dessert apple, and fine for culinary uses. 



THE APPIiE. 83 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin whitish, 
thickly covered with broken splashes and stripes of bright red, some- 
what mottled; stalk medium; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; 
basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid; core medium. Ripens the last of Septem- 
ber and first of October. 

De. Hogg. 

A new apple raised from seed by Sidney Ford, of Leonardslee, 
near Horsham, England, and is supposed to be a seedling of White 
Winter Calville, as the resemblance is close. It is said to be hardy, 
healthy, and should be in any kitchen garden, as a constant and 
heavy cropper, being a large and handsome fruit of the finest quality 
for culinary purposes. 

Fruit medium, roundish conical, angular or ribbed; skin whitish 
or pale yellow, sometimes a shade of red where exposed; stalk me- 
dium, slender, in a rather large, deep cavity; flesh white, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, rich, a first-rate baking apple. September 
to March. (Flo. & Pom.) 

De. Walkee. 

Litsey. 

This is a seedling of Rawles' Genet, and originated on the farm 
of John Litsey, near Springfield, Ky. It is said to be superior 
in quality to its parent, and an acquisition for its locality. Tree 




hardy, vigorous, an early and good bearer annually. It blooms late, 
and keeps well. 

Fruit medium, oblate, inclining to conical, sometimes a little 
oblique; skin pale yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light 
and dark red nearly over the whole surface, and moderately sprinkled 



84 THE APPLE. 

with light dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium; calyx closed; 
basin rather large, moderately deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, quite rich, with a pleasant, mild 
subacid flavor; core rather small. February to May. 

DOYLESTOWN. 

Origin somewhat uncertain, but supposed to be on the farm of 
Elisha Lynn, Otsego, near Doylestown, Wis. The tree is said 
to be very hardy, moderately vigorous, with long, rather slender, 
tough branches, upright at first, but spreads out with age and bear- 
ing, requiring but little pruning; an early and good bearer annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, nearly regular ; skin 
whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark red over 
most of the surface, and moderately sprinkled with large and small 
yellowish dots, some irregular; stalk short to medium, slender; cavity 
medium, much russeted, and sometimes extending out on the fruit; 
calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh fine, quite 
white, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, with a peculiar slight cran- 
berry flavor; core large. October, February. 

Edelkonig Reitstette. 
Reinette Edelkonig. Edelkonig. Roi Tres Noble. 

A German apple much valued for culinary uses. Tree very vig- 
orous, upright, productive. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate conic, broadly ribbed; skin yellow, 
nearly covered with dark rich red, sometimes almost purplish in the 
sun, moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk rather short; cavity 
large, deep, slig'ht russet; calyx closed; basin medium, furrowed; 
flesh quite white, a little stained next the skin, tender, juicy, brisk 
subacid; good to very good; core large. October, November. 

Egyptiak QuEEisr. 

Origin unknown, supposed to be Kentucky. Tree vigorous, up- 
right, a good annual bearer, and esteemed valuable where known. 

Fruit large, oblate, slightly conical, sometimes a little oblique, 
angular, or slightly ribbed; skin smooth, bright lemon yellow, some- 
what waxen, sometimes with a shade of bright red, and a few gray 
dots; stalk very short, small; cavity large, deep, often russeted; 
calyx closed or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh 
white, a little coarse, crisp, juicy, pleasant subacid; good to very 
good; core small. January to May. 

EUEEKA. 

Origin somewhat uncertain, but supposed to be Cheshire, Conn. 
Tree thrifty, upright, rather slender branches, forming a handsome 
round head; an early and prolific bearer on alternate years, and 
esteemed in its locality for market or home use. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin whitish, 
shaded, striped, and splashed with pale and dark red; stalk short, 



THE APPLE. 85 

small; cavity small; calyx closed; basin small, corrugated; flesh 
white, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, and of very good flavor; 
core medium. September, October. 

Fall Brown. 
Brown Fall. 

Of unknown origin, considerably grown in southern New Jersey, 
and is prized as a family fruit. Tree moderately vigorous, with a 
round spreading head, very productive biennially, and giving a 
moderate crop the intervening years. 

Fruit below medium, oblate; skin whitish, nearly covered with 
dull red, sometimes nettings of grayish russet, some obscure stripes 
and splashes, and a few yellow russet dots; stalk medium, slender; 
cavity medium, often slight russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather 
small, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, fine, tender, moderately 
juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; good to very good. September, No- 
vember. 

Fameuse Suckle. 

This beautiful and excellent dessert apple is said to have origi- 
nated on the premises of Maurice Gougen, near Montreal, Canada, 
and its appearance indicates Fameuse parentage. Tree quite hardy, 




Fameuse Suor^e. 



healthy, growth of moderate vigor, upright, spreads a little with age 
and bearing; a good but not a profuse bearer, and is highly esteemed 
as a table fruit where known. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblate, somewhat depressed, slightly 
angular; skin almost entirely covered with light and dark red and 



86 THE APPLE. 

crimson, often striped and splashed with deep purplish red on tho 
exposed side, and sometimes almost obscure; stalk medium to long, 
slender; cavity medium; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly 
corrugated; flesh very white, stained next the skin, sometimes a little 
in the flesh, which is fine, tender, moderately juicy, with a delicate, 
lively, slight quince-like flavor; of very good quality; core rather 
small. Ripens from the middle of September to the last of October. 

FOENET. 
Perkins. Fleming. 

An old variety, which has not been much disseminated, and is 
said to have originated in Burke County, N. C, but the particular 
locality is unknown. Tree vigorous, upright, and bears abundantly 
nearly every year. It is much esteemed where known for its ap- 
pearance, excellent flavor, and market value. 

Fruit rather large, roundish, inclining to oblon'g, slightly conical, 
a little oblique; skin whitish, shaded, striped and splashed with light 
and dark red, covered with many small and large light dots, a few 
being areole; stalk short, rather small; cavity medium, rather narrow, 
deep; calyx closed; basin quite large, round, slightly plaited; flesh 
white, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, mild, pleasant subacid; 
quality very good; core medium. October, November. 

French Wine. 

This large apple was brought to notice by David H. Merritt, of 
Highland, N. Y., who informs me that the grafts were brought from 
Germany, where it was called " French Wine," by a man named 
Elickhoof, living in the northern part of New Jersey. Tree a strong, 
vigorous grower, making a round head; an early and abundant 
bearer on alternate years; the fruit is large, fair, uniform in size, and 
a profitabla apple for culinary purposes and market. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly angular; skin smooth, 
whitish, shaded with light and dark red, striped and splashed with 
crimson over a large portion of the surface, with many light dots; 
stalk short, rather small; cavity broad, deep, slight russet; calyx 
closed; basin broad, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, a little 
coarse, crisp, juicy, sprightly subacid; of good quality, but not rich; 
core medium. September, October. 

Golden Dixie. 

Originated on the farm of James Fitz, Township of Rivanna, 
Va. Tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, forming a handsome pyramidal 
head, requiring but little pruning; an early and abundant bearer 
on alternate years. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin 
light golden yellow, deep yellow on the sunny side; stalk short, 
small; cavity medium, often with slight russet; calyx small, closed ;~ 
basin rather abrupt, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, 
half fine, a little firm, juicy, brisk, rich subacid, slightly aromatic; good 
to very good; core small. Ripe about the time of Summer Queen. 



THR APPLE. 



87 



Golden Pippin. 

A variety of the Golden Pippin which originated with Moses 
Cason, of Kempsville, Va., many years since. It is said to be one 
of the kinds that succeed well in that locality, and is esteemed there 
for its good quality and productiveness. Tree a vigorous, healthy 
grower, making a large round head; an early and prolific bearer 
on alternate years. 

Fruit small, oblate, slightly conical, a little oblique; skin golden 
yellow, moderately sprinkled with gray dots; stalk short, small; 
cavity rather large, deep, often a little russet; calyx small, closed; 
basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, quite rich, slightly aromatic and of very 
good quality; core small. October, January. 

Golden Spy. 

A new variety raised from seed of the Northern Spy, by O. T. 
Hobbs, of Randolph, Pa. Mr. Hobbs says that the tree is a very stout 
and very upright grower; it is late coming into bearing, but bears 
moderate crops annually when the tree has attained some age; the 
fruit is of very good quality, and a late keeper. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; 
skin pale yellow, orange yellow in the sun, and a few small grayish 
dots; stalk very short; cavity rather large, deep; calyx open; basin 
medium, rather deep, a little uneven ; flesh whitish, half fine, crisp, 
tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, and of very good quality; core 
medium. February, April. 

GuiLEORD Red. 
Origin near Green sborough, Guilford County, N. C, on the 




G-ullford Red. 



Edwards plantation. Tree a thrifty, strong, upright grower, some- 



88 THE APPLE. 

what spreading, not a very early bearer, but produces good crops 
annually after it comes into bearing; it is valued for its good qual- 
ity and late keeping. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin 
pale yellow, entirely covered with light and dark rich red and crim- 
son (purplish crimson where fully exposed), and moderately sprin- 
kled with yellowish dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity rather 
large, deep, sometimes slightly russeted; calyx closed; basin me- 
dium, corrugated; flesh pale yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, sub- 
acid, rich, a little aromatic; core medium. January, March. 

Hames. 

A seedling raised by Henry S. Hames, West Point, Ga., and 
is said to be a valuable variety of its season for its locality, espe- 
cially for the market and all kinds of culinary uses. Tree a vigor- 
ous grower, upright, making a round head with age; an early and 
good bearer annually, ripening about the season of Red Astrachan. 

Fruit large, roundish, or roundish oblate; skin whitish, striped, 
splashed and mottled with light and dark red over most of the sur- 
face in well-colored specimens (purplish red where fully exposed), 
and moderately sprinkled with 3'^ellowish and brown dots; stalk 
short, small; cavity rather large; calyx closed; basin medium, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, rather firm, juicy, brisk 
subacid; quality good; core medium. Ripens in Georgia from 15th 
of June to 15th of July. 

Highland Beauty. 

A new variety which originated in the garden of the late William 
Roe, Newburgh, N. Y. ; it is a beautiful apple, of very good quality, 




Highland Beauty. 



keeps well, and is a promising addition for the dessert. Tree thrifty, 
moderately vigorous, forming a round head; an abundant bearer on 
alternate years, Avith a light crop the non-bearing season. 

Fruit small to medium, oblate, slightly conical, somewhat angu- 



THE A^PLE. 



89 



lar; skin smooth, almost waxen white, often a shade of bright red 
or carmine in the sun, and a few scattering grayish dots; stalk short 
to medium; cavity broad, deep, sometimes a little russet; calyx 
closed; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh white, fine, crisp, ten- 
der, juicy, mild, refreshing subacid flavor, of very good quality; 
core rather small. Season January, March. 

iMPERiAii Rambo. 

A new variety raised by O. T. Hobbs, of Randolph, Pa. Tree 
a strong grower, spreading; a regular and moderate bearer; a 
late fall and early winter apple of fine quality. 

Fruit medium, oblate, oblique, slightly angular; skin smooth, 




Imperial Eambo. 

whitish yellow, rather thinly striped and splashed with light red 
over most of the surface, with a few scattering light and grayish 
dots; stalk very short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx small, 
closed; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, very 
tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing and excellent flavor; core 
small. October, February. 

Johnson. 

This fine winter apple was raised from seed by Thomas Johnson, 
Ash Ridge, 111., and is said to be equal to any apple of its season 
for quality, and for the locality of its origin. Tree a vigorous, up- 
right grower, an early and good bearer annually, and valuable for 
table and market. 

Fruit medium, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique, regular; skin 
pale yellow at maturity, nearly covered with deep rich red or dark 
crimson, somewhat purplish in the sun, and moderately sprinkled 
with light and gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium or 
rather large, russeted; calyx closed; basin broad, not very deep, 



90 THE APPLE. 

slightly plaited; flesh yellowish, half fine, a little firm, moderately 
juicy, mild subacid, rich, and of excellent quality; core small. 
December to March. 




Johnson. 

July Queen. 

A new variety which originated in the nursery of Newman 
Taunton, near Ophelia, Ga. Tree a vigorous grower, somewhat 
spreading, not a very early, but a good bearer every year; it ripens 
soon after the Gravenstein, and is considei-ed an acquisition in the 
locality of its origin. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly conical; skin pale yellow, a little 
greenish, striped and splashed rather thinly and faintly over half the 
surface in exposed specimens, and but little color where grown in 
the shade, with a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small, some- 
times by a lip; cavity rather small, russeted; calyx closed,^ or nearly 
so; basin rather small, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, half fine, ten- 
der, juicy, mild, pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic, and of very good 
quality; core small. Ripens in Georgia from the middle of July till 
tho 20th of August. 

Kestnee. 

A new apple originated with Marcus Kestner, Hickman, Ky. 
Tree thrifty, vigorous, upright, tall, but spreading and irregular; 
an early and good bearer annually, and is considered a valuable 
acquisition for the locality of its origin. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat flattened at the ends, slightly 
oblique; skin whitish yellow, nearly covered with pale carmine red, 
many rather obscure stripes and splashes of a darker hue, and a few 
light and gray dots; stalk very short, small; cavity medium, slight 
russet; calyx closed or nearly so; basin rather large, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, rich subacid; quality 
very good; core small. Season December to March. 



THE APPLE. 



91 



Key's Red. 

A new variety which originated with tlie late Martin Key, of 
Clay Brook, Tenn., and is said to be an acquisition for the locality 
of its origin. Tree hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, spreading, and 
bears good crops annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, sometimes a little 
oblique; skin pale greenish yellow, nearly covered with dark red, 
and many rather large yellowish areole dots; stalk short, small; 
cavity medium, rather deep, russeted; calyx open; basin rather 
large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic; core small. Ripens from October to Febru- 
ary. 

Ki]s"G Sweet. 



Summer Sweet, of some. 



Thomas Sweet. 



High Top Sweet, of some. 



Originated on the farm of Ichabod Thomas, Sidney, Me, Tree 
a hardy, thrifty grower, upright, compact, and requires much inside 
pruning, bears abundantly on alternate years; esteemed in its locality 
as an early family fruit. 

Fruit below medium, roundish conical, inclining to oblong; skin 
greenish yellow, often a shade of pale red; stalk short, small; cavity 
medium; calyx closed; basin rather deep; flesh half fine, whitish, 
juicy, half tender, rich honey sweet; core rather small. September, 
November. 

KiNKEAD. 

This large, beautiful, and fine summer apple originated on the 




grounds of J. C. Kinkead, Lancaster, Ohio. Tree a vigorous, stout, 
upright grower, producing good crops annually. This apple was at 



92 THE APPLE. 

first supposed to be the Western Beauty, or Big Rambo, but it has 
proved to be distinct, being of better quality, brighter in color, and 
earlier in ripening. 

Fruit large, oblate to round oblate; skin whitish, striped, splashed 
and mottled with light and dark rich red over nearly the whole sur- 
face, and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, moder- 
ately stout; cavity large, sometimes with slight russet; calyx closed 
or nearly so; basin large, deep, nearly smooth; flesh white, half fine, 
tender, juicy, mild subacid, refreshing; quality very good; core 
small. Season all the month of September. 

KlEKLAKD. 

An old variety, but little disseminated out of its locality; it 
originated on the Kirkland farm, and was named after Dominie 
Kirkland, a missionary to the Oneida Indians. Tree hardy, a vigor- 
ous grower, with a round, rather spreading head; an early and good 
bearer annually, but more abundantly on alternate years; fruit not 
of the best quality, but valuable for its hardiness, productiveness, 
late keeping, market and culinary uses. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to oblong, angular, 
or almost ribbed; skin smooth, bright straw color, a shade of pale 
red where exposed to the sun, and a few small brownish dots; 
stalk short, small; cavity medium, a little uneven; calyx closed; 
basin medium, somewhat furrowed or angled; flesh whitish yellow, 
half fine, crisp, half tender, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor; core 
large. January to May. 

Knapp's Haevey. 

Originated on the farm of Capt. Rufus Knapp, Sutton, Mass. 
Tree vigorous, spreading, inclining to droop; a good bearer annually. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate to round oblate, very slightly 
conical; skin pale yellow, or light straw color, a shade of pale red 
in the sun, and many grayish dots; stalk short, moderately stout; 
cavity large, deep, often five angled, and a little greenish; calyx 
open; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh whitish yellow, rather 
coarse, moderately juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, slightly aromatic, 
and of good quality; core medium, or rather large. September, 
October. 

Lakkfoed, 

Vickers. 

A chance seedling on the land of Thomas J. Vickers, Lankford, 
Md., and is much valued in that locality for its vigor, hardiness, 
productiveness, good quality, and adaptedness to that latitude. 
Tree vigorous, upright, with rather slender, firm branches, forming 
a round head, and bearing good crops annually. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, sides sometimes un- 
equal, or a little oblique, often flattened at the ends; skin pale 
green, shaded with pale and dark red over half or more of its sur- 
face, and moderately sprinkled with large light and grayish dots — ■ 



THE APPLE. 



93 



many areole; stalk rather short, slender; cavity large, deep, green- 
ish; calyx closed, or partially open; basin large, rather deep, slightly 




corrugated; flesh whitish, a little coarse, tender, moderately juicy, 
mild subacid, inclining to sweet; core small. December, May. 

Laege Summer Queen. 

This fine large summer apple is supposed to be of North Caro- 
lina origin, but the exact locality is not known. The tree is said to 
be very vigorous, upright at first, but, with age, spreading and ir- 
regular; in the orchard an early and abundant annual bearer, and 
valuable in its locality for its time of- ripening, which is about the 
time of the American Summer Pearmain. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin 
pale greenish yellow, shaded, splashed and mottled with pale red, 
and moderately sprinkled with large, light, yellowish dots, a few 
being areole; stalk very short, moderately stout; cavity rather 
large, deep, smooth; calyx closed; basin quite large, deep, nearly 
smooth; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, rich, mild subacid, slightly 
aromatic; very good; core medium. Ripens in North Carolina from 
the last of July till the first of September. 

Lincoln Pippin. 

An old variety, said to have been brought from Connecticut, many 
years since, to Syracuse, N. Y., by a Mr. Knapp, and lately brought 
into notice by the late Reuben Lincoln, whose name it bears, the 
original name being lost. Tree a tall vigorous grower, making a 



94 



THE APPLE. 



large, open, spreading head; an early and good bearer annually, but 
large crops on alternate years; and being hardy, healthy, long-lived, 
and the fruit of good appearance, large, fair, and uniform in size, 
makes it valuable for market or family use. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly 




Lincoln Pippin. 

angular, sides sometimes a little unequal; skin pale greenish yellow, 
moderately sprinkled with grayish dots; stalk short to long, slen- 
der; cavity large, deep; calyx small, closed; basin small or medium, 
slightly corrugated; flesh half fine, pale whitish yellow, tender, 
juiey, subacid, slightly aromatic; very good; core rather large. 
October, December. 

Longwoeth's Red Winter. 

Originated vs^ith William Longworth, Dubuque, Iowa, who writes 
that the tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, with a roundish head, in- 
clining to be upright; an early and good bearer annually, but larger 
crops on alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate conical, regular; skin whitish 
yellow, shaded, striped and splashed with light and dark rich red 
over most of the surface, and thickly sprinkled with light dots; stalk 
medium, slender; cavity rather large, smooth; calyx closed or nearly 
so; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, sometimes 
veins of red around the core, tender, juicy, mild subacid, having a 
slight peculiar quince-like flavor; very good. November, February, 



the apple. 
Maggie's Favorite. 



95 



King of the Eambos. 

An old variety originating on the farm of Anson Purple^ West- 
field, Penn., and although a first-class summer and fall apple, it 
appears not to have been widely disseminated out of the neighbor- 
hood of its origin. Tree a vigorous grower, making a large spreading 
head, bearing very full crops on alternate years. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, nearly regular; skin 




Maggie's Favorite. 

pale yellow at full maturity, shaded with light red, having short 
stripes and splashes of dark red over half or more of the surface, 
and many large yellowish and brown dots, a portion being areole; 
stalk short, rather stout; cavity medium, regular, slight greenish 
russet; calyx open; basin medium, roundish, deep; flesh whitish, 
fine, tender, juicy, very pleasant subacid, slightly aromatic and very 
good quality; core small or medium. Ripens in September and 
keeps well. 

Maky Womack. 

John W. Walker, of Anchorage, Ky., who sends specimens of 
this apple, writes that it is a chance seedling on the farm of 
George Womack, near Middletown, Ky., and named for his wife 
by the Kentucky Horticultural Society. It is evidently a seedling 
of the Rambo, the color, form of fruit, and habit of the tree in- 
dicate it, yet it is a mild sweet apple of first quality; it ripens in 
Kentucky in August and September, or just after the Porter and 
Gravenstein. Tree a thrifty grower, bears full crops on alternate 
years, and a moderate crop intervening. 

Fruit medium, oblate, somewhat depressed, nearly regular; skin 



96 THE APPLE. 

whitish, faintly striped and splashed with pale and bright red where 
exposed to the sun, and thickly sprinkled with small and large ir- 
regular brown dots; stalk short, rather small; cavity large, deep, a 




Mary Womack. 

little uneven; calyx small, closed; basin large, saucer-like form, 
slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, moder- 
ately juicy, mild rich sweet; quality very good; core medium. 

Mercer. 

The origin of this apple appears to be unknown. W. H. Lewis, 
of Pike County, Miss., writes that it was obtained by the late Jere- 
miah Smith, a successful fruit-grower on Bogue Chitto River, from a 
Baptist minister by the name of Mercer, many years ago, but where 
he procured the grafts is not known. It is more highly esteemed 
where known than any apple ripening at the same season. Tree a 
thrifty, strong, upright grower, forming a round head; an early and 
abundant bearer nearly every year. 

Fruit medium, oblate, nearly regular; skin whitish, shaded and 
streaked with light and dark red rather thinly over half or more of 
the surface, and a few light dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather 
large, slightly russetted; calyx large, open; basin large, deep, par- 
tially plaited; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild, rich subacid; 
quality very good; core small and close. Ripening all the month of 
July in Mississippi, or at the same time with the Horse apple. 

Moser's Sweet. 

Originated on the farm of Michael Moser, Cloverdale, Ind., the 
tree having been obtained as a seedling from the nursery of Mr. 
Duncan. The tree is said to be a vigorous grower, with rather slen- 
der branches, making a round spreading head, and producing good 
crops on alternate years; it is much valued by those who know it 
for its uniform size, fine appearance, home use, and for market. 



THE APPLE. 



97 



Fruit medium, oblate, a little oblique; skin smooth, bright yel- 
low, with a few scattering brown dots; stalk short, rather small; 
cavity large, deep; calyx nearly closed; basin quite large, a little 
uneven; flesh whitish, half fine, half tender, moderately juicy, sweet 
and rich; core small. December to March. 

MosHEB Sweet. 

Originated in the orchard of Ephraim Mosher, Washington, N. 
Y., many years since. Tree very hardy, thrifty, vigorous, making a 
large spreading head; a good, but not prolific bearer; not a valua- 
ble market fruit, but desirable for those who like a good sweet apple 
either for eating or cooking. 

Fruit medium, oblate conical, angular, often considerably ribbed; 
skin pale yellow; stalk medium, rather stout; cavity large, deep; 
calyx closed; basin narrow, deep, much corrugated or ribbed; flesh 
white, half fine, moderately juicy, mild, rich, sweet, aromatic; core 
medium. Season all of October. 

Mother's Favorite. 
Smith's Favorite. Big Tree. 

A large, showy summer apple, raised by Patrick W. Smith, Han- 
overton, Ohio; and his son, L. L. Smith, Brooklyn, Iowa, writes that 
the tree is hardy, a vigorous grower, making a large round-headed 
tree; requires very little pruning, and producing full crops on alter- 
nate years. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin 
bright yellow, sometimes pale red in the sun, a few brown dots, and 
many obscure light ones; stalk short, small; cavity large, deep, a 
little uneven; calyx small, closed; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; 
flesh pale yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, sprightly subacid, aro- 
matic; of very good quality, and one of the best for culinary uses; 
core small. Season September. 

Mountain Beautt. 

Originated with the late Stephen Ferguson, near Keswick Depot, 
Va. Tree vigorous, with stout shoots, spreading, bearing abundantly 
on alternate years; it is a beautiful apple, and said to be much es- 
teemed in the locality of its origin. ■ 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, somewhat depressed; skin smooth, 
whitish, shaded with light and dark rich red (purplish red where 
exposed), with some obscure stripes and splashes on the shaded side, 
and many light dots, a few being areole; stalk very short, moderately 
stout; cavity broad, moderately deep, russetted; basin broad, not 
very deep, smooth; flesh white, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, 
inclining to sweet; quality very good; core small. December, Jan- 
uary. 

Norton Pippin. 
The Norton Pippin originated with James Brewington, of Free- 
dom, Ky. Tree thrifty, a moderate grower, making a rounds rather 



98 THE APPLE. 

close head; an early and prolific bearer on alternate years, and a light 
crop intervening. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, flattened at the ends, sides 
sometimes a little unequal, nearly regular; skin whitish yellow, 
shaded with light and dark red over nearly the whole surface, with 
some obscure stripes and splashes, and moderately sprinkled with 




Norton's Pippin. 

light dots — a few areole; stalk short to medium, small; cavity me- 
dium, often slight russet or greenish; calyx closed, or nearly so* 
basin large, round, deep, slightly plaited; flesh white, half fine, ten- 
der, juicy, pleasant subacid, rich; very good; core rather small, 
November, December. 

On"stinb Greening. 

Of uncertain origin, supposed to be Ohio; introduced by Seth A. 
Bushnell, of Oberlin, Ohio, who states that the tree is a vigorous 
grower, somewhat irregular, spreading open head, bearing good 
crops annually, and although not a first class table apple, it is of 
good quality; being a very late keeper, retaining its firmness and 
freshness to the last, makes it valuable for market and culinary pur- 
poses. 

Fruit medium, oblate to round oblate, slightly conical, a little 
angular, often slightly ribbed; skin greenish yellow, moderately 
sprinkled with grayish and greenish dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
rather large, sometimes slight russet; calyx open; basin rather shal- 
low, corrugated, or with small ribs; flesh whitish yellow, quite firm, 
moderately juicy, mild subacid; core medium. January to June. 



the apple. 99 

Oxford. 

Originated in an old garden on the farm of John E. Morgan, of 
Oxford, Ind. Tree hardy, vigorous, upright, spreading with age; 
an early bearer, producing good crops annually; it is said to be 
valuable for its hardiness, keeping, and quality of the fruit. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, sometimes sides 
unequal; skin pale yellow, covered with light red on the shaded 
side, dark crimson in the sun, mixed and spotted with gray, and 
many yellowish, conspicuous dots — a few being areole; stalk very 
short, small, often by a lip; cavity large, deep, thin russet; calyx 
small, closed, or nearly so; basin rather large, slightly corrugated; 
flesh whitish yellow, half fine, rather firm, juicy, mild subacid, a lit- 
tle aromatic, and quite rich; core rather small. January, March. 

Palmek Apple. 
Pear Apple. 

An old variety, of uncertain origin, but supposed to have origi- 
nated in Washington County, Ga., and said to be little known out 
of its locality, where it is much esteemed for its quality, market 
value, and home use in its season, which is a week or two later than 
Red Astrachan. Tree moderately vigorous, spreading, producing 
moderate crops annually. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly conical; skin 
light yellow, streaked and splashed with pale red rather thinly over 
most of the surface, and sprinkled with numerous rather large light 
dots; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity medium, slight russet; 
calyx closed, or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly plaited; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fine, a little firm, juicy, pleasant subacid, 
slightly aromatic; core medium. Ripens the middle of June in 
Central Georgia. 

Peach Blow. 

Originated on the farm of Davis Jumper, Dexter, Me, Tree 
hardy, healthy, and vigorous, forming a wide, rather low-spreading 
head, bearing large crops on alternate years, with a light one inter- 
vening; use, culinary and market. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, slightly conical, nearly regular; 
some specimens angular; skin smooth, deep yellow at maturity, a 
shade of pale brownish red where exposed, moderately sprinkled 
with gray dots, and sometimes nettings of russet; stalk short to 
medium, slender; cavity rather large, russetted; calyx open; basin 
rather large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh pale whitish yellow, 
half fine, half tender, moderately juicy, subacid, slightly aromatic, 
and of good quality; core medium. Ripens from the middle of Oc- 
tober to the middle of November. 

Peae Pippin. 

The origin of this apple is somewhat uncertain, but it is said to 
have originated on the farm of the late Thomas Baldwin, near 
Hightstown, N, J., and considered, where known, a valuable fall 



100 THE APPLE. 

apple for its fairness, large size, and good bearing qualities, either 
for market or family use. Tree a healthy, free grower, making a 
round head; an early and abundant bearer nearly every year, 

Fruit large, roundish conical, inclining to oblong, slightly angu- 
lar; skin pale, greenish yellow, or pale yellow at full maturity, with 




Pear Pippin, 

many rather obscure light and green dots; stalk short to long, slen- 
der; cavity large, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed; basin 
large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, and good quality; core rather large, Sep- 
tember, 

Peasgood's Nonesuch. 

This beautiful apple was raised by Mr. Peasgood, of Stamford, 
England, and is a fine culinary or dessert apple, and is like a hand- 
some and highly-colored Blenheim Pippin. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate; skin yellow, overspread on the 
sunny side with red, and copiously streaked with bright darker 
crimson streaks; stalk short, deeply inserted; eye very large and 
open, set in a deep, round, and even basin; flesh yellowish, tender, 
very juicy, with an agreeable acid flavor, September, October 
(Hogg), 

Randolph Sweet, 

An accidental seedling on the farm of 0. T, Hobbs, Randolph, 
Pa, The tree is said to be vigorous, spreading; not an early, but a 
good bearer annually, when it has attained sufficient age; it is a 
late keeper. 



^ THE APPLE. 101 

Fruit medium or above, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin 
pale greenish yellow, a shade of red where exposed, some rather ob- 
scure splashes, and a few grayish dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
deep, rather narrow, slightly russetted; calyx small, closed; basin 
small, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, 
mild, rich, sweet; very good; core large. February, April. 

Ransom ok Red Streak, 

An old variety, which is said to have originated in Columbia, 
Conn., on the Piniieo farm. It is not widely known, but is valued 
by those who cultivate it; tree moderately vigorous, upright, some- 
what spreading, bears abundantly on alternate years, with light 
crops intervening. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, slightly angular; skin pale 
yellow, shaded, striped, splashed and mottled with light and dark 
red, with a few light and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
large, deep, often russeted, and sometimes extending out on the 
fruit; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh yel- 
lowish white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid, slightly aro- 
matic; very good; core medium. Season September. 

Red Bietigheimee. 

Of German origin, a large and handsome early autumn apple, 
valuable for market and culinary purposes. Tree a free grower, hav- 
ing large shining leaves, spreading; an abundant bearer on alternate 
years. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly conical, regular; skin 
smooth, whitish or whitish yellow, shaded with light and dark red, 
(purplish crimson where fully exposed to the sun,) sometimes ob- 
scure stripes and splashes, a few grayish and many rather indistinct 
light dots; stalk short, rather stout; cavity broad, deep, regular, 
often russeted; calyx closed, basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; 
flesh white, half fine, quite firm, juicy, with a brisk subacid flavor; 
core medium or rather large. Season September. 

Red Wikteb Sweet. 

Originated in the orchard of Gen. Isaac Sandford, Vermillion, 
111. Tree vigorous, spreading, not an early bearer, but abundant on 
alternate years, and a partial crop the intervening years; a late 
keeper. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, sometimes slightly oblique; skin 
pale 3'^ellow, shaded with light and dark dull brownish red, quite 
thickly sprinkled with large yellowish dots — many of them areole; 
stalk short, small; cavity large, slight russet; calyx open; basin 
large, deep, round; flesh yellowish, rather coarse, moderately juicy, 
rich, sweet, good; core small. January, April. 

ROBINSOK. 

Originated on the farm of Moses W. Robinson, near Burlington, 
Iowa. Tree hardy, thrifty, vigorous, forming a handsome round top, 



103 



THE APPLE. 



a little spreading, producing good crops annually; it is valued in its 
locality for hardiness, keeping, and good quality as a table apple. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, conical, sides sometimes 
a little unequal, slightly oblique, a little flattened at the base; skin 
pale greenish yellow, shaded with pale brownish red over one-third 
of its surface, and moderately sprinkled with light and brown dots; 
stalk short, slender; cavity medium, narrow, thinly russetted; calyx 
closed or nearly so; basin large, ■ deep, slightly corrugated; flesh 
whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, very mild subacid, or almost 
sweet, rather rich; quality very good; core rather small. January 
to March. 

St. Hilaiee. 

Cabane du Chien. Fameuse Baldwin (of some). 

This apple is said to have originated in the orchard of Alexis 
Dery, Province of Quebec, and is supposed to be a seedling of the 
Fameuse, which it much resembles in the color and form of the fruit, 
but is a little larger, more variable in size, beais nearly as early, 
and quite as heavily, keeps longer, will carry better, and is a favor- 




ite in the neighborhood of its origin ; tree as hardy as the Fameuse, 
and similar to it in gi-owth and bearing. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate or round oblate, very slightly coni- 
cal, skin smooth, white, shaded with light and dark red and crimson 
(purplish crimson in the sun), sometimes obscure splashes, and sprin- 
kled with a few light and brown dots, more and minute ones near 
the basin ; stalk short to medium, slender ; cavity medium, regular ; 



THE APPLE. 103 

calyx closed ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh quite 
white, line, tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, possessing a slight cran- 
berry flavor ; core small. November, January. 

Salome. 

A new variety, which originated on the grounds of Elias C. Hatha- 
way, Ottawa, 111. Tree said to be very hardy, healthy, vigorous; 
leaves large, thick and firm; young wood very dark, hard, and fine- 
grained; an upright grower, forming a round head with age; an early 
and good bearer annually, but more abundantly on alternate vears; 
the fruit adheres firmly until gathering time. Its hardiness, long 




keeping, good quality, uniform size, retaining its flavor quite late, 
even into summer, will no doubt make it valuable for the West and 
Northwest. 

Fruit rather below medium, roundish conical, slightly angular ; 
skin pale yellow, shaded with pale red, striped and splashed with. 
dark red over most of the surface, and thickly sprinkled with large 
and small light yellowish dots — a portion areole ; stalk short, rather 
small ; cavity quite large, deep, a little greenish ; calyx closed ; basin 
rather small, slightly plaited ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, 
juicy, mild subacid, slightly aromatic; very good ; core rather 
large. January, May. 

Sandeesojs". 

This handsome apple was found in an old field owned by Miss Ella 
M. Gray, near Holly Springs, Miss., and was introduced by Col. D. D. 
Sanders. Tree a moderate grower, somewhat spreading; a good an- 



104 THE APPLE, 

nual bearer, ripens just after the Red Astrachan, continues a long 
time in use, and is considered a valuable market variety for the lo- 
cality of its origin. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to oblong, slightly 
angular ; skin whitish, shaded, striped, and mottled, with light and 
dark red, some specimens entirely covered with deep red or crimson, 
and purplish red where fully exposed, having a light bloom, and 
many light dots — a few areole; stalk rather short, moderately stout; 
cavity medium, deep, sometimes slight russet ; calyx closed ; basin 
rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, sometimes a little 
stained next the skin, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasant subacid; core 
rather small. Season last of July to the 20th of August. 

Sauta. 

This apple is supposed to have originated in White County, 
Ga., on the banks of the Sauta River or Creek, and is said to be 
popular in its locality, and also in Mississippi and Alabama, for its 
long-keeping, where only a few varieties are known possessing this 
quality. Tree thrifty, moderately vigorous, branches rather slender, 
spreading, a regular and moderate bearer annually. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, a little oblique, sometimes sides 
unequal, angular ; skin smooth, light yellow or straw color, a few 
scattering gray dots ; stalk very short, moderately stout ; cavity 
medium, dull russet; calyx closed; basin rather large, round, quite 
deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good, but not high quality; core 
small. February, April. 

Shaffer. 
Schaeffer. Bender. 

Shaffer's Garden. White King. 

A very old variety, which is said to have originated with a Mr. 
Bender, near Philadelphia. Some forty years since, the late George 
Shaffer, of AUentown, Pa., obtained grafts and introduced it. Tree 
thrifty, very vigorous, making a large spreading top; an early and 
abundant bearer on alternate years; the fruit is large, fair, of uni- 
form size, and although not a first class table apple, is highly es- 
teemed, where known, as profitable for market and for culinary 
purposes. 

Fruit medium to large, or very large, oblate, very slightly coni- 
cal; skin smooth, pale greenish yellow, or whitish yellow, sometimes 
a blush in the sun, and a few gray dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx closed or nearly so; 
basin rather large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh white, half fine, 
tender, juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good quality; core medium. 
September, November. 

Shanjcon Pippin. 

The origin of this apple is disputed, some asserting that it is the 
Ohio Pippin, taken from Indiana to Arkansas by a Mr. Rector in 1833 J 



THE APPLE. 105 

others that it is a distinct variety. Mr. Richard Thurston, of Van 
Buren, Ark., writes that he has lived in tluit State over thirty years, is 
well acquainted with the apple, and that it is distinct from the Ohio 
Pippin; that Granville Shannon, some thirty-five years ago, bought 
of a tree-peddler near Evansville, i\.rk., a number of apple trees of 
various kinds, and when they fruited, the labels being lost, they 
Avere named Shannon Pippin, and there were several of this kind. 
The tree is said to be a strong, vigorous grower, of a spreading habit; 
not an early bearer, but when established produces good crops on 
alternate years, ripening in succession from September to Decem- 
ber, and is a popular and valuable apple in that locality. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, slightly conical; skin pale yel- 
low, deep yellow in the sun, and a few gray dots; stalk very short, 
moderately stout; cavity broad, deep, sometimes slight russet; calyx 
closed or nearly so; basin broad, moderately deep, slightly corru- 
gated; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, tender, mild sub- 
acid; good to very good; core smalL 

Sheriff. 
American Beatity (incorrectly). 

This was brought from Pennsylvania, many years since, by James 
Sheriff — hence its name, the true or original one having been lost. 
The tree is said to be vigorous and very hardy, one of the iron-clads; 
this tvith its crops of fair fruit, although not rich, makes it of value 
for a cold climate; the tree grows tall, with few branches, forming 
an open, somewhat spreading, symmetrical top; it comes early into 
bearing, and bears regular annual crops. 

P'ruit rather below medium, roundish oblate, flattened at the 
ends, nearly regular; skin pale yellow, nearly covered with light and 
dark red, with obscure stripes and splashes, and many small light 
dot's; stalk short; cavity small, russetted; calyx closed; basin large, 
deep, slightly corrugated; flesh whitish, fine, tender, juicy, mild sub- 
acid; pleasant flavor, but not rich; core small. December, February. 

Simmons' Red, 
Red Everlasting. 

The Simmons' Red originated vvith the late John W. Davis, near 
Perry, Houston County, Ga. Mr. Davis planted the seed about 1840. 
Tree a thrifty, upright, compact grower; an early bearer, and gives 
good crops nearly every year. It ripens in Georgia the end of 
June, continuing in use two or three months, and is considered one 
al their best summer apples. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate, slightly conical, sides sometimes a 
little unequal, slightly oblique; skin pale yellow, shaded with dark 
crimson where exposed to the sun, and on the opposite side rather 
obscurely striped and splashed with light and dark red, and pretty 
thickly sprinkled with yellowish russet dots, small, large, and irregu- 
lar in form; stalk short, small; cavity broad, deep, a little uneven, 
with light russet, sometimes extending out on the fruit in rays and 
blotches J calyx closed, or nearly so; basin round, deep, nearly smooth; 



106 . THE APPLE. 

flesh pale yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, slightly aro 
maticj quality very good; core rather small. 

Snepps. 
Snepps' Nonesuch. 

This fine apple is said to have originated near Edinburgh, Ind. 
Tree moderately vigorous, with short-jointed shoots, forming a round 
head, producing good crops of fair fruit of uniform size, which is high- 
ly prized by those who have grown it, both for the table and for culi- 
nary purposes. 

Fruit medium, oblate, angular, slightly oblique, or sides a little 
unequal; skin pale yellow to deep yellow, almost golden yellow in 
the sun, moderately sprinkled with gray and brown dots; stalk very 
short, quite small; cavity large, deep, sometimes with slight russet; 
calyx small, closed, or nearly so; basin medium, corrugated; flesh 
whitish yellow, fine, tender, juicy, mild subacid, rich, a little aro- 
matic, and inclining to saccharine; quality very good, at least; core 
small. December, February. 

Statman's Winesap. 

A seedling of the Winesap, originated with Dr. J. Stayman, Leav- 
enworth, Kansas. We give his description: "Tree very vigorous, 
open, irregular, spreading; wood very dark; dark heavy foliage; an 




Staymans Winesap. 



early and very abundant bearer; tree much in appearance like Wine- 
sap; fruit hangs well on the tree. 

" Fruit medium to large, heavy, oblate conical, regular; greenish 
yellow, mostly covered and indistinctly splashed, mixed and striped 
with dark dull red; dots medium, numerous, distinct gray; stem of 



THE APPLE. 



107 



medium length, slender; cavity wide, deep, much russetted, extend- 
ing, regular; calyx large, open, or half open, erect, large; basin rather 
narrow, abrupt, deep, furrowed; core medium; flesh yellow, firm, ten- 
der, juicy, rich, mild subacid, aromatic; quality best. Season Janu- 
ary to May." 

Stearns' Greening. 
Stearns' Winter Greening. 

This fine winter apple originated with Thomas Stearns, Jackson, 
Ind. Tree said to be very hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, mak- 
ing a round symmetrical head; an early, annual, and abundant bearer, 
and is highly esteemed where known. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly flattened at the ends, slightly an- 




Stearne' Greening. 



gular; skin pa-le green, with a pale blush of brown in the sun, and a 
few scattering brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, 
deep; calyx closed; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh fine, pale yel- 
low, tender, juicy, with a mild subacid, rich flavor; quality very 
good; core small or medium. December, April. 



Steve Baldwin, 
Baldwin's Summer. Early Russet. 

A chance seedling found in the woods on the farm of Stephen 
Baldwin, town of Seymour, Conn. Tree a strong, vigorous, upright 
grower, rather an early bearer, producing large crops on alternate 
years; it is said to be valuable for home use, is highly esteemed 
where known, and worthy of a place in every orchard. 

Fruit medium or below, oblate, very slightly angular; skin whit- 
ish, more or less covered with a peculiar net-work of russet; stalk 



108 THE APPLE. 

short, small; cavity rather large, deep, slight russet; calyx closed; 
basin medium, slightly corrugated; flesh quite white, fine, tender, 
moderately juicy, mild, rich subacid flavor; very good; core rather 
small. Season from the last qf August and continues five or six 
weeks, and with care till December. 

Stevensox Pippin. 
Dwight Apple. 

An Arkansas apple, which originated with the Cherokee Indians 
in what is now Pope County, and was first brought to notice by a 
Mr. Dwight, of the Dwight Mission, as it was known for a long 
time. James G. Stevenson, of Crawford County, Ark., obtained 
trees of the variety, propagated and disseminated them, and the}' 
are highly esteemed where known. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, 
somewhat spreading with age and bearing; not an early bearer, but 
produces heavy and light crops alternately. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, a little flattened at the 
ends, nearly regular; skin yellow, shaded with light red, striped and 
splashed with dark red and crimson rather thickly over the whole 
surface, and large and small yellowish dots — a portion areole; stalk 
short, small; cavity rather large, deep, much russetted, sometimes 
extending out on the fruit; calyx small, closed; basin rather large, 
slightly plaited; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, half tender, juicy, 
pleasant subacid and aromatic; quality very good; core medium. 
October, February. 

SxoiirEWALL Jackso^^. 

A chance seedling found growing in a stone wall on Silas Jackson's 
farm, in Clarence, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia, hence the name. 
The tree is said to be a strong, upright grower at first, but becomes 
f^preading and somewhat drooping with age and bearing; it has 
quite a local reputation, but is not much known elsewhere; is a very 
good bearer, and keeps well. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, or roundish oblate, slightly 
conical, angular, or slightly ribbed; skin yellow, shaded with light 
and dark rich red, with a still darker hue in the sun, and moderately 
sprinkled with light and brown dots; stalk rather short, moderately 
stout; cavity deep, rather narrow; calyx small, closed; basin rather 
small, corrugated; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, juicy, sub- 
acid, slightly aromatic, rich, and of very good quality; core large. 
January, March. 

This is distinct from the Stonewall Jackson of Southern Ala- 
bama. 

Stu.^et's Golden. 

Stump (incorrectly). 

Originated on the farm of the late William Stuart, Rush Creek, 
U., where it grew near a stump many years since. It is said to be 
A'ery popular, where known, for home use and a near market. Tree 
hardy, healthy, moderately vigorous, spreading, making a tree of 



THE APPLE. J09 

medium size, with tough, close-grained shoots; an early and prolific 

bearer, alternate years, of fair fruit of uniform size, and keeps well. 

Fruit below medium, oblate, sometimes a little oblique, nearly 

regular; skin bright yellow, deep orange red in the sun, with a few 




Stuart's Golden. 



brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity medium, sometimes slight 
russet; calyx small, closed; basin rather large, moderately deep, 
saucer-like shape, smooth; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, tender, 
juicy, pleasant subacid, rich, and of excellent quality; core small. 
Season, December to April. 

Sweet Rhode Island Geeening. 
New Rhode Island Grreening. Curtis' Grreening. 

The place of origin of this apple appears to be unknown, but is 
supposed to be Ohio; it was first introduced into Illinois by Joseph 
Curtis, many years since. Tree very vigorous, spreading; it begins 
to bear rather early, and produces full crops the even years, and 
moderate crops odd years; the fruit is of large size, excellent qual- 
ity, and is said to be the best sweet apple, where known, for Decem- 
ber and January, for culinary purposes and market. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, often oblique, sides sometimes 
unequal; skin greenish yellow, often a shade of pale brown in the 
sun, and sometimes spotted with red, a few brown and gray dots; 
stalk very short, small; cavity rather large; calyx closed; basin large, 
deep; slightly plaited; flesh yellowish, half fine, tender, juicy, sweet, 
rich, slightly aromatic; very good quality; core small. December, 
January. 

Sweet Winter Spitzenbeeg. 

An old variety, supposed to have been raised by the late Samuel 
Bartholomew, of Cornwall, Vt., and is considered one of the most 
useful and profitable winter sweet apples of that locality; fruit al- 
ways fair, smooth, and keeps well. Tree a vigorous, upright grower, 
and an early and abundant bearer nearly every year. 



110 



THE APPLE. 



Fruit medium, roundish, or roundish oblate, conical, smooth and 
regular; skin golden yellow at full maturity, some rather obscure 
light and green dots; stalk short to medium, rather slender; cavity 
broad, not very deep; calyx small, closed; basin rather small, cor- 
rugated; flesh deep yellow, half fine, tender, moderately juicy, rich 
honey-sweet, slightly aromatic; very good; core medium. Decern 
bar to February. 

Stump. 

A chance seedling found in an old stump on the grounds of John 
Prue, Chili, N. Y. Tree a thrifty, vigorous, upright grower, forming a 
symmetrical, roundish conical head; rather an early and very abun- 
dant bearer, on alternate years, of fair, handsome fruit of good 
quality. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish conical, inclining to oblong coni- 
cal, sometimes sides a little unequal; skin smooth, white, shaded 




Stump. 



with bright red, moderately striped and splashed with crimson over 
most of the surface, a few large and small light dots — a portion 
areole; stalk very short, rather small; cavity medium, often rus- 
setted; calyx small, closed; basin medium, slightly plaited; flesh 
white, half fine, tender, juicy, pleasantly subacid; quality good to 
very good; core rather large. September, October. 



Tanner's Winter. 

An old variety of unknown origin. It is considerably grown in 
Granville County, Ga., where it succeeds and is prized as a winter 
fruit for general use. The history and original name are unknown. 



THE APPLE. Ill 

Tree a good thrifty grower, with slender branches, upright, inclined 
to spread with age; a good bearer nearly every year. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin 
whitish yellow, shaded, rather obscurely striped and splashed wnth 
pale purplish red; stalk short, small; cavity broad, deep, sometimes 
thin russet; calyx small, half open; basin large, very deep, nearly 
smooth; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, moderately juicy, mild 
subacid; good to very good; core small. October, February. 

Valley. 
Van Horn. 

Originated with George C. Stamford, Boston, O. The tree is 
said to be vigorous, healthy, of a roundish, rather spreading top, and 
has borne abundant crops biennially for sixty years, of smooth fair 
fruit, and comes early into bearing. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblate, sides sometimes unequal, a 
little flattened at the ends; skin smooth, pale whitish yellow, occa- 
sionally a shade of pale red, a few small brown or russet dots, and 
sometimes a few obscure stripes and splashes on the sunny side; 
stalk short, small; cavity rather large, deep; calyx closed; basin 
large, corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy; mild sub- 
acid; core small. December, March. 

ViCTOEIA PiPPIK. 

A chance seedling on the farm of John Benge, near Elkton, Cecil 
County, Md., and being an Englishman, named it in honor of his 
Queen. Tree a healthy, vigorous grower, making a round, rather 
spreading head; an early and moderate bearer every year, but full 
crops on alternate years; it is not a rich, high -flavored table apple, 
but is highly valued in its locality for culinary purposes and for 
market. 

Fruit medium to large, oblate to roundish oblate; skin yellow, 
shaded, striped and splashed rather thinly over most of the surface 
with light and dark red, and pretty thickly sprinkled with grayish 
and brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity rather large, sometimes 
slight russet; calyx closed; basin broad, moderately deep, a little 
uneven; flesh whitish yellow, rather coarse, juicy, sprightly subacid, 
and of good quality. September, October. 

Victoria Sweet. 

This is quite an old variety, the origin of which is uncertain, al- 
though claimed for Chenango County, N. Y. ; it may have an older 
and prior name. Tree a moderate grower, spreading, very produc- 
tive on alternate years; a beautiful and very good sweet apple of its 
season. 

Fruit medium, oblate, regular; skin entirely covered with light 
and dark red and crimson, sometimes obscure stripes and splashes of 
a darker hue, and many rather conspicuous yellowish dots; stalk 
rather small; cavity medium, regular, sometimes slight russet; calyx 



112 THE APPLE. 

small, closed; basin rather large, moderately deep, slightly plaited; 
flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, sweet, rich; very good; core 
small. October, November. 




Victoria Sweet. 

Westmoreland Rambo. 

Grown from seed of the Common Rambo, by Joseph Kern, 
Greensburg, Tenn. Tree vigorous and a rapid grower, makes a 
large, spreading, open head, requiring very little pruning; it bears 
annually fair crops of large fruit of very good quality, and evenly 
distributed over the tree. There are several varieties of the Large 
Rambo raised from seed of the Old Rambo, which are much larger 
in size, more vigorous in growth; most of them ripen earlier, but do 
not quite equal it in quality. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate, somewhat flattened at the ends; 
skin pale greenish yellow, shaded, striped and splashed Avith light 
and dark red over nearly the whole surface, with a few brown dots; 
stalk short, rather small; cavity large, deep, a little greenish; calyx 
closed, or nearly so; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated; flesh 
whitish, a little coarse, juicy, tender, pleasant subacid; quality good 
or very good; core small. September, October. 

Wilson's Summer. 

Origin unknown, but supposed to be near Salem, N. C. Tree a 
thrifty, upright grower, with rather slender wood, making a medium- 
sized tree when fully grown. It bears young and abundantly on 
alternate years, and is valued, Avhere known, for its fine quality for 
summer use. 

Fruit rather below medium, oblate, slightly conical, side some- 
times a little unequal; skin smooth, whitish yellow, nearly covered 
with rich bright red, more or less striped and splashed with crimson, 



THE APPLE. 



113 



and moderately sprinkled with light dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
medium, regular, often a little russet; calyx closed; basin medium, 




Wilson's Summer. 



nearly smooth; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, mild siibacid, rich, 
and of excellent quality; core small. Season about the time of 
American Summer Pearmain. 



Williams' Red Winter. 

Originated on the farm of the elder Abraham Williams, East 
Hartford, Conn., many years since, and is but little known out of its 
neighborhood. Tree a strong, vigorous grower, forming a very large, 
spreading head; not a very early bearer, but bearing moderately an- 
nually; it is highly esteemed by those who know it best. 

Fruit medium, oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; skin 
whitish, nearly covered with light and dark red (dark crimson in the 
sun), somewhat obscurely striped and splashed, and moderately 
sprinkled with yellow russet dots; stalk very short, small; cavity 
medium, slight russet; calyx closed; basin large, moderately deep, 
slightly corrugated; flesh white, fine, tender, juicy, sprightly sub- 
acid, not rich, but pleasant and of good quality; core rather small. 
December, February. 

Wolf River. 

A new, large, handsome apple, the tree of which was grown by 
W. A. Springer, and disposed of before fruiting to the late Henry 
Riflen, near the east bank of Wolf River, Fremont, Wis.; supposed 
to be a seedling of the Alexander, which it somewhat resembles; not 
usually so large nor so regular in form, darker in color, and rather 
better in quality. The tree is said to be very hardy; a strong, vig- 
orous grower, spreading, with large thick leaves; not an early bearer, 
but producing full crops on alternate years. 

Fruit large to very large, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly an- 
gular, sonie of the larger specimens uneven and irregular, but those 
of average size are regular; skin, pale greenish yellow, but becomes 



114 THE APPLE; 

whitish when mature, shaded with light and dark red or crimson 
where fully exposed, having a thin whitish bloom, and a few light 
dots; stalk very short, quite small; cavity rather large, greenish, 
sometimes much russetted; calyx open, or nearly so; basin large, 
very deep, a little uneven; flesh white, rather coarse, half tender, 
juicy, pleasant, mild subacid, with a peculiar spicy, slight quince- 
like flavor; core medium. Season, October, November. 

Yellow Pippin". 

Origin unknown; specimens under this name were received from 
B. O. Curtis, Edgar County, 111., whose father brought it from 
Adams County, Ohio, some sixty years ago; It is distinct from either 
the Green or Yellow Newtown Pippin In tree and fruit, and may 
prove to be the Newtown Pippin of Lewis Sanders, of Kentucky. 
Tree hardy, a very thrifty upright grower, rather late coming Into 
bearing, but then bears abundant crops nearly every year. Com- 
mences to ripen In January and continues in use till April, and longer 
with care. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly angular, often slightly 
oblique, somewhat flattened at the ends; skin deepj^ellow, sometimes 
a shade of light red, and many brown dots; stalk short, small; cavity 
medium, deep, slight russet; calyx open, or nearly so; basin medium, 
quite deep, a little wrinkled; flesh pale yellow, half fine, half firm, 
crisp, juicy, rich, subacid, slightly aromatic, and very good; core 
small. January to April. 

ZOLOTOEEFF. 

One of the new Russian apples lately Introduced, which promises 
to be valuable for a cold climate; it Is said to be quite as hardy as 
the Duchess of Oldenburg; a good upright grower, an early and 
abundant bearer of large, showy fruit, ripening about a month later 
than the Duchess. 

Fruit large, roundish, very slightly conical, slightly angular; skin 
pale greenish yellow, or light yellow at full maturity, shaded, splashed 
and mottled Avith light and dark red over most of the surface; stalk 
short, rather stout; cavity rather narrow, deep; calyx closed or half 
open; basin large, deep, corrugated; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, 
juicy, sprightly subacid, and of good quality; core rather large. 
Season middle to the last of September. 

Yelloav Teakspaeent. 

A new Russian variety, wjilch was imported from St. Petersburg 
in 1870 by the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C, and 
promises to be valuable for a cold climate as an early fruit of good 
quality, ripening before the Tetofsky, with more tender and delicate 
flesh, but does not continue long In use. It Is said that the tree so far 
has proved to be very hardy, moderately vigorous, upright, an early 
and good bearer annually. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, slightly conical, slightly angular; 
skin clear white at first, becoming pale yellow when fully mature, 



THE APPLE. 



115 



moderately sprinkled with light and greenish dots, somewhat ob- 
scure; stalk short to medium, rather slender; cavity rather large, 
sometimes a little greenish; calyx closed; basin medium, slightly 
corrugated, sometimes small protuberances; flesh white, half fine. 




Yellow Transparent. 

tender, juicy, sprightly subacid; quality good to very good; core me- 
dium. Season early in August, and a week or two before Tetofsky. 
There appears to be some confusion regarding some of the new 
Russian apples, a few not being true to name, and others having 
proved synonynious with older varieties; some of the new varieties 
are large and handsome, and if the trees prove as hardy as is claimed 
for them, they will be valuable acquisitions for the North and North- 
west. 



APPE]t^DIX. 



ORAPES, PEACHES, PEARS, &c, 



For specimens of Fruit, and information relalsn^ in) 
many of tlie varieties in this Appendix, I am indebttMl 
to many of tlie leading Pomologists in many part? 
of tlie country, who will j^Jease accept my c^trdiaJ 
thanks. 

ChAKLES D0WNTI!fG. 



aH-A-PES. 



Allen's Hybrid. 



Originated with J. Fisk Allen, Salem, Mass. It is a hybrid be- 
tween the native and foreign, and is one of the best in quality, and has 
peculiar crumpled leaves. The vine is not hardy, and requires winter 
protection, but is vigorous and productive, ripening quite early, and in 
sheltered situations is a desirable variety. 

Bimch medium to large, shouldered, compact ; berry medium to 
large, round, sometimes depressed ; skin thin, white, changing to pale 
yellow when fully ripe ; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, rich, with a deKcafce 
slightly vinous flavor, and one of the best in quality. 

Janie Wylie. 

A new hybrid between Clinton and foreign, raised by Dr. A. P. 
Wylie, of Chester, S. C, who kindly sent us specimens, and writes that 
the vine is vigorous and has a pretty large, thick, deep green foliage, 
and so far free from mildew ; an early and productive variety, hangs 
well and late. It may require protection at the north during winter. 

Bunch large, shouldered ; berry varying from medium to large, 
roundish oval ; some of the larger ones are nearly globular ; color dark 
red, with a tliick grayish bloom ; flesh rather firm and meaty, juicy, 
sweet, rich, slightly vinous, refreshing; skin thick yet tender; very 
good. 

Kalamazoo. • 

Said to have originated with Dixon, of Steubenville, O., from 

seed of Catawba, which it somewhat resembles in color, but the bunch 
and berry are larger, and it ripens a week or ten days earlier, and is a 
showy grape. 

Bunch large, long, often shouldered, compact ; berry large, round ; 
skin rather light dull red, with a lilac bloom ; flesh soft, but not quite 
tender, and adheres a little to the seeds, juicy, sweet, vinous. 

Peter Wylie. 

This fine new early grape was raised by Dr. A. P. Wylie, of Ches- 
ter, S. C, from a seedKng of a hybiid. The Doctor informs us when 
sending the specimens of fruit that the vine is one of the most rapid 
growei's, free from mildew and rot, entirely native in its appearance; 
wood short jointed; leaves not large, but thick and leathery, hold well 
and late, and the fruit one of the first to ripen. 



120 PEACHES. 

Buncli medium; berry medium to small, round, transparent, jello-w, 
with a rather thick whitish bloom ; flesh soft, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly 
vinous, with a Frontignan flavor ; skin thin but tough ; very good oj 
best. 

Senasqua. 

This new grape was raised by Stephen Underhill, of Croton Point, 
N. Y., and is a hybrid between Concord and Black Prince. The vine 
is vigorous and hardy, and the fruit similar to Black Prince, and of 
fine quality ; but in consequence of its thin skin and compactness of 
bunch the fruit is sometimes apt to crack, especially in wet weather. 

Bunch large, often shouldered, very compact ; berry large, round ; 
skin deep black, with a thick blue bloom ; flesh quite firm, but tender, 
breaking, juicy, sweet, rich, slightly vinous ; ripens about the time of 
Concord, or soon after. 



FEA^CHES. 



Atlanta. 



Raised by .Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y. Tree vigorous, pro- 
ductive ; reniform glands. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly compressed, regular, suture large, 
distinct, extending nearly round the fruit ; cavity quite deep ; skin whi- 
tish, shaded, and mottled with deep red, almost purplish in the sun ; 
flesh white, a little red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, adherea 
partially to the stone. Ripe last of September. 

« 

Black's Extra Early Peach. 

An accidental seedling found on the farm of Dr. J. Stayman, Leav- 
enworth, Kansas. Tree a good grower, hardy, and productive. 

Fruit large, round with a slight point, suture distinct, shallow all 
around ; color clear rose pink, shaded maroon, and slightly mottled with 
light yellow, very handsome ; flesh stained red to the seed, to which it 
slightly adheres ; juicy, tender, with rich subacid ; excellent. 

This is the earliest peach we are acquainted with, ripening this sea- 
son (1871) before the 4th of July, being ten days before Hale's Early^ 
and it is of larger size and better quality. — JPomologist and Gardener. 

Early Rivers. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. It ripens a 
few days earlier than the Albert or Alfred, and quite equal to them in 
flavor. The tree is thrifty, healthy, and productive ; glands reniform, 
flowers large. 



PEACHES. 121 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, slightly compressed, sutun slight, 
ending at the apex, which is a little sunk, and has a very small nipple ; 
skin creamy white, shaded with light red in the sun, cavity deep ; flesh 
white to the stone ; juicy, melting, sweet, rich, refreshing, slightly vi- 
nous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone. Ripe middle of Sep- 
tember. 

Foster. • 

Originated with J. T. Foster, Medford, Mass. Tree said to be 
hardy, vigorous, and productive ; a good market variety. 

Fruit large, slightly flattened, with a slight suture, stem moderately 
depressed; flesh yellow, very rich and juicy, with a pleasant subacid 
flavor ; freestone of medium size ; color a deep orange red, becoming 
very dark red on the exposed side. Ripe from the middle to the last 
of September. — Jowr. of Sort. 

Free Mason. 

This new late peach originated with Nathan Todd, Denton, Caroline 
County, Md. Tree a vigorous grower, rather spreading ; leaves serrated, 
without glands ; flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish inclining to oblong, a little compressed, su- 
ture slight, apex small; skin white, shaded with red where exposed 
to the sun ; flesh white, deep red at the stone, juicy and good. Ripens 
just after the Smock. — Hearth and Some. 

Laporte. 

Raised by M. Laporte at Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree mode- 
rate vigorous, productive, a curious resemblance to the blood peach. 

Fruit medium to large, a little oval, tapering to the apex ; suture 
large, extending .a little beyond the apex, which is a little swollen ; skin 
yellow, covered and washed and strongly striped and splashed with 
dark red ; flesh white, reddish, or rose tint, but darker towards the pit, 
fine, juicy, sugary, melting, delicate and agreeable; very good. — The 
Verger. 

Mountain Rose. 

This new peach is said to have originated in Morris County, N. J . 
Tree vigorous and very productive. It ripens about the same time as 
Large Early York, is more highly colored, but not quite as rich. Glands 
globose. Flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture distinct, extend- 
ing a little beyond the apex ; skin whitish, nearly covered with light 
and dark rich red ; flesh white, slightly stained at the stone, juicy, 
sweet, slightly vinous ; very good ; separates freely from the stone. 

Parks' Cling. 

A chance seedling on the grotinds of A. L. Parks, Alton, 111. Tree 
vigorous, productive, leaves with globose glands, ripens eight or t^n 
days later than Heath Cling. 



122 PEAKS. 

Fiuifc verj' large, broader than deep; suture deep, extei ding quite 
around the fruit ; skin slightly downy, light creamy yellow, mostly 
covered with red ; flesh also of a light creamy color, stained with red, 
but deeper red at the stone, very juicy, but not of the highest flavor ; 
adheres to the stone. — JPrairie Fa/rraer. 



Richmond. 

Raised by Dr. E. W. Sylvester, Lyons, N. Y., who writes that the 
tree is vigorous and very productive, and ripens a few days later than 
Crawford's Early, is less acid, and a promising market variety. Glands 
reniform. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, slightly compressed ; suture slight 
but distinct, ending at the apex, which is a Kttle swollen ; skin fine 
yellow, shaded and mottled with dark rich red ; flesh yellow, a little 
red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous ; very good ; separates 
from the stone, which is of mediiim size. Ripe last of September, 

Salway. 

Originated with Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree 
vigorous, very productive, ripens soon after the Smock. Flowers small. 
Glands reniform. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate ; suture broad, deep, extending beyond 
the apex ; skin downy, creamy yellow, with a warm, rich, clear crimson 
red cheek in the sun ; flesh deep yellow, stained with red at the stone, 
which is free, juicy, melting, rich, sweet, slightly vinous; very good. 
—B. N. Yorker. 

Southwick's Late. 

An accidental seedling on the grounds of T. T. Southwick, Dansville. 
N. Y.j and is said by those who have it to be very juicy and rich. 
Tree vigorous and productive. Flowers small. 

Fruit 1 arge, roundish, a little depressed at the summit ; sutur* quite 
distinct, mamelon small, sunken nearly to a level with the parts around ; 
skin yellowish white, sprinkled with minute red dots in the shade, and 
streaked and clouded with red towards the sun; flesh white, parting 
freely from the stone, very juicy, melting, with a fine delicate flavor j 
stone very small. Last of September. — joxi/r. of Sort. 



:pea.iis. 



Beurke Lade. 



Okiginated by M. Gregoire-Nelis, of Jodoigne, Belgium, and dedi- 
cated to M. le Consul Lade. Tree vigorous, an abundant bearer, and 
fruit holds well to the tree. 



PEAKS. 123 

Frxdt rather large, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin fine yellow, shaded 
with carmine in the sun ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depres 
sion; calyx and basin rather small, surrounded somewhat by pointea 
knobs ; flesh white, almost fine, melting, juicy, sugary, with a delicate 
aroma. October, November. — JRevue Sorticole. 



Bonne du Putts Ansault. 

Originated at Angers, France, in the nursery of Andre Leroy ; foi 
specimens of this and several other new varieties, we are indebted to 
Messrs. EUwanger & Barry, Rochester, N. Y. Tree moderately vigors 
ous, very productive. 




Bonne du Fuits Ansanlt. 



Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse pyii 
form, surface a little rough, uneven ; skin light greenish yellow, mostly 
covered with a thin light russet ; stalk short ; cavity medium, uneven ; 
calyx small, closed ; basin deep, rather narrow; flesh white, fine, juicy, 
melting, sweet, vinous, and rich ; very good. September. 



Brockworth. 

A new English variety raised by Mr. Lawrence, Brockworth Park; 
and the English journals say it is of excellent quality. 

Fruit large, oblong obtuse pyriform; skin smooth pale yellow, 
slightly flushed and streaked with red on the exposed side ; stalk an 



124 PEARS. 

inch long, rather stotit, obliquely inserted without any depressiaii ; 
calyx small, closed ; basin shallow ; flesh white, buttery, melting, very 
iuicy, vinous, and rich. — Lon. tTour. of Hort. 

BKONzi d'Enghiem. 

Originated by M. Paternoster, in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. 
Tree moderately vigorous, productive. 

Emit medium, oblong ovate pyriform, regular ; skin rough, deep yel- 
low, nearly covered with brown russet and slightly bronzed in the sun; 
stalk long, slender, curved, cavity shallow ; basin small, uneven ; flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, vinous, slightly astringent; 
good. November, January. 

COLMAR DeLAHAUT. 

Raised by M. Gregoire, of Jodoigne, Belgium. Tree vigorous, 
spreading, moderately productive ; young shoots olive brown. 

Emit medium, roundish acute pyriform ; skin pale yellow, partially 
netted and patched with russet and many russet dots ; stalk long, 
curved, slender, joined to the fruit withoiit depression; calyx half 
closed ; basin small, uneven, russeted ; flesh white, juicy, half melting, 
sweet; good. November, December. 

Delpierre. 
Beurre Delpierre. 

A chance seedling in the garden of M. Delpierre, of Jodoigne, Bel- 
gium. Tree very vigorous, very productive ; young shoots dark olive 
brown. 

Emit large, roundish obtuse pyriform; skin pale yellow, partially 
blotched and netted with russet and thickly sprinkled with small russet 
dots ; stalk rather long, generally curved ; cavity medium ; calyx 
closed; basin medium, nearly smooth ; flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. September. 

Doctor Koch. 

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angelas, Erance. Tree 
moderately vigorous, very productive. 

Emit medium, roundish pyriform ; skin pale yellow, a shade of red 
when ftiUy exposed, a few traces of russet and many small russet dots ; 
stalk long, rather slender, curved ; cavity shallow ; calyx half closed ; 
basin rather small, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melt- 
ing, slightly vinous ; good. October. 

Due DE MORNY. 

A seedling of M. Boisbunel, Rouen, Erance. Tree vigorous, pi > 
d active ; young shoots dark olive brown, many grayish specks. 

Emit medium, roundish pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin pale yellow, 
sometimes a shade of red iu the sun, a few traces of russet, and manj 



PEAKS. 



125 



small russet dots; stalk of medium length, inclined, curved, cayity 
very small ; calyx open ; basin medium, a Kttle uneven ; flesh yellowish j 
half fine, juicy, half melting, vinous ; good. November, December. 




Delpierre. 



DUCHESSE DE MOUCHY. 



A chance seedling discovered by Florentin Delavier, of Beauvaise, 
in a garden at Breteuil, France. Tree vigorous, upright, moderately 
productive. 

Fruit medium roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform; skin deep 
yellow, shaded with light orange red in the sun, slight nettings of russet 
and small russet dots ; stalk rather short, stout ; cavity small ; calyx 
half open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh white, half line, half 
melting, moderately juicy, sweet ; good. April, May. 



DuCHESSE PkeCOCE. 

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. 
Btroiig and vigorous, moderately productive. 



Tree 



126 PEABS. 



Fruit medium to large, long pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin pale 
yellow, shaded and mottled with pale red where exposed to the sua, 
and covered with many small russet dots; stalk of medium length, 
rather stout, iacLLned, inserted in a slight depression, sometimes small 
cavity ; calyx large, open ; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh whitish, a 
little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and a little 
astringent ; good. Ripe first of September. 



Eastern Belle. 



Raised by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., from whom we received 
specimens, which were of excellent quality. Tree hardy, vigorous, and 
a regular bearer ; young shoots yeUow brown. 




Eastern Belle. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyriform, somewhat obtuse ; skin pale yellow, 
often shaded with light red in the sun, a few nettings and patches of 
msset, and many russet dots ; stalk short, stout, inclined, and sometimes 
fleshy at its insertion in a slight depression, much russeted; calyx 
open ; basin medium, nearly smooth, slight russet ; flesh whitish yellow, 
R little coarse at the core, juicy, half melting, very sweet, rich, slightly 
aromatic, and a peculiar sHght musky perfume j very good. September 



PEAKS. 127 

Egerie. / 

A chance seedling in the grounds of M. Tavenier de BouUongue at 
Angers, France. Tree moderately vigorous, rather upright, a good 
bearer. 

Emit medium, roundish pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin pale yellow, 
partially netted and patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk 
rather long, slightly curved; cavity small; calyx open; basin medium, 
regular, russet; flesh white, half fine, juicy, half melting, sweet, 
slightly vinous ; good to very good. October. 

Eliot's Eajrly. 

A new early pear, raised by Charles EKot, of "Windsor, Ontario. 
Specimens received from James Dougall, who writes that the tree is 
very hardy, a strong, vigorous grower, an early bearer, very productive, 
and ripens a week or more before the Madeline. 

Fruit small pyriform, regular ; skin pale greenish yellow, brownish 
red when exposed to the sun ; stalk long, slender, curved ; cavity small, 
russeted ; calyx closed or partially open ; basin small, slightly plaited ; 
flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume ; good to 
very good. July. "• 

Indian Queen. 

Raised by Henry McLaughlin, Bangor, Me., who writes that the 
tree is perfectly hardy, a vigorous gi'ower, productive, and a good mar- 
ket variety, although not of the best quality. 

Fruit rather large, long pyriform, somewhat acute, surface a little 
uneven ; skin pale yellow, often shaded with light red where exposed to 
the sun, slight nettings of russet, and many russet and brown dots ; 
stalk of medium length, rather stout, set in a slight depression ; calyx 
open ; basin medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, 
moderately juicy, half melting, sweet, but not rich. September. 

Jacques Chamaket. 

A seedling of the late Leon Leclerc, at Laval, France. Tree strong, 
vigorous, erect, moderately productive ; young shoots light reddi?'' 
brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to acute pyriform ; skin pale yel- 
low, sometimes thinly shaded and marbled with light red in the sun ; 
stalk rather long, curved, a little swollen at its insertion, sometimes by 
a lip; calyx open; basin shallow, uneven; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, 
half melting, sweet, slightly vinous ; good to very good. October. 

Josephine de Binche, 

Raised at Binche, Belgium, from seed of Josephine de Malines 
Tree very vigorous and. very productive, branches smooth, of a yellow- 
ish brown, with grayish dots. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform ; skin smooth, clear yell o""", 
aetted with brown and russet ; stalk of medium length, small, insei-ted 



128 PEAKS. 

in a moderate cavity; eye large, deeply sunk; flesli lialf fine, half melt 
ing, very juicy, sugary, of an. exquisite perfumed flavor. October, De 
cember. — Illus. Morticole. 



LORIOL DE BaRNY. 

Originated in tiie nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
vigorous, upright, very productive. 

Fruit medium to large, oblong pyriform, sKghtly obtuse ; skin pale 
yellow, a few nettings and patches of russet, and numerous russet dots , 
stalk of medium length ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin medium, 
slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish, half fine, jmcy, melting, sweet, pleas- 
ant ; good to very good. September. 



Louis Vilmorin. 

Originated with Andre Leroy, Ajigers, France. Tree vigorous, 
rather spreading, very productive. 




Loais Vilmorin. 



Fruit medium, pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, consider- 
aUly netted with russet, many russet dots, and sometimes a shade of red 
wuere exposed ; stalk short, curved ; cavity small, somefcuues broad and 



PEAES. 129 

shallow ; calyx large, open ; basin medium, uneven, russet ; flesh white, 
half fine, jmcy, melting, sweet, sUghtly perfumed; good to very good, 
December, 

Madame Andre Leroy. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree moderately vigo- 
rous, buit healthy, with long shoots, productive, 

Fruit rather large, oblong pyriform, somewhat obtuse, inclined or 
sides unequal ; skin pale whitish yellow, sometimes a shade of red in 
the sun, and many brown dots ; stalk rather long, set at an inclination 
in a small cavity, sometimes by a lip ; calyx closed or half open ; basin 
medium, uneven ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting, 
vinous, a little astringent ; good to very good. Last of September and 
first of October. 

Madame Cuissard. 

A seedling of M. Cuissard, of Ecully, near Lyons, France. Tree 
moderately vigorous, productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse pyriform ; skin pale gi*eenish yellow, 
with many green and brown dots ; stalk rather long, curved ; cavity 
small ; calyx closed or nearly so ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; 
flesh white, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, very slight acid or 
vinous ; good. Last of August and first of September. 

Madame Favre.. 

A chance seedling discovered by M. Favre, of Chalons, France. 
Tree very strong, upright, pyramid, an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish obovate, a little obtuse ; skin pale greenish 
yellow, with numerotis traces and splashes of russet ; stalk rather long, 
quite strong, set in a slight depression ; calyx large, open ; basin quite 
deep, and rather abrupt ; flesh whitish, fine, melting, juicy, sweet, and 
of a delicate flavor. October, November, — Illustrated Monthly. 

Madame Loriol de Barny. 

Originated in the nurseries of Audi'e Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
vigorous, upright, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, a little obtiise ; skin greenish yel- 
low at first, changing to a deep yellow, slightly bronzed, sometimes a 
shade of red in the sun ; stalk short ; cavity small, or slight depression ; 
calyx closed, or nearly so ; basin rather shallow, a little uneven ; flesh 
yellowish, a little coarse, melting, juicy, sUghtly vinous ; good to very 
good. October, November. 

Manningtox 

Originated in the garden of James M. Hannah, of Salem, Manning 
ton Township, N. J., who writes that the tree is rather a slow grower, 
forming a compact symmetric head; branches strong, shoi't jointed; 



130 



PEAKS. 



ripens two or three weeks later than Seckel, of the best quality, and 
keeping remarkably well. 

Fruit lather small, ovate acute pyriform ; skin pale greenish yellow, 
a shade of brownish red in the sun, sUght nettings of russet and many 
russet dots ; stalk short, slightly curved, joined to the fruit without 
depression ; calyx open; basin shallow, uneven ; flesh wliite, juicy, melt- 
ing, sugary, rich, aromatic ; very good or best. September, October. 




Hadame Loriol de Bamy. 

Makechal Yaillant. 

Originated with M. Boisbunel, of Rouen, France. Tree vigorous, 
upright, very productive. 

Fruit large, broad obtuse pyriform; skin greenish yellow, a few 
nettings of russet and many russet and brown dots ; stalk rather short, 
moderately stout, curved ; cavity broad, not very deep ; calyx open ; 
basin large, deep, uneven ; flesh whitish, half fine, melting, sweet, 
slightly vinous ; very good. November, December. 



Mauhice Desvortes, 

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
vigoroiis, moderately productive ; young shoots yellow brown. 

Fruit medium to large, long acute p3rriform ; surface somewhat un- 



PEAKS. 



131 



even ; skin pale yello-w, nearly covered with thin light russet, often t 
shade of red in the sun; stalk long, rather , slender, curved, joined to 
the frviit acutely without cavity, sometimes by a ring or lip ; calyx 
open ; basin medium, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, juicy, melt- 
ing, sweet, slightly perfumed ; very good. September, October. 




Har^clud Yafllant. 



Petite Maeguerite. 

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
moderately vigorous, very prodiictive ; young shoots olive brown. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, oblate obtuse pyriform, surface slightly 
uneven ; skin greenish yellow, or pale yellow when mature, shaded with 
brownish red on the sunny side, and many greenish dots ; stalk long, 
slightly curved, set in a narrow, rather deep cavity ; calyx half open ; 
basin quite large, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, half fine, buttery, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slight perfume flavor ; very good. Ripens last of 
Ausoist. 



132 



PEAKS. 

Pr^mices d'Ecully. 



Originated with M. Liiizet, at EcuUy, near Tiyons, France. Tre6 
moderately vigorous, very productive. 

Fruit nearly of medium size, obtuse pyriform ; skin pale yellow, a 
few nettings of russet, and many russet dots; stalk of medium length, 
a little inclined ; cavity broad, shallow ; calyx closed or half open ; 
basin rather shallow, russet ; flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, half 
melting, sweet, slightly aromatic ; good. September. 




Maurice Desportes. 



Professor. Hortoles. 

This new pear originated Avith M. Morel, at Lyons, France. Tree 
very strong and vigorous, and a very good bearer. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, inclining to pyriform, slight 
ly obtuse ; skia deep yellow, slight nettings of russet, and many large 
dark brownish red dots, and often brownish red in the sun ; stalk short, 
stout ; cavity medium ; calyx large, open ; basin rather wide, quite 
deep ; flesh fine, juicy, melting, sugary, vinous, and of the highest qual 
ity. September, October. — IlltLstrated Monthly. 



PEARS. 



133 




Petite Morgaerite. 



Rogers. 



Dean. 

A chance seedling in the garden of the late Capt. Bogers, of Boston, 
Mass., and introduced by A. J. Dean, of the same place. Tree vigor- 
ous, somewhat spreading, productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong ovate obtuse pyriform ; skin yellowish green, 
sometimes a shade of dull red in the sun, and many green and russet 
dots ; stalk long, curved, inserted in a slight depression or small cavity ; 
calyx half open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh whitish 
yellow, a little coarse, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and 
slightly aromatic ; good to very good. September. 



Saint Germain Van Mons. 

Origin Belgium, one of Van Mons' seedlings. Tree moderately 
vigorous, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium or nearly so, roundish obovate pyriform ; skin light 
greenish yellow, many brown dots ; stalk long, curved ; cavity very 
small ; calyx open ; basin small, russet ; flesh whitish, buttery, melting, 
juicy, sweet ; good. October. 



134 



PEAKS. 

Sam Brown. 



Originated with Samuel Brown, Jr., at Walnut Hills, Md. Tree 
a free grower, an early and regular bearer. 

Pruit nearly of medium size, roundish, oblate, a little vmeven ; 
dldn pale yeUow, partially covered with thin russet, sometimes a little 




Bogers. 

brownish in the stin ; stalk short, rather stout, inserted in a large 
cavity ; calyx open or partially closed ; basin large, deep ; flesh white, a 
little coarse, juicy, melting, vinous, and rich ; very good. September. 



%T.gorous, 



Souvenir Eavre. 

A variety raised by M Favi-e, of Chalons, France. Tree 
moderately productive. 

Fruit medium, obovate pyiiform ; skin greenish yellow, sometimes 
a shade of red in the sun, many brown and green dots ; stalk short, 
inserted at an inclination in a slight depression by a lip ; calyx open ; 



I'EARS. 



135 



basin sroall or medium, uneven, slightly russeted ; flesh whitish, half 
fine, yiicy, melting, sweet, slightly perfumed ; good to very good 
October, 




Sam Brown. 




Therese Appert. 



136 quinck kaspbekkv. 

Thekese Appert. 

A new variety raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
strong, vigorous, an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, rather long pyriform to roundish obovate pyriform, 
a little obtuse ; skin deep yellow, partially netted, dotted, and patched 
■with russet, sometimes a shade of rich brownish red in the sun; stalk 
short, a little inclined ; cavity small, often without ; calyx open ; basin 
rather shallow, smooth ; flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melting, 
sweet, slightly vinous ; very good. September. 



QTJI]S"OE. 

Sweet Quince. 

Origik said to be Chambersburg, Pa., many years since. Tree a 
good grower and an abundant bearer. The fruit is less acid than other 
kinds, keeps late, and cooks tender. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, angular or somewhat 
ribbed; skin deep yellow; stalk short, set on a swollen projection in a 
broad, shallow depression ; calyx open, with long, broad segments ; basin 
large, deep, corrugated ; flesh firm, deep yellow, with the same juice and 
acid astringency of the apple-quince, but much less of it. 



Herstinb. 

This new raspberry originated with D. W. Herstine, Branchtown, 
Pa. The plant is said to be hardy, is very vigorous, and very produc- 
tive, and is a promising market variety, except for carrying long dis- 
tances I fear it will not be quite firm enough ; canes strong, erect ; 
spines short, strong, scattering, greenish white, slightly purple. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, bright scarlet ; flesh moderately 
firm, juicy, sweet, rich, separates freely from the core. 

Narragakset. 

A new variety raised by John F. Jolls, of Providence, R. I., which 
is said to be very large, very productive, and a promising variety for 
market, being large and keeping in good condition for a long time ; the 
berry is scarlet, of a conical form and fine flavor. We have not seen 
the fruit. 



raspbekry. 137 

Ontario. 

A variety of the Black Cap found on the grounds of E. E, Lord, 
Fairport, N. Y. Plant hardy, vigorous, and veiy productive, and, being 
firm, it will bear carriage to a distant market. The fruit is quite large 
of its class, deep black, with a very thick bluish bloom, juicy, sweet, 
and very good. 

\, 

SUSQUECO. 
Brandywine. 

Of imknown origin, but said to be a good market sort for Delaware 
and Maryland. 

Fruit medium, roundish obtuse conical, bright red ; flesh quite firm, 
moderately juicy, sprightly subacicL 



SECOND APPENDIX 



SECOND REVISED EDITION 



PEACHES, PEARS, &c. 



PEACHES. 



141 



i>ea.oh:es. 



Alexander's Early. 

A diance seedling on the farm of O. A. Alexander, near Mount Pidaski, 
Illinois. This new peach ripened here last season, towards the last of 
July, two weeks before Hale's Early ; tree vigorous, productive ; the 
fruit showy, of good flavor, and promises to be an acquisition as an early 
market variety and for home use ; leaves with globose glands ; flowers 
large. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, slightly depressed ; suture shallow, 
ending at the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin greenish white, nearly 
covered with deep rich red, almost purplish in the sun ; flesh whitish, 
with a tinge of green, sometimes a little stained next the skin ; a little 
firm, or half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, white at the stone, to 
which it adheres slightly, and which is small. 



Amsden's June. 

A chance seedling on the grounds of L. C. Amsden, near Carthago, 
Missouri ; tree vigorous, productive, and it is said to ripen two or three 
weeks earlier than Hale's Early, but not having fruited it here, cannot 
say as to time. Fruit received July 13 from the originator, where the 
season is earlier ; leaves with globose glands ; flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, slightly depressed ; suture rather broad, 
shallow, extending a little beyond the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin 
greenish white, nearly covered with light and dark red, almost purplish 
in the sun, and somewhat mottled in the shade; flesh gi-eenish white, 
while at the stone, to which it slightly adheres, and which is small ; flesh 
half melting, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous and very good. 

Cook's Late White. 

A chance seedling in the garden of an unknown person in Philadel- 
phia, but was introduced by Joseph Cook of Salem, ISTew Jersey ; it is 
a large peach, highly esteemed and popular, where known, for market 
and family use ; tree vigorous, an abundant bearer ; flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, a little inclining to oblong ; skin pale whitish 
yellow, a shade of pale red where exposed ; suture small, extending a 
little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; flesh white, a little stained 
with red next the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and delicious ; free 
stone. Eipe last of September. 



142 PEACHES. 

Early Ascot. 

Kaised a few years since by Mr. Standish, of the Royal Ascot 
Nursery, England, and is considered a choice peach ; leaves with small 
roundish reniform glands ; flowers small. 

Fruit medixim, roundish, somewhat depressed ; suture shallow ; skin 
flushed with bright red on nearly all parts, suffused on the shady with 
crimson and on the exposed side with deeper blood red ; flesh slight red 
at the stone, from which it parts freely, pale greenish straw color, with 
abundant juice, and an excellent flavor. Bipe .first of September. 
{Florist and Pomologist.) 

Fettebs. 

A new variety, raised by John Fetters, near Lancaster, Ohio ; tree 
vigorous, a good and regular bearer and fine quality ; glands globose ; 
flowers small. 

Fruit medium to large, rovmdish, inclining to oblong ; suture distinct 
but not deep, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; 
skin creamy white, with a slight blush where exposed ; flesh white, a 
slight tinge of red at the stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and excellent; 
freestone. Ripens the first of September. 

High's Early Canada. 

A seedling raised by Abraham High, Jordan, Ontario, who claims 
that it is as early or a few days earlier than Early Beatrice, larger and 
better quality ; and the fruit he sent me was very similar in size, form, 
color and quality to Alexander's Early, Amsden's June and Honeywell, 
and I am inclined to think they are all seedlings, varying slightly, of 
one kind — probably Hale's Early. 



Hill's Chili Peach. 

Synonyms : 

Cass Seagrove. 

Climax Seagrove's Smolk. 

Connecticut Stanley's Late. 

Jenny Lind Smolk. 

Leopold Sugar. 

Madison Wilcox. 

Queen of Sheba 

It is now pretty well ascertained that this peach originated on the 
farm of Deacon Pitmann Wilcox, of Riga, Monroe County, ]S". Y., more 
than sixty years since, and is still healthy and bearing fruit ; it was 
first called Connecticut Peach. The tree is hardy, vigorous, very pj-o- 
ductive, and is considered a valuable market variety. It is also said 
to reproduce itself from seed, and the many names by which it is called 
in different localities is no doubt the result of its reproduction. 



PEACHES. 143 

Fruit medium oval ; suture slight, ending a little beyond the apex, 
which is a small point ; skin deep yellow, shaded with dark red, often 
dark spots or blotches of brownish red where exposed ; flesh deep yel- 
low, red at the stone, mcdei'ately juicy, half melting, sweet, vinous; 
separates freely from the stone, which is rather small ; ripens the last ol 
September and first of October. 

Honeywell. 

A new variety, raised by John Honeywell, Randolph, Ohio ; a hand- 
some early peach, ripening a week or two before Hale's Early, and 
growing here last season side by side with Alexander's Early was two 
or three days earlier ; tree is vigorous and productive, and promises to 
be valuable ; leaves without glands, flowers large. 

Fruit medium, nearly globular, a little flattened ; suture slight, rather 
shallow, extending a little beyond the apex, which is small ; skin gi-een- 
ish white, nearly covered with light and dark rich red ; reddish pvirple 
where fully exposed ; flesh whitish, juicy, half melting, sweet, slightly 
vinous and very good ; adheres slightly to the stone, which is small and 
not stained. 

Mrs. Beett. 

A chance seedling in the garden of Mrs. Maria Brett, Newburgh, 
N. Y. ; tree vigorous, productive ; glands reniform ; flowers small ; 
glands globose. 

Fruit medium, roundish ; suture broad and shallow, extending a little 
beyond the apex, which is a small swollen point ; skin whitish, shaded 
with dark rich red where fully exposed ; flesh white, red at the stone ; 
juicy, melting, sweet and rich ; free stone. 



Muscogee. 

A variety of the Columbia, raised by J. C. Cook, Columbia, Georgia ; 
the tree much resembles the Columbia in all its parts ; flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed; suture rather broad and 
distinct, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; 
skin downy, dull yellow, more or less striped, splashed or mottled with 
dull or brownish red ; the splashes vary in form and size ; flesh whitish, 
a little coarse, sometimes a little stained and veined with red ; juicy, 
sweet, slightly vinous ; free stone, which is nearly round and of medium 
size. Bipens at the South the first of August, and a month later at 
the North. 

Nix's Late White. 

Origin said to be Newtown County, Georgia ; tree vigorous, produc- 
tive, and ripens a week or two later than Heathcling ; leaves with reni- 
form glands ; flowers large. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture medium, extending 



144 PEACHES. 

to the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin white, downy, a shade of red 
in the sun ; flesh white to the stone, to which it adheres ; rather tirm^ 
juicy, sweet, vinous and rich. Ripe middle and end of October. 



Petit's Imperial. 
Imperial Yellow. 

This was raised by David Petit, Salem, N. J. ; it is a large, hand- 
some late peach, one of the richest of the yellow-fleshed varieties, and 
continues in use longer than most kinds ; tree vigorous, a moderate 
bearer generally, but some seasons produces good crops ; flowers small. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish, slightly depressed ; suture shal- 
low, extending a little beyond the apex, which is small ; skin deep 
orange yellow, shaded and mottled with dark rich red ; flesh yellow ; 
red at the stone, juicy, melting, rich, sweet and high flavored ; free stone. 
Ripe last of September. 

Thuebee. 

A new variety, raised from the seed of Chinese Cling, by Dr. L. E. 
Berckmans, Rome, Georgia, and named after his friend. Dr. George 
Thurber ; it is a handsome and very promising variety, and as it is said 
to carry well, and being of good size, it will be an acquisition for market 
and general use ; tree very healthy, vigorous and symmetric in form ; 
flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to oblong ; suture slight, extending 
to the apex, which is slightly sunk ; skin slightly downy, creamy white, 
shaded and mottled with pale red and carmine where fully exposed ; 
flesh white, a little red at the stone, which is free ; fine grained, very 
juicy, melting, slightly vinous, rich and delicious. Ripe from middle U 
the end of July in Georgia. 



PEARS. 



U5 



PEA^RS 



Calebasse d'Octobre. 



Of Belgian origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; promists to be an abun- 
dant bearer. 

Fruit large, elongated pyriform, a little obtuse, some specimens acute, 
when the stalk is inserted by a lip, without cavity ; skin smooth, pale 
yellow, a shade of rich crimson where fully exposed ; stalk long, in- 
clined, curved ; cavity small ; calyx closed ; basin shallow, slightly cor- 
rugated ; flesh white, fine, jucy, melting, with a pleasant, rather rich 
flavor. Ripens in October. 




Colonel Wilder, 



1 40 PEABS. 

Colonel Wilder. 

A new seedling raised by B. S. Fox, San Jose, CaKfomia, and is said 
to be a valuable late variety. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish obtuse pyriform ; skin light yellow, 
a shade of light orange red in the sun, slight netiings of russet, and 
numerous small russet and brown dots ; stalk rather short ; cavity 
small ; calyx small, open, or nearly so ; basin rather shallow, slightly 
-Jaited ; flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse around the core, juicy, 
melting, very sweet, with a peculiar slight musky and slightly aromatic 
flavor. December, January. 

CouRTE Queue d'Automne. 

Originated with Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree vigorous, some- 
what spreading, very prodiictive. 

Fruit medium, oblate to roundish oblate, slightly elevated, surface 
rough, uneven and irregular; skin pale whitish yellow, sometimes a 
shade of pale red in the sun, and many russet dots ; stalk short, stout, 
a little inclined ; cavity medium ; calyx closed ; basin broa 1, corrugated ; 
flesh whitish, fine, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and a slight cinna- 
mon perfume. Last of September and first of October. 

Doctor Howe. 

Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, Birmingham, Conn.; tree 
healthy, vigorous, spreading, with numerous branches of firm texture 
and persistent foliage ; very productive ; a new promising variety of its 
season. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin 
greenish, but becoming light yellow at maturity ; slightly netted and 
patched with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk medium ; cavity small ; 
calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; flesh whitish, half fine, 
juicy, melting, with a sweet, rich, slightly vinous flavor. E-ipens the last 
half of October. 

Doctor Lindley. 

Origin unknown ; tree vigorous ; an abundant bearer of handsome, 
high-flavored fruit. 

Fruit nearly medium, oblate pyriform, or broadly turbinate ; skin pale 
yellow, a shade of bright red where exposed, thinly netted and traced 
with russet, and many russet dots ; stalk rather long, inclined, set in a 
small cavity, sometimes by a lip ; calyx open ; basin medium, slightly 
plaited ; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and excellent, 
November. 

DUHAMEL DU MONCEAU. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, Angers, France, and dedicated to DuiiameJ 
du Monceau ; tree vigorous, spreading, and a good bearer. 



PEARS. . 147 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform ; skin pale whitish yellow, a shade of 
brown in tho sun, partially netted and patched with russet, and sprinkled 
with many russet and brown dots; stalk long, inclined, set in a slight de- 




Duhamel du Monceau. 

pression, sometimes by a lip; calyx open, or half closed; basin shallow, a 
little uneven ; flesh whitish, half fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, 
slightly vinous, and very good. November. 

Elizabeth Maury. 

A chance seedling on the ground of Reuben Maury, Charlottsville 
Virginia, and named after his grand-daughter, Elizabeth Maury ; tree 
vigorous ; an abundant bearer. 

Fruit smaD, oblate, slightly elevated ; skin pale greenish yellow, 
sometimes a shade of brown in the sun, and many greenish dots ; stalk 
short to medium ; cavity small ; calyx small, open or half open ; basin 
rather small, slightly plaited; flesh whitish, half fine, tender, juicy, 
melting, sweet, slightly vinous. August, 



J 48 PEAKS. 

Pkederick Clapp. 

Clapp's No. 22. 

This fine new pear was raised by Lemuel Olapp, (brother of the late 
Frederick and Thaddeus Clapp, who produced Clapp's favorite pear, and 
upon the same farm) Dorchester, Mass., from seed of TJrbaniste crossed 
with Beurre Superfin, which it much resembles in flavor, only a little 
more vinous. Mr. Clapp writes that the tree is vigorous, with rather 
slender branches, somewhat inclined to spread; a good bearer, and 
keeps remarkably well. 




Frederick Clapp. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, inclining to obovate pyriform, but 
often variable and irregular in form ; skin smooth, bright yellow, with- 
out blush or russet, but many minute brown dots ; stalk of medium 
length and thickness, sometimes a little fleshy inclined, set in a slight 
depression or small cavity ; calyx nearly closed ; basin medium, regular • 
flesh whitish yellow, fine, very juicy, melting, rich, highly vinous and 
slightly aromatic. Ripens from the middle to the last of October. 



PEABS. 



149 



Harris. 

This is another of the fine pears raised by Lemuel Clapp, of Dor- 
chester, Mass., from seed of Urbaniste, supposed to be crossed with 
Beurre Bose. Mr. Clapp states that the tree is moderately vigorous, 
short-jointed wood, and naturally inclined to make a compact pyramid, 
and very productive. 

Fruit medium, oblong, obtuse pyriform ; skin smooth, thin pale 
yellow, nearly covered with light ciDnamon russet, sometimes a shade 




Harris. 



of crimson where fully exposed ; stalk medium, or rather long, curved, 
set in a slight depression ; calyx open or nearly so ; basin shallow 
regular; flesh white, fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightlj 
aromatic and vinous. Ripens from the middle to the last of September 



150 



PEARS. 



Homestead. 

A new pear, raised by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass., Irou 
seed of the Virgalieu or White Doyenne ; tree vigorous, upright, u 
good bearer, annually. Mr. Foote has raised many seedling pears which 
promise well, and when fully tested will be noticed, if worthy. 

Fruit medium or above, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin greenis^ yel- 
low, often pale yellow when fully matured, sometimes a shade of brown- 
ish red where exposed, slightly netted and patched with russet, and 
many russet dots ; stalk long, curved ; cavity small ; calyx large, open ; 
basin shallow, regular ; flesh whitish, a little coarse around the core j 
half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous and slightly aromatic 
Ripens from the first week in November to the middle of December. 




Horace Greeley. 

Horace Greeley. 



Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, Birmingham, Conn. , 
firee a strong, vigoroxis grower, holding its foliage well ; very producti\« 
and promising. 



PEARS. 151 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyrifoim ; skin 
^ale yellow at maturity, partially netted and blotched with russet, and 
many russet dots ; stalk rather long, inclined, curved, set in a slight de- 
pression or small cavity ; calyx open ; basin medium, rather shallow, 
and a little uneven ; flesh a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and 
slightly ruinous. Ripe last half of October. 

HOUSATONIG. 

Origin, in the garden of Dr. John J. Howe, of Birmingham, Conn. ; 
:ree healthy and vigorous, rather upright ; a good bearer, and a good late 
v^ariety. 

Fruit rather large, roundish pyriform; surface a little uneven; skin 
greenish yellow, many green and brown dots ; stalk rather long, curved ; 
cavity small ; calyx small, closed ; basin rather shallow, slightly plaited ; 
flesh white, half fine, juicy, melting, rich and vinous. November. 

LoNGUE Du Bosquet. 

Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree moder- 
ately vigorous ; an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish acute pyriform ; skin bright straw color, 
shaded and mottled with pale red or carmine, a few traces of russet and 
many small russet dots ; stalk long, slender, curved, joined to the fruit 
acutely ; calj x closed or half open ; basin shallow, a little uneven ; flesh 
whitish, fine, melting, juicy, sprightly, with a slight musky perfume. 
September. 

Lucie Andusson. 

Raised by Alexis Andusson, Angers, France ; tree vigorous, upright, 
somewhat spreading, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish pyriform, obtuse ; skin pale yellow, 
much netted and patched with russet, and many small russet dots, 
stalk medium, inclined ; cavity small ; calyx open ; basin rather shal- 
low, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine,- juicy, melting, sweet, rich, 
slightly aromatic. Ripens the last of October ^nd first of November. 

Lucy Grieve. 

A new pear raised from seed by Lucy Grieve, Guilford, England. 

Fruit medium, oblong obtuse pyriform ; skin clear, deep lemon-yel- 
low, thinly marked with russet dots, and slight russet around the stem 
and calyx ; stalk of medium length and thickness, set at an inclination 
in a shallow, uneven cavity ; calyx closed; basin shallow, regular; flesh 
moderately firm, fine grained, tender, melting, very juicy, rich, slightly 
vinous. October. [Florist and Pomologist.) 

Madame Appert. 

Raised by Andre Leroy, and dedicated to his oldest daughter ; tree 
vigorous, upright, pyramidal ; a good bearer. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish acute pyriform ; skin pale green, 



152 PEARS. 

sprinkled with, many brown dots; stalk long, curved, slender, joined tc 
the fruit acutely, sometimes by a lip ; calyx half" open ; basin small, 
slightly plaited; flesh whitish yellow, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly 
perfumed, and quite rich. Last of September and first of October. 



Madame Baptiste Desportes. 

Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree moder- 
ately vigorous ; an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval ; skin pale yellow, sometimes a shade 
of brownish red, partially patched and netted with russet, and many 
russet dots ; stalk long, rather stout, inclined, set in a small cavity ; 
calyx open ; basin large, deep, slightly corrugated ; flesh white, fine, 
juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly aromatic. October. 

Maria. 
Curran. 

Origin, in the garden of the late Cuthberfc M. Curran, Windsor, jS"ova 
Scotia, and was brought to notice by the late Hon. C. E.. Prescott, and 
named by him in honor to his wife ; tree hardy, moderately vigorous, 
or of slow growth ; a good bearer. 

Fruit below medium, rovmdish, a little elevated around the stalk ; 
skin pale yellow, often shaded with light bright red ; stalk long, curved ; 
cavity small ; calyx open ; basin rather small, slightly corrugated ; flesh 
wlrite, fine, buttery, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, rich. Ripens a week 
or two earlier than the Bartlett. 

P. Barry. 

A very promising new variety, raised by S. B. Fox, San Jose, Cali- 
fornia. Mr. Fox has raised several seedling pears of great merit, at 
least as grown with him ; how they will succeed elsewhere has yet to 
be tested. We give desci'iptions of Colonel Wilder, P. Barry and S. B. 
Fox, from specimens received from Ellwanger & Barry and Marshall P. 
Wilder. 

Fruit large, elongated pyriform, a little obtuse; skin deep yellow, 
nearly covered with rich golden russet ; stalk of medium length and 
thickness, inclined, set rather obliquely in a medium cavity, sometimes 
by a lip ; calyx small, open ; basin small, regular ; flesh whitish, fine, 
juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous and rich. December. 



PUEBLA. 

Origin, in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree strong, 
vigorous, rather upright ; a good bearer. 

Fruit large, roundish pyi'iform, a little obtuse; surface rough, un- 
even ; skin pale greenish yellow, sprinkled with many brown and greet 



PEARS. 



153 



dots ; stalk medium, stout ; cavity small ; calyx closed or nearly so • 
basin medium or broad, corrugated ; flesli white, a little coarse, buttery 
half melting, juicy, slightly vinous. Last of September and first ol 
October,, 




p. Barry. 



St. Therese. 

Originated in the nurseries of Andre Leroy, Angers, France ; tree a 
good grower, upright, somewhat spreading. 

Fruit medium, oblong pyriform, slightly obtuse ; skin whitish yellow, 
shaded with bright red, slight nettings of russet, and many russet and 
brown dots ; stalk of medium length and thickness, inserted in a slight 
dei)ression, or small cavity ; calyx open ; basin medium, a little uneven ; 



L54: PEARS. 

flesh whitish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, melting, buttery, sweet, and 
very good. October. 

B. S. Fox. 

This is thought by some to be one of Fox's best late fall varieties. 

Fruit large, oblong, obtuse pyriform; skin clear bright yellow, nearly 
covered witli lich golden riiaset ; stalk rather short, stout, inserted 
obliquely by a lip in a slight depression ; calyx small, open ; basin 
medium, uneven; flesh whitish, fine, juicy, melting, sweet, rich and 
excellent. 

Sutton's Great Britain. 

A seedling of the Bartlett, raised by William Sutton, Cornwallis, 
Nova Scotia ; the tree is said to be hardy, with stout short-jointed, dark 
colored young wood ; fruit large, showy, very productive, and is becom- 
ing popular as a market fruit. 

Fruit large, pyriform, a little obtuse ; skin greenish yellow or pale 
yellow, often with a shade of red where exposed, slight nettings and 
patches of russet, and manv russet dots ; stalk long, rather stout, a little 
inclined, set in a small cavity ; calyx open ; basin shallow, a little un- 
even; flesh whitish, a little coarse, half melting, juicy, sweet and plea- 
sant. Kipens about ten days later than the Bartlett. 

Talmadge. 
Northford Seckel. / 

A chance seedling in the garden of Levi Talmadge, ]S jrthford. Conn, 
Tree hardy, vigorous, symetric ; an early and abundant bearer. 

Fruit rather small, obovate ; skin yellow, more or less netted and 
patched with russet ; stalk long, inclined ; cavity medium ; calyx small, 
open ; basin small, regular ; flesh whitish, half fine, juicy, melting, 
sweet, slightly aromatic. September^ 



CORRECTIONS. 

Ananas or Ananas d'JIt^ Pear. 

There is much confusion in regard to the pears Ananas, Ananas d'Et6 
Ananas de Courtrai, and Henry the Fourth. The three first having 
proved identical with me, and the latter distinct, I have received trees 
and grafts of Ananas de Courtrai from many sources, both in Europe 
and this country, and when in bearing have proved to be Ananas d'ete, 
From all T can learn of its history, it is a very old variety, and waa 
first called De Bonchet, but was afterward named Ananas, wliich is still 
retained, with the syronyms annexed: 



15." 



Ananas. 

De Bouchet Pouchet. 

Ananas d'Ete Comperette. 

Ananas de Courtrai Beurre Ananas. 

Summer Pine Apple.. Ananas Frangaise. 

Favori Musque 

Favori Musque du Conseiller, V. M 

Henry IV. , incorrectly 

The Henry the Fourth pear has but two synoiayms, v.z., Henry 
Quatre and Jacquin, and as we received it from Europe, and as it is 
generally known in tliis country, is a small pear of very good quality; 
but Andre Leroy, in his Diciionnaire de Pomologie, describes Henry the 
Fourth as a large pear of second quality ; which of the two is correct, I 
am unable to decide. 



Additional Synonyms 

Pears. 

Abbe le Berriays Syn. to 

Amande regenerie " 

Baron de Geer " 

Belleville Baking " 

Beurre d'Apremont " 

Beurre DiUy " 

Beurre de Paques " 

Beurre Robert '' 

Beurre Sceringe " 

Duo d' Orleans " 

Early Bergamont of Wisconsin " 

Ennes of Kentucky " 

Esturion " 

Francis Borgia " 

Henkel d'Automne " 

Humboldt's Butterbim " 

Jackson's Seckel " 

Josephine Bouvier " 

Lauren's Summer " 

Marquis d'Hem " 

Nana " 

Phillip Goes " 

Retour de Rome '* 

Smith's Superior " 

Sylvestre d'Automne " 

Sylvestre d'Hiver " 

Turner's Early of Ulinois " 

Wredow " 



Berriays. 

Walker. 

Henri Van Mons. 

Harrison's Fall, 

Beurre Bosc. 

Beurre Dellannoy. 

Bonne de Soulers. 

Doyenne du Comics. 

Doyenne de Saumur. 

Marechal de la Cour. 

Passans du Portugal. 

Windsor. 

Winter Nelis. 

Onondaga. 

Henkel. 

Beurre Bosc. 

Jackson's Elizabeth. 

Beurre Navez. 

English Jargonelle. 

Hampden's Bergamotte. 

Manning's Elizabeth. 

Barronne de Mello. 

Nouveau Poiteau. 

Windsor. 

Frederick de Wurtemberg 

U U .( 

Rousselet Hatif . 
Delices de Charles. 



15G PWTMS. 



PLUMS. 



Boddaert's Geeen Gage. 
Reine Claude Boddaert. 

Of foreign origin ; tree vigorous, rather upright; branches sjaooth, 
brownish ; productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, incliniog to oblong ; suture slight, apex a dot ; 
skin pale greenish yellow, with broad splashes of green, and covered 
with a thin whitish bloom ; stalk medium, rather stout ; cavity small ; 
flesh light yellow, melting, juicy, sugary and delicious. Ripens the end 
of August. 

Early Yellow Gag®. 

A new eai'ly plum, raised by Asahel Foots, Williamstown, Mass. , 
tree a strong, upright grower ; an early and abundant bearer ; branches 
smooth, dark brown. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, narrowing a little towards the stalk ; 
suture broad, shallow, extending to the apex ; skin greenish yellow or 
pale yellow at maturity, covered with a whitish bloom ; stalk medium, 
slender; cavity small ; flesh greenish yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sugary 
and rich ; adheres slightly to the stone. 

Hungarian Prune. 
Datte de Hongrie. 

Of Belgian or igin ; tree vigorous, spreading ; branches smooth, grayish 
brown ; a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, elongated oval, slight neck, sides compressed, one 
edge considerably flattened, and the other much rounded ; suture shal- 
low, apex a pointed dot ; skin dark purplish black, with a thick blue 
bloom ; stalk long, slender, curved at the end ; cavity small ; flesh 
greenish yellow, juicy, sugary, rich, separates freely from the stone. 
Ripens the first of September. 

Precoc^e de Lucas. 

Uf foreign origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, graj-ish ; 
very* productive. 

Fruit medium, oval, narrowing a little towards the apex ; suture a 
line ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity very small ; skin deep black, 
thick blue bloom ; flesh greenish, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous ; separates 
from the stone. Ripens the last of August. 



PLUMS. 157 

Pkune Tardine. 

Origin unknown ; tree vigorous, upright ; brandies imooth, light 
reddish brown ; very productive. 

Fruit below medium, oval, narrowing a little at the ends, one side a 
little enlarged ; suture a line, apex a point ; skin black, with a thick 
blue bloom ; stalk rather long, slender ; cavity small ; flesh greenish 
yellow, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous; separates from the stone. Bipena 
the middle of October. 

Royal de Bkaunac. 

Of foreign origin ; tree vigorous, upright ; branches smooth, grayish, 
slightly downy at the ends ; a good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, regular, almost without suture ; skixi 
light reddish in the shade, purplish black in the sun, thickly dotted 
with brown dots, and covered with a thick lilac bloom ; flesh greenish 
yellow, a little coarse, rather firm, juicy, rich ; adheres to the stone. 
Ripens the first of September. 

Sultan. 

Raised by Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England ; tree vigorous ; 
very productive. 

Fruit medium, round ; suture rather shallow ; skin dark, purplish 
red, dotted with minute brown specks, and covered with a thin bluish 
bloom ; stalk medium ; cavity large ; flesh greenish yellow, firm, brisk, 
sweet, pleasant flavor ; adheres partially to the pit. Ripe middle of 
August. {Florist and Jr'omologist.) 

ViOLETTE DE GaLOPIN. 

Origin unknown ; tree vigorovis, upright ; branches smooth, browrdsh, 
short-jointed ; an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, neai-ly globular, slightly oval at the apex ; almost 
without suture ; apex slightly sunk ; stalk of medium length, rather 
stout ; cavity small, deep ; skin dark purple, almost black, thick blue 
bloom; flesh deep yellow, juicy, sugary, rich; adheres slightly to the 
pit on one side. Ripens the last of August. 



NOTE. 

There have been many new grapes, strawberries and raspberries in- 
troduced during the past few years, some of which are very promising, 
but further experience and examination is necessary before deciding 
"ully as to their merits. 



THIED APPENDIX 



SECOND REVISED EDITION. 



CHERRIES, GRAPES, PEARS, &c. 



CHERRIES. 



Babnhaet. 

This new cherry originated on the farm of Louis Shepler, of 
Belle Vernon, Pa., and is much grown by the Shepler Brothers, 
who have a large collection of cherries and other fruits, which are 
grown in quantities for the market, and it is said this cherry com- 
mands a higher price than any other variety. The fruit is large, 
handsome, firm flesh, and of excellent quality; the tree is healthy, 
vigorous, and an abundant bearer. 

Fruit large, obtuse heart-shaped, a little compressed; suture 
slight; cavity large, deep; stalk rather long, slender; skin whitish 
yellow, shaded and mottled with light and dark rich red; flesh firm, 
juicy, sweet, with a sprightly, rich flavor. Ripens the last of June 
and the first of July. 

BuKGHLEY Park. 

Origin Burghley Park, Stamford, England; a Duke cherry of 
moderately vigorous growth; a shy bearer at first, but abundantly 
productive in a few years. 

Fruit large, usually round, with an obscure suture, but occasion- 
ally compressed or flattened; skin very thin, transparent, the color 
deep rich red, with shades of maroon; the flesh is of a tawny color, 
juicy, melting, a little astringent at first, but very pleasant, refresh- 
ing, subacid flavor when fully ripe. It belongs to the Red Duke 
class, and, in general characteristics, nearest to Reine Hortense, 
though it appears to combine the best qualities of both. — Gardener^ 
'Weekly. 

Dyehotjse. 

Origin unknown; was introduced by H. T. Harris, of Stamford, 
Ky., and was found growing in an old Morello orchard, on the farm 
of a Mr. Dyehouse, in Lincoln County, over thirty years since; it is 
still grown there from suckers, and is claimed to be hardy, moder- 
ately vigorous, somewhat spreading, of the Morello type, but par- 
takes both of the Morello and Duke in growth, wood, and fruit; a 
very early and sure bearer; ripens a week before Early Richmond, is 
about the same size, of better quality, and quite as productive. 

Fruit medium, oblate or roundish oblate, slightly depressed, 
without suture; apex slightly depressed; skin bright red, dark red 



162 CHKEEIES. 

in the sun; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity rather large, 
smooth; flesh soft, juicy, tender, sprightly subacid, rather rich; pit 
very small; sometimes the stalk adheres to the pit. 

Eakly Lyoxs. 

Rose Hative de Lyon. Guigne Hative de Lyon. 

A very large and handsome cherry of excellent quality. The 
fruit is roundish, obtuse heart-shape, v^ith a faint depression or 
suture on tlie flattened side, and having the stalk, which is an inch 
and three-quarters long, set in a rather shallow cavit}^; the skin is 
blackish crimson-purple, or glossy blackish mahogany color; the 
flesh is of a very dark brownish-red, sweet, tender, juicy, and well- 
flavored. It is an early variety, ripening about the end of June. 
(Flo. & Pom.) 

Eaely Riveks. 

A new early cherry raised from seed of Early Purple Guigne, by 
Thomas Rivers, Sawbridgeworth, England. Tree luxuriant, healtli}-, 
and an abundant bearer; fruit as large as its parent, very rich and 
good, and a trifle later. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish heart-shape, and somewhat un- 
even on the surface, sHghtly pitted on the apex, with a distinct 
style point; suture not well defined; skin deep black; stalk long, 
rather slender; cavity small, rather deep; flesh very tender, sweety 
and agreeably perfumed; stone very small; a very excellent cherry. 
Ripe the end of June. {Lon. Jour, of Hort.) 

Gloiee de Feaistce. 

This beautiful cherry originated with Auguste Bonnemain, 
Etamps (Seine-et-Oise), France, and is of the Mayduke type. Tree 
moderately vig-orous, erect, with rather slender branches, making a 
regular, roundish, conical head, moderately productive. 

Fruit rather large, roundish oblate, somewhat depressed; suture 
broad, shallow, often very slight; apex rather large, a little sunk, 
skin bright scarlet or crimson, almost transparent; flesh pale red, 
tender, very juicy, sprightly, and when fully ripe of a rich, refresh- 
ing acid flavor. Season the first of July. 

Ida. 

A new and promising variety, raised by E. H. Cocklin, of Shep- 
herdstown. Pa., who says that it is a seedling of the Cocklin's Fa- 
vorite, and has borne good crops for fifteen years; it is considered 
worthy of general cultivation; it is named after his daughter Ida. 
Tree vigorous, upright, an abundant bearer. 

Fruit medium, or rather large, obtuse conical, slightly compressed; 
suture slight; skin pale whitish yellow, nearly covered with bright 
red, more or less mottled; stalk of medium length, slender, inserted 
in a rather large, deep cavity; flesh very tender, juicy, rich; very 
good, if not best quality; pit very small. Season about the time of 
the Mayduke. 



OHEEEIES. Hf,n 

Lancaster. 

An accidental seedling in the grounds of Daniel Smeych, Lan- 
caster, Pa. The tree is said to be a vigorous, upright, compact 
grower, a prolific bearer, and the fruit continues in use a long time. 

Fruit medium, heart-shape, regular; suture very slight; apex very 
small; skin bright red; stalk long, slender; cavity medium, smooth; 
llesh half tender, juicy, sv^eet with a sprightly good flavor; the 
llesh adheres slightly to the pit, which is of medium size. Ripens 
during the month of June. 

Laege Montmoeenct. 
Montmorency, Large Fruited. Montmorency a Longue Queue. 

According to Andre Leroy, this is a very old variety, and is sup- 
posed to have originated near Paris or Montmorency, France, more 
than 200 years since. Tree hardy, a vigorous grower of its class, 
and bearing abundantly. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish oblate, slightly flattened at the 
base, regular, almost without suture; apex small; skin dark, rich red; 
stalk of medium length, moderately stout; cavity medium, or rather 
large, smooth; flesh soft, tender, juic}^ rich acid, becoming subacid 
when fully mature. Season a week or ten days later than Early 
Richmond. 

The Morello cherries appear to have been neglected of late years, 
probably on account of the introduction of so many choice varieties 
of sweet cherries. The Morellos are now becoming more popular, 
as they are more hardy, more certain bearers, less subject to rot, 
continue a longer time in use, are more valuable for canning, drying, 
and for various culinary purposes; also many of the kinds when 
fully ripe are good table fruits. 

Leib. 

This fine Morello cherry is said to have been brought from Ger- 
many thirty years ago and planted in the garden of a Mr. Leib, in 
the city of Galena, 111., where it still stands and is over thirty feet 
high; it is said to be very hardy, thrifty, healthy, upright in growth, 
bearing abundantly annually. The fruit is as large or larger than 
Early Richmond, a little later, much less acid, of better quality, and 
commands a better price in market. 

Love Apple. 
Tomato. 

A vigorous growing variety of the Duke cherry, which is said to 
have originated in Spain; it has borne abundantly here, and is a 
promising kind of its class. 

Fruit i-ather large, roundish oblato, often depressed, or tomato- 
sliape; suture shallow; apex a dot; skin yellowish, shaded with light 
red, bright rich red in the sun; stalk rather long, slender; cavity 
quite large, broad, moderately deep; flesh pale yellow, tender, juicy, 
sprightly subacid, rich; very good. Ripens the first half of July. 



164 



CHERRIES. 



Marie Therese. 



A new seedling of M. cle Luigne, near Chateaugontier (Mayenne), 
France, and was dedicated to his daughter Marie Therese. Tree 
strong, vigorous, with rather long slender branches, forming a beau- 
tiful head; moderately productive, of excellent quality, and well 
worthy of cultivation. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish, flattened at the ends; suture 
broad, shallow; apex small, a little sunken; stalk long, slender; 
cavity very small; skin fine, strong, transparent, clear red in the 
shade, a cornelian red in the sun, slightly dotted with whitish gray; 
flesh yellow, compact, melting, very juicy, sugary, deliciously acid 
and perfumed; first quality. Ripens the last of August. (Leroy.) 

Olivet. 

A new French cherry, with the following description from the 
catalogue of Transou Brothers, of Orleans, France: 

" This sort takes a place not occupied up to the present among 
the list of early cherries. Nearly all the early sorts that we possess 
are sweet, amber, or red varieties, with a limited fruiting season. 
The Olivet cherry is a large, globular, very shining deep red sort. 
The flesh is red, with a rose-colored juice, tender, rich, and vinous, 
with a very sweet subacidulous flavor. It ripens in the beginning of 
June, and continues till July without losing its quality. It pos- 
sesses the fertility of the best of the Duke tribe, and is perhaps the 
largest of that class." 

A friend writes that it fruited with him the past season, but 
being very dry the fruit was small, otherwise it sustained its for- 
eign reputation. 

Daniel B. Wier, of Lacon, 111., has been engaged for many years 
in growing and testing seedling cherries of the Morello class, in large 
numbers, for the purpose of obtaining varieties suited to a cold cli- 
mate, and of equal if not superior quality to those now in use. He 
states that he has been successful beyond his expectations, and is 
offering some of the most valuable of them to the public. The fol- 
lowing are his descriptions of three which he values highly: 

Flagg, or "Wier's Earlt Keisttish. 

" Fruit medium, heart-shaped; black; ten days earlier than Early 
Richmond; in quality when fully ripe equaling the finest of the dark- 
colored sweet cherries, combining all the desirable qualities for 
kitchen or table; flesh firm; skin strong; at first rich subacid, but be- 
coming very rich and sweet, and so strong that it has hung upon the 
tree for a full month after being fully ripe without decaying or drop- 
ping; pit small. Tree a slender, short- jointed, regularly conical, 
moderate grower, entirely hardy, and enormously productive; should 
have high, dry, light soil, and an airy situation." 

Mr. Wier sent me specimens of this variety in 1876, which were 
of medium size, black color, with purplish-red flesh, tender, juicy, 
having a rich subacid flavor, of very good quality. 



GRAPES. "I^gg 

Galusha, or No. 11. 

"One of the finest of cherries; fruit above medium; light and 
subacid at first, very good, but as it matures, growing darker, firmer, 
richer, sweeter, until at last a very dark bright red, and one of the. 
sweetest and most delicious of cherries; three days earlier than 
Early Richmond; hangs on the tree for a long period after being 
fully ripe without any rot. Tree hardy, foliage entirely free from 
disease, a vigorous and strong grower in the orchard, a very abun- 
dant bearer." 

Northwest, or No. 29. 

" This is undoubtedly the most valuable of all cherries for the 
Northwest for market and home use. Fruit dark bright red, a little 
larger and six days earlier than Early Richmond, and the tree 
almost exactly similar in general appearance. This variety in time 
will supersede all other sour cherries of its season. Its fine size, 
color, richness, earliness, firmness, and great productiveness, with en- 
tire hardihood of tree and fruit-bud, and perfect health of foliage, will 
make it the cherry both for North and South. The fruit is a brisk, 
pleasant acid, entirely without the intense sourness of the English 
Morello. Pit small; fruit globular; stem long, adhering quite firmly 
to the fruit; and ripening very evenly and quickly after coloring, 
and hansrs on the tree for weeks without becoming soft or rotting-. 

" I have found all cherries ripening earlier than Early Richmond 
free from the attacks of the plum curculio." 



GRAPES. 



Beauty. 



"One of the seedlings of Jacob Rommel, of Morrison, Mo., and 
is a cross between Delaware and Maxatawney ; has been vigorous 
and healthy so far; a strong grower and very productive; bunch full 
medium, compact, shouldered; berry about the size and color of 
Catawba, oblong, covered with lilac bloom; ripens here the last week 
in August; sweet exquisite flavor; thin but rather tough skin; tender 
pulp; this promises to keep well, and as the bunches are very even 
and attractive in appearance, it may be a very valuable market 
grape, as it is superior in quality to Delaware; and as it excels the 
Catawba in fine and delicate flavor, is without its harshness and aus- 
terity in pulp. I consider it the most promising of all our varieties 
of the Labrusca class." (Husmann.) 

Brighton". 

This handsome and fine grape was raised by Jacob Moore, of 
Brighton, N. Y., being a cross of the Concord and Diana Hamburg; 
vine hardy, a rapid vigorous grower, with medium to long-jointed 



166 



GEAPES. 



shoots, whicli ripen early; leaves large, thick, dark green, coarsely 
serrated, occasionally lobed; very productive, and if the small 
bunches were taken off early in the season it would be a great bene 
fit to the others. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, occasionally double shoulders, 
moderately compact; berries medium to large, round, light bright 
red at first, changing to a dark crimson, or maroon when fully ma- 
ture, sometimes almost black, and covered with a thick lilac bloom; 
the berries adhere well to the peduncle; skin thin but tough; flesh 
tender, very slight pulp, sweet, juicy, slightly aromatic, very slightly 
vinous, and of very good quality for an early grape. It has its best 
flavor when it is first ripe, but becomes pasty and loses its sprightly 
flavor when fully ripe. Ripens nearly as early as Hartford Prolific 
and before the Delaware. 

Duchess. 

This fine grape was raised by A. J. Cay wood, Modena, N. Y., who 
states that " it was produced by crossing a White Concord seedling 
with Delaware or Walter, the pollen of both being applied at the 
same time." The vine is a vigorous grower, with moderately short- 
jointed shoots; leaves large, light green, rather thick, coarsely ser- 
rated, adhere to the vine very late in the season; vine abundantly 
productive. 

Bunch medium to large, shouldered, occasionally double shoul- 
dered, compact; berries medium, roundish, inclining to oval; skin 
rather thick, light green at first, but pale greenish yellow when 
mature, sometimes a golden yellow where fully exposed and gath- 
ered late, and covered with a thin whitish bloom ; flesh tender, free 
from pulp, juicy, sweet, spicy, rich, and of excellent quality; the ber- 
ries adhere strongly to the peduncle, and the fruit keeps a long 
time after being gathered. Ripens soon after the Concord. 

Early Dawn^. 

An early black grape of fine quality, which origina\;e'i w^'th Dr. 
Wm. A. M. Culbert, of Newburgh, N. Y,, being a cross v.\ IVj iscat 
Hamburg and Israella; vine healthy, vigorous, and very productive; 
wood moderately short jointed; leaves large, thick, and firm, rc.und- 
ish, broadly, but not deeply serrated, sometimes slightly lobed. 

Bunch medium to large, long, shouldered, occasionally double 
shouldered; berry medium, round, black, with a thick blue bloom, 
skin thin but firm; flesh tender, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, rich, 
and of very good quality; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle, 
keeps well, and is a valuable addition to the early grapes, either for 
the table or market. Ripens a week or more before the Hartford 
Prolific. 

Early Victor. 

" A chance seedling that originated with John Burr, of Leaven- 
worth, Kansas, about ten years ago, of the Labrusca class. Vine 
very hardy, healthy, vigorous, and very productive; wood dark 
gray, rather long jointed; foliage thick, medium, dark green, deeply 



GKAPES. -j^gij) 

iobed, partaking' somewhat of the character of the Delaware and 
Hartford Prolific — not as pubescent as the latter. The original vine 
has not been injured by the severe cold and sudden changes of our 
climate, and has shown no rot or disease; it is not only the very 
best early market, but also the best wine grape that we know of in 
cultivation, making a rich, high bouquet, claret wine, 

" Bunch above medium, compact, often shouldered, and sometimes 
double shouldered; berry medium, round, black, with a heavy blue 
bloom; adheres to the peduncle until it shrivels; flesh slightly pulpy, 
juicy, sprightly vinous, agreeably sweet, without any foxiness. Sea- 
son at least a week earlier than Hartford Prolific." (Dr. J. Stay- 
man.) 

Jefferson. 

This new, handsome, and excellent grape was raised by James 
H. Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., and is a cross of the Concord and 
lona ; it is healthy, very vigorous; wood rather short jointed; leaves 
large, thick and downy; very productive. 

Bunch large, shouldered, often double shouldered, compact; berry 
medium to larg-e, roundish oval; skin rather thick, light red, with 
a thin lilac bloom; flesh meaty, yet tender, juicy, sweet, slightly 
vinous, aromatic and rich ; the berries adhere strongly to the 
peduncle, and the fruit maintains its freshness for a long time after 
being gathered; it is of fine quality, and very promising either for 
market or kome ^se. It ripens about the time of the Concord, or 
soon after. 

Ladt Washington. 

This beautiful and very good grape was raised by James H. 
Ricketts, Newburgh, N. Y., and is a seedling of Concord crossed 
with Allen's Hybrid; vine healthy, vigorous, short jointed; leaves 
large, roundish, coarsely serrated, occasionally Iobed, thick and 
downy. 

Bunch large to very large, compact, shouldered, often double 
shoulders; bei'ry medium to large, being very nearly uniform in 
size, round; skin pale yellow, with a tinge of delicate pink where 
exposed to the sun, having a thin whitish bloom; flesh soft, tender, 
juicy, sweet, very slightly vinous, and of very good quality; the 
berries adhere well to the peduncle, and the fruit continues a long' 
time in use. Ripens about the time of the Concord, or soon after, 
and is a very promising variety for the table or for market. 

Niagara. 

This new grape originated with Hoag & Clark, of Lockport, N. 
Y. ; not having seen the vine in its growing and bearing state, I 
give Mr. Hoag's description of it : " Vine a cross of Concord and 
Cassady, hardy, healthy, very vigorous, and very productive; wood 
rather long jointed; leaves very large, thick, leathery, downy, Iobed, 
sometimes double Iobed." 

Bunch medium to large, compact, occasionally with small shoul- 
ders; berry large, roundish, slightly inclining to oval, quite uniform 



168 GEAPKS. 

in size; skin pale green at first, but changing' to pale yellow when 
fully ripe, with a thin whitish bloom; flesh soft, tender, sweet, pleas- 
ant, and in quality about the same as Concord, and ripening with it 
or soon after; it has quite a foxy odor when first gathered, but loses 
much of this when fully ripe. 



POCKLINGTOK. 

This large showy grape was raised from seed of the Concord by 
John Pocklington, Sandy Hill, N. Y., and as I have not seen the 
vine in a growing and bearing condition, I give Mr. Pocklington's 
description: "Vine very hardy, healthy, very vigorous, with short- 
jointed shoots; wood close and firm; leaves large, thick, tough, and 
downy; very productive." 

Bunch medium to large, or very large, generally shouldered, com- 
pact; berry large to very large, roundish, wliitish yellow, pale yellow 
when fully mature, covered with a thin light bloom; flesh with con- 
siderable pulp, juicy, sprightly, but not rich; perhaps not fully ripe 
when tested. The originator claims that when fully ripe the " flesh 
is not hard, but tender, juicy, sweet, rich, and superior to Concord, 
and ripens at the same time," 

Peektiss. 

This promising grape is a seedling of the Isabella, raised by J. W. 
Prentiss, Pultney, N. Y. Not having seen the vine during its 
growth and bearing, I give Mr. Prentiss' description of it, viz. : " A 
, hardy, healthy and good grower; wood rather short jointed; leaves 
quite large, thick, slightly downy; very productive and inclined to 
overbear. It ripens with Concord, except when overloaded, when it 
is a little later." 

Bunch medium, occasionally with small shoulders, compact; berry 
medium, round, inclining to oval; skin thick, greenish white, pale 
yellow when fully mature, with a thin whitish bloom; flesh with a 
slight pulp, tender, juicy, sweet and pleasant; the berries adhere 
well to the peduncle, and keep well in good condition; its firm skin 
makes it valuable for market, where it has so far commanded a high 
price. 

QuASSAICK. 

This fine black grape originated with James H, Ricketts, of New- 
burgh, N. Y., and is a seedling of the Clinton fertilized with Muscat 
Hamburg; vine vigorous, short jointed; leaves large, roundish, mod- 
erately thick, lobed, coarsely serrated; bunch large to very large, 
shouldered, sometimes double shouldered, compact; berry medium 
to large, roundish oval; skin thin, but firm, black, with thick blue 
bloom; flesh meaty, crisp, tender, juicy, very slightly vinous, rich 
and refreshing; the fruit adheres well to the peduncle, and con- 
tinues a long time in use; very productive, and is a valuable table 
-or market grape. It ripens about the middle of September, or soon 
after the Concord, 



PEACHES. , 169 

Rochester. 

One of Ellwanger and Barry's seedlings ; I give their de- 
scription of it : "Vine a remaricably vigorous grower; wood short 
jointed and hardy; foliage large, thick, healthy; the habits of the 
vine are similar to those of the Diana, and it requires ample room 
and rather long pruning. 

" Bunch large to very large, shouldered, frequently double shoul- 
dered, very compact; berries medium to large size, round, dark 
purple or purplish lilac, peculiar, with thin white bloom; flesh very 
sweet, vinous, rich and aromatic. Ripens usually the first week in 
September; has never failed to ripen well in the worst of seasons 
since it first bore." 

Triumph. 

This new hybrid of the Concord and Chasselas Musque was raised 
by George W. Campbell, Delaware, 0., and considered by him too 
late for that locality, and wanting in character. George Husmann, 
in his new work on grapes, etc., says that " it ripens in perfection in 
Missouri, and is certainly one of the most attractive white grapes for 
the table I have yet seen. 

"Bunch large and heavy, shouldered, moderately compact; berry 
very large, golden yellow, transparent, with delicate bloom; skin thin; 
pulp tender, sweet, juicy, and excellent. Ripens about with Ca- 
tawba; it seems to be hardy and tolerably healthy." 

Samuel Miller, of Bluff'ton, Mo., writes me that " it is the finest 
table grape I have for open air cultivation." 

T. V. Munson, of Dennison, Texas, has fruited the Triumph for 
six years, and pronounces it a great acquisition to the grapes for the 
South. " Had bunches weighing one and a half pound each, fine as 
Golden Chasselas in quality, vigbrous, and very productive," 



PEACHES, 



Annie Wtlie. 



A new seedling raised by the late Dr. A. P. Wylie, Chester, 
S. C. It is of the Heath Cling type, valuable for the South, but 
ripens too late here, except in very favorable seasons. Tree healthy, 
vigorous, and a good bearer; leaves without glands, but finely ser- 
rated; flowers small. 

Fruit large, nearly globular; suture shallow, extending a little 
beyond the apex, which is a small point; cavity rather narrow, deep; 
skin whitish, or a creamy white, pale red in the shade, dark crimson 
red in the sun; flesh white, rather firm, juicy, melting, vinous, rich, 
and of excellent quality; adheres to the pit, which is a little stained. 
Ripens at the South from the first to the 10th of September; here 
the middle of October. 



170 



PEACHES. 



Early SilvePw 



This fine peach was raised from seed of the White Nectarine by 
Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, Elngland, Tree vigorous and 
productive; one of the best for family and home use, but too delicate 
for market purposes; leaves with reniform glands; flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oval; suture small, extend- 
ing a little beyond the apex, which is a little sunken, with a small 
point; cavity rather small, deep; skin thin, of a delicate cream color, 
sometimes with a marbled blush; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, 
rich, with the vinous flavor of its parent; flesh white at the stone, 
from which it separates freely. It ri^oens the last of August. 

Eaelt Victoria. 

A new peach raised from seed of the Large Early York by 
Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridgeworth, England; rather earlier in its 
time of ripening; a healthy and productive sort; named in honor of 
Queen Victoria; leaves without glands; flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, marked on one side with a shallow su- 
ture; skin very thin, pale yellow on the shaded side, and dark dull 
maroon on the side next the sun; flesh yellowish white, A^ery tender, 
melting, very juicy, with a sweet and luscious flavor. A first-rate 
early peach, ripening the beginning of August. — IIogg''s Fruit 
Manual. 

Familt Favorite. 

A new seedling peach of Texas, which is said to be of superior 
quality, but not having seen the fruit, by request, T. V. Munson, 
of Dennison, Texas, has furnished the following description: "The 
Family Favorite originated with V^. H. Locke, of Bonham, Fannin 
County, Texas, and is a seedling of the Chinese Cling, but a free- 
stone, two weeks earlier, of finer color and quality, firmer, not as 
liable to rot, very large. Tree exceedingly vigorous, with very large 
leaves; the original tree has borne six successive crops, yet is in 
good health; very productive; flowers small; leaves with reniform 
glands. 

" Fruit large, inclining to oblong; but not as much so as its parent; 
suture shallow; apex medium; skin cream color, with a blush on the 
sunny side; flesh with red streaks next the stone, firm, yet juicy, 
high aromatic flavor, but not very sweet, resembling the Chinese 
Cling in this respect, and it possesses that same peculiarly agreeable 
perfume when thoroughly ripened." 

HOPKINSVILLE. 

Quisenburg. Styles. 

Raised from seed by James Quisenburg, near Hopkinsville, Ky., 
and it is said to be the most popular of any peach in that sec- 
tion of the country for family use. Tree moderately vigorous, very 
productive, and is remarkable for reproducing itself from seed; 
flowers small; leaves serrate, without glands. 

Fruit rather large, inclining to oblong; suture small, with a 



PEACHES. 171 

swollen point at the apex; skin dull white, quite downy, shaded and 
mottled with red and crimson; flesh white, slightly red at the 
stone, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, and of excellent flavor; separates 
freely from the stone. Season about the first of September. 

Levy's Late. 
Henrietta. 

A new late Clingstone, which originated in the garden of W. W. 
Levy, Washington, D. C, and it is said to be a valuable and profit- 
able variety for the market at the South; leaves with globose glands; 
flowers small. 

Fruit large, roundish, slightly depressed; suture large, extending 
a little beyond the apex, which is a very small point; cavity medium, 
deep; skin deep yellow, a shade of rich brownish red in the sun; 
flesh deep yellow, rather firm, juicy, half melting-, sweet, a little vi- 
nous, and very good. Ripens in Kentucky the middle of October, 
and continues into November, and will seldom ripen in this latitude. 

Nectaehste Peach. 

A new peach, which was raised by Thomas Rivers, of Sawbridge- 
worth, England, from the seed of a Nectarine; a very fine and hand- 
some peach, which ripens just after the Royal George; it may be 
carried almost any distance, on account of its firm substance; flowers 
large; leaves with reniform glands. 

Fruit large, ovate, terminating at the apex in a pointed nipple; 
suture well marked, particularly near the nipple; skin nearly quite 
smooth, like a Nectarine, yellow, with a bright mottled red cheek 
next the sun; flesh semi-transparent, with a brilliant red next the 
stone, from which it separates freely; very richly flavored, and with 
a fine refreshing briskness. Season middle of September. — TIogg''s 
Fruit Manual. 

Raisik. 

A Southern peach, of uncertain origin, but supposed to have 
originated in Coweta County, Ga., and is probably a cross be- 
tween the Columbia and Heath Cling; it often reproduces itself 
from seed, except that it varies in its time of ripening. Tree healthy, 
very prolific, and lives to a good age; glands reniform; flowers 
large. 

Fruit large, roundish; suture distinct, but small, ending at the 
apex, which is a small point; cavity rather deep; skin whitish, 
nearly covered with pale red, purplish red in the sun, with more or 
less narrow stripes and a few splashes of purplish red on the shaded 
side; flesh white, stained next the skin, and sometimes through the 
flesh, rather firm, juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, and rich; adheres 
to the pit. Ripens the first of September at the South, and the 
first week in October at the North. 

Sallie Worrell. 

Originated on the farm of C. W. Westbrook, Wilson, N. C, 
and was raised from seed by an old lady named Sallie Worrell; 



172 PEACHES. 

it is regarded in that locality as one of the largest and best peaches 
they cultivate, either for market or family use. Tree healthy, vigor- 
ous, and an abundant bearer; leaves serrate, "Without glands; flowers 
small. 

Fruit large, roundish, one side a little enlarged; suture shallow, 
but distinct, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small 
swollen point; cavity rather narrow, deep; skin creamy white, 
shaded and mottled over half the surface with light red; flesh white, 
juicy, melting, slightly vinous, rich, and of excellent quality; the 
flesh is red at the stone, from which it separates readily. It ripens 
with the Stump of the World, or the last of September. 

SejSTER. 

A handsome yellow peach, which originated with Gottleib Sener, 
many years since, and it is said that it reproduces itself from seed 
with scarcely any variation since its first introduction. Tree healthy, 
vigorous, and bears full and regular crops; glands reniform; flowers 
small. 

Fruit large to very large, nearly globular, regular; suture shal- 
low; cavity medium; skin deep yellow, with a dark red cheek; flesh 
yellow, juicy, melting, sweet, with a rich aroma, and is one of the 
very best of the yellow-fleshed peaches; red at the stone (from which 
it separates freely), which is rather flat and small in proportion to 
the size of the fruit. Season September, 

Steadly. 

This new late peach originated with John Steadly, Bluffton, 
Mo. Tree healthy, vigorous, and bears abundantly; it is a very prom- 
ising late variety, of good size, handsome, and of excellent quality; 
leaves with globose glands; flowers small. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong; suture rather shal- 
low, extending a little beyond the apex, which is a small swollen 
point; skin whitish, or creamy white, shaded and mottled with light 
and dark red where fully exposed to the sun; cavity medium, rather 
narrow, deep; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, 
with a little of the Rareripe flavor; flesh white at the stone, from 
which it separates freely. Season first half of October. 

TuSKENA. 

Origin uncertain, but it is said to have originated in South Mis- 
sissippi, while others say in Alabama; it" is a beautiful early Cling- 
stone, ripening at the South soon after the Early Tillotson, and is es- 
teemed in its locality the best of its season, either for home use or 
market. Tree vigorous and a good bearer; leaves with globose 
glands; flowers large. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to oblong; suture distinct, but 
small, ending a little beyond the apex, which is a small or medium 
sharp point; cavity rather large, deep; skin deep yellow, nearly cov- 
ered with light and dark rich red and crimson, sometimes mottled 
and splashed with brownish red in the sun; flesh rather firm, deep 



PEACHES. 173 

yellow, juicy, vinous, subacid, rich, and of very good quality. Rip- 
ens the last of August. 

Wagee. 

Originated with the late Benjamin Wager, West Bloomfield, 
N. Y., many years since, and is considered in that section valuable 
as a market fruit, and for canning purposes. The tree is hardy, 
healthy, very productive, and bears good crops in unfavorable sea- 
sons when many other kinds fail; it is claimed that it often repro- 
duces itself from seed, or nearly so. 

Fruit medium, oblong oval, varying in form, one side often en- 
larged; suture medium, extending to the apex, Avhich is a small point, 
or a little beyond; cavity medium, rather narrow; skin quite downy, 
of a light g-olden yellow when fully mature; flesla bright yellow, 
rather firm, moderately juicy, sweet, slightly vinous, not very melt- 
ing or rich; separates freely from the stone. Season the first of Sep- 
tember or a little later than Crawford's Early. 

Watekloo. 

A new early peach raised by Henry Lisk, Waterloo, N. Y., who 
says that the tree is a healthy, vigorous grower, a prolific bearer, and 
the fruit uniform in size; flowers large; glands reniform. 

Fruit medium, roundish; suture rather large, distinct, extending 
a little beyond the apex, which is a small point ; cavity of medium 
depth; skin greenish white, dark purplish red in the sun, pale red in 
the shade, where it is mottled with some short splashes of a darker 
hue; flesh greenish-white, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous; 
quality very good; adheres partially to the pit, where the flesh is 
white. Ripens the last week in July. 

Wheatland. 

This fine new peach is a chance seedling on the grounds of Dan- 
iel E. Rogers, Scottsville, N. Y. The tree is said to be remarkably 
vigorous, healthy, and somewhat resembles Crawford's Late, but 
more sturdy and strong, more spreading in its growth, and with 
larger foliage; it bears large crops of fruit of large- size, showy, and 
ripens nearly at the same time; it is a very promising late variety for 
market, being quite firm, will endure distant shipment, and is valu- 
able for all purposes in the family; the leaves have reniform glands; 
flowers large. 

Fruit large to very large, roundish ; a distinct suture on one side, 
but not large; cavity medium; skin deep golden 3'ellow, shaded with 
dark red or crimson on the sunny side; flesh yellow, rather firm, 
juicy, sweet, and of fine quality; the flesh is light red around the 
stone, which is small, and from which it separates easily. It ripens 
between the Early and Late Crawford. 

Wirt. 

A chance seedling in the garden of William Wirt Smith, New- 
burgh, N. Y. Tree thrifty, vigorous, an abundant bearer of fair 
fruit, of fine quality. 



174 



PEAES. 



Fruit rather large, nearly globular, suture very slight, ending at 
the apex, which is a small point; cavity of medium size; skin shaded 
and mottled with light and dark red, purplish red where fully ex- 
posed; flesh white, juicy, melting, sweet, rich, slightly vinous and 
of excellent quality; flesh white to the stone, from which it separates 
freely. Ripens the second week in August. 



Many new varieties of peaches, much earlier than those before 
known to the public, have been introduced within the last ten or 
twelve years. The Alexander was exhibited in 1872 by J. Capp & 
Son, of Mt. Pulaski, 111., and found to be nearly two weeks earlier 
than Hale's Early, or any of the older varieties; this was followed 
the next season by Amsden's June, grown by L. C. Amsden, near 
Carthage, Mo.; these are so nearly alike in size, form, color, 
flesh, and quality, that good judges are seldom able to find any marks 
of distinction between them-. The Ploneywell, High's Early Canada, 
and jnany other early varieties, claimed attention about the same 
time, or soon after, but while all of them are noted for earliness in 
ripening, they are so nearly alike in all respects, that the planter of 
one named sort can have no advantage over another. 

It is supposed that most of these early kinds are reproductions of 
Hale's Early and Alexander, and so nearly alike that the distinction 
of name is not worth retaining. It is probable that after a few years 
of fruiting, many of the new seedlings will show the same failing as 
Hale's Early- — ■" soon ripe, soon rotten." They adhere, more or less, 
to the pit, and our effort should be directed to correcting this fault, 
and obtaining a fruit as early as the Alexander and of as good color, 
size and quality, free from rot. That this desirable resi^lt Avill be 
ultimately secured, we have no reason to doubt, and the originator 
will be giving the country a valuable contribution, and bring' honor 
and credit to himself. 



PEARS. 



Chambers. 

Origin uncertain, but report says was brought from Maryland 
by Judge AVilliam Chambers to Middletown, Kentucky, many years 
since, where it has tiie reputation of being the most profitable early 
market pear in that locality; it ripens a week after the Madeleine, 
but is not equal in quality to many of the later varieties. Tree a 
moderate grower, spreading, and said to be perfectly hardy, free 
from blight; a good and regular, but not an early bearer. 

Fruit medium, or nearly so, roundish obovate, regular; skin 
smooth, pale yellow, shaded and mottled with light red where fully 
exposed, and many greenish dots; stalk medium, moderately stout; 
cavity medium; calyx open; basin rather shallow, slightly plaited; 



PEARS. 175 

fJesh white, a little coarse, moderately juicy, half melting, sweet and 
pleasant, but not rich. Ripens in Kentucky the first half of July, 
here the last of July. 

Eugene Appekt. 

Origin in the nursery of Andre Leroy, Angers, France. Tree 
moderately vigorous, with slender shoots, somewhat spreading and 
irregular; moderately productive. 

Fruit medium or below, roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse 
pyriform; skin greenish yellow, considerably netted and patched 




Eugene Appert. 

with russet, and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stalk short to 
long, rather slender; cavity medium, smooth; calyx quite large, 
open; basin small or medium, nearly smooth; flesh white, half fine, 
juicy, melting, sweet, rich, with a slight aroma; quality very good. 
Ripens the middle of September. 

Fall Beuree d'Aeemberg. 

A seedling of the Beurre d'Aremberg, raised by Asahel Foote, 
Williamstown, Mass., and is a promising variety. Tree moderately 
vigorous, an early and good bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblate, inclining to obtuse pyriform; 
skin pale greenish yellow, orange yellow where fully exposed, some- 



176 



PEARS. 



times a blush in the sun, slight nettings and patches of russet, es- 
pecially around the stalk and calyx, and thickly sprinkled with russet 
dots; stalk short to medium, set at an inclination in a shallow cavity; 
calyx open, or partially closed; basin shallow, slightly corrugated; 
flesh whitish, a little coarse, juicy, melting, sweet, vinous, with a 
peculiar slight musky flavor; quality very good. October. 

General de Bouchamp. 

A chance seedling in the garden of M. Penneton, Saint-Florent- 
le-Vieil (Maine-et-Loire), France. Tree moderately vigorous, thrifty, 
rather upright, moderately productive. 

Fruit medium, roundish pyriform, a little obtuse, regular; skin 
greenish yellow, a shade of red where exposed to the sun, a few net- 
tings and traces of russet, and many russet dots; stalk short, small, in- 
clined, sometimes obliquely set in a shallow cavity; flesh white, fine, 
juicy, buttery, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and slightly aromatic. 
Season November. 

Grand Isle. 

A chance seedling in the garden of Benjamin Macomber, Grand 




Grand Isle. 



Isle, Vt. Tree vigorous, upright, somewhat spreading with age 
and bearing; it has proved quite hardy so far, and bids fair to be 



PEAKS. 177 

valuable for a cold locality; a good and regular bearer annually, but 
more abundant on alternate years. 

Fruit medium, roundish oblong, obtuse pyriform; skin smooth, 
bright straw color, covered with many small russet dots; stalk of 
medium length, rather slender, a little inclined, set in a small cavity; 
calyx small, open; basin small, nearly smooth; flesh whitish, half 
fine, juicy, melting, sweet, slightly vinous, and of very good quality. 
It ripens from the last of September to the middle of October. 

Hoosic. 

A promising new variety, raised from seed of Hacon's Incom- 
parable by Asahel Foote, of Williamstown, Mass. Tree vigorous, 
upright, very productive. 

Fruit large, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform; skin green- 




ish yellow, deep yellow where exposed and fully mature, some traces 
and nettings of russet, and many russet dots; stalk long, curved, 
set at an inclination in a small cavity; calyx open; basin rather 
broad, moderately deep, a little uneven; flesh whitish, half fine, 
juicy, melting, quite rich and aromatic; very good. Season October. 



178 



PEARS. 

Jules d'Airoles (De Leon Leclerc). 



A seedling of Leon Leclerc, raised at Laval, France, and dedi- 
cated, to his friend, M. de Liron d'Airoles. Tree moderately vigor- 
ous, rather upright, a good but not very prolific bearer. 

Fruit medium, roundish pj'^riform, a little elongated, and slightly 
obtuse, regular; skin pale greenish yellow, often shaded with crim- 




Jules d'Airoles. 



son in the sun, partially netted and traced with russet, and many 
russet dots; stalk long, slender, curved; cavity small, nearly regular; 
flesh whitish yellow, half fine, juicy, melting, sweet, a little vinous, 
slightly aromatic, and of very good quality. Ripening the last of 
November and the first of December. 



Jules d'Airoles (De X. Gregoire). 

This pear was produced at Jodoigne (Belgium), in 1857, by 
Xavier Gregoire, a distinguished pomologist. Tree quite vigorous, 
with rather long, stout branches, making an upright, regular head; 
moderately productive. 



PEAKS. 179 

Fruit above medium, slightly inclining' to turbinate; stem long, 
slender, curved at the upper end; cavity small; basin shallow; skin 
a little rough, thick, bright yellow, partly covered vi^ith large dots, 
marbled, and streaked with brownish red; flesh yellowish white, 
fine, melting, a little coarse at the core, juicy, sugary, slightly vinous, 
and pleasantly perfumed. Season last of October to the last of 
November. (Leroy.) 

M. de Liron d'Airoles having accepted the dedication of these 
two pears, it is necessary to be careful that the two. be not con- 
founded. 

Keiffer. 
KeifEer's Hybrid. 

This new and unique pear was raised by Peter Keiffer, Roxbury, 
near Philadelphia, from seed of the Chinese Sand pear, accidentally 
crossed with Beurre d'Anjou, or some other kind grown near it. 
Tree remarkably vigorous, having large, dark green, glossy leaves, 
andis an early and very prolific bearer; the fruit is of good size, 
good color, g-ood quality, and is a promising variety for the table or 
market. 

Fruit medium, roundish oval, narrowing at both ends, with the 
largest diameter near the centre, some specimens roundish, inclining 
to oblong obtuse pyriform; skin deep yellow, orange yellow in the 
sun, a few patches and nettings of russet, and many brown russet 
dots; stalk short to medium, moderately stout; cavity medium; calyx 
open; basin medium, a little uneven; flesh whitish, a little coarse, 
juicy, half melting, sweet; quality very good, partaking slightly of 
the Chinese Sand pears. Ripens all of October and a part of No- 
vember. To have it in perfection, it should be gathered when fully 
grown, and ripened in the house. 



Maeshall. 

This pear is said to have originated on the farm of William Mar- 
shall, Cambridge, N. Y., some years since. Tree a moderate grower, 
making a roundish, rather spreading head, and bearing abundantly. 

Fruit medium, roundish, inclining to obtuse pyriform; skin yel- 
low, netted and patched with russet over nearly the whole surface, 
and thickly sprinkled with russet dots; stalk long, curved, rather 
slender; cavity small; calyx open; basin rather shallow, a little un- 
even; flesh white, half fine, juicy, half melting, slightly vinous, and 
slightly aromatic; very good. Ripens the last of September. 



PLUMS. 



Cakada Orleans. 
Canada Egg ? 

The origin of this fine plum is obscure; it has been grown in and 
around Hamilton, Ontario, for many years as the German Prune, 
but bears no resemblance to it, and is believed to have originated 
with the old settlers, and is grown by them from suckers. Tree 
grows strong, vigorous, and makes short-jointed wood, with promi- 
nent buds, and is very productive; it is highly esteemed where known 
for its handsome appearance, fine quality, market value and family 
purposes; branches smooth, brownish gray. 

Fruit medium to large, nearly globular; suture broad, shallow. 




Canada Orleans. 



ending at the apex, which is a little depressed; stalk long, slender; 
cavity small; skin dark reddish purple, covered with a thick blue 
bloom; flesh pale yellow, juicy, melting, very sweet and rich; adher- 
ing to the stone, which is small. Ripens early in August and keeps 
well. 

The Canada ^gg, highly valued in some localities in Michigan, 
is no doubt this variety. 



Frakkfoet Peach. 

Of German origin; tree moderately vigorous, spreading, very 
productive; branches rather slender, slightly downy, grayish brown. 



PLUMS. 181 

Fruit medium or above, oval, narrowing a little toward the apex; 
sides a little unequal; suture shallow; skin black, covered with a 
thick blue bloom; stalk medium, rather stout; cavity small; flesh 
orange yellow, a little coarse, juicy, sweet, vinous, and of good 
quality; separates freely from the pit, which is oval and thin. Sea- 
son first half of September. 

Frogmoee Damson, 

This plum originated, as its name implies, in the Royal Gardens 
at Frogmore, England, and although a few years have elapsed since 
it was raised and distributed, it is not as well known as it deserves 
to be; the habit of the tree is different from that of the usual type, 
since it has broader leaves, is of spreading growth, and has its shoots 
less thorny; it is an enormous bearer. 

The fruit is a trifle larger than that of its class, of a purplish 
black color, and inclining to obtuse oval in shape; the flesh is tender 
and richly flavored; it is suitable for all purposes to which Damsons 
are applied. — {Flo. & Pom.) 

Glass. 

Raised by Alexander Glass, Guelph, Ontario. Tree hardy, very 
vigorous, upright, with thick dark green foliage; very productive; a 
showy fruit of second-rate quality, but valuable for market and cul- 
inary purposes; branches smooth, brownish gray. 

Fruit large, oval; suture large and broad, one side often en- 
larged; stalk of medium length, slender; cavity large; skin dark 
purple, almost black, with a thin blue bloom; flesh greenish yellow, 
a little coarse, moderately juicy, sweet, good; separates freely from 
the stone. Ripens in September. 

Green Italian. 

Of German origin; tree moderately vigorous, fairly productive; 
branches slightly downy, brownish, short-jointed. 

Fruit medium, oval; suture very shallow or a distinct green line; 
apex a dot; skin pale greenish yellow, streaked and blotched with 
green; covered with a thin grayish bloom; stalk long, slender; cav- 
ity small; flesh green, a little coarse, juicy, sweet, quite rich, and 
very good; adheres partially to the pit, which is long and thin. Sea- 
son first half of September. 

Gun. 

Gweii — Gueii — Blue Magnum Bonum — Big Blue — Bradshaw, incorrectly. 

This plum is said to have originated with a Mr. Hagaman, Lan- 
singburgh, N. Y., about fifty years since; it was cultivated largely 
by John Goeway (Guii), and was generally called by this name, but 
was not much disseminated until quite recently; it is now quite eX' 
tensively grown for market, having proved to be one of the most 
profitable for that purpose; tree hardy, a very strong, vigorous up- 
right grower, spreading with age and bearing; an early and very 
abundant bearer; branches smooth, light brown, grayish. 



182 



PLUMS. 



Fruit large, roundish oval, narrowing a little at the apex, which 
is a dot or small point; suture slight, often without any; skin dark 
purple, covered with a thick blue bloom; stalk long, slender; cavity 
large, deep; flesh pale yellow, a little coarse, rather firm, juicy, sweet, 
sprightly subacid; not a rich table fruit, but valuable for culinary 
purposes and market; free stone, but often adheres slightly to the 
pit; season last of August and first of September. 

Mooee's Arctic. 

A new hardy plum which originated on the Highlands of Aroo- 
stook County, Me., about forty miles north of Bangor, on the 
grounds of A. T. Moore, Ashland, Me., where, unprotected and ex- 
posed to Arctic colds, it has for many years borne enormous crops, 
and is claimed to be the hardiest plum known, and so far free from 
black knots; tree healthy, vigorous, an early and abundant bearer; 
branches smooth, olive brown, grayish. 

Fruit below medium, roundish, slightly inclining to oval; suture 
nearly obscure, apex a dot; skin purplish black, thin blue bloom; 
stalk medium, rather slender; cavity small; flesh greenish yellow, a» 
little coarse, juicy, sweet, pleasant flavor, but not rich, adheres a 
little to the stone; season first half of September. 

Peide of Wateeloo. 
A new variety raised by A. H. Doles, Waterloo, N. Y., from 




Pride of Waterloo. 

seed of Smith's Orleans; a vigorous upright grower, very productive. 



KASPBERKIES. 183 

and iTomises to be valuable for market and culinary uses; branches 
smooth, reddish brown. 

Fruit large, ov^al, narrowing a little toward the stalk, regular; 
suture scarcely visible, apex a dot, skin light reddish purple, with a 
thin blue bloom and many brown dots; stalk of medium length and 
thickness; cavity rather large; flesh deep yellow, rather coarse, juicy, 
sweet, sprightly, but not rich; it adheres slightly to the pit; ripens 
the middle of September. « 



RASPBERRIES. 



Batjmforth's Seedling. 

A new variety raised from the seed of the Northumberland Fill- 
basket by John Baumforth, of Pontefract, England; the plant is of a 
stronger constitution than its parent, and more prolific; the fruit is 
large and handsome, being remarkable for their broad, roundish, 
rather than conical outline; it is about ten days earlier, and at least 
one-third larger — that is, broader, more uniform in shape and size, 
and of a deeper and richer crimson color, while the separate succu- 
lent carpel or drupes, of which the fruit is composed, are large and 
prominent; the color of the drupes, which are of large size, and very 
juicy, is of a deep lake crimson, and the flavor is rich and full, with 
a fine aroma. The plant frequently bears fruit in the autumn from 
the current season's growth. (Flo. & Pom.) 

Caroline. 

This fine new raspberry was raised by S. P. Carpenter, New Ro- 
chelle, N. Y., and is supposed to be a seedling of Brinckle's Orange 
and a Golden Cap. Mr. Carpenter informs me that it has proved 
very hardy, and the plant is an Antwerp in nearly all its character- 
istics; suckers quite freely and can with care be propagated from the 
tips; canes very strong, vigorous, sometimes branching, light red in 
the sun, having a thin whitish bloom, and a few slender green spines. 
It is a very prolific bearer and is an acquisition worthy of a place in 
the home garden, but is too soft for shipping. 

Fruit quite large, roundish oblate, deep orange yellow, or salmon 
color, with a slight bloom, grains of medium size; flesh soft, juicy, 
sweet, rich, and of very good quality; it continues a long time in 
use. 

CUTHBERT. 

Queen of the Market. 

A chance seedling in the garden of the late Thomas Cuthbert, 

Riverdale, N. Y. It is said to be hardy, and is generally so, but I 

have seen it more or less killed in severe and changeable 'winters, or 

when the canes were not well ripened; it has so far proved a valua* 



184 EASPBEREIES. 

ble market variety, also one of the best for family use; it is very 
productive; canes strong, vigorous, upright, sometimes branching; 
spines short, stout, purplish, rather numerous; it suckers freely, too 
much so for the benefit of the plant and fruit. 

Fruit medium to large, scarlet crimson, roundish, obtuse-conical; 
grains rather small, compact, separates freely from the stalk; flesh 
quite firm, juicy, sweet, sprightly, having a slight flavor of the com- 
mon Red, which is probably one of its parents. 

Gregg. 
Great AVestem. 

This is one of the largest, if not the largest of the Black Cap 
family; it originated with R. & P, Gregg, Randolph, Ind. It is a 
hardy, strong grower, with round, heart-shaped, coarsely serrated 
leaves; canes strong, branching, with a few sharp greenish spines. 

Fruit large, oblate or roundish oblate, black, with a slight bloom; 
grains large, compact; flesh quite firm, moderately juicy, sweet, and 
rich; the fruit ripens evenly, making the picking season short; it is 
much like the McCormick or Mammoth Cluster in growth, bearing, 
etc.; the fruit is a little larger, darker in color, and firmer, but not 
quite as sweet, nor quite as juicy. 

MoiSTTCLAIE. 

This new variety is a chance seedling on the grounds of E, & J. 
C. Williams, Montclair, N. J.; canes strong, vigorous, light red, 
often branching, spines quite numerous at the base, rather slender, 
purplish; leaves thick, roundish, deeply veined or crumpled; very 
productive; it promises to be valuable as a market variety, and for 
family use; it propagates moderately by suckers. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish or roundish oblate, dark red or 
crimson, grains rather small, compact; flesh quite firm, juicy, sweet, 
and sprightly, and of very good quality; separates readily from the 
stalk in picking. 

New Rochelle. 

A seedling of the Catawissa, raised by S, P. Carpenter, New 
Rochelle, N. Y. ; plant hardy, or nearly so, a very strong, upright, 
stocky grower, short-jointed and much branched, spines rather 
numerous, short, stiif, green and light red; it is very productive, 
firm, and bears carriage well, but lacks the bright color so attractive 
to the popular taste; propagated by tips. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, obtuse-conical, brownish red, 
or dark maroon, with a slight bloom; flesh quite firm, juicy, with a 
rich subacid flavor, making it valuable for canning and all culinary 
purposes, as well as for the table; it continues a long time in use. 

Pride of the Hudsok. 

A chance seedling in the garden of the late William Roe, New- 
burgh, N. Y. ; canes rather strong, vigorous, a few short purplish 
spines; leaves large, deeply veined or corrugated; very productive; 



EASPBERRIES. 185 

one of the best varieties for family use, but not firm enough for dis- 
tant market; it requires good cultivation, which well repays the 
labor bestowed. 

Fruit large, roundish conical, a little obtuse, grains rather large; 
color scarlet crimson; flesh moderately firm, juicy, sweet, rich, and 
of fine flavor; separates freely from the stem. 

RULIAjSrCK. 

A seedling of the Philadelphia, raised by 0. L. Felton, Mer- 
chantville, N. J.; it is hardy, healthy, and vigorous, very produc- 
tive, one of the largest of its class; canes strong, branching, with 
a few small greenish spines. 

Fruit large, nearly globular, or roundish oblate, dark red or crim- 
son; grains large; flesh quite firm, juicy, sweet and sprightly, but 
not of high flavor; separates freely from the stem. 

TUKXEK. 
Southern Thornless. Baldwin's Choice. 

A hardy variety which originated in the garden of Prof. J. B. 
Turner, Jacksonville, 111. ; it appears to succeed in more localities 
than any of the red varieties, and less subject to changes of heat 
and cold; the canes, foliage, and fruit possess many characteristics 
of tlie native red berry, and it suckers quite as freely; canes vigor- 
ous, light reddish on the sunny side; upright, seldom with branches; 
very few short purplish spines; foliage quite large and abundant; 
very productive. 

Fruit medium or above, roundish conical, bright scarlet; grains 
of medium size, compact; flesh rather soft, sweet, pleasant, but not 
rich; a good berry for home i;se, but not quite firm enough for a 
distant market. 

The Black Cap family is now numerous, and of large size and good 
quality; Gregg, McCormick, or Mammoth Cluster among the best, 
yet there are growers who claim to have produced varieties as large 
and of better quality. The Sweet Home is said to be equal in size, 
rather more productive, and, report says, of better quality, although 
the distinction is hardly perceptible. The Surprise and Elsie are 
nearly or quite as large, more conical in form, of a brighter color, 
and richer. Duncan's Black Cap, or Kentucky Prolific is highly ex- 
tolled in its locality as the best and largest of Black Caps. The 
Hamilton Black Cap of Shelby County, Tenn., has the reputa- 
tion of being a very large berry of the finest quality. 

There are many other varieties before the public not named 
above, for the reason that they are so near alike in growth, color, 
quality, and season of ripening as to require no separate description. 

Effort has been made to obtain a perfectly hardy, bright-colored 
red raspberry, of high quality, and flesh sufficiently firm to bear 
transportation for a long distance, and many think they have it in 
the Cuthbert, but it will require the test of time and experience to 
decide upon these points. The cultivator who is so fortunate as 
to produce a variety to meet all the requirements of the grower and 
marketman ought to be, and I think would be, richly rewarded. 



186 STKAWBEKEIES. 

But while continuing the work of seed-planting for this desirable 
result, it is to be regretted that the foreign tender varieties of such 
delicious flavor as the Antwerps — Franconia, Brinckle's Orange, 
Fastolflf, and Belle de Palhiau — are being neglected. The little extra 
care and labor of covering in the fall is more than repaid by the 
large size and luscious fruit. For family use they are much superior. 



STRAWBERRIES. 



BiDWELL. 



This fine variety is a Michigan seedling, receiving its name from 
a Mr. Bidwell, although its origin is a matter of uncertainty and 
somewhat in dispute. It has received favorable notice from the 
Michigan Pomological Society; it has received considerable atten- 
tion on account of its very promising character, especially on light 
soils; it is very vigorous, with light green leaves; very productive, 
and continues long in bearing. An early berry; with hill culture or 
the narrow row system, rich soil, and removal of runners, it makes 
large stools and fine fruit; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, the first berries sometimes irregular in 
form, being round conical and long conical, often with an uneven 
surface, and a slight neck, somewhat glossy; color bright crimson; 
flesh light red, quite firm, juicy, sprightly subacid, quite rich, and 
very promising for family use and market. 

Black Defiance. 

One of the seedlings of E. W. Durand, Irvington, N. J. ; plant 
vigorous, with dark green foliage, productive in heavy soils; re- 
quiring high culture in hills or narrow rows and removal of runners to 
obtain the fruit in quantity and perfection; staminate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse conical, regular; color dark crimson; 
flesh dark red, firm, juicy, sprightly and rich; rather early, fine for 
the amateur, and gives promise of being a good variety for shipment 
to a distant market. 

Champion. 
Windsor Chief. 

These were sent out as two distinct varieties, and this claim is 
still made by some, while others who have grown them near each 
other and examined them carefully, have been unable to detect any 
difference. It originated with Dr. J. C. Neff, Carlisle, Pa.; it 
requires high cultivation to produce good crops; it is a vigorous 
grower, with healthy deep green foliage; very productive; pistillate. 

Fruit large, conical, or roundish obtuse conical, regular, except a 
few of the first berries, which are a little uneven; color deep scarlet 



STRAWBERRIES. 18? 

or crimson, flesh dark red, rather soft, sprightly, rich acid, and of 
good quahty; it holds its size well to the end, and is a fine variety 
for the amateur and a near market. 

Crescent Seedling. 

The Crescent originated with William Parmelee, New Haven, 
Conn. It is a hardy, strong, vigorous grower and very productive; 
leaves of medium size, dark green; the plant requires mucli room to 
give good results; it ripens early and continues late, holding its 
size tolerably well, and although not of high flavor, its fair size, 
good color, and moderately firm flesh has given it a near market 
value; pistillate. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, the first berries a little 
irregular or uneven; bright scarlet; seeds yellow and brown, near 
the surface; it requires less time and attention than most varieties, 
and is well calculated for those who cannot and will not give the 
necessary labor to produce the better kinds. 

Cumberland I'eiumph. 

The Cumberland Triumph is a fine large strawberry, originated 
by Amos Miller, Carlisle, Pa.; the plant is a vigorous grower, with 
dark green foliage; a good but not prolific bearer; when grown 
in hills and the runners clipped, it makes heavy stools, giving large, 
handsome, regular fruit; staminate. 

Fruit large, oblate, broadly conical, very regular, light scarlet; 
seeds yellow and brown, near the surface; flesh pale red, rather 
soft, juicy, sweet; very good, but not of high quality; a fine variety 
for the amateur and family use, but too soft and light-colored for 
market. 

Duchess. 

This excellent early strav/berry was first found in the garden of 
D. H. Barnes, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. The plant is very vigorous, 
foliage of medium size, dark green and healthy; very productive; 
when grown in hills or narrow rows it stools and makes large plants, 
thus saving the labor of replanting; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish, obtuse-conical, regular in form, 
bright scarlet or crimson; flesh light red, quite firm, juicy, sprightly 
subacid, and of fine quality; one of the earliest to ripen, and con- 
tinues a long time for an early variety; it retains its size quite well 
to the last; is valuable for early market, also for general use in the 
family. 

Forest Rose. 

Originated in the garden of John A. Fetters, Lancaster, 0. ; it 
is a vigorous grower and good bearer, succeeding well with good 
culture; the foliage sometimes a little affected with unfavorable and 
changeable seasons of heat and cold; a good variety for home use 
and a fancy market; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical, a little obtuse, some- 
times oval, and some of the first berries a little uneven; bright 



188 STEAWBEERIES. 

scarlet; flesh light red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet, sprightly and 
rich; rather early, and retains its size well through the season. 

Glendale. 

The Glendale is an accidental seedling, found by W. B. Storer 
in the Glendale Cemetery, Akron, O. Plant hardy, healthy, vigor- 
ous, with large, dark green leaves; very productive; it promises to 
be a valuable market variety, as it blooms late, has quite a firm flesh 
and a large calyx, which is favorable for carriage; rather late in 
ripening, and of fair quality; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, long conical, regular in form, sometimes 
with a slight neck; color light scarlet; flesh firm, sprightly, of good 
but not best flavor; it holds its size well to the end; it separates 
readily from the stalk, making it easy to gather. 

Golden DEriA:NrcE. 

The Golden Defiance originated with Amos Miller, Carlisle, Pa. 
Plant very vigorous, with large^ thick, dark green leaves when ma- 
ture, deeply veined, and moderately serrated; very productive; it is 
said to be hardy, stands the drought, and the leaves endure the sun 
well; it is a handsome berry of excellent quality, and worthy of a 
general trial; it succeeds either in hills or narrow rows; pistillate. 

Fruit large, roundish obtuse-conical, regular, sometimes with a 
slight neck; color dark scarlet or crimson; seeds yellow, near the sur- 
face; flesh scarlet, quite firm, juicy, subacid, rich, and of very good 
quality. Season rather late. It is a good variety for the market or 
family use. 

Miner's Prolific. 
Miner's Great Prolific. 

This originated with the late T. B. Miner, Linden, N. J. Plant 
hardy, vigorous, and healthy, with light green foliage; very prolific 
bearer, and gives the greatest success under the hill and narrow row 
system of culture; a promising variety for family use and near mar- 
ket; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, roundish conical; surface somewhat ir- 
regular or uneven; color dark scarlet or crimson; flesh light red, mod- 
erately firm, juicy, subacid and of fair quality. Ripens medium to 
late and holds out well in size to the end. 



Monarch of the West. 

This highly praised strawberry was raised by Jesse Brady, of 
Piano, 111. Plant very vigorous, with large, pale green leaves, mod- 
erately productive; a good variety for home use and a near market; 
it requires high cultivation and a rich soil to produce large fruit 
abundantly and of good quality; it should be grown in hills or nar- 
row rows. 

Fruit large, sometimes very large, roundish conical, nearly regu- 
lar; a few of the first berries are coxcomb shape, and a little irregu- 



STEAWBEERIES. 189 

lar; light scarlet; flesh light red, rather soft, juicy, sprightly subacid, 
rich; quality very good. 

Pioneer, 

The Pioneer, raised by E. W. Durand, of Irvington, N. J., is said 
to be one of the best of the strawberries grown by him. Plant tall 
and vigorous, although the foliage is said to burn in some localities 
occasionally; leaves large, light green; ripens rather early, and main- 
tains size well; but like most of the Durand seedlings requires good 
culture and removal of the runners to make it fairly productive; 
yields best under the narrow row system; very good for home use 
and near market; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large; roundish oval, with a slight neck; seeds 
mostly dark, a little below the surface; color light scarlet; flesh light 
red, moderately firm, juicy, sweet, rich, with a delicate flavor. 

Primo. 

A new seedling raised by Daniel Smith, Newburgh, N. Y. ; plant 
very vigorous, with large, roundish dark green leaves, deeply veined; 
foot-stalks stout and heavy; berries large and handsome; productive 
and promising good returns for home use and a near market; a new 
variety not extensively tested; staminate. 

Fruit large, roundish oblate, obtuse-conical, regular; color dark 
scarlet; flesh Avhite, moderately firm, juicy, sweet and pleasant; 
ripening with the early varieties. 

Sharpless. 

This large, showy strawberry originated with J. K. Sharpless, of 
Catawissa, Pa. ; it is very vigorous, with large dark green, coarsely 
serrated, and deeply veined leaves; very productive, and is best 
adapted to the hill system, making large stools; it also succeeds 
when cultivated in narrow rows; staminate. 

Fruit large to very large, variable in form, from irregular cox- 
comb shape to roundish conical and oval; bright scarlet, somewhat 
glossy; flesh light red, quite firm, moderately juicy, sweet, rich, and 
of very good flavor; medium to late in ripening. The Sharpless is 
very promising, either for market or family purposes. 

Triple Crown. 

This excellent strawberry was raised by William Hunt, of 
Waterloo, N. Y. ; it is a strong-, vigorous grower, and a very good 
bearer; it should be grown in hills or narrow rows to have it in per- 
fection ; staminate. 

Fruit medium to large, oval conical, often with a neck; a few of . 
the first berries are of wedge or coxcomb shape, the surface some- 
what uneven and irregular; crimson; flesh light red, quite firm, juicy, 
sprightly, rich and of high flavor; separates readily from the calyx; 
one of the most promising varieties for market, also for any use in 
the family; it holds its size very well through the season. 



END. 



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